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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bbr</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>BBR. Brazilian Business Review</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">BBR, Braz. Bus. Rev.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1807-734X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fucape Business School</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15728/bbr.2021.18.3.1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>An Examination of Herding Behavior in the Brazilian Equity Market</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="pt">
					<trans-title>Uma análise do Efeito Manada no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2762-0037</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Signorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia Fernanda Correia Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
						<sup>1</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0989-7294</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camilo-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b">
						<sup>1</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0766-6035</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbedo</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique da Silveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
						<sup>2</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Niteroi, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niteroi</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>patricialima_adm@yahoo.com.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Niteroi, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niteroi</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>ecamilo@id.uff.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">IBMEC e Banco Central do Brasil - BCB, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">IBMEC e Banco Central do Brasil</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>claudio.barbedo@bcb.gov.br</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<email>patricialima_adm@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<email>ecamilo@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c3">
					<email>claudio.barbedo@bcb.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn10">
					<label>AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS</label>
					<p> PFCLS - Contributed mainly with problem definition, hypotheses development, literature review, results and analysis. EC-S - Contributed mainly with problem definition, hypotheses development, method, results and conclusions. CHSB - Contributed mainly with problem definition, hypotheses development, method and discussion.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn20">
					<label>CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</label>
					<p> The authors state that there are no conflicts of interests</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>18</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<fpage>236</fpage>
			<lpage>254</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The aim of the present study is to investigate herding behavior in the Brazilian stock market. This bias is quite common in times of market downturns and can cause investors to suffer large losses. It is very difficult to effectively identify its real occurrence. Through the method of Chang et al. (2000), it is possible to show that the occurrence of herd behavior is associated with the following phenomena: high trading volume; high volatility, market downturn; and misbalancing of orders. The main contribution of the paper is to identify that herding behavior reacts asymmetrically to the sign of past shocks. The results suggest that an intense selling movement can generate uncertainty in agents, causing them to imitate others in imminent loss periods. </p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<p>O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o efeito manada no mercado de ações brasileiro. Esse viés é bastante comum em tempos de desaceleração do mercado e pode fazer com que os investidores sofram grandes perdas. É muito difícil identificar com eficácia sua real ocorrência. Através do método de Chang et al. (2000), é possível evidenciar que a presença do comportamento de manada está associada aos seguintes fenômenos: alto volume de negócios; alta volatilidade, desaceleração do mercado; e desequilíbrio de ordens de negociação. A principal contribuição do artigo é identificar que o comportamento de manada reage assimetricamente ao sinal de choques passados. Os resultados sugerem que um movimento intenso de vendas pode gerar incerteza nos agentes, fazendo-os imitar os demais em períodos de perda iminente.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>KEYWORDS </title>
				<kwd>Herd Behavior</kwd>
				<kwd>Market Microstructure</kwd>
				<kwd>Behavioral Finance</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>PALAVRAS-CHAVE</title>
				<kwd>Efeito manada</kwd>
				<kwd>Microestrutura de Mercado</kwd>
				<kwd>Finanças Comportamentais</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="17"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
				<page-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>1. INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Behavioral finance has come to the fore since the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, relaxing the strict requirement of convergence between price and value and recognizing the existence of phenomena associated with decision making by economic agents outside the rational model defined by Von Neumann and Morgenstern in their seminal book 
				<italic>Theory of Games and Economic Behavior</italic>.
			</p>
			<p>This paper aims to identify the fundamental factors or asymmetric effects that explain the herding phenomenon in the Brazilian market. Herding behavior is a phenomenon in which investors abandon their opinions about the future prospects of the market and try to imitate the behaviors of other investors. This movement is not rational because it prompts investors to buy stocks that have gone up in price (or sell stocks that have fallen) not because they think the price will continue to go up (or fall), but simply because others are doing it. This effect is quite common in times of market downturns and can cause large losses to investors. </p>
			<p>This bias is defined by 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnejee (1992</xref>) as the act of trying to use the information contained in the decisions made by others, even when one´s private information suggests doing something quite different. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Silva, Barbedo and Araújo (2015</xref>) define herding as the behavior of a group of investors who engage in the trading of a certain asset in the same direction and abandon their previous beliefs in relation to that asset. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Araújo Neto et al. (2016</xref>) investigated whether people with knowledge of finance and accounting were subject to external influences in trading financial assets and did not find this effect. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Majerowicz (2017</xref>) examined herding behavior in the Brazilian stock market from 2010 to 2015, a time of economic and political instability, finding no indications of the phenomenon. Finally, 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva and Lucena (2018</xref>) studied the bias on the stock market from 2007 to 2016. Their results identified bias during the subprime crisis, more strongly involving small cap stocks. 
			</p>
			<p>In general, the works on this topic suggest that the analysis of herding is difficult to measure, and the phenomenon has only been detected in a few studies. Moreover, there is a discrepancy in terms of the evidence found in these previous works. The relevance of this study is intensified, since this phenomenon can cause loss of information, and thus cause prices to deviate from their equilibrium value. It is necessary to understand how prices are formed in the financial market, to understand the quality of information present in the market, and to identify the periods in which the herding effect occurs. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) argued that herding is more prone in periods of market stress since investment decisions vary according to market conditions. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva and Lucena (2018</xref>) corroborated 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) by emphasizing that in uncertain moments, investors imitate larger groups. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang and Zheng (2010</xref>) also identified herd movement during periods of downturns. 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bhaduri and Mahapatra (2013</xref>) ratified the relationship between herding and downturn periods.
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) claimed that, in the most disturbed periods, individual returns are close to market returns, i.e., there is less private information available, and thus individuals begin to act in accordance with others. In the same way, regarding private information, 
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cipriani and Guarino (2010</xref>) stated that financial agents do not use private information in those periods and start to act according to the crowd. As a consequence, financial markets may not be able to aggregate private information efficiently, causing price misalignments. Therefore, the existence of this phenomenon is capable of affecting the formation of asset prices, that is, prices may not reflect the real value of assets. 
			</p>
			<p>To identify investor behavior in times of market downturns, we performed asymmetry tests to evaluate the existence of the herding effect in relation to high and low trading volume, high and low volatility, good and poor past performance, high and low investor sentiment and also misbalancing of buy and sell orders, this analysis being included in the concept of information asymmetry.
				<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">
					<sup>1</sup>
				</xref> The main contribution of the paper is to identify fundamental factors influencing herding behavior and to verify that herding behavior reacts asymmetrically to the sign of these past shocks. The results show that the herding effect is associated with the occurrence of high trading volume; high volatility of returns; market downturns; and imbalance between transactions with sellers’ market dominance. 
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK</title>
			<sec>
				<title>2.1. Herding Effect</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liang (2017</xref>) defined the herding effect as &quot;the synchronized movement of asset prices in an exuberant and irrational way that is not justified by the fundamentals.” 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) described the herding effect as a behavioral trend in which investors observe the attitudes of others. The interest of scholars is to understand why collective information affects the behavior of prices, diverting them from their fundamental-based values, thus presenting profit possibilities. Such information has a strong influence even in relation to private information. 
				</p>
				<p>According to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kutchukian (2010</xref>), in the occurrence of herding, there is a positively correlated movement, representing a group of investors who follow the same direction. This fact contradicts the following postulates of modern portfolio theory: individuals maximize their expected utility in relation to their risk aversion, and prices correspond to available information. Besides this, the herding effect also contradicts homogeneous information and expectation assumptions, since it occurs in a heterogeneous way and is related to a group of investors. 
				</p>
				<p>Furthermore, on price formation, 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) stated that believing that the herding effect occurs due to non-rational behavior of investors leads to trading based on inefficient prices, away from equilibrium. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang and Salmon (2001</xref>) designated as &quot;cascades of information&quot; the fact that market prices may not reflect new information. This event leads to a kind of inefficiency augmented by herd behavior. 
				</p>
				<p>According to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>), the herding effect can be seen as rational or irrational behavior by investors, depending on the interpretation. With respect to the irrational view, they used the study of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Devenow and Welch (1996</xref>), indicating that investors ignore their beliefs and opinions by faithfully following other investors. On the other hand, regarding the rational view, they referred to the studies of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Scharfstein and Stein (1990</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rajan (1994</xref>), who argued that investors imitate the actions of others, leaving aside private information, aiming at maintaining their capital. Still under the rational view, 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang and Salmon (2001</xref>) stated that the herding effect can be seen in a rational way, since it seeks the maximization of utility, that is, when an investor believes that other investors may be better informed, so not following their actions could lead to lower gains. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang and Zheng (2010</xref>) find no evidence of herding in Latin American markets. The sample in Brazil covers 70 industries from 1994 to 2009. The authors suggest that crisis sparks herding movement in the country and then produces a spillover effect to neighboring economies.
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2. The evolution of methods to measure the herding effect</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok (1992</xref>) studied the herding effect by analyzing the degree of correlation of investors’ trading with the purpose of evaluating the effect of transactions on stock prices. Subsequently, 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) analyzed the dispersion effect, which corresponds to the cross-sectional standard deviation of returns. This method aims to quantify how far from the average return the individual returns are, corroborating the assumption that investors act according to the group's decisions, as previously mentioned. They also analyzed periods of market stress, believing that this effect occurs more frequently at unusual times. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) presented the idea that agents' investment decisions will vary according to market conditions. Thus, in more stable periods, the dispersion of individual returns in relation to market returns will tend to increase, since, in this scenario, trading is based on available private information. On the other hand, when there are movements of greater oscillation, the agents’ tendency is to leave their opinions aside and follow collective decisions in upcoming trades. Thus, the individual return approaches the market return, and the herding effect can be verified. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>) conducted a study based on 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang's (1995</xref>) method, including the analysis of equity returns through linear regression. Furthermore, they observed both developed and developing financial markets and verified changes in the herding effect in periods involving the economic opening of Asian markets. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang and Salmon (2001</xref>) also used 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>)'s studies to define their method and incorporate linear factor models to measure sensitivities of returns. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hwang and Salmon (2004</xref>) stated that in the presence of the herd effect, the cross-sectional variation of betas remains low. Thus, investors tend to follow the market portfolio. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) highlighted the existence of two currents in the literature on the herd effect, both mentioned above. This distinction is between the studies of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok et al. (1992</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Wermers (1995</xref>) - who analyzed the possibility of individuals’ following others, measured by trading volume - and the studies of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chang et al. (2000</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang and Salmon (2001</xref>; 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2004</xref>), who focused on the analysis of the herding effect at the market level, i.e., choosing specific assets, based on the analysis of the cross-sectional dispersion of betas. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hachicha (2010</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1992</xref>) found evidence of the herding effect in stocks of small companies, explained because there is less information available, so investors begin to look at the attitudes of other market agents. 
