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Evaluation of alternative microbial transglutaminase production from sorghum grain and distilled dried grains with solubles using computational simulation
Guadalupe Concepción Rodríguez-Castillejos; Simón Josias Téllez-Luis; Manuel Vázquez-Vázquez;
Guadalupe Concepción Rodríguez-Castillejos; Simón Josias Téllez-Luis; Manuel Vázquez-Vázquez; Jorge Aurelio Lois-Correa; José Alberto Ramírez de León; Sofía Alvarado-Reyna
Evaluation of alternative microbial transglutaminase production from sorghum grain and distilled dried grains with solubles using computational simulation
Evaluación de la producción alternativa de transglutaminasa microbiana en medios a base de granos de sorgo y granos secos de destilería utilizando un simulador computacional
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 80, 2016
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Abstract: Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) is widely used as an additive in the food industry for improving the mechanical properties and texture of foods. The enzyme production process is expensive due to the cost of the components of the fermentation medium used, therefore, it was evaluated the possibility of using inexpensive raw materials for Streptomyces mobaraensis growth. An economic study of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) production with a variety of raw materials would be a long process. The software SuperPro Designer® v7.5 was used, based on data obtained from pilot plant scale fermentations, to estimate the services, capital, and operating costs, and revenue of the product. The model showed an estimation of MTGase production costs using glucose obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum grains supplemented with distilled dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The MTGase production plant using enzymatic hydrolysates yielded an annual gross income of 12.326 x 106 US$and a return on investment time of 4.01 years. KEYWORDS: Transglutaminase, simulation, sorghum, DDGS. Resumen: La enzima Transglutaminasa microbiana (MTGasa) es ampliamente usada en la industria alimentaria como aditivo para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas y de textura de los alimentos. El proceso de producción de la enzima es caro debido al valor de los componentes del medio de fermentación utilizados, por ello se evaluó la posibilidad de utilizar materias primas baratas, como fuente de nutrientes para el crecimiento de Streptomyces mobaraensis. El estudio económico de la producción de MTGasa con una variedad de materias primas sería un proceso largo. El software de simulación de procesos industriales SuperPro Designer® v7.5 fue utilizado, basándose en datos obtenidos de fermentaciones a escala de banco, para estimar el consumo de servicios, costos de capital, costos de operación e ingreso por el producto. El modelo mostró el estimado de los costos de producción de MTGasa utilizando glucosa obtenida de la hidrólisis enzimática de granos de sorgo y suplementada con granos secos destilados con solubles (DDGS por sus siglas en inglés, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles). En la planta productora de MTGasa, utilizando hidrolizados enzimáticos, se obtuvo una ganancia bruta anual de 12,326 x 106 US$ y un tiempo de recuperación de la inversión de 4.01 años.

KEYWORDS: Transglutaminasa, simulación, sorgo, DDGDS.

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Article

Evaluation of alternative microbial transglutaminase production from sorghum grain and distilled dried grains with solubles using computational simulation

Evaluación de la producción alternativa de transglutaminasa microbiana en medios a base de granos de sorgo y granos secos de destilería utilizando un simulador computacional

Instituto Politécnico Nacional, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico
Simón Josias Téllez-Luis
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico
Manuel Vázquez-Vázquez
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Jorge Aurelio Lois-Correa
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
José Alberto Ramírez de León
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 80, 2016

