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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="index">180</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Interdisciplinaria</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Interdisciplinaria</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0325-8203</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1668-7027</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Centro Interamericano de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Ciencias Afines</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Argentina</country>
<email>interdisciplinaria-ciipme@conicet.gov.ar</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">18081840002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.16888/interd.2024.41.2.2</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Revisiones</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">
<bold>Conflicto trabajo-familia y salud mental: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura  previa a la pandemia</bold>
</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">
<bold>Work-family conflict and mental health: A pre-pandemic systematic review of the literature</bold>
</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
<alt-title alt-title-type="rt-running">Conflicto trabajo-familia y salud mental</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Palma Contreras</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>apalma@ubiobio.cl</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Jarpa-Arriagada</surname>
<given-names>Carmen Gloria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>cjarpa@ubiobio.cl</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-1509.</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
<institution-wrap>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Bío-Bío</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-5649</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
<institution-wrap>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Bío-Bío</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>May-December</season>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>3</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>18</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>14</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. La revista no retiene los derechos de reproducción (copyright) por lo que los autores pueden volver a publicar sus trabajos con la sola mención a la fuente original de publicación.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>CIIPCA</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El trabajo y la familia son esferas muy relevantes para la vida humana, que repercuten en la salud mental. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de dar cuenta de la evidencia publicada desde el año 2015 al 2019 respecto al conflicto trabajo-familia (CTF) y su relación con indicadores de salud mental. Se revisaron 74 publicaciones luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los resultados indican que la mayor parte de los estudios utilizan metodología cuantitativa, conceptualizan el CTF como incompatibilidad de roles, lo estudian como variable independiente en relación con salud mental, las características sociodemográficas son el principal factor de riesgo para la presencia de CTF y sus principales consecuencias en salud mental son <italic>burnout</italic>, distrés y sintomatología depresiva. A pesar de las graves consecuencias del CTF en salud mental, no se encontraron estudios latinoamericanos que vinculen ambas variables.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>trabajo-familia</kwd>
<kwd>conflicto trabajo-familia</kwd>
<kwd>salud mental</kwd>
<kwd>salud ocupacional</kwd>
<kwd>revisión sistemática</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>work-family</kwd>
<kwd>work-family conflict</kwd>
<kwd>mental health</kwd>
<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
<kwd>systematic review</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="81"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>redalyc-journal-id</meta-name>
<meta-value>180</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Introducción</bold>
</title>
<p>Tanto el trabajo como la familia representan esferas fundamentales para el ser humano y son interdependientes, por lo que no pueden ser estudiados de manera separada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref23">(Goldsmith, 1989)</xref>. El estudio de la relación entre trabajo y familia tiene larga data y se ha centrado muy especialmente en examinar el conflicto que se produce entre ambas esferas, y puede ocurrir de dos maneras: (a) el trabajo puede interferir con la familia y (b) la familia puede interferir con el trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref72">Westrupp et al., 2016)</xref>. Sin embargo, también puede existir una relación positiva entre ambas esferas; así, se habla de equilibrio trabajo-familia, entendido como el cumplimiento de las expectativas relacionadas con el rol, que se negocian y comparten entre un individuo y sus cónyuges, relacionados con el rol en el ámbito laboral y familiar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref28">Grzywacz y Carlson, 2007)</xref> o de enriquecimiento trabajo-familia, definido como el grado en que las experiencias laborales contribuyen al mejoramiento del rol en la familia o viceversa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref26">(Greenhaus y Powell, 2006).</xref>
</p>
<p>Finalmente, cabe señalar que debido a que la relación entre ambas esferas puede ser positiva o negativa, autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref21">Geurts et al. (2005)</xref> prefieren referirse a ella como interacción trabajo-familia y la definen como “un proceso en el que el funcionamiento (comportamiento) de un trabajador en un dominio (por ejemplo, el hogar) está influenciado por reacciones de carga (negativas o positivas) que se han acumulado en el otro dominio (por ejemplo, el trabajo)” (p. 322).</p>