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.3. Previous Brazilian studies</title>
				<p>In Brazil, several papers have analyzed the herding effect in the stock market. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva and Lucena (2018</xref>) identified the herding effect based on the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD) model, proposed by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>). Their results corroborated the hypothesis that, in moments of uncertainty, investors are more insecure and tend to act according to the behavior of larger groups. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zulian et al. (2012</xref>) analyzed the herding behavior in stock mutual funds in Brazil. The results suggested the occurrence of the herding effect with similar intensity as in countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tariki (2014</xref>) investigated herding behavior of mutual funds in the Brazilian market, using the method developed by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok et al. (1992</xref>), from September 2007 to October 2013, finding strong evidence of the herding effect with intensity that varies according to the size and the capitalization of the fund. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Silva (2017</xref>) tested the method proposed by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>) and the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD) model. The herding effect was identified during the 2008 crisis. 
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.4. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang’s method (1995</xref>)
				</title>
				<p>In this model, the herding effect is measured by means of the standard deviation, or cross-sectional dispersion of asset returns in relation to the average market return.</p>
				<p>
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							</mml:msqrt>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(1)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where, 
					<italic>CSSDt</italic> is the cross-sectional standard deviation, 𝑅𝑖,𝑡 is the return on assets i in period t, 𝑅𝑚,𝑡 is the average transversal return of the market portfolio, and N is the number of assets to be analyzed. This method can be summarized as a linear regression analysis in which the calculated CSSD corresponds to the dependent variable there are two categorical variables (dummies), corresponding to the tails of the market return, both positive and negative. Thus, market dispersion is tested, according to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), through the following regression: 
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e2.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m2" display="block">
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(2)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where the dummy variables are 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
, if the market returns are at the lower end of the distribution or 0 otherwise and 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
, if the market returns are at the upper end of the distribution or 0 otherwise, and the alpha coefficient represents the average dispersion of the sample. 
				</p>
				<p>The method tests whether, in the presence of the herd effect, investors move closer to the market consensus and therefore the individual return remains close to the market return. Considering as true the premise that investors are more likely to suppress their beliefs during troubled periods, acting in accordance with the market consensus, they expected to find the coefficients β1 and β2 to be negative and statistically significant.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.5. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana’s method (2000</xref>)
				</title>
				<p>This method is applied to identify the presence of the herd effect, based on the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD) model, which uses the mean of absolute deviations from returns, considered in both methods to be the best measure of dispersion. This model tests whether investors, at times, tend to set aside their beliefs and opinions to follow the decisions of a group, so that, in these periods, the individual’s return would remain close to the general market return.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>) proposed this method based on 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), presented as less rigorous alternative approach, since they expanded the study by including the analysis of the behavior of the return on equity through linear regression. Furthermore, they stated that in all markets, the rise in the dispersion of returns (estimated by CSAD) compared to the aggregate return of the market is larger at times of market upturns than at times of decline. This is justified because the market tends to react more quickly in the presence of negative macroeconomic news. In the presence of small stocks, the repercussion to positive news happens later. In comparison with the previous method, this model was chosen because it is a less intuitive measure, and thus less sensitive to the presence of discrepant values. It is estimated as follows: 
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e3.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m3" display="block">
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msub>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msub>
											<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											<mml:msub>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msub>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(3)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where CSAD
					<sub>t</sub> is the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns, 𝑅
					<sub>𝑖,𝑡</sub>, regarding to the return of an equal-weighted realized return of the market portfolio,??
					<sub>𝑚</sub>, in period 𝑡, and N is the number of assets to be analyzed. 
				</p>
				<p>This method relies on a modified regression model, in which an asymmetrical parameter is added to identify a probable nonlinearity between the dispersion of individual asset returns and the market returns. The authors argued that in the presence of the herd effect, in stressed periods, there may be non-proportional growth or decrease in the CSAD measure with an increase of |Rm,t|. However, in the absence of this behavior, this relationship is linear and directly proportional, following the postulates of the asset pricing model. This nonlinear relationship between dispersion and return in the market, which characterizes the presence of the herd effect, is detected from the following regression equation: </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e4.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m4" display="block">
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(4)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the above model, the herd effect is verified if the coefficient β 2 is negative and statistically significant, due to the existence of a nonlinear relationship between asset dispersion and market return. In this scenario, it can be seen that the CSAD
					<sub>t</sub> will grow at decreasing rates or will decrease. However, if the coefficient β
					<sub>2</sub> is positive (or negative, but not significant), this denotes the absence of the herding effect and confirms the assumptions of the CAPM model. The inclusion of the quadratic term is responsible for making the method more sensitive and rigorous. The model of Chang, Cheng and Khorana (CCK) allows investigating the herding effect in an asymmetric way in the financial market, either as a function of the returns or a function of the volume traded, for example. Based on the market return, to verify the asymmetric existence of the herding behavior, it is necessary to estimate the following specifications:
				</p>
				<p>
					<bold>- Asymmetry Test - Market Return:</bold>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e5">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e5.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m5" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(5)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e6">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e6.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m6" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(6)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
 (
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
) is the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns, 𝑅
					<sub>𝑖,𝑡</sub>, relative to the equal-weighted market portfolio return,𝑅
					<sub>𝑚</sub>, at time 𝑡, when 𝑅
					<sub>𝑚</sub> is up (down) and 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
 (
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
) is the absolute value of an equal-weighted realized return of the market portfolio, at time t, when the market is upturn (downturn). All variables are estimated on a daily basis. 
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.6. Trading imbalance picture (TIP)</title>
				<p>The TIP, presented by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pereira, Camilo-da-Silva and Barbedo (2020</xref>), measures the imbalance between the numbers of buy and sell orders of the Brazilian Stock Exchange (B3). A distinction should be made between the expressions “order imbalances” and “transaction flow imbalances”. The former is used in quote-driven markets, while the latter is used in stock exchanges without market makers, or order-driven markets. The imbalance between buy and sell orders has an impact on the formation of asset prices (
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cont, Kubanov and Stoikov, 2014</xref>). This effect occurs when, for example, there are more orders for purchase than for sale. The same thing occurs in the opposite situation. Another point of influence is that order imbalances sometimes indicate private information, which would reduce liquidity, considering the increase in inventory costs, and might also permanently move the market price (
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kyle, 1985</xref>). According to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chordia et al. (2002</xref>), bear market periods tend to be followed by low liquidity periods. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chordia et al. (2004</xref>) defined market order imbalance as daily aggregate buy orders minus sell orders divided by the total number of transactions on a given day. 
				</p>
				<p>The TIP is an index denoted as the difference between the numbers of buyer-initiated trades and seller-initiated trades, divided by the difference between the total number of trades and the number of trades that do not have an aggressor (neutral) on a certain day and in a certain asset. It should be noted that this index includes the number of transactions that do not present an aggressor, that is, neutral, thus eliminating the residual error of this variable. The inclusion of this indicator aims to understand how the imbalance affects the market, ex-ante, identifying the moments of occurrence, and ex-post, testing the capacity to determine the herd effect. </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e7">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e7.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m7" display="block">
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(7)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>3. METHODOLOGY</title>
			<sec>
				<title>3.1. Sample and data source</title>
				<p>In this first phase of data and sample treatment, we selected the most liquid daily closing stocks. To apply the methods developed by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>), the liquidity index (IL) was adopted as the criterion for choosing the stocks (
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Argolo et al., 2012</xref>). We select 173 stocks with IL higher than 0,01. For calculation of the TIP, the intraday information on the transactions carried out in B3 was used. This database also allows identification of the trigger in each trade carried out. The study period runs from January 2008 to May 2019. BM&amp;FBovespa database is composed of three parts. The first two parts include data regarding market participants' buy and sell orders, i.e., the millionth of a second of each trade, the stock ticker, the financial volumes and the stock price. Part three contains data regarding traded stocks as order type (buy or sell) and order timestamp. From this data, we accurately identify the aggressor, defined as which side is demanding liquidity, the buyer (a buyer-initiated order) or the seller (a seller-initiated order).
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.2. Herding effect measurement and testing</title>
				<p>To identify the herd effect, two methods were used: the first, developed by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), known as CSSD (cross-sectional standard deviation), captures the herding effect through the standard deviation or cross-sectional dispersion of asset returns relative to the average market return. The second method was that presented by Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000), based on the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD) model. This model uses the mean of the absolute cross-sectional deviations of returns. 
				</p>
				<p>To apply 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang's (1995</xref>) method, we estimated the daily CSSD and the days on which the Brazilian Stock Exchange Index (Ibovespa) showed its largest changes in returns, 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
 and 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi></mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
. In this case, the daily returns that are equal to 1, at the upper or lower end of the distribution, represent the highest 10% positive or negative variations of the return in the period. After this definition, linear regressions were estimated using the R software to test the significance of β
					<sub>1</sub> and β
					<sub>2</sub>. 
				</p>
				<p>For the 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>) method, the daily CSAD and dummies were also estimated for a later asymmetry test. When the herding effect was identified, their relationship with possibly relevant variables such as trading volume (high or low), volatility (high or low), returns (positive or negative), imbalance of orders (buy and sell) and investor sentiment (high or low) were tested. For the asymmetric tests, the periods corresponding to the 25% highest and the 25% lowest values found in certain circumstances in the market were used, such as: volume, volatility, return, trade misbalancing and investor sentiment. In view of this, the following tests were applied to check the asymmetric presence of the herd effect: 
				</p>
				<p>Asymmetry test - volume traded: </p>
				<p>Based on the trading volume (high or low), the following regressions were estimated to check the asymmetric herding effect: </p>
				<p>
				<disp-formula id="e8">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e8.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m8" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(8)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e9">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e9.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m9" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(9)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
 (
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>) is the cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns, 𝑅
					<sub>𝑖,𝑡</sub>, relative to the equal-weighted market portfolio return,𝑅
					<sub>𝑚</sub>, at time 𝑡, when trading volume is high (low) and 
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
 (
					<inline-formula>
						<mml:math display='block'>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula>
) is the absolute value of an equal-weighted realized return of the market portfolio, at time t, when trading volume is high (low). All variables are estimated on a daily basis.
				</p>
				<p>Asymmetry test - volatility: </p>
				<p>Following the same line of reasoning, in this test the analysis was performed according to the volatility (high or low), applying the equations below:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e10">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e10.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m10" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(10)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e11">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e11.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m11" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(11)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where as in 
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e8">Equation (8</xref>) and (
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">9</xref>),σH represents the periods when the market showed high volatility and σL denotes periods with low volatility.
				</p>
				<p>Asymmetry test - returns: </p>
				<p>Based on the market return (positive or negative), to check the asymmetric existence of herd behavior, the following specifications were estimated: </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e12">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e12.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m12" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(12)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e13">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e13.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m13" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(13)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where as in 
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e8">Equation (8</xref>) and (
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">9</xref>),UP and D correspond to upward and downward past performance periods, respectively. 
				</p>
				<p>Asymmetry test - imbalance of orders: </p>
				<p>From the intraday data of B3, the numbers of buyer initiated, seller initiated and neutral trades of each asset for each day were estimated. </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e14">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e14.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m14" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(14)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e15">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e15.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m15" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(15)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where as in 
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e8">Equation (8</xref>) and (
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">9</xref>),TIP+ and TIP- represent the periods of higher buying imbalance and higher selling imbalance, respectively. 