Received: 17 June 2015

Accepted: 07 April 2016

1. Introduction

Transglutaminases (TGases, EC 2.3.2.13) are a family of proteins that are present in most tissues and extracellular fluids of vertebrates and are widely distributed in nature 1. These enzymes were identified in the liver of guinea pigs 2. Unlike most industrial enzymes-amylases, lipases and proteases-they catalyze hydrolysis reactions and induce the polymerization of proteins. Consequently, they are able to modify the functional properties and texture of proteins creating products with better consistency and better quality; some enzymes are being capable of incorporating amines within proteins 3)(4. TGase is widely used in the food industry to obtain products of greater quality with a better nutritional content; the enzyme is used in seafood, surimi products, meat products, noodles/pasta, dairy products, baked goods, etc. 5)(7. Production of this enzyme is currently carried out by bacteria, with Streptomyces species being the most commonly used 8. Obtaining TGase using microorganisms has the advantage of providing better yield compared to that obtained from the liver or serum of guinea pig, which were the primary sources for obtaining the enzyme 9. In addition, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) is a calcium-independent enzyme which also makes it more useful in food processing and production; the enzyme also has a wide pH range (4 to 9) and temperature (0 to 55°C), which increases its advantages 10)(13. However, despite all the advantages and uses of MTGase, its production is an expensive process, mainly because the components of the fermentation medium represent approximately 30% of the total cost of the process 14. Therefore, some researchers have focused their attention on finding cheaper nutrient sources for production of the enzyme, especially the carbon source, since it is essential for bacteria growth.

The use of sugarcane molasses and xylose obtained from acid hydrolysis of sorghum straw meal has been studied 14; both are raw materials that are considered waste and inexpensive carbon sources; however, they have not yielded the expected results in enzyme activity. Therefore, it is important to continue investigating new available raw materials that could produce suitable carbon sources for the growth of bacteria and MTGase production. In Mexico, sorghum is an important grain in agriculture, but it is used almost exclusively for feeding cattle. In contrast, corn is used mainly as food for humans. Tamaulipas state ranks first in the production of sorghum and maize; however, these crops are sold at a low price 15. Therefore, the use of these grains to obtain fermentable sugars for growth of microorganisms and production of metabolites would reduce the cost of the process and also, would add greater value to these grains. It is possible to obtain by enzymatic hydrolysis a high concentration of glucose from grain flour and replace glycerol as a carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces mobaraensis with the subsequent production of MTGase.

The feasibility of producing MTGase from sorghum grains supplemented with dried distillers grains (Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles, DDGS) should be evaluated and compared to the enzyme produced using the common medium 8. SuperPro Designer® software v. 7.5, which is used worldwide to design and simulate the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, was used to perform the simulation of a plant and the evaluation of MTGase production with the culture medium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of MTGase production using grain sorghum and DDGS.

2. Material and Methods
2.1. Preliminary experiments to obtain enzyme with different culture media

Fermentations were conducted with different culture media to determine the best composition of components and increased production of MTGase, A Box-Behnken experimental model was performed for culture media with three factors and three levels of 72 and 96 h of fermentation. Three different concentrations of casein, yeast extract, and DDGS were tested. Concentrations of glucose 30 g/L, MgSO4 0.5 g/L, KH2PO4 g/L, Na2HPO4 g/L, and peptone 10.5 g/L were kept constant in all media.

To measure MTGase activity, the Grossowicz method was used 16. The procedure for measuring MTGase enzyme activity was as follows: 5 mL of culture medium was taken at different inoculation times (72, 96 and 120 h), and these were centrifuged at 7000 rpm/10 min. An aliquot of 0.2 mL of supernatant was taken from each tube; one tube was placed in a water bath at 75°C to inactivate the enzyme and this was the blank. Subsequently, we added 0.5 mL of the solution of the specific substrate N-CBZ-GLN-GLY (Sigma-C6154, Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) to the tubes with the sample and blank and incubated these at 37°C for 10 min. At the end of this time, the reaction was quenched with 0.2 mL of 5% FeCl3 solution in 0.1 N HCl and the absorbance was measured at 525 nm. Calculations were made to obtain the MTGase units using a calibration curve of monohydroxamate. For this, commercial MTGase (Ajinomoto Co. Inc.) was used as a control. In this method, a unit of enzyme is defined as the formation of 1 mol of hydroxamate per minute at 37°C.