<p>La relevancia de estudiar el conflicto trabajo-familia o familia-trabajo se debe a las graves consecuencias a nivel personal, familiar y organizacional. Dentro de las consecuencias personales destaca su asociación con sintomatología depresiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref64">Talavera-Velasco et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref78">Zhang, Duffy, et al., 2017)</xref>, altos niveles de agotamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref51">Nilsen et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref66">Travis et al., 2016</xref>), angustia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref48">Mutambudzi et al., 2017</xref>), afecto negativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref14">Davis et al., 2017)</xref> y baja satisfacción con la vida (Davis et al., 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref30">Henderson, 2016)</xref>. De esta forma, se establece que el conflicto trabajo-familia es la variable que media la relación entre factores de riesgo psicosociales y el impacto negativo en la salud mental de los trabajadores (Zhang, Duffy, et al., 2017) o que su relación con sintomatología y distrés ocurre independientemente de otras características psicosociales del trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref52">Obidoa et al., 2011</xref>).</p>
<p>En estudios realizados en América Latina, los hallazgos indican que el tema en la producción científica se aborda desde conciliación trabajo-familia y conflicto crabajo-familia, que si bien se entienden como conceptos opuestos cuando remiten a salud mental, sus hallazgos tienden a ser complementarios. Así, la conciliación trabajo-familia se relaciona negativamente con síntomas de salud mental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref20">Garcia y Da Rosa, 2022</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref55"> Pérez, 2021</xref>) y el conflicto trabajo-familia se relaciona positivamente con estas dificultades, tales como estrés (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref53">Otárola, 2007</xref>), <italic>burnout</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref36">Kruel Goebel y Carlotto, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref54">Patlán, 2013</xref>), agotamiento por sobrecompromiso laboral (Garcia y Da Rosa, 2022); a su vez, la conciliación trabajo-familia modera la relación entre tensión laboral y <italic>burnout</italic> y la relación entre tensión laboral y depresión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref24">Gómez et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>También se han observado consecuencias negativas a nivel organizacional, tales como una menor satisfacción laboral y una disminución de la calidad de la atención prestada a los usuarios o clientes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref5">(Boamah et al., 2017</xref>), buscar cambiar de trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref66">Travis et al., 2016</xref>), reducción de la productividad y aumento de la rotación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref15">Eby et al., 2005)</xref>. En estudios latinoamericanos, se han encontrado asociaciones negativas entre conflicto trabajo-familia y satisfacción laboral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref32">Jiménez et al., 2020)</xref>, y asociación bidireccional entre conflicto trabajo-familia y buenas prácticas laborales, en el sentido de que las organizaciones que permiten equilibrar tiempos de la vida personal y laboral contribuyen en la disminución del conflicto trabajo-familia y consecuentemente, disminuye el ausentismo y aumenta la productividad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref10">(Chiang et al., 2020)</xref>.</p>
<p>Así, es posible establecer que el conflicto trabajo-familia produce deterioro laboral, entendido como la merma en el desempeño, encontrarse distraído y pérdida en la calidad de su trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref69">Vera-Calzaretta et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>A nivel familiar, los principales hallazgos son la menor calidez de los padres respecto de los hijos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref12">Cooklin, Dinh, et al., 2016</xref>), la insatisfacción conyugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref62">Skomorovsky et al., 2015</xref>), los altos niveles de malestar en la familia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref19">(Frone et al., 1997</xref>) y el deterioro de las relaciones familiares <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref49">(Narli, 2018)</xref>. Considerando la evidencia existente sobre los efectos a nivel personal y organizacional del conflicto trabajo-familia, es relevante analizar la evidencia científica disponible para contribuir a una mayor comprensión del problema, y para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref4">Beltrán, 2005)</xref>.</p>
<p>Puesto que la situación de pandemia que el mundo vivió el año 2020 representa un contexto particular, donde se han generado grandes cambios en la vida laboral y familiar de las personas debido al confinamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref68">Venkatesh, 2020)</xref> que han impactado en la salud física y mental de la población, este artículo se propone dar cuenta de la evidencia publicada desde el año 2015 al 2019 en relación al conflicto trabajo-familia y su relación con indicadores de salud mental.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Metodología</bold>
</title>
<p>Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que consiste en “un diseño de investigación observacional y retrospectivo, que sintetiza los resultados de múltiples investigaciones primarias” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref4">(Beltrán, 2005</xref>, p. 50). La revisión fue de carácter descriptivo y de enfoque mixto y se realizó con técnicas cualitativas; se establecieron subcategorías a partir de variables preestablecidas con las que se levantó la información de la literatura seleccionada. Posteriormente, se realizó una síntesis de la distribución de las subcategorías mediante técnicas cuantitativas.</p>