				</p>
				<p>Asymmetry test - investor sentiment: </p>
				<p>Finally, the following analyses were added to test investor sentiment.</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e16">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e16.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m16" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(16)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e17">
					<alternatives>
					<graphic xlink:href="e17.png"/>
						<mml:math id="m17" display="block">
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msubsup>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msubsup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</alternatives>
						<label>(17)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where as in 
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e8">Equation (8</xref>) and (
					<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">9</xref>),S+ and S- correspond to the best and the worst investor sentiment periods, measured by the kurtosis of each asset’s return distribution.
				</p>
				<p>All the regression models were run using the ordinary minimum squares method. In the next section, the results of the analyses are presented. After the asymmetry tests, residual tests were performed to evaluate homoscedasticity (Breusch-Pagan), normality (Jarque-Bera) and independence (Durbin-Watson and Breusch-Godfrey). </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>4. RESULTS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>4.1. Herding effect</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the results of CSSD and CSAD methods from 2008 to 2018. In the CSSD method, when the market return is in the top 10% (or 90%) and when the market return is in the bottom 10% (or 90%) the coefficient is almost always statistically significant, but not negative. In the CSAD method, from 2009-2015 period and in the year 2018, the coefficient β
					<sub>2</sub> is always negative and statistically significant. We also perform the 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang and Zheng (2010</xref>) method as a robustness check. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Estimates of herding behavior from CSSD and CSAD methods.</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">CSSD</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">CSAD CSAD</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">CSAD</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">
										<inline-formula>
											<mml:math display='block'>
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													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
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													</mml:mrow>
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												<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
												<mml:msubsup>
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												<mml:msubsup>
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														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
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													<mml:mrow>
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											</mml:math>
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									</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">
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										</inline-formula>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Year</td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
									<td align="center">Prob.</td>
									<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
									<td align="center">Prob.</td>
									<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
									<td align="center">Prob.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2008</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0323</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,6510</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,4016</td>
									<td align="center">6,6e-05 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,6824</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0285</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">-0,3485</td>
									<td align="center">0,257</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-0,7159</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>0,0222 *</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2009</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0252</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,7492</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0236</td>
									<td align="center">0,048625 *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,7552</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0224</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-3,1489</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>0,00142 **</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-3,3765</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>6,5e-04 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2010</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0077</td>
									<td align="center">1,04e-09 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,7571</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">-0,0015</td>
									<td align="center">0,918</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,7577</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0084</td>
									<td align="center">3,33e-11 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-7,2478</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>6e-06 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-7,2708</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>7,28e-06 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2011</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0094</td>
									<td align="center">6,42e-13 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,5922</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0269</td>
									<td align="center">0,038104 *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,5822</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0087</td>
									<td align="center">2,11e-11 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-2,8388</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>5e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-2,4728</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>0,00061 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2012</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0091</td>
									<td align="center">1,19e-09 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,8169</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0043</td>
									<td align="center">0,808</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,8192</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0078</td>
									<td align="center">1,22e-07 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-9,1488</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-9,2654</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1,75e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2013</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0093</td>
									<td align="center">2,29e-07 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,8155</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0361</td>
									<td align="center">0,0393 *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,8120</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0074</td>
									<td align="center">3,84e-05 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-10,3100</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-10,0470</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1,93e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2014</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0097</td>
									<td align="center">4,67e-07 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,6553</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0230</td>
									<td align="center">0,15224</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,6570</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0091</td>
									<td align="center">2,03e-06 ***</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-4,4811</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>0,009 **</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-4,5573</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>0,00782 **</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2015</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0098</td>
									<td align="center">0,00121 ** </td>
									<td align="center">0,9583</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0524</td>
									<td align="center">0,0364 *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">1,0120</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0058</td>
									<td align="center">0,05301 . </td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-15,8913</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-0,1813</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1,85e-06 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2016</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0144</td>
									<td align="center">1,24e-05 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,5612</td>
									<td align="center">4e-12 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0316</td>
									<td align="center">0,0166</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,5743</td>
									<td align="center">1,83e-12 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0066</td>
									<td align="center">0,042 * </td>
									<td align="center">-2,0799</td>
									<td align="center">0,248</td>
									<td align="center">-2,5743</td>
									<td align="center">0,160</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2017</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0066</td>
									<td align="center">0,000986 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,5298</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0100</td>
									<td align="center">0,72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,5246</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0063</td>
									<td align="center">0,001570 ** </td>
									<td align="center">-1,4124</td>
									<td align="center">0,133</td>
									<td align="center">-1,2490</td>
									<td align="center">0,232</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">2018</td>
									<td align="center">`90%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0054</td>
									<td align="center">0,0151 * </td>
									<td align="center">0,8016</td>
									<td align="center">4e-12 ***</td>
									<td align="center">0,0306</td>
									<td align="center">0,319</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">0,7862</td>
									<td align="center">1,55e-11 ***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">`10%`</td>
									<td align="center">0,0023</td>
									<td align="center">0,2924</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-15,3000</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>-0,1452</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>4,91e-05 ***</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>This result corroborates 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida's (2011</xref>) statement that although the methods are similar, they do not always present the same result. The results obtained from the CSAD method, in the 2009-2015 period and in the year 2018, indicates the presence of the herd effect. These results show that the CSAD measure is rising or falling nonlinearly in relation to the average market return. 
				</p>
				<p>In 2008, and in the 2016-2017 period, the coefficient β
					<sub>2</sub> is negative, but not statistically significant. Thus, it was not possible to detect the occurrence of the herding effect, while, at the same time, it was not possible to contradict the assumptions of the linear and directly proportional relationship between the dispersion and market return. 
				</p>
				<p>It should be noted that the herding effect was not identified in the year of the crisis, but was in the following year, when there was a significant rebound of prices in the Brazilian stock market. Therefore, a detailed analysis of this period is required for a better understanding of the herding behavior in low and high moments of the Ibovespa. </p>
				<p>The CCSD method did not identify the herding effect in any year. The CSAD method identified the effect from 2009 to 2015 and in 2018. The results of the approach of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang and Zheng (2010</xref>) is presented in the third column as a robustness check. In the CSAD method, the negative and significant coefficient relative to the squared return shows that in these years the dispersion of returns decreased with the increase in market return, which contradicts the linear market model and indicates the presence of herd effect. The results show a persistence level of herding behavior over time.
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4.2. Herding effect and market characteristics</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) presented the idea that agents' investment decisions adjust according to market conditions. In this scenario, the purpose of this analysis is to diagnose how the herding effect behaves in relation to certain market conditions. Thus, asymmetry tests were carried out to evaluate the existence of the herding effect in relation to the periods that corresponded to the 25% highest and 25% lowest values of trading volume, volatility, bull and bear market, misbalancing of buy and sell orders, and investor sentiment. 
				</p>
				<p>The asymmetry tests were performed by selecting for each variable to be tested the days on which the situation evaluated occurred and running the regression of the CSAD model for this sample. In case the herding effect is identified by a negative coefficient and significant for the term &quot;square of the return&quot;, it is assumed that the variable is related to the presence of the herd effect. To ensure the validity of the regression, residual diagnostics assessing homoscedasticity, normality, and independence were performed. Independence was checked by the Durbin-Watson and Breusch-Godfrey tests, while for homoscedasticity, the Breusch-Pagan test was applied to determine whether the variances of errors were equal, an assumption that must be met. </p>
				<p>The normality of the residuals was verified through the Jarque-Bera test. For each analysis, a regression was estimated using the method of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000</xref>).
				</p>
				<p>
					<italic>4.2.1. Herding effect and trading volume</italic>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) proposed a new measure, inspired by the approach of 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1992</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang and Salmon (2004</xref>), using turnover to examine the herding effect on the Toronto stock exchange. Similarly, in this study, we analyzed whether the presence of the herding effect differs in terms of the trading volume in the stock market, analyzed according to asymmetry. 
				</p>
				<p>As explained in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> about the CSAD method, the coefficient β 2 should be negative and statistically significant to indicate a herding effect. For periods of high trading volume, the existence of a negative and statistically significant β2 coefficient was verified, compatible with the herding behavior hypothesis. These results corroborate 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>), who concluded that a large volume of business is a necessary condition for the existence of the herding effect among investors. However, the same cannot be said for low trading volume. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>) stated that in the existence of small-cap stocks the repercussion to positive news happens belatedly. This argument may explain the absence of herding effect in moments of low volume. Thus, investors, in markets with lower trading volume would be less likely to take action in line with others, with the presence of irrationality in decisions. The Durbin-Watson and Breusch-Godfrey null hypothesis is that the residuals are not autocorrelated and the Breusch-Pagan null hypothesis is that the residual variances are all equal. It was possible to confirm the independence and homoscedasticity of the residuals, according to 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>.
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
				 <label>Table 2</label>
				   <caption>
				    <title>Results of the CSAD model considering high trading volume</title>
				     </caption>
				      <graphic xlink:href="table2.png"/>
				      <table-wrap-foot>
    					<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Source:Research data (2018)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
				  </table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering low trading volume</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="center">0.001344269</td>
									<td align="center">0.0925</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.0855128</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="center">-0.188867169</td>
									<td align="center">0.1363</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.1222209</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="center">6.279777377</td>
									<td align="center">0.1086</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 0.1380</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018) 
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>4.2.2. Herding effect and volatility </p>
				<p>According to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), at times of greater stock market oscillation, there is a tendency for individuals to put aside their beliefs and start following the decisions of others. To test whether this hypothesis is valid in the Brazilian stock market, we conducted an analysis of the moments of higher and lower market volatility, as shown in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering high market volatility</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="center">0.001832112</td>
									<td align="center">0.0603</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.133681633</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="center">0.037967946</td>
									<td align="center">0.7424</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.268953812</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="center">-4.709270376</td>
									<td align="center">0.0745</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 0.362383126</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
				 <label>Table 5</label>
				   <caption>
				    <title>Results of the CSAD model considering low market volatility</title>
				     </caption>
				      <graphic xlink:href="table5.png"/>
				       <table-wrap-foot>
    					<fn id="TFN04">
								<p>Source:Research data (2018)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As the previous table, and from now on, we expect a coefficient β
					<sub>2</sub> negative and statistically significant to identify a herding effect and to confirm the independence and homoscedasticity of the residuals. As can be seen in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, in periods of high volatility the β2 coefficient is negative and significant, indicating the presence of herd effect. These results corroborate the study by 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Silva, Barbedo and Araújo (2015</xref>), who stated that this phenomenon is commonly associated with periods of greater volatility and is attributed to the human component in asset trading. On the other hand, in the periods of low volatility presented in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, the coefficient β2 is positive, which rejects the existence of the herd effect. Besides, the homoskedasticity is rejected through the Breusch-Pagan test and heteroskedasticity is assumed in low volatility periods. This suggests that if the market presents low volatility, this allows investors to follow their own conclusions without the need for sudden actions. 
				</p>
				<p>4.2.3. Herding effect and market performance</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> shows there is no effect in periods of good past performance. This analysis corroborates 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>), who argued that in periods of low risk and rising stock prices, the herding effect decreases. 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> shows the presence of the herding during market downturn, despite heteroskedasticity is assumed in these periods. 