The experimental design followed an incomplete and second-order factor structure. The yeast extract, DDGS, and casein were considered independent variables and their effects on the dependent variables (TGase activity at 72 and 96 h) were calculated. The interaction between medium composition variables and dependent variables can be set through a linear equation including linear, interaction, and second-order terms. In the experimental design, encoded factors were named X1 (casein), X2 (yeast extract), and X3 (DDGS).

2.2. Process simulation

The design and programming of the production plant of microbial transglutaminase from enzymatic sorghum grains hydrolysates was performed with SuperPro Designer v. 7.5 (Intelligen Inc., Scotch Plains, NJ). The general process for obtaining enzyme using enzymatic sorghum flour hydrolysates is as follows: the raw material is treated by washing with running water, then it is dried and the sorghum grains are ground to obtain flour. The bran is separated from the flour and afterwards enzymatic hydrolysis is performed with α-amylase and glucoamylase. After hydrolysis, the glucose juice is separated from the solid waste; glucose is sterilized by autoclaving (121°C for 15 minutes). In another tank, the remaining components of the medium (peptone, yeast extract, casein, MgSO4, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4) are mixed. After mixing, these compounds were also sterilized to prevent the Maillard reaction whose products may inhibit bacterial growth. Once sterilized, both parts of the medium are mixed in a fermenter and fermented for 96 hours; the crude extract with the enzyme is separated from the solid residues by centrifugation. After MTGase is separated, it is lyophilized and subsequently packaged (Figure 1 and Table 1). In addition to the simulation of this process, an enzyme production plant was designed with the common medium (Figure 2 and Table 1), which has glycerol as a carbon source; the composition of the medium was glycerol 32 g/L, MgSO4 0.5 g/L, KH2PO4 g/L, Na2HPO4 g/L, peptone 10.5 g/L, yeast extract 2.5 g/L and casein 38.4 g/L.

Figure 1
Flowsheet for MTGase production with sorghum hydrolysates

Figure 2
Flowsheet for MTGase production with common media

2.3. Economic Analysis

SuperPro Designer ® Version 7.5 was used for the economic analysis of the process design (Figure 2). The cost of equipment was obtained from the SuperPro-Designer database or at the website http://www.kitmondo.com. The total equipment purchase cost was 4.413 x106 US$and 3.901 x 106 US$ for plant with hydrolysates and common media, respectively. This was the basis for calculating the cost of other components of the fixed capital investment such as installation, instrumentation, etc. These costs are show in Table 2.

3. Results and discussion
3.1. Preliminary laboratory experiments

The culture media results were analyzed with the statistical program Design expert v7 (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). Analysis of variance showed that the casein-yeast extract interaction had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.0275) in the production of the enzyme, and casein was the nutrient with the greatest effect (p ≤ 0.0003) since media without casein had an MTGase activity close to zero. The program also made ​​a prediction based on the experimental values; because DDGS does not influence the model (p ≤ 0.4275), the lowest concentration (2 g/L) can be used. The model predicts that the optimal concentrations are DDGS 2 g/L, yeast extract 2 g/L, and casein 15 g/L. With these conditions, a casein concentration of 0.67 U/mL was obtained.

The experimental data showed an activity of 0.62 U/mL (Table 2), which is consistent with the prediction 14; therefore, these nutrient concentrations were chosen for the plant design in the industrial simulator. It is important to point out that it is not a replica of the MTGase production plant but a design based on the MTGase production process from sorghum grains. For comparison and validation of the feasibility of production of the enzyme with enzymatic hydrolysate media of sorghum, an MTGase production plant with a common culture media, which has glycerol as a carbon source, was designed in the same simulator.

The laboratory experiments that formed the basis for the design of enzyme production plants yielded an enzyme activity of 0.62 U/mL for the enzyme produced with media based on sorghum hydrolysates (Table 3), while with glycerol a maximal activity of 0.44 U/mL was obtained. However, the commercial enzyme from Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) has an average activity of 1 U/mL, thus this activity was considered for the enzyme produced in medium with glycerol to compare production with an established company. Ajinomoto Co., Inc. achieves this activity using a genetically modified E. coli and not a wild strain of S. mobaraensis.