<p>Se rastreó la combinación de términos “<italic>work-family conflict</italic>” and “<italic>mental health</italic>” tanto en inglés como en español, en tema de Web of Science y en abstract de Scopus y Scielo. Se leyó la totalidad de abstract de los textos identificados a través de las bases de datos no repetidos y se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión para seleccionar los artículos leídos completos.</p>
<p>Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios empíricos publicados en la categoría "Artículos", que hacían referencia al conflicto trabajo-familia y a indicadores de salud mental, publicados entre los años 2015 y 2019; literatura escrita en inglés y en español; publicados en revistas indexadas en WOS, Scopus o Scielo. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: artículos teóricos, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos; artículos cuyos abstract no mencionaban "conflicto trabajo-familia" como variable; artículos cuyos abstract no mencionaban “indicadores de salud mental” como variable; tesis, memorias u otros estudios que no son considerados artículos.</p>
<p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref> grafica el proceso de búsqueda, selección, inclusión y exclusión de los registros. Al terminar el proceso se seleccionaron 74 artículos para la revisión.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<bold>Figura 1</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>
<bold>
<italic>Proceso de selección de artículos</italic>
</bold>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Proceso de selección de artículos</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="18081840002_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait">
<alt-text>Figura 1 Proceso de selección de artículos</alt-text>
</graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Para la revisión de los artículos seleccionados, expuestos en la<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1"> Tabla 1</xref>, se construyó una base de datos en la que se incluyeron 13 categorías, expuestas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">Tabla 2</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1.</label>
<caption>
<title>
<bold>
<italic>Nómina de artículos</italic>
</bold>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1. Nómina de artículos</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="18081840002_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<thead style="display:none;">
<tr style="display:none;">
<th style="display:none;"/>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Título </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Año</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Autores</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factors Associated with Mental Health Status of Medical Residents: A Model-Guided Study.Importar lista0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anagnostopoulos, F., Demerouti, E., Sykioti, P., Niakas, D. y Zis, P.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Costs of Caring: Caregiver Strain and Work-Family Conflict Among Canadian Workers.Importar lista1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glavin, P. y Peters, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intimate Partner Violence in the Canadian Armed Forces: The Role of Family Stress and Its Impact on Well-Being.Importar lista2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skomorovsky, A., Hujaleh, F. y Wolejszo, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Survey on examining prevalence of paternal anxiety and its risk factors in perinatal period in Hong Kong: a longitudinal study.Importar lista3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koh, Y. W., Lee, A. M., Chan, C. Y., Fong, D. Y. T., Lee, C. P., Leung, K. Y. y Tang, C. S. K.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is work-family conflict a multilevel stressor linking job conditions to mental health? evidence from the work, family and health network.Importar lista4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moen, P., Kaduk, A., Kossek, E. E., Hammer, L., Buxton, O. M., O'Donnell, E., Almeida, D., Fox, K., Tranby, E., Oakes, J. M. y Casper, L.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Impact of Social Capital on Men's Mental Health from the Perspective of Social Support Theory.Importar lista5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guo, P. Zeng, D., Yan, H., Chan, K. S. y Yin, Y.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juggling or Struggling? Work and Family Interface and Its Buffers among Small Business Owners.Importar lista6</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nguyen, H. y Sawang, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Managing work and family: Do control strategies help?Importar lista7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Versey, H. S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Demands and Subjective Well-being among Female Academicians: The Role of Muslim Religiosity.Importar lista8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achour, M., Mohd Nor, M. R. y Mohd Yusoff, M. Y. Z.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The long-term mortality impact of combined job strain and family circumstances: A life course analysis of working American mothers.Importar lista9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sabbath, E., Mejía-Guevara, E., Noelke, C. y Berkman, L.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and Decision Making Styles: Study of Higher Education Sector of Pakistan.Importar lista10</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rashid Rehman, R. Mushtaq, K. y Waheed, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-family conflict and mental health in newlywed and recently cohabiting couples: a couple perspective.Importar lista11</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symoens, S. y Bracke, P.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and Self-Rated Health: The Role of Gender and Educational Level. Baseline Data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).Importar lista12</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harter Griep, R., Toivanen, S. y van Diepen, C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Don't Let It Get to You! A Moderated Mediated Approach to the (In)Justice-Health Relationship.Importar lista13</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eib, C., von Thiele Schwarz, U. y Blom, V.