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering good market performance</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="center">0.001115215</td>
									<td align="center">0.5080</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.6367178</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="center">-0.25565071</td>
									<td align="center">0.0772</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.0500165</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="center">-1.191689336</td>
									<td align="center">0.6458</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 1.12E-08</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
				 <label>Table 7</label>
				   <caption>
				    <title>Results of the CSAD model considering poor market performance</title>
				     </caption>
				      <graphic xlink:href="table7.png"/>
				       <table-wrap-foot>
    					<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Source:Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>This fact corroborates the idea that the market is more prone to react quickly when faced with negative news. In other words, at times of decline, the market tends to act synchronously, presenting herding behavior. </p>
				<p>4.2.4. Herding effect and misbalancing of orders </p>
				<p>In order to understand herding effect through misbalancing of orders, we measured periods with higher and lower TIPs. 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref> shows that the herding effect is not observed when the market imbalance was motivated by buy orders, but 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 9</xref> indicates the occurrence of herding effect when the market imbalance is motivated by sell orders. This suggests that an intense selloff movement can generate uncertainty in agents, causing them to get rid of their shares. 
				</p>
				<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
				 <label>Table 8</label>
				   <caption>
				    <title>Results of the CSAD model considering imbalance motivated by a higher number of buy orders</title>
				     </caption>
				      <graphic xlink:href="table8.png"/>
				      <table-wrap-foot>
    					<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Source:Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 9.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering imbalance motivated by a higher number of sell orders</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="center">-0.001660192</td>
									<td align="center">0.0219</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.024814071</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="center">0.354638063</td>
									<td align="center">0.0000</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.322457779</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="center">-5.652267135</td>
									<td align="center">0.0000</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 4.22E-02</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>These results confirm what was verified in market downturn periods, since the periods of low returns indicated the presence of herd effect. This fact corroborates 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martins, Paulo and Albuquerque (2013</xref>), who stated that few trades are expected on days when no information events and good news occur, while more sell orders are expected on days when bad news predominates. 
				</p>
				<p>4.2.5. Herding effect and investor sentiment </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tables 10</xref> and 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">11</xref> present the results of the asymmetry tests for the investor sentiment index, based on their optimistic and pessimistic views and how this affects market prices. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Xavier and Machado (2017</xref>) commented that the analysis of this index in the Brazilian market is new and should be deepened, but it can influence the pricing of all assets. In both cases, the coefficient indicating herding effect is not significant. What differs in the analyses is that the coefficient β2 in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 10</xref> is positive and that in 
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 11</xref> is negative. However, in the absence of statistical significance, this fact does not determine the existence of herd behavior, which suggests the non-interference of investor sentiment in the effect.
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 10.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering positive investor sentiment</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="left">0.001468</td>
									<td align="left">0.0873</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.0188537</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="left">-0.10767</td>
									<td align="left">0.4194</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.9512567</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="left">2.694552</td>
									<td align="left">0.4842</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 7.25E-01</td>
									<td align="left">Do not reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 11.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Results of the CSAD model considering negative investor sentiment</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center">Coefficient</th>
									<th align="center">P-Value</th>
									<th align="left">Residual Diagnostics</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intercept</td>
									<td align="left">0.0014205</td>
									<td align="left">0.0742</td>
									<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.4072067</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β1</td>
									<td align="left">-0.0430257</td>
									<td align="left">0.6171</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.0277101</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">β2</td>
									<td align="left">-2.0768069</td>
									<td align="left">0.1567</td>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 9.45E-55</td>
									<td align="left">Reject H0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4.3. Discussion of the results</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 12</xref> consolidates the results and shows that the occurrence of herding behavior in the period studied was associated with the high trading volume, high volatility, market downturn and trading imbalance by sellers.
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 12.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>
								<italic>Summary results of the herding behavior</italic>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Fundamental Factor</th>
									<th align="center">25% Highest</th>
									<th align="center">25% Lowest</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Trading Volume</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>Herding</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Volatility</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>Herding</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Stock Returns</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>Herding</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sentiment</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">TIP</td>
									<td align="center">No Herding</td>
									<td align="center">
										<bold>Herding</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>
									<bold>
										<italic>Source:</italic>
									</bold> Research data (2018)
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The results corroborate 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie and Huang (1995</xref>), 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva and Lucena (2018</xref>), 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang and Zheng (2010</xref>) and 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bhaduri and Mahapatra (2013</xref>), who argued that herding is more likely to happen in times of market downturns, because this generates uncertainty of investors and they choose to follow the decisions of others. These findings show that after good past performance and in a higher proportion of buyer-initiated orders, investors are less prone to act in synchrony. The main contribution of the paper is to identify that herding behavior reacts asymmetrically to the sign of the past shocks. Negative returns imply higher volatility (
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Black, 1976</xref>). Along with high trading volume and trading imbalance skewed to sellers, this suggests that herd behavior occurred only after market downturns. 
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>5. CONCLUSIONS</title>
			<p>The objective of this article was to investigate the occurrence of the herding effect in the Brazilian stock market and its relationship with variables that represent market status. </p>
			<p>We tested the relationships between the identified herding effect periods and daily trading volume, volatility, both good and poor market performance, investor sentiment, and imbalance between buy and sell orders. The results suggested that herding behavior depends on high trading volume, high volatility of returns, market downturn, and trading imbalance triggered by sellers. </p>
			<p>The results of high trading volume suggest the existence of a group of investors that affect the decisions of others. The same does not happen for assets with low volume. In relation to periods of higher volatility, the behavior is attributed to the uncertainty generated in market agents. The occurrence of the herding effect in market downturns highlights the link between the herding effect and periods of crisis. These results corroborate the assumptions that agents are more likely to imitate others when facing periods of imminent loss. Finally, it was not possible to verify the presence of the herding effect related to periods of high and low investor sentiment. In relation to the misbalancing of orders, the herding effect was only found when the market imbalance was motivated by sell orders. This suggests that an intense movement of selling can generate uncertainty in agents, causing them to get rid of their shares. The results are important to the extent that they highlight a behavioral phenomenon that opposes modern portfolio theory.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p> This area of study is known as market microstructure, an area that analyzes the influence of trading mechanisms on the formation of equilibrium prices. The imbalance between buy and sell transactions in the stock market was verified through the index called TIP (Trade Imbalance Picture) according to 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pereira, Camilo-da-Silva and Barbedo (2020</xref>). 
				</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p>Esta área de estudo é conhecida como microestrutura de mercado, área que analisa a influência dos mecanismos de negociação na formação dos preços de equilíbrio. O desequilíbrio entre as transações de compra e venda em bolsa foi verificado através do índice denominado TIP (Trade Imbalance Picture) segundo 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pereira, Camilo-da-Silva e Barbedo (2020</xref>).
				</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uma análise do Efeito Manada no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2762-0037</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Signorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia Fernanda Correia Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
						<sup>1</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0989-7294</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camilo-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
						<sup>1</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0766-6035</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbedo</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique da Silveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
						<sup>2</sup>
					</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Niteroi, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Niteroi</city>
					<state>RJ</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff20">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">IBMEC e Banco Central do Brasil - BCB, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">IBMEC e Banco Central do Brasil</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
					<state>RJ</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c10">
					<email>patricialima_adm@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c20">
					<email>ecamilo@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c30">
					<email>claudio.barbedo@bcb.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn100">
					<label>CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE AUTORIA</label>
					<p> PFCLS - Contribuição principal com a definição de problemas, desenvolvimento de hipóteses, revisão de literatura, resultados e análises. EC-S - Contribuição principal com a definição do problema, desenvolvimento de hipóteses, método, resultados e conclusões. CHSB - Contribuição principal com a definição do problema, desenvolvimento de hipóteses, método e discussão.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn200">
					<label>CONFLITO DE INTERESSE</label>
					<p> Os autores afirmam que não há conflito de interesses</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<p>O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o efeito manada no mercado de ações brasileiro. Esse viés é bastante comum em tempos de desaceleração do mercado e pode fazer com que os investidores sofram grandes perdas. É muito difícil identificar com eficácia sua real ocorrência. Através do método de Chang et al. (2000), é possível evidenciar que a presença do comportamento de manada está associada aos seguintes fenômenos: alto volume de negócios; alta volatilidade, desaceleração do mercado; e desequilíbrio de ordens de negociação. A principal contribuição do artigo é identificar que o comportamento de manada reage assimetricamente ao sinal de choques passados. Os resultados sugerem que um movimento intenso de vendas pode gerar incerteza nos agentes, fazendo-os imitar os demais em períodos de perda iminente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>PALAVRAS-CHAVE</title>
				<kwd>Efeito manada</kwd>
				<kwd>Microestrutura de Mercado</kwd>
				<kwd>Finanças Comportamentais</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>1. INTRODUÇÃO</title>
				<p>As finanças comportamentais ganharam destaque desde o trabalho de Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky, relaxando a restrição de convergência entre preço e valor e reconhecendo a existência de fenômenos associados à tomada de decisão por agentes econômicos fora do modelo racional definido por Von Neumann e Morgenstern em seu livro seminal Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.</p>
				<p>Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores fundamentais ou efeitos assimétricos que explicam o comportamento de manada no mercado brasileiro. O Efeito Manada é um fenômeno em que os investidores abandonam suas opiniões sobre as perspectivas futuras do mercado e tentam imitar os comportamentos de outros investidores. Esse movimento não é racional porque leva os investidores a comprar ações que subiram de preço (ou vender ações que caíram) não porque acham que o preço continuará subindo (ou caindo), mas simplesmente porque outros estão fazendo. Esse efeito é bastante comum em tempos de retração do mercado e pode causar grandes perdas aos investidores.</p>
				<p>Esse viés é definido por 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnejee (1992</xref>) como o ato de tentar usar as informações contidas nas decisões tomadas por outros, mesmo quando suas informações privadas sugerem fazer algo bastante diferente. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Silva, Barbedo e Araújo (2015</xref>) definem como o comportamento de um grupo de investidores que se engaja na negociação de um determinado ativo na mesma direção do mercado e abandona suas crenças em relação a esse ativo em outro período. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Araújo Neto et al. (2016</xref>) investigaram se pessoas com conhecimento de finanças e contabilidade estavam sujeitas a influências externas na negociação de ativos financeiros e não encontraram esse efeito. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Majerowicz (2017</xref>) examinou o comportamento de manada no mercado de ações brasileiro de 2010 a 2015, um momento de instabilidade econômica e política, não encontrando indícios do fenômeno. Finalmente, 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Silva e Lucena (2018</xref>) estudaram o enviesamento no mercado de ações de 2007 a 2016. Seus resultados identificaram enviesamentos durante a crise do subprime, envolvendo mais fortemente ações de pequena capitalização.