Table 1
Key inputs and outputs design MTGase production plant with both media based on enzymatic hydrolysates

3.2. Process Design and economical evaluation

Plant design was carried out following the above production process, considering from the washing of raw material to the packing of the lyophilized enzyme. The enzyme marketed by Ajinomoto Co. Inc. contains 99% maltodextrin and 1% MTGase with an approximate activity of 100 U/g and the cost of this product is approximately 70 US$/kg. The final product of the MTGase production plant contains about 62 U/g at a cost of 35 US$/kg. For comparative purposes and to truly establish the profitability of the MTGase production plant using glucose as a carbon source obtained from sorghum grains, it was necessary to simulate an enzyme producing plant using the common medium, which has glycerol as the carbon source and a higher concentration of nitrogen sources than the medium supplemented with hydrolysates. Equipment for obtaining sorghum flour was not necessary from this plant. Table 2 to 4 show name, code, inputs and outputs for plants.

The total capital investment was 27.103 x 106 US$with an equivalent production of 320,158 units/year. Meanwhile, the unit product cost was 16.06 US$/entity with a total revenue of 12.326 x 106 US$in addition to obtaining 4,347 US$ /year from sales of subproducts (ground sorghum residue, solid residue from hydrolysis, and solid residue from fermentation), for a total annual income of 12.330 x 106 US$. The byproducts from enzyme production contain a high protein and fiber content, which may be used as cattle feed supplement. The sum of capital investment is analyzed formerly (Table 2) showing the total plant direct costs (TPDC) and indirect costs (TPIC). The TPC is estimated at 22.428 x 106 US$; adding contractor fees and contingency costs results in a direct cost of fixed capital of 25.792 x 106 US$. The cost of sorghum was consulted at the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) 17. The cost of the other reagents from Sigma Aldrich was quoted in dollars. The estimated annual cost of the raw materials was 134,000 US$, and in turn the annual operating cost was 5.140 x 106 US$(Table 5). This total includes the cost of raw materials, cost of operators, lab fees, waste management, utilities, and the pending issues fund; in this, consumables, transportation, sales strategies expenses, maintenance, and others are considered (Table 4). This plant shows an annual income of 12.36 x 106 US$; of this 12.3 x 106 US$correspond to MTGase sale and 4,000 US$ to subproduct sales (0,20 US$/kg). There is a profit margin of 58.31% and a percentage of return on investment of 24.96%. According to all these data, the return on investment time is 4.01 years. The same process was conducted but with commonly used medium ingredients 8. Although this reduces the number of equipment because enzymatic hydrolysis is not required, the total investment does not significantly decrease (Table 4). We estimated savings of 12% in comparison with the equipment estimated in the prior plant. Furthermore, the concentrations of some components of the medium, such as casein, are duplicated, which increases production cost. By comparing the costs of raw materials in both production plants, we have an increase of 244% due to the high cost of carbon and nitrogen sources in the common medium, compared with the medium based on sorghum hydrolysates with DDGS. In the plant with sorghum hydrolysates, the annual cost of raw material is estimated at 134,000 US$, while the other plant's estimated cost is 327,000 US$. Table 2 Fixed capital estimate summary for the MTGase production (price in US$)

Table 3
Experimental design with three factors and three levels

The plant design with common medium generated in the program is displayed in Figure 2. The total equipment purchase cost was 3.901 x 106 US$. As in the previous design, the purchase cost of the equipment was the basis for calculating the cost of other components of the fixed capital investment, such as installation, instrumentation, etc. These costs are shown in Table 2. The prices of equipment and raw materials were consulted in the same sources as in the previous plant. The same number of operators for the process and the same number of hours and wages were used (Table 5). This plant shows an annual income of 10.836 x 106 US$ of which 10.774 x 106 US$correspond to MTGase marketing and the remainder to the sale of fermentation by products (0.20 US$/kg). A profit margin of 48.91% and a return on investment of 22.29% were defined. According to all the data, it was determined that the return on investment time is 4.49 years as shown in Table 6.