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-family conflict, self-efficacy, and emotional exhaustion: A test of longitudinal effects.Importar lista14</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rubio, C., Osca, A., Recio, P., Urien, B. y Peiró, J. M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-family conflict as a predictor of common mental disorders in the 1958 British birth cohort.Importar lista15</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Razavi, T., Clark, C. y Stansfeld, S. A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-family conflict as a mediator in the association between work stress and depressive symptoms: cross-sectional evidence from the German lidA-cohort study.Importar lista16</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">du Prel J. B. y Peter, R.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">What matters for working fathers? Job characteristics, work-family conflict and enrichment, and fathers postapartum mental health in a Australian cohort.Importar lista17</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cooklin, A. R., Giallo, R., Strazdins, L., Martin, A., Leach, L. S. y Nicholson, J. M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Psychological Well-Being of Disability Caregivers: Examining the Roles of Family Strain, Family-to-Work Conflict, and Perceived Supervisor Support.Importar lista18</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li, A., Shaffer, J. y Bagger, J</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work–family conflict in context: The impact of structural and perceived neighborhood disadvantage on work–family conflict.Importar lista19</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Young, M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Employment Transitions, Child Care Conflict, and the Mental Health of Low-Income Urban Women With Children.Importar lista20</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jacobs, A. W., Hill, T. D., Tope, D., y O’Brien, L. K.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Change and stability in work-family conflict and mothers' and fathers' mental health: Longitudinal evidence from an Australian cohort.Importar lista21</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cooklin, A. R., Dinh, H., Strazdins, L., Westrupp, E., Leach, L. S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fathers at Work: Work-Family Conflict, Work-Family Enrichment and Parenting in an Australian Cohort.Importar lista22</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cooklin, A. R., Westrupp, E. M., Strazdins, L., Giallo, R., Martin, A., y Nicholson, J. M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jesus Didn’t Teach Us to Juggle: Religious Involvement, Work– Family Conflict, and Life Satisfaction Among African Americans.Importar lista23</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Henderson, A. K.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stress as a mediator between work-family conflict and psychological health among the nursing staff: Moderating role of emotional intelligence.Importar lista24</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sharma, J., Dhar, R. L. y Tyagi, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adverse trajectories of mental health problems predict subsequent burnout and work-family conflict – a longitudinal study of employed women with children followed over 18 years.Importar lista25</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nilsen, W., Skipstein, A. y Demerouti, E.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are status inconsistency, work stress and work-family conflicto associated with depressive symptoms? Testing prospective evidence in the lidA study.Importar lista26</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peter, R., March, S. y du Prel, J. B.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">'I'm So Stressed!': A Longitudinal Model of Stress, Burnout and Engagement among Social Workers in Child Welfare Settings.Importar lista27</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Travis, D. J., Lizano, E. L. y Mor Barak, M. E.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict, Spouse Conflict, and Adolescent School Performance.Importar lista28</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wang, Z., Li, Q. y Chen, J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Investigating the work-family conflict and health link: Repetitive thought as a mechanism.Importar lista29</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Davis, K. D., Gere, J. y Sliwinski, M. J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupational Stress, Work-Family Conflict and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Bank Employees: The Role of Psychological Capital.Importar lista30</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kan, D. y Yu, X.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perceived Organizational Support Impacts on the Associations of Work-Family Conflict or Family-Work Conflict with Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Doctors.Importar lista31</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hao, J., Wang, J., Liu, L., Wu, W. y Wu, H.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suicide Prevention for Local Public and Volunteer Relief Workers in Disaster-Affected Areas.Importar lista32</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wang, X. L., Yip, P.S., Chan, C.L.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychosocial determinants of diurnal alpha-amylase among healthy Quebec workers.Importar lista33</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marchand, A., Juster, R. P., Lupien, S. J. y Durand, P.