				</p>
				<p>De um modo geral, os trabalhos sobre o tema sugerem que a análise do efeito é difícil de mensurar, e o fenômeno só foi detectado em poucos estudos. Além disso, há uma discrepância em termos das evidências encontradas nesses trabalhos anteriores. A relevância deste estudo é intensificada, uma vez que esse fenômeno pode causar perda de informações, fazendo com que os preços se desviem de seu valor de equilíbrio. É necessário entender como os preços são formados no mercado financeiro, entender a qualidade da informação presente no mercado e identificar os períodos em que ocorre o efeito de manada. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) argumentaram que o efeito manada é mais propenso em períodos de estresse do mercado, uma vez que as decisões de investimento variam de acordo com as condições do mercado. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva e Lucena (2018</xref>) corroboraram 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) ao enfatizar que, em momentos incertos, os investidores imitam grupos maiores. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chiang e Zheng (2010</xref>) também identificaram o movimento de manada durante períodos de retração. 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bhaduri e Mahapatra (2013</xref>) ratificam a relação entre manada e períodos de retração.
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) afirmam que nos períodos mais turbulentos, os retornos individuais estão próximos dos retornos do mercado, ou seja, há menos informações privadas disponíveis e, assim, os indivíduos passam a agir de acordo com os outros. Da mesma forma, em relação às informações privadas, 
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cipriani e Guarino (2010</xref>) afirmam que os agentes financeiros não utilizam informações privadas nesses períodos e passam a agir de acordo com a multidão. Como consequência, os mercados financeiros podem não ser capazes de agregar informações privadas de forma eficiente, causando desalinhamentos de preços. Portanto, a existência desse fenômeno é capaz de afetar a formação dos preços dos ativos, ou seja, os preços podem não refletir o valor real dos ativos.
				</p>
				<p>Para identificar o comportamento do investidor em tempos de desaceleração do mercado, realizamos testes de assimetria para avaliar a existência do efeito de manada em relação ao volume de negociação alto e baixo, volatilidade alta e baixa, desempenho passado bom e ruim, sentimento do investidor alto e baixo e também desequilíbrio de ordens de compra e venda, sendo esta análise incluída no conceito de assimetria de informação
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">
						<sup>2</sup>
					</xref>. A principal contribuição do artigo é identificar fatores fundamentais que influenciam o comportamento de manada e verificar se ele reage assimetricamente ao sinal desses choques passados. Os resultados mostram que o efeito de manada está associado à ocorrência de alto volume de negociação; alta volatilidade dos retornos; desacelerações do mercado; e desequilíbrio entre as transações com o domínio do mercado dos vendedores.
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>2.1. Efeito Manada</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liang (2017</xref>) definiu o efeito de manada como &quot;o movimento sincronizado dos preços dos ativos de forma exuberante e irracional que não se justifica pelos fundamentos&quot;. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) descreveu o efeito manada como uma tendência comportamental em que os investidores observam as atitudes dos demais. O interesse dos estudiosos é entender por que a informação coletiva afeta o comportamento dos preços, desviando-os de seus valores fundamentais, apresentando possibilidades de lucro. Essas informações têm uma forte influência mesmo em relação às informações privadas.
					</p>
					<p>Segundo 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kutchukian (2010</xref>), na ocorrência do efeito, há um movimento positivamente correlacionado, representando um grupo de investidores que seguem a mesma direção. Esse fato contradiz os seguintes postulados da moderna teoria de finanças: os indivíduos maximizam sua utilidade esperada em relação à sua aversão ao risco, e os preços correspondem às informações disponíveis. Além disso, o efeito manada também contraria os pressupostos de expectativas e informações homogêneas, uma vez que ocorre de forma heterogênea e está relacionado a um grupo de investidores.
					</p>
					<p>Além disso, sobre a formação de preços, 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) afirmam que acreditar que o efeito de manada ocorre em virtude de um comportamento não racional dos investidores leva a negociações baseadas em preços ineficientes, longe do equilíbrio. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hwang e Salmon (2001</xref>) designaram como &quot;cascatas de informações&quot; o fato de os preços de mercado passarem a não refletir as novas informações. Tal acontecimento leva a um tipo de ineficiência aumentada pelo comportamento de manada.
					</p>
					<p>Segundo 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>), o efeito manada pode ser visto como um comportamento racional ou irracional pelos investidores, dependendo da interpretação. Sobre a visão irracional, eles utilizam o estudo de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Devenow e Welch (1996</xref>), indicando que os investidores ignoram suas crenças e opiniões para seguirem fielmente os demais investidores. Por outro lado, pela visão racional, eles se referiram aos estudos de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Scharfstein e Stein (1990</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rajan (1994</xref>), os quais defendem que os investidores imitam as ações dos demais, deixando de lado as informações privadas, com o objetivo de manter seu capital. Ainda sob a visão racional, 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hwang e Salmon (2001</xref>) afirmam que o efeito manada pode ser visto de forma racional, uma vez que busca a maximização da utilidade, ou seja, quando um investidor acredita que outros investidores podem estar mais bem informados e, dessa forma, não seguir suas ações pode levar a ganhos inferiores. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang e Zheng (2010</xref>) não encontraram evidências de manada nos mercados latino-americanos. A amostra no Brasil cobre 70 indústrias de 1994 a 2009. Os autores sugerem que a crise desencadeia o movimento de manada no país e, então, produz um efeito sobre as economias vizinhas.
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.2. A evolução dos métodos para mensurar o efeito manada</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok (1992</xref>) estudou o efeito manada analisando o grau de correlação das negociações dos investidores com o propósito de avaliar o efeito das transações sobre os preços das ações. Posteriormente, 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) analisaram o efeito a partir da dispersão, que corresponde ao desvio-padrão transversal dos retornos. Esse método visa quantificar o quão distante do retorno médio se encontram os retornos individuais, corroborando a premissa de que os investidores agem de acordo com as decisões do grupo, conforme mencionado anteriormente. Também analisaram os períodos de estresse do mercado, acreditando que tal efeito aconteça, de forma mais frequente, em momentos incomuns.
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) defenderam a ideia de que as decisões de investimento dos agentes variam de acordo com as condições de mercado. Assim, em períodos mais estáveis, a dispersão dos retornos individuais em relação aos retornos de mercado tenderá a aumentar, uma vez que, nesse cenário, a negociação é feita com base nas informações privadas disponíveis. Por outro lado, quando há movimentos de maior oscilação, a tendência é que os indivíduos passem a deixar suas opiniões de lado e optem por seguir as decisões coletivas nas próximas negociações. Assim, o retorno individual se aproxima do retorno do mercado, e dessa forma o efeito de manada pode ser verificado.
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>) realizaram um estudo baseado no método de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), incluindo a análise dos retornos das ações por meio de regressão linear. Além disso, eles observaram mercados financeiros desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e verificaram mudanças no efeito de manada em períodos envolvendo a abertura econômica dos mercados asiáticos. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang e Salmon (2001</xref>) também utilizaram os estudos de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) para definir seu método e incorporar modelos de fator linear para medir a sensibilidade dos retornos. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hwang e Salmon (2004</xref>) afirmam que na presença do efeito manada, a variação transversal dos betas permanece baixa. Assim, os investidores tendem a seguir a carteira de mercado.
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) destacou a existência de duas correntes na literatura sobre o efeito manada, ambas mencionadas acima. Essa distinção está entre os estudos de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok et al. (1992</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Wermers (1995</xref>) - que analisaram a possibilidade de indivíduos seguirem os outros, medido pelo volume de negociação - e os estudos de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang et al. (2000</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang e Salmon (2001</xref>; 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">2004</xref>), que se concentraram na análise do efeito manada em nível de mercado, ou seja, na escolha de ativos específicos, com base na análise da dispersão transversal de betas. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok, Shleifer e Vishny (1992</xref>) encontraram evidências do efeito manada em ações de pequenas empresas, explicado pelo fato de haver menos informações disponíveis, então os investidores passam a olhar para as atitudes dos demais agentes do mercado.
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.2. Estudos brasileiros anteriores</title>
					<p>No Brasil, vários trabalhos analisaram o efeito de manada no mercado de ações. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva e Lucena (2018</xref>) identificaram-no com base no modelo cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD), proposto por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>). Seus resultados corroboraram a hipótese de que, em momentos de incerteza, os investidores ficam mais inseguros e tendem a agir de acordo com o comportamento de grupos maiores.
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zulian et al. (2012</xref>) analisaram o comportamento de manada nos fundos mútuos de ações no Brasil. Os resultados sugeriram a sua ocorrência com intensidade semelhante à de países como Reino Unido, Alemanha e Estados Unidos. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tariki (2014</xref>) investigou o comportamento de manada de fundos mútuos no mercado brasileiro, utilizando o método desenvolvido por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok et al. (1992</xref>), de setembro de 2007 a outubro de 2013, encontrando fortes evidências do efeito manada com intensidade que varia de acordo com o tamanho e a capitalização do fundo. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Silva (2017</xref>) testou o método proposto por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>) e o modelo cross-sectional absolute deviation of returns (CSAD). O efeito de manada foi identificado durante a crise de 2008.
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.3. Método 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>)
					</title>
					<p>Nesse modelo, o efeito manada é medido por meio do desvio-padrão, ou dispersão transversal dos retornos dos ativos em relação ao retorno médio do mercado.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e100">
							<mml:math id="m100" display="block">
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:msqrt>
									<mml:mfrac>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:munderover>
											<mml:mo stretchy="false">∑</mml:mo>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
												<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:munderover>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mfenced separators="|">
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:msub>
																<mml:mrow>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
																</mml:mrow>
																<mml:mrow>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
																	<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
																</mml:mrow>
															</mml:msub>
															<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
															<mml:msub>
																<mml:mrow>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
																</mml:mrow>
																<mml:mrow>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
																	<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
																	<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
																</mml:mrow>
															</mml:msub>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:mfenced>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msqrt>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(1)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Onde, CSSD
						<sub>t</sub> é o desvio-padrão transversal, 𝑅𝑖, 𝑡 é o retorno sobre os ativos i no período t, 𝑅𝑚, 𝑡 é o retorno transversal médio da carteira de mercado, e N é o número de ativos a serem analisados. Esse método pode ser resumido como uma análise de regressão linear em que o CSSD calculado corresponde à variável dependente, e existem duas variáveis categóricas (dummies), correspondendo às extremidades do retorno do mercado, ambas positivas e negativas. Assim, a dispersão do mercado é testada, segundo 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), por meio da seguinte regressão:
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e200">
							<mml:math id="m200" display="block">
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(2)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde as variáveis dummy são 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
, se os retornos do mercado estão na extremidade inferior da distribuição, ou 0 caso contrário; e 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi></mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
, se os retornos do mercado estão na extremidade superior do distribuição ou 0 caso contrário, e o coeficiente alfa representa a dispersão média da amostra.