Table 4
Operating cost summary MTGase production plants (Price in US$) Table 5 Important input and output economic parameters used in the SuperPro Designer Table 6 Economic comparison of two plants In the MTGase production plant based on sorghum hydrolysates, 4,916 kg of enzyme are obtained per year which yields 3,680 units/batch, while the enzyme produced with the common medium produces 4,550 units per batch with a production of 8,505 kg of MTGase per year. Although less equipment is used in the plant that produces the enzyme with glycerol as a carbon source, the cost does not decrease significantly due to the amount of some raw materials such as casein. In the medium with hydrolysates a casein concentration of 19 g/L is used, while in the medium with glycerol 38 g/L is used. The return on investment in both plants is almost similar, as shown in Table 6, with a difference of 0.5 years less in the hydrolysates based production plant; moreover, the cost of MTGase produced by hydrolysates is less than the enzyme produced with the common medium, therefore it would have a higher demand. It is important to point out that it was assumed that an activity of 1 U/mL would be obtained using the common medium, although fermentations using this medium resulted in a maximum activity of 0.4 U/mL. The value of 1.0 U/mL was used because this is how enzyme activity is currently marketed by Ajinomoto Co. Inc., although the strain used for the marketed enzyme is genetically modified to increase MTGase activity. Even though genetically modified strains increase production and have been shown to be safe in the production of food additives, it is important to have a thorough purification process to avoid the presence of toxic substances that may cause harm to health; therefore, the use of totally harmless wild strains such as S. mobaraensis is preferable for obtaining food additives. The plant that used the hydrolyzed enzyme as a glucose source, reported a higher percentage of profits than the plant in which glycerol was used (58.3% and 48.9%, respectively). For the enzyme produced with enzymatic hydrolysates a cost of 35 US$/kg was obtained; while the enzyme produced with the common medium was 70 US$/kg, which is its current market price. These results confirmed the feasibility of MTGase production using glucose as a carbon source obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis. A culture medium with 600g/L skim milk, 40g/L potato and 5g/L glycerol was evaluated; the maximum activity obtained was 2.95±0.30U/mL at 72h; the economic yield was 9.03 US$ (8.11€) of transglutaminase obtained per US$spent in nutrients 18. On the other hand, the production of transglutaminase from enzymatic hydrolysates of sorghum was evaluated, the optimal conditions selected were 10 g/L of yeast extract, 2 g/L of corn steep liquor and 13.7 g/L of sodium caseinate, yielding a maximum activity of 1.128 U/mL and a transglutaminase economic yield of 4.144 US$ (3.72 €) per US$spent in nutrients 19. However, the red sorghum is an economical cereal and an alternative to use as carbon source in culture media. 4. Conclusions The technical and economical optimization gave the following optimal conditions: 2 g/L of DDGS, 2 g/L of yeast extract and 15 g/L of casein. Using enzymatic hydrolysates of sorghum with this nutrient supplementation, a maximum activity of 0.62 U/mL. The plant with sorghum hydrolysates, the annual cost of raw material is estimated at 134,000 US$, while the other plant's estimated cost is 327,000 US$. On the other hand, the gross sale result 12.3 x106 US$ and 10.8 x 106 US$for plant with hydrolysates and common media respectively. The production MTGase plant based on a medium with enzymatic hydrolysates showed profitability, reporting a return on investment time of 4 years and a higher income compared to the MTGase production plant using the common medium. This enzyme is a widely used additive in the food industry; thus, the demand may be greater than expected and this would reduce the time to recover the investment. Because sorghum is a cheap raw material that is not very usable and abundant in the state of Tamaulipas, MTGase production based on enzymatic hydrolysate media is a good option to give this crop additional value. 5. Acknowledgements The author Rodríguez-Castillejos GC is grateful for the scholarships awarded by the CONACyT and the IPN for doctoral studies. The authors are grateful for the funding from the Coordinadora de Fundación Produce A.C. and support from SIP Project 20140206 Supplementary material 6. References 1. M. Kieliszek and A. Misiewicz, “Microbial transglutaminase and its application in the food industry. A review”,Folia Microbiologica, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 241-250, 2014. 