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The relationship between organizational factors and work-family conflicts among the staff of health information technology departments.Importar lista34</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kahouei, M., Panahi, S. S.,Zabihi, N. y Faregh, M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Working Conditions and Mental Health of Nursing Staff in Nursing Homes.Importar lista35</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhang, Y., Punnett, L., Mawn, B. y Gore, R.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The effect of psychological capital between work-family conflict and job burnout in Chinese university teachers: Testing for mediation and moderation.Importar lista36</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pu, J., Hou, H., Ma, R. y Sang, J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Distress: Reciprocal Relationships Over 8 Years.Importar lista37</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Westrupp, E. M., Strazdins, L., Martin, A., Cooklin, A., Zubrick, S. R.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effects of work-family conflict and job insecurity on psychological distress.Importar lista38</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mutambudzi, M., Javed, Z., Kaul, S., Prochaska, J. y Peek, M. K.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and Depression in Chinese Professional Women: The Mediating Roles of Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction.Importar lista39</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wang, Y. y Peng, J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oncologist burnout and compassion fatigue: investigating time pressure at work as a predictor and the mediating role of work-family conflict.Importar lista40</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kleiner, S. y Wallace, J. E.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exploring the Association between Different Types of Social Support with Role Stress, Work-family Conflict, and Turnover Intent among Private Prison Staff.Importar lista41</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Keena, L. D., Williamson, L. y Kim, B.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict, Sleep, and Mental Health of Nursing Assistants Working in Nursing Homes.Importar lista42</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhang, Y., Punnett, L. y Nannini, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The relationship between job satisfaction, work stress, work–family conflict, and turnover intention among physicians in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study.Importar lista43</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lu, Y., Hu, X. M., Huang, X. L., Zhuang, X. D., Guo, P., Feng, L. F., Hu, W., Chen, L., Zou, H. y Hao, Y. T.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factors influencing new graduate nurse burnout development, job satisfaction and patient care quality: a time-lagged study.Importar lista44</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boamah, S. A., Read, E. A. y Spence Laschinger, H. K.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict among Working Parents of Children with Autism in Malaysia.Importar lista45</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sitimina, S. A., Fikryb, A., Ismailc, Z. y Husseinb, N.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and the Sex Difference in Depression Among Training Physicians.Importar lista46</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guille, C., Frank, E., Zhao, Z., Kalmbach, D. A., Nietert, P. J., Mata, D. A. y Sen, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work, family, and personal characteristics explain occupational and gender differences in work-family conflict among Japanese civil servants.Importar lista47</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koura, U., Sekine, M., Yamada M. y Tatsuse, T.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Impact of Work/Family Conflict and Workplace Social Support on Mental Distress in Home Health Workers.Importar lista48</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lee, A. y Jang, Y.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A study of work satisfaction, burnout and other work-related variables among hungarian educators.Importar lista49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pikó, B. y Mihálka, M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Do sleep disturbances mediate the association between work-family conflict and depressive symptoms among nurses? A cross-sectional study.Importar lista50</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhang, Y., Duffy, J. F.y De Castillero, E. R.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-family conflict as a mediator between occupational stress and psychological health among mental health nurses in Japan.Importar lista51</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sugawara, N. Danjo, K., Furukori, H., Sato, Y., Tomita, T., Fujii, A., Nakagami, T., Kitaoka, K. y Yasui-Furukori, N.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender differences on mental health, work-family conflicts and alcohol use in response to abusive supervision. Importar lista52</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhou, B., Marchand, A. y Guay, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health Among Female Employees: A Sequential Mediation Model via Negative Affect and Perceived Stress.Importar lista53</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhou, S., Da, S., Guo, H. y Zhang, X.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gendered Pathways to Burnout: Results from the SALVEO Study.Importar lista54</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beauregard, N., Marchand, A., Bilodeau, J., Durand, P., Demers, A. y Haines, V. Y.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The combined effects of job demand and control, effort-reward imbalance and work-family conflicts on the risk of major depressive episode: A 4-year longitudinal study.Importar lista55</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigatu, Y. T. y Wang, J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Effects of Work-Family Experiences on Health Among Older Workers.Importar lista56</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cho, E. y Chen, TY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Health Effects of Combining Work and Family Demands: An International Comparison of 31 Countries.Importar lista57</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Volk, H., Muckenhuber, J. y More, V.