					</p>
					<p>O método verifica se na presença do efeito manada os investidores se aproximam do consenso de mercado e, portanto, o retorno individual permanece próximo ao retorno do mercado. Considerando-se verdadeira a premissa de que os investidores têm maior probabilidade de suprimir suas crenças em períodos turbulentos, agindo de acordo com o consenso de mercado, eles esperavam encontrar os coeficientes β1 e β2 negativos e estatisticamente significativos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.4. Método 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>)
					</title>
					<p>Este método é aplicado para identificar a presença do efeito manada, com base no de Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation of Returns (CSAD), que utiliza a média dos desvios absolutos dos retornos, considerada em ambos os métodos a melhor medida de dispersão. Esse modelo testa se os investidores, em alguns momentos, tendem a deixar de lado suas crenças e opiniões para seguir as decisões de um grupo, de forma que, nesses períodos, o retorno do indivíduo fique próximo ao retorno geral do mercado.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>) propuseram esse método com base em 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), sendo apresentado como uma abordagem alternativa e menos rigorosa, uma vez que expandiram o estudo ao incluir a análise do comportamento do retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido por meio de regressão linear. Além disso, afirmaram que em todos os mercados o aumento da dispersão dos retornos (estimada pelo CSAD) em comparação com o retorno agregado do mercado é maior em momentos de recuperação do mercado do que em períodos de declínio. Isso se justifica porque o mercado tende a reagir mais rapidamente na presença de notícias macroeconômicas negativas. Na presença de pequenos estoques, a repercussão para notícias positivas acontece mais tarde. Em comparação com o método anterior, esse modelo foi escolhido por ser uma medida menos intuitiva e, portanto, menos sensível à presença de valores discrepantes. É estimado da seguinte forma:
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e300">
							<mml:math id="m300" display="block">
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(3)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde CSAD
						<sub>t</sub> é o desvio absoluto transversal dos retornos, 𝑅𝑖,𝑡, é o retorno do ativo i no tempo t, 𝑅𝑚 é retorno médio do mercado no período 𝑡, e N é o número de ativos a serem analisados.
					</p>
					<p>Esse método se baseia em um modelo de regressão modificado, no qual um parâmetro assimétrico é adicionado para identificar uma provável não linearidade entre a dispersão dos retornos dos ativos individuais e os retornos do mercado. Os autores argumentaram que na presença do efeito manada, em períodos conturbados, pode haver um crescimento não proporcional ou diminuição, da medida CSAD com aumento de |R
						<sub>m,t</sub>|. Porém, na ausência desse comportamento, essa relação é linear e diretamente proporcional, seguindo os postulados do modelo de precificação de ativos. Essa relação não linear entre dispersão e retorno no mercado, que caracteriza a presença do efeito manada, é detectada a partir da seguinte equação de regressão:
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e400">
							<mml:math id="m400" display="block">
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(4)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Em relação ao modelo acima, verifica-se o efeito manada se o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> for negativo e estatisticamente significativo, devido à existência de uma relação não linear entre a dispersão dos ativos e o retorno do mercado. Nesse cenário, percebe-se que o CSAD
						<sub>t</sub> crescerá a taxas decrescentes ou diminuirá. No entanto, se o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> for positivo (ou negativo, mas não significativo), isso denota a ausência do efeito manada e confirma as suposições do modelo CAPM. A inclusão do termo quadrático é responsável por tornar o método mais sensível e rigoroso. O modelo de Chang, Cheng e Khorana (CCK) permite investigar o efeito manada de forma assimétrica no mercado financeiro, seja em função dos retornos ou em função do volume negociado, por exemplo. Com base no retorno de mercado, para verificar assimetricamente a existência do comportamento de manada, é necessário estimar as seguintes especificações:
					</p>
					<p>- Teste de Assimetria- Retorno do mercado:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e500">
							<mml:math id="m500" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
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								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
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												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
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												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
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													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
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														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
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													</mml:mrow>
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														<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
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													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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								<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi></mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
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									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mfenced separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(5)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e600">
							<mml:math id="m600" display="block">
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										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
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									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
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								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
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										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
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										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
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										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
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													</mml:mrow>
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														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
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											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mfenced separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(6)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 (
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
) é o desvio absoluto transversal dos retornos, 𝑅
						<sub>𝑖,𝑡</sub>, em relação ao retorno do portfólio de mercado ponderado por igual, 𝑅
						<sub>𝑚</sub>, no tempo 𝑡, quando 𝑅
						<sub>𝑚</sub> está acima (down) e 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 (
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
) é o valor absoluto de um retorno realizado igualmente ponderado da carteira de mercado, no tempo t, quando o mercado está em alta (baixa). Todas as variáveis são estimadas diariamente.
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>
						<italic>2.5. Trade Imbalance Picture (TIP)</italic>
					</title>
					<p>A TIP, apresentada por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pereira, Camilo-da-Silva e Barbedo (2020</xref>), mede o desequilíbrio entre o número de ordens de compra e venda da Bolsa de Valores Brasileira (B3). Uma distinção deve ser feita entre as expressões “desequilíbrios de ordens” e “desequilíbrios de fluxo de transações”. O primeiro é usado em mercados orientados a cotações, enquanto o último é usado em bolsas de valores sem formadores de mercado ou mercados orientados a pedidos. O desequilíbrio entre as ordens de compra e venda tem impacto na formação dos preços dos ativos (
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cont, Kubanov e Stoikov, 2014</xref>). Esse efeito ocorre quando, por exemplo, há mais pedidos de compra do que de venda. A mesma coisa ocorre na situação oposta. Outro ponto de influência é que os desequilíbrios de ordens podem indicar informações privadas, o que reduziria a liquidez, considerando o aumento dos custos de estoque, e também poderia mover permanentemente o preço de mercado (
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kyle, 1985</xref>). De acordo com 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chordia et al. (2002</xref>), períodos de baixa de mercado tendem a ser seguidos por períodos de baixa liquidez. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chordia et al. (2004</xref>) definiram o desequilíbrio da ordem de mercado como as ordens de compra agregadas diárias menos as ordens de venda divididas pelo número total de transações em um determinado dia.
					</p>
					<p>A TIP é um índice definido como a diferença entre o número de negociações iniciadas pelo comprador e negociações iniciadas pelo vendedor, dividido pela diferença entre o número total de negociações e o número de negociações que não têm um agressor (neutro) em um determinado dia e em um determinado ativo. Ressalta-se que esse índice inclui a quantidade de transações que não apresentam agressor, ou seja, neutras, eliminando assim o erro residual dessa variável. A inclusão desse indicador visa compreender como o desequilíbrio afeta o mercado, a priori, identificando os momentos de ocorrência, e a posteriori, testando a capacidade de determinar o efeito manada.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e700">
							<mml:math id="m700" display="block">
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
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								<mml:mfrac>
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										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>ú</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ú</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">ú</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(7)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>3. METODOLOGIA</title>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1. Amostra e fonte dos dados</title>
					<p>Nessa primeira fase de tratamento de dados e amostra, selecionamos os papéis de fechamento diário mais líquidos. Para aplicar os métodos desenvolvidos por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>), o índice de liquidez (IL) foi adotado como critério de escolha das ações (
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Argolo et al., 2012</xref>). Selecionamos 173 ações com IL maior que 0,01. Para o cálculo do TIP, foi utilizada a informação intradiária sobre as transações realizadas no B3. Tal base de dados também permite identificar qual o disparador em cada negociação realizada. O período do estudo vai de janeiro de 2008 a maio de 2019. A base de dados da BM&amp;FBovespa é composta por três partes. As primeiras duas partes incluem dados sobre as ordens de compra e venda dos participantes do mercado, ou seja, o milionésimo de segundo de cada negociação, o código da bolsa, os volumes financeiros e o preço das ações. A terceira parte contém dados sobre ações negociadas como tipo de pedido (compra ou venda) e registro de data e hora do pedido. A partir desses dados, identificamos com precisão o agressor, definido como qual lado está exigindo liquidez, o comprador (um pedido iniciado pelo comprador) ou o vendedor (um pedido iniciado pelo vendedor).
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.2. Medição do Efeito Manada e Testes</title>
					<p>Para identificar o efeito manada, foram utilizados dois métodos: o primeiro, desenvolvido por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), conhecido como CSSD (cross-sectional standard deviation), captura o efeito de manada por meio do desvio-padrão ou dispersão transversal dos retornos de ativos em relação ao retorno médio do mercado. O segundo método foi o apresentado por 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>), baseado no modelo cross-sectional absoluto de desvio dos retornos (CSAD). Tal modelo usa a média dos desvios transversais absolutos dos retornos.
					</p>
					<p>Para aplicar o método de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), estimamos o CSSD diário e os dias em que o Índice da Bolsa de Valores do Brasil (Ibovespa) apresentou suas maiores variações nos retornos, 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 e 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"></mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 . Nesse caso, os retornos diários iguais a 1, na extremidade superior ou inferior da distribuição, representam os 10% mais elevados de variações positivas ou negativas do retorno no período. Após essa definição, as regressões lineares foram estimadas usando o software R para testar a significância de β
						<sub>1</sub> e β
						<sub>2</sub>.
					</p>
					<p>Para o método de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>), o CSAD diário e as dummies também foram estimadas para um posterior teste de assimetria. Quando o efeito manado foi identificado, sua relação com variáveis possivelmente relevantes, como volume de negociação (alta ou baixa), volatilidade (alta ou baixa), retornos (positivos ou negativos), desequilíbrio de ordens (compra e venda) e sentimento do investidor (alta ou baixo) foram testados. Para análise assimétrica, foram utilizados os períodos correspondentes aos valores 25% mais altos e 25% mais baixos encontrados em determinadas circunstâncias de mercado, tais como: volume, volatilidade, retorno, desbalanceamento das transações e sentimento do investidor. Diante disso, os seguintes testes foram aplicados para verificar assimetricamente a presença do efeito manada:
					</p>
					<p>Teste de Assimetria- Volume negociado:</p>
					<p>Com base no volume de negociado (alto ou baixo), as seguintes regressões foram estimadas para verificar assimetricamente o efeito de manada:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e800">
							<mml:math id="m800" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
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												<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
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								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
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										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
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													</mml:mrow>
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														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(8)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e900">
							<mml:math id="m900" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
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												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
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												<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
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											</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
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										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
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										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(9)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 (
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
) é o desvio absoluto transversal dos retornos, 𝑅
						<sub>𝑖,𝑡</sub>, em relação ao retorno do portfólio de mercado com peso igual, 𝑅
						<sub>𝑚</sub>, no tempo 𝑡, quando o volume de negociação é alto (baixo) e 
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
 (
						<inline-formula>
							<mml:math display='block'>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
							</mml:math>
						</inline-formula>
) é o valor absoluto de um retorno realizado de igual peso da carteira de mercado, no tempo t, quando o volume de negociação é alto (baixo) . Todas as variáveis são estimadas diariamente.
					</p>
					<p>Teste de Assimetria- Volatilidade:</p>
					<p>Seguindo a mesma linha de estudo, em relação a essse teste, foi feita a análise conforme a volatilidade (alta ou baixa) aplicando as equações abaixo:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1000">
							<mml:math id="m1000" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(10)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1100">
							<mml:math id="m1100" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(11)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde, como na 
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e800">Equação (8</xref>) e na (
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e900">9</xref>), σH representa os períodos em que o mercado apresentou alta volatilidade, e σL denota períodos com baixa volatilidade.