2. D. Clarke, M. Mycek, A. Neidle and H. Waelsch, “The incorporation of amines into protein”, Arcives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 79, pp. 338-354, 1959. 3. M. Motoki and Y. Kumazawa, “Recent research trends in transglutaminase technology for food processing”, Food Science and Technology Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 151-160, 2000. 4. D. Jaros, C. Partschefeld, T. Henle and H. Rohm, “Transglutaminase in dairy products: chemistry, physics, applications”, Journal of Texture Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 113-155, 2006. 5. M. Motoki and K. Seguro, “Transglutaminase and its use for food processing”, Trends Food Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 204-210, 1998. 6. C. Kuraishi, K. Yamazaki and Y. Susa, “Transglutaminase: its utilization in the food industry”, Food Reviews International, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 221-246, 2001. 7. E. Özrenk, “The use of transglutaminase in dairy products”, International Journal of Dairy Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2006. 8. H. Ando et al., “Purification and characteristics of a novel transglutaminase derived from microorganisms”, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 2613-2617, 1989. 9. K. Washizu et al., “Molecular cloning of the gene for microbial transglutaminase from Streptoverticillium and its expression in Streptomyces lividans”, Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 82-87, 1994. 10. M. Zheng, G. Du, J. Chen and S. Lun, “Modelling of temperature effects on batch microbial transglutaminase fermentation with Streptoverticillium mobaraense”, World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 767-771, 2002. 11. K. Yokoyama, N. Nio and Y. Kikuchi, “Properties and applications of microbial transglutaminase”, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 447-454, 2004. 12. C. Schorsch, H. Carrie, and I. Norton, “Cross-linking casein micelles by a microbial transglutaminase: influence of cross-links in acid-induced gelation”, International Journal of Dairy Technology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 529-539, 2002. 13. A. Gaspar and S. Góes, “Action of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) in the modification of food proteins: A review”,Food Chemistry, vol. 171, pp. 315-322, 2015. 14. G. Rodríguez, S. Telléz, M. Vázquez, J. Lois and J. Ramírez, “Evaluation of sorghum grain hydrolysates and dried distillers grains with solubles for the production of microbial transglutaminase”, CyTA - Journal of Food, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 115-120, 2014. 15. N. García et al., “RB-Norteño, grain sorghum for drought areas”, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, no. 7, pp. 1337-1342, 2014. 16. N. Grossowicz, E. Wainfan and E. Borek, “The enzymatic formation of hydroxamic acids from glutamine and asparagines”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 187, pp. 111-125, 1950. 17. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA), SAGARPA. (Online). Available: http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx. Accessed on: Jan. 5, 2015. 18. D. Zilda, “Microbial transglutaminase: source, production and its role to improve surimi properties”, Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 35-44, 2014. 19. E. Guerra and M. Vázquez, “Technical and economical evaluation of microbial transglutaminase production on enzymatic hydrolysates of potato (Solanum tuberosum)”,CyTA - Journal of Food, vol. 11, pp. 277-284, 2013. Notes Author notes * Corresponding author: Guadalupe Concepción Rodríguez Castillejos e-mail: gcastillejos@uat.edu.mx Figure 1 Flowsheet for MTGase production with sorghum hydrolysates Figure 2 Flowsheet for MTGase production with common media Table 1 Key inputs and outputs design MTGase production plant with both media based on enzymatic hydrolysates Table 2 Fixed capital estimate summary for the MTGase production (price in US$)

Table 3
Experimental design with three factors and three levels

Table 4
Operating cost summary MTGase production plants (Price in US\$)

Table 5
Important input and output economic parameters used in the SuperPro Designer

Table 6
Economic comparison of two plants

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