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work and family conflicts in emplooyees with spinal cord injury and their caregiving partners.Importar lista58</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fekete, C., Siegrist, J., Tough, H. y Brinkhof, M. W. G.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neighborhood Effects on Immigrants' Experiences of Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Distress.Importar lista59</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Young, M. y Montazer, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The virtuous circle of ephemeralization and the vicious circle of stress: A systemic perspective on ICT worker burnout.Importar lista60</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Evenstad, S. B. N.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict, Job Insecurity, and Health Outcomes Among US Workers.Importar lista61</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minnotte, K. L., y Yucel, D.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does Work-Family Conflict Mediate the Associations of Job Characteristics With Employees' Mental Health Among Men and Women?Importar lista62</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J., Neto, M. y Lopes, S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents.Importar lista63</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moreira, H., Fonseca, A., Caiado, B. y Canavarro, M. C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mental Health Disorders and Their Relationship with Work-Family Conflict in Upper Egypt.Importar lista64</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eshak, E. S.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crossover of parents' work-family conflict to family functioning and child mental health.Importar lista65</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vahedi, A., Krug, I. y Westrupp, E. M.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Demands and resources associated with mental health among Norwegian professional musicians.Importar lista66</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aalberg, A.L., Saksvik-Lehouillier, I. y Vaag, J.R.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Domestic work stress and self-rated psychological health among women: a cross-sectional study in Japan.Importar lista67</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maeda, E., Nomura, K., Hiraike, O., Sugimori, H., Kinoshita, A. y Osuga, Y.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">From Neighboring Behavior to Mental Health in the Community: The Role of Gender and Work-Family Conflict.Importar lista68</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Zu, X., Liu, T. y Zheng, J.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The price of success: balancing the effects of entrepreneurial commitment, work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction.Importar lista69</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">McDowell, W., Matthews, L., Matthews, R., Aaron, J., Edmondson, D. y Ward, Ch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The stress is indescribable: self-reported health implications from child welfare supervisors.Importar lista70</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Griffiths, A., Harper, W., Desrosiers, P., Murphy, A. y Royse, D.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The unbearable lightness of the academic work: the positive and negative sides of heavy work investment in a sample of italian university professors and researchers.Importar lista71</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Converso, D., Sottimano, I., Molinengo, G. y Loera, B.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work, family, work-family conflict and psychological distress: A revisited look at the gendered vulnerability pathways.Importar lista72</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bilodeau, J., Marchand, A. y Demers, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Work-Family Conflict and Well-Being among German Couples: A Longitudinal and Dyadic Approach.Importar lista73</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yucel, D. y Fan, W.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Tabla 2.</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic>
<bold>Definición de categorías de análisis</bold>
</italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 2. Definición de categorías de análisis</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="18081840002_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table id="gt3-526564616c7963">
<thead style="display:none;">
<tr style="display:none;">
<th style="display:none;"/>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nombre de la categoría</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Definición</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Título</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Título del artículo analizado.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Año</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Año de publicación.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Revista</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Revista en que se publicó el studio.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Base de datos</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Base de datos de la que se seleccionó el artículo.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Idioma</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Idioma del artículo.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Objetivo</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Principal objetivo del artículo.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abstract</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resumen del studio.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metodología</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Se clasificó en cuantitativa, cualitativa o mixta.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muestra</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tipo de muestreo y tamaño.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Definición de conflicto trabajo-familia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concepto de conflicto trabajo-familia incluido en el estudio.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Instrumento de medición del conflicto trabajo-familia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Se clasificó según autores de las escalas de medición de conflicto trabajo-familia.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factores de riesgo</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Factores mencionados en el estudio como contribuyentes a la aparición y mantención del conflicto trabajo-familia. Se dividió en personales, familiares y organizacionales.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consecuencias de Salud Mental del cConflicto trabajo-familia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Se realizó categorización emergente respecto a las consecuencias mencionadas en el artículo.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Resultados</bold>
</title>
<p>La amplia mayoría de artículos (n = 71; 96 %) utilizan metodología cuantitativa. Fueron realizados principalmente con muestras de trabajadores estadounidenses (24.3 %), canadienses (14.9 %), chinos (13.5%), australianos (9.5 %) y japoneses (5.4 %).</p>
<p>Con respecto al modo en que se define el conflicto trabajo-familia en los artículos, cabe destacar que la mayoría lo conceptualiza como una situación en que existen roles incompatibles (n = 25; 33.8 %) con un claro predominio de la definición propuesta por Greenhaus y Beutell (1985, p. 77) quienes indican que se trata de “una forma de conflicto entre roles en el que las presiones del rol del ámbito laboral son, hasta cierto punto, incompatibles con el ámbito familiar”. En segundo lugar, se encuentran los estudios que lo conceptualizan como un desequilibrio en las interacciones (n = 14; 18.92 %) en los que se entiende que el conflicto trabajo-familia ocurre cuando las responsabilidades laborales interfieren con los compromisos familiares, o cuando los compromisos familiares interfieren con las responsabilidades laborales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref6">Byron, 2005</xref>). En tercer lugar, están los que conceptualizan el conflicto aludido como un estresor crónico (n = 4; 5.4 %) entendido como un fenómeno que tiene elementos subjetivos y objetivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref73">Wheaton, 1999)</xref> sin un punto de partida o final claro e influenciado por los entornos sociales más amplios en los que se experimentan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref75">(Young y Montazer, 2018a)</xref>.</p>
<p>Los objetivos de los artículos aluden mayoritariamente (n = 49; 66.2 %) a analizar la relación del conflicto trabajo familia y temas de salud mental, donde el primero es considerado una variable independiente en relación al segundo fenómeno. En segundo lugar (n = 9; 12.2 %) se encuentran los artículos que estudian factores que influyen en el conflicto trabajo-familia y en tercer lugar (n = 7; 9.5 %) los que estudian consecuencias familiares y personales del fenómeno.</p>
<p>Los instrumentos preferentemente utilizados (n = 12; 16.2 %) son la escala de conflicto trabajo-familia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref50">Netemeyer et al. (1996)</xref> que “evalúa el grado en que las responsabilidades del lugar de trabajo interfieren con las responsabilidades vinculadas a la propia familia utilizando cinco elementos (por ejemplo, cantidad de tiempo que ocupa mi trabajo dificulta el cumplimiento de las responsabilidades familiares)” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref14">Davis et al., 2017</xref>, p. 3). En segundo lugar, se encuentran los estudios (n = 6; 8.1 % cada uno) que utilizan la escala de conflicto trabajo-familia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref8">Carlson et al. (2000)</xref> y una adaptación de cuatro ítems de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref42">Marshall y Barnett (1993</xref>). La primera consiste en una medida de autoinforme compuesta por 18 ítems que evalúan seis dimensiones distintas (interferencia del trabajo con la familia basada en el tiempo; interferencia con el trabajo de la familia basada en el tiempo; interferencia del trabajo con la familia basada en la tensión; interferencia con el trabajo de la familia basada en la tensión; interferencia laboral con la familia basada en la conducta; interferencia familiar basada en el comportamiento en el trabajo) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref58">(Pikó y Mihálka, 2017</xref>). El segundo es una adaptación de cuatro ítems de las escalas desarrolladas por Marshall y Barnett (1993) que evalúan las limitaciones relacionadas con el empleo en la vida familiar y la crianza de los hijos (por ejemplo, "Debido a mis responsabilidades laborales; Me he perdido de las actividades domésticas o familiares en que me gustaría participar; Mi tiempo familiar es menos agradable y más presionado") y las limitaciones de las responsabilidades familiares que afectan el empleo (por ejemplo, "Debido a mis responsabilidades familiares mi tiempo de trabajo es menos agradable y más presionado; tengo que rechazar las actividades laborales u oportunidades que preferiría aprovechar”) (Cooklin et al., 2016). En tercer lugar, se encuentran los artículos que miden el conflicto trabajo-familia con el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref29">Gutek et al. (1991)</xref>, con cuatro ítems que miden los conflictos entre el trabajo y la familia (por ejemplo, “Después del trabajo, llego a casa demasiado cansado para hacer algunas de las cosas que me gustaría hacer”) y cuatro ítems que miden los conflictos entre la familia y el trabajo (por ejemplo,“Mi vida personal ocupa el tiempo que me gustaría dedicar al trabajo”) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref80">(B. Zhou et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Los principales factores de riesgo del conflicto trabajo-familia mencionados por los artículos son, en primer lugar, las características sociodemográficas (n = 8; 10.8%) tales como tener mayor edad, menor nivel educativo, dificultades económicas, ser hombre, ser afroamericano, cuidar de otros, tener hijos menores de 14 años, ser mujer y no tener pareja. Esto puede explicarse porque se trata de condiciones vitales que se asocian a peor acceso a recursos de apoyo para equilibrar las demandas de lo laboral y lo personal/familiar. En segundo lugar, se encuentran los artículos que reportan el bajo soporte social (n = 6; 8.1%), que incluye tanto el apoyo instrumental como el socioemocional de parte de compañeros de trabajo y supervisores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref33">Karasek et al., 1998</xref>) y altas demandas laborales (n = 6; 8.1%) como factores que influyen en la aparición del conflicto trabajo-familia. Cabe señalar que estas últimas se refieren centralmente a las exigencias psicológicas cuantitativas entendidas como la cantidad de trabajo, tener un ritmo de trabajo muy rápido y sin posibilidad de pausa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref7">Candia y Pérez, 2020)</xref>. El que factores de riesgos psicosociales laborales sean antesala del conflicto trabajo- familia se explica porque, en la medida en que existen peores condiciones de trabajo como supervisión excesiva (B. Zhou et al., 2018), más horas de trabajo (Cooklin et al., 2016) , falta de comprensión de los superiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref40"> (Lu et al., 2017</xref>) y exceso de demandas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref11">Converso et al., 2019)</xref>, es más probable que se produzca no sólo un conflicto para desempeñar adecuadamente los roles en lo laboral y lo familiar, sino que también que los/as trabajadores enfermen. Luego de ello, se encuentran los artículos que consideran que un trabajo de baja calidad contractual o jerarquía (n = 4; 5.4%) influye en mayor conflicto trabajo-familia. Esto se explica porque suele tratarse de trabajadores con menor poder dentro de la organización, cuestión que deriva en menor autonomía para desarrollar sus funciones, menor flexibilidad horaria para conciliar responsabilidades, menores posibilidades de cambiar de trabajo en caso de necesitarlo y menores ingresos para tener ayuda doméstica.</p>
<p>Respecto a las consecuencias de salud mental reportadas, cabe señalar que las más mencionadas son agotamiento o <italic>burnout</italic> (n = 11; 14.9%), distrés (n = 9; 12.2%) y sintomatología depresiva (n = 8; 10.8%). En este sentido, el conflicto trabajo-familia puede ser una condición que antecede a los problemas de salud mental de los trabajadores (Converso et al., 2019; Evenstad, 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref77">Yucel y Fan, 2019</xref>; Zhang et al., 2017), dado que genera consecuencias negativas por el estrés que produce la imposibilidad de desempeñar adecuadamente los roles en el ámbito laboral y personal. Además, el conflicto trabajo-familia en conjunto con condiciones del trabajo negativas puede influir en una peor salud mental de los trabajadores, como por ejemplo cuando se une con la sensación de desbalance esfuerzo recompensa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref56">(Peter et al., 2016)</xref>, cuando se asocia con condiciones que generan sensación de inseguridad laboral en los trabajadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref45">Minnotte y Yucel, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref31">Jacobs et al., 2016</xref>), tales como tener contratos más precarios o sentir que se puede ser fácilmente reemplazado en el trabajo. Por otra parte, el conflicto trabajo-familia puede mediar la relación entre factores de riesgo psicosociales laborales y las dificultades de salud mental de los trabajadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref3">Beauregard et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref9">Carvalho et al, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref46">Moen et al, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref63">Sugawara et al., 2017)</xref>, esto significa que condiciones del trabajo como horarios irregulares o sobrecarga de trabajo y baja autonomía repercuten negativamente en la salud mental por medio del conflicto trabajo-familia. Finalmente, el Conflcito Trabajo Familia puede tener una relación bidireccional o de influencia mutua con la salud mental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref12"> (Cooklin et al., 2016</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref72"> Westrupp et al., 2016</xref>); esto se explica porque al aumentar el malestar psicológico de los trabajadores, producto de las dificultades para equilibrar los roles de trabajador y su vida personal/familiar, se socava la capacidad para equilibrar las demandas de dichos ámbitos vitales.</p>
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<sec>
<title>
<bold>Discusión de resultados</bold>
</title>
<p>El estudio del conflicto trabajo-familia (CTF) o familia-trabajo (CFT) ha adquirido una notable relevancia en el contexto de las consecuencias del proyecto moderno, la búsqueda de la eficiencia y eficacia en el trabajo y el aumento de la participación de la mujer en diversos contextos laborales. La revisión sistemática muestra que los estudios se ejecutan, preferentemente, en personas que realizan “labores de cuidado” (madres, padres, profesionales de la salud, cuidadores de residencias), lo que traduce una especial atención hacia aquellos que viven altas dosis de agobio, tanto en lo laboral como en lo personal. Muchos estudios intentan probar la relación directa y positiva entre CTF en las mujeres; no obstante, los resultados no aparecen favorables a esta hipótesis. Esto podría deberse a que los países donde se han hecho los estudios han avanzado de manera notable en la reducción de las brechas entre hombres y mujeres, especialmente en la organización y distribución del trabajo doméstico. Sin embargo, en Latinoamérica se encuentran