					</p>
					<p>Teste de Assimetria- Retornos:</p>
					<p>Com base no retorno do mercado (positivo ou negativo), para verificar assimetricamente a existência do comportamento manada, foi preciso estimar as seguintes especificações a seguir:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1200">
							<mml:math id="m1200" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(12)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1300">
							<mml:math id="m1300" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(13)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde, como na 
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e800">Equação (8</xref>) e (
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e900">9</xref>), UP e D correspondem a períodos de desempenho anteriores ascendentes e descendentes, respectivamente.
					</p>
					<p>Teste de Assimetria- Desequilíbrio das ordens:</p>
					<p>A partir dos dados intradiários da B3, foram calculados os números de transações iniciadas pelo comprador, iniciadas pelo vendedor e neutras de cada ativo para cada dia.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1400">
							<mml:math id="m1400" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(14)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1500">
							<mml:math id="m1500" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(15)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde, como na 
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e800">Equação (8</xref>) e na 
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e900">9</xref>), TIP+ e TIP- representam os períodos de maior desequilíbrio de compra e maior desequilíbrio de venda, respectivamente.
					</p>
					<p>Teste de Assimetria- Sentimento do investidor:</p>
					<p>Por fim, as análises a seguir foram adicionadas para testar o sentimento do investidor.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e1600">
							<mml:math id="m1600" display="block">
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">α</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mfenced open="|" close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
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								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(16)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
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									</mml:mrow>
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									</mml:mrow>
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								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(17)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>onde, como na 
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e800">Equação (8</xref>) e na (
						<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e900">9</xref>), S + e S- correspondem ao período de melhor e pior sentimento do investidor, medido pela curtose da distribuição de retorno de cada ativo.
					</p>
					<p>Todos os modelos de regressão foram executados usando o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários. Na próxima seção, os resultados das análises são apresentados. Após os testes de assimetria, foram realizados testes residuais para avaliar homocedasticidade (Breusch-Pagan), normalidade (Jarque-Bera) e independência (Durbin-Watson e Breusch-Godfrey).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>4. RESULTADOS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>4.1. Efeito Manada</title>
					<p>A 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t100">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os resultados dos métodos CSSD e CSAD de 2008 a 2018. No método CSSD, quando o retorno do mercado está nos 10% superiores (ou 90%) e quando o retorno do mercado está nos 10% inferiores (ou 90% ), o coeficiente é quase sempre estatisticamente significativo, mas não negativo. No método CSAD, do período 2009-2015 e do ano 2018, o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> é sempre negativo e estatisticamente significativo. Também realizamos o método de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang e Zheng (2010</xref>) como uma verificação de robustez.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t100">
							<label>Tabela 1.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Estimativas do comportamento de manada a partir dos métodos CSSD e CSAD.</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">CSSD</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">CSAD CSAD</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">CSAD</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
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												</mml:math>
											</inline-formula>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Year</td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
										<td align="center">Prob.</td>
										<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
										<td align="center">Prob.</td>
										<td align="center">Coeff.</td>
										<td align="center">Prob.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2008</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0323</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,6510</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,4016</td>
										<td align="center">6,6e-05 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,6824</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0285</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">-0,3485</td>
										<td align="center">0,257</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-0,7159</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>0,0222 *</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2009</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0252</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,7492</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0236</td>
										<td align="center">0,048625 *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,7552</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0224</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-3,1489</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>0,00142 **</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-3,3765</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>6,5e-04 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2010</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0077</td>
										<td align="center">1,04e-09 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,7571</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">-0,0015</td>
										<td align="center">0,918</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,7577</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0084</td>
										<td align="center">3,33e-11 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-7,2478</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>6e-06 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-7,2708</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>7,28e-06 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2011</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0094</td>
										<td align="center">6,42e-13 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,5922</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0269</td>
										<td align="center">0,038104 *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,5822</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0087</td>
										<td align="center">2,11e-11 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-2,8388</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>5e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-2,4728</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>0,00061 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2012</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0091</td>
										<td align="center">1,19e-09 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,8169</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0043</td>
										<td align="center">0,808</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,8192</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0078</td>
										<td align="center">1,22e-07 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-9,1488</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-9,2654</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1,75e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2013</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0093</td>
										<td align="center">2,29e-07 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,8155</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0361</td>
										<td align="center">0,0393 *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,8120</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0074</td>
										<td align="center">3,84e-05 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-10,3100</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-10,0470</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1,93e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2014</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0097</td>
										<td align="center">4,67e-07 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,6553</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0230</td>
										<td align="center">0,15224</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,6570</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0091</td>
										<td align="center">2,03e-06 ***</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-4,4811</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>0,009 **</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-4,5573</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>0,00782 **</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2015</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0098</td>
										<td align="center">0,00121 ** </td>
										<td align="center">0,9583</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0524</td>
										<td align="center">0,0364 *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">1,0120</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0058</td>
										<td align="center">0,05301 . </td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-15,8913</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-0,1813</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1,85e-06 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2016</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0144</td>
										<td align="center">1,24e-05 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,5612</td>
										<td align="center">4e-12 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0316</td>
										<td align="center">0,0166</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,5743</td>
										<td align="center">1,83e-12 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0066</td>
										<td align="center">0,042 * </td>
										<td align="center">-2,0799</td>
										<td align="center">0,248</td>
										<td align="center">-2,5743</td>
										<td align="center">0,160</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2017</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0066</td>
										<td align="center">0,000986 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,5298</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0100</td>
										<td align="center">0,72</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,5246</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2e-16 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0063</td>
										<td align="center">0,001570 ** </td>
										<td align="center">-1,4124</td>
										<td align="center">0,133</td>
										<td align="center">-1,2490</td>
										<td align="center">0,232</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">2018</td>
										<td align="center">`90%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0054</td>
										<td align="center">0,0151 * </td>
										<td align="center">0,8016</td>
										<td align="center">4e-12 ***</td>
										<td align="center">0,0306</td>
										<td align="center">0,319</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center"></td>
										<td align="center">0,7862</td>
										<td align="center">1,55e-11 ***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">`10%`</td>
										<td align="center">0,0023</td>
										<td align="center">0,2924</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-15,3000</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>1e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>-0,1452</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>4,91e-05 ***</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN13">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> Dados de pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Esse resultado corrobora a afirmação de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida (2011</xref>) de que, embora os métodos sejam semelhantes, nem sempre apresentam o mesmo resultado. Os resultados obtidos com o método CSAD, no período 2009-2015 e no ano de 2018, indicam a presença do efeito manada. Esses resultados mostram que a medida CSAD está subindo ou caindo de forma não linear em relação ao retorno médio do mercado.
					</p>
					<p>Em 2008 e no período 2016-2017, o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> é negativo, mas não estatisticamente significativo. Assim, não foi possível detectar a ocorrência do efeito manada, ao mesmo tempo em que não foi possível contradizer os pressupostos da relação linear e diretamente proporcional entre a dispersão e o retorno de mercado.
					</p>
					<p>Cabe salientar que o efeito manada não foi identificado no ano da crise, mas sim no ano seguinte, quando ocorreu uma significativa recuperação dos preços na bolsa brasileira. Portanto, uma análise detalhada desse período é necessária para um melhor entendimento do comportamento de manada nos momentos de baixa e alta do Ibovespa.</p>
					<p>O método CSSD não identificou o efeito de manada em nenhum ano. O método CSAD identificou o efeito de 2009 a 2015 e em 2018. Os resultados da abordagem de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chiang e Zheng (2010</xref>) são apresentados na terceira coluna como uma verificação de robustez. No método CSAD, o coeficiente negativo e significativo em relação ao retorno ao quadrado mostra que nesses anos a dispersão dos retornos diminuiu com o aumento do retorno de mercado, o que contradiz o modelo linear de mercado e indica a presença do efeito manada. Os resultados mostram um nível de persistência do comportamento de manada ao longo do tempo.
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>4.2. Efeito Manada e características de mercado</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) apresentaram a ideia de que as decisões de investimento dos agentes se ajustam às condições de mercado. Nesse cenário, o objetivo desta análise é diagnosticar como o efeito de manada se comporta em relação a determinadas condições de mercado. Assim, foram realizados testes de assimetria para avaliar a existência de efeito de manada em relação aos períodos que corresponderam aos 25% maiores e 25% menores valores de volume de negócios, volatilidade, valorização e desvalorização do mercado, desequilíbrio das ordens de compra e venda, e sentimento do investidor.
					</p>
					<p>Os testes de assimetria foram realizados selecionando para cada variável a ser testada, os dias em que ocorreu a situação avaliada e executando a regressão do modelo CSAD para essa amostra. Caso o efeito de manada seja identificado por um coeficiente negativo e significativo para o termo “quadrado do retorno”, assume-se que a variável tem relação com presença do efeito manada. Para garantir a validade da regressão, foram realizados testes de resíduos avaliando homocedasticidade, normalidade e independência. A independência foi verificada pelos testes de Durbin-Watson e Breusch-Godfrey, enquanto para homocedasticidade o teste de Breusch-Pagan foi aplicado para determinar se as variâncias dos erros eram iguais, uma suposição que deve ser atendida.</p>
					<p>A normalidade dos resíduos foi verificada pelo teste de Jarque-Bera. Para cada análise, uma regressão foi estimada usando o método de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chang, Cheng e Khorana (2000</xref>).
					</p>
					<p>4.2.1. O Efeito manada e o volume negociado</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>) propôs uma nova medida, inspirada na abordagem de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lakonishok, Shleifer e Vishny (1992</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hwang e Salmon (2004</xref>), usando o volume de negócios para examinar o efeito do rebanho na bolsa de Toronto. Da mesma forma, neste estudo, analisamos se a presença do efeito manada difere quanto ao volume de negócios no mercado de ações, analisado de acordo com a assimetria.
					</p>
					<p>Conforme explicado na 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t100">Tabela 1</xref> sobre o método CSAD, o coeficiente β 2 deve ser negativo e estatisticamente significativo para indicar um efeito de manada. Para períodos de grande volume de negócios, verificou-se a existência de coeficiente β 2 negativo e estatisticamente significativo, compatível com a hipótese de comportamento de manada. Esses resultados corroboram 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>), que concluiu que um grande volume de negócios é condição necessária para a existência do efeito manada entre os investidores. No entanto, o mesmo não pode ser dito para o baixo volume de negociação. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>) afirmam que na existência de ações de baixa capitalização a repercussão para notícias positivas acontece tardiamente. Esse argumento pode explicar a ausência do efeito de manada em momentos de baixo volume. Assim, os investidores, em mercados com menor volume de negociação, teriam menos probabilidade de agir em linha com os demais, havendo a presença de irracionalidade nas decisões. A hipótese nula de Durbin-Watson e Breusch-Godfrey é que os resíduos não são autocorrelacionados, e a hipótese nula de Breusch-Pagan é que as variâncias residuais são todas iguais. Foi possível confirmar a independência e homocedasticidade dos resíduos, conforme 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t200">Tabelas 2</xref> e 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t300">3</xref>.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t200">
							<label>Tabela 2.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando alto volume de negociação</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.000903953</td>
										<td align="center">0.2376</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.8557 Não rejeito H0 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">0.017836223</td>
										<td align="center">0.8132</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.5587 Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">-3.066689255</td>
										<td align="center">0.0197</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 2.4E-01 Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN14">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t300">
							<label>Tabela 3.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando baixo volume de negociação</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.001344269</td>
										<td align="center">0.0925</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.0855128</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">-0.188867169</td>
										<td align="center">0.1363</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.1222209</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">6.279777377</td>
										<td align="center">0.1086</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 0.1380</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN15">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018) 
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>4.2.2. Efeito manada e a volatilidade</p>
					<p>Segundo 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), em momentos de maior oscilação do mercado de ações, há uma tendência de os indivíduos deixarem de lado suas crenças e passarem a seguir as decisões dos outros. Para testar se essa hipótese é válida no mercado acionário brasileiro, realizamos uma análise dos momentos de maior e menor volatilidade do mercado, conforme demonstrado nas 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t400">Tabelas 4</xref> e 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t500">5</xref>.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t400">
							<label>Tabela 4.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando alta volatilidade no mercado</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.001832112</td>
										<td align="center">0.0603</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.133681633</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">0.037967946</td>
										<td align="center">0.7424</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.268953812</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">-4.709270376</td>
										<td align="center">0.0745</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 0.362383126</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN16">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t500">
							<label>Tabela 5.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando baixa volatilidade no mercado</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.002122872</td>
										<td align="center">0.0024</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.9696009</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">-0.535608253</td>
										<td align="center">0.0000</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.2065721</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">20.024163</td>
										<td align="center">0.0000</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 2.21E-56</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN17">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Conforme a tabela anterior, a partir de agora, espera-se um coeficiente β 2 negativo e estatisticamente significativo para identificar um efeito manada e para confirmar a independência e homocedasticidade dos resíduos. Como pode ser observado na 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t400">Tabela 4</xref>, em períodos de alta volatilidade, o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> é negativo e significativo, indicando a presença do efeito manada. Esses resultados corroboram o estudo de 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Silva, Barbedo e Araújo (2015</xref>), que afirmam que esse fenômeno está comumente associado a períodos de maior volatilidade e é atribuído ao componente humano na negociação de ativos. Por outro lado, nos períodos de baixa volatilidade apresentados na 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t500">Tabela 5</xref>, o coeficiente β
						<sub>2</sub> é positivo, o que rejeita a existência do efeito manada. Além disso, a homocedasticidade é rejeitada por meio do teste de Breusch-Pagan, e a heteroscedasticidade é assumida em períodos de baixa volatilidade. Isso sugere que se o mercado apresenta baixa volatilidade, isso permite que os investidores sigam suas próprias conclusões sem a necessidade de ações repentinas.
					</p>
					<p>4.2.3. Efeito manada e o retorno do mercado</p>
					<p>A 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t600">Tabela 6</xref> mostra que não há efeito em períodos de valorização do mercado. Essa análise corrobora 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hachicha (2010</xref>), que argumentou que em períodos de baixo risco e alta dos preços das ações, o efeito de manada diminui. A 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t700">Tabela 7</xref> mostra a presença do efeito manada durante a retração do mercado, apesar de a heteroscedasticidade ser assumida nesses períodos.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t600">
							<label>Tabela 6.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando a valorização do mercado</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.001115215</td>
										<td align="center">0.5080</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.6367178</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">-0.25565071</td>
										<td align="center">0.0772</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.0500165</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">-1.191689336</td>
										<td align="center">0.6458</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 1.12E-08</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN18">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t700">
							<label>Tabela 7.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando a desvalorização do mercado</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">-0.000208127</td>
										<td align="center">0.8707</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.9285454</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">0.364755756</td>
										<td align="center">0.0003</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.812949</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">-5.337882441</td>
										<td align="center">0.0009</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 3.36E-02</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN19">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Esse fato corrobora a ideia de que o mercado está mais sujeito a reagir rapidamente diante de notícias negativas. Ou seja, em momentos de queda, o mercado tende a atuar de forma síncrona, apresentando comportamento de manada.</p>
					<p>4.2.4. Efeito manada e o desbalanceamento de ordens</p>
					<p>Para entender o efeito de manada por meio do desequilíbrio de ordens, medimos os períodos com TIPs mais altas e mais baixas. A 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t800">Tabela 8</xref> mostra que o efeito de manada não é observado quando o desequilíbrio de mercado foi motivado por ordens de compra, mas a 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t900">Tabela 9</xref> indica a ocorrência de efeito de manada quando o desequilíbrio de mercado é motivado por ordens de venda. Isso sugere que um movimento intenso de vendas pode gerar incerteza nos agentes, fazendo com que se desfaçam de suas ações.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t800">
							<label>Tabela 8.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando o desequilíbrio motivado por um número maior número de ordens de
compra</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">0.002699938</td>
										<td align="center">0.0004</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 1.9356857</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">-0.364864273</td>
										<td align="center">0.0000</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.3518072</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">2.579607716</td>
										<td align="center">0.1781</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 2.23E-02</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN20">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t900">
							<label>Tabela 9.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando o desequilíbrio motivado por um número maior número de ordens de venda</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="center">-0.001660192</td>
										<td align="center">0.0219</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.024814071</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="center">0.354638063</td>
										<td align="center">0.0000</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.322457779</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="center">-5.652267135</td>
										<td align="center">0.0000</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 4.22E-02</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN21">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Esses resultados confirmam o que foi verificado em períodos de retração do mercado, uma vez que os períodos de baixos retornos indicaram a presença do efeito manada. Esse fato corrobora 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martins, Paulo e Albuquerque (2013</xref>), os quais afirmam que poucos negócios são esperados nos dias em que não ocorrem eventos de informação e boas notícias, enquanto mais ordens de venda são esperadas nos dias nos quais predominam as más notícias.
					</p>
					<p>4.2.5. Efeito manada e o sentimento do investidor</p>
					<p>As 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1000">Tabelas 10</xref> e 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1100">11</xref> apresentam os resultados dos testes de assimetria para o índice de sentimento do investidor, com base em suas visões otimistas e pessimistas e como isso afeta os preços de mercado. 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xavier e Machado (2017</xref>) comentam que a análise desse índice no mercado brasileiro é nova e deve ser aprofundada, mas pode influenciar na precificação de todos os ativos. Em ambos os casos, o coeficiente que indica o efeito manada não é significativo. O que difere nas análises é que o coeficiente β2 da 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1000">Tabela 10</xref> é positivo, enquanto o da 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1100">Tabela 11</xref> é negativo. Porém, na ausência de significância estatística, esse fato não determina a existência de comportamento de manada, o que sugere a não interferência do sentimento do investidor no efeito.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1000">
							<label>Tabela 10.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando os momentos de sentimento positivo do investidor</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="left">0.001468</td>
										<td align="left">0.0873</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.0188537</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="left">-0.10767</td>
										<td align="left">0.4194</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.9512567</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="left">2.694552</td>
										<td align="left">0.4842</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 7.25E-01</td>
										<td align="left">Não rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN22">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1100">
							<label>Tabela 11.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resultados do modelo CSAD considerando os momentos de sentimento negativo do investidor</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"></th>
										<th align="center">Coeficiente</th>
										<th align="center">P-Valor</th>
										<th align="left">Testes de Resíduos</th>
										<th align="left"></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Interseção</td>
										<td align="left">0.0014205</td>
										<td align="left">0.0742</td>
										<td align="left">Durbin-Watson 2.4072067</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β1</td>
										<td align="left">-0.0430257</td>
										<td align="left">0.6171</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Godfrey 0.0277101</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">β2</td>
										<td align="left">-2.0768069</td>
										<td align="left">0.1567</td>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan 9.45E-55</td>
										<td align="left">Rejeito H0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN23">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>4.3. Discussões dos resultados</title>
					<p>A 
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1200">Tabela 12</xref> consolida os resultados e mostra que a ocorrência de comportamento de manada no período estudado esteve associada ao alto volume de negociação, alta volatilidade, retração do mercado e desequilíbrio da negociação por parte dos vendedores.
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1200">
							<label>Tabela 12.</label>
							<caption>
								<title>
									<italic>Resumo dos resultados do efeito manada</italic>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Fator Fundamental</th>
										<th align="center">25% maiores</th>
										<th align="center">25% menores</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Volume negociado</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>Efeito</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Volatilidade</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>Efeito</bold>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Retorno do mercado</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>Efeito</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Sentimento</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">TIP</td>
										<td align="center">Sem efeito</td>
										<td align="center">
											<bold>Efeito</bold>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN24">
									<p>
										<bold>
											<italic>Fonte:</italic>
										</bold> dados da pesquisa (2018)
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Os resultados corroboram 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Christie e Huang (1995</xref>), 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Silva e Lucena (2018</xref>), 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chiang e Zheng (2010</xref>) e 
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bhaduri e Mahapatra (2013</xref>), que argumentaram que o efeito manada é mais provável de acontecer em tempos de retração do mercado, pois isso gera incerteza dos investidores, e eles escolhem seguir as decisões dos demais. Esses resultados mostram que, após um bom desempenho anterior e em uma proporção maior de pedidos iniciados pelo comprador, os investidores estão menos propensos a agir em sincronia. A principal contribuição do artigo é identificar que o comportamento de manada reage assimetricamente ao sinal dos choques passados. Retornos negativos implicam maior volatilidade (
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Black, 1976</xref>). Junto com o alto volume de negociação e o desequilíbrio de negociação direcionado aos vendedores, isso sugere que o comportamento de manada ocorreu apenas após as quedas do mercado.
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>5. CONCLUSÕES</title>
				<p>O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar a ocorrência do efeito manada no mercado acionário brasileiro e sua relação com variáveis ​​que representam os momentos de estresse do mercado.</p>
				<p>Testamos as relações entre os períodos de efeito de manada identificados e o volume diário de negociação, volatilidade, bom e mau desempenho do mercado, sentimento do investidor e desequilíbrio entre as ordens de compra e venda. Os resultados sugeriram que o comportamento de manada depende do alto volume de negociação, alta volatilidade dos retornos, desaceleração do mercado e desequilíbrio entre as transações com dominância por parte das transações disparadas por vendedores.</p>
				<p>Os resultados do alto volume de negociação sugerem a existência de um grupo de investidores que influencia as decisões de terceiros. O mesmo não ocorre para ativos com baixo volume. Em relação aos períodos de maior volatilidade, o comportamento é atribuído à incerteza gerada nos agentes de mercado. A ocorrência do efeito de manada em desacelerações do mercado destaca a ligação entre o efeito de manada e os períodos de crise. Esses resultados corroboram as premissas de que os agentes são mais propensos a imitar os outros quando enfrentam períodos de perda iminente. Por fim, não foi possível verificar a presença do efeito manada relacionado a períodos de alto e baixo sentimento do investidor. Em relação ao desequilíbrio das ordens, o efeito de manada só foi verificado quando o desequilíbrio do mercado foi motivado por ordens de venda. Isso sugere que um movimento intenso de venda pode gerar incerteza nos agentes, fazendo com que eles se desfaçam de suas ações. Os resultados são importantes na medida em que destacam um fenômeno comportamental que se opõe à teoria moderna de finanças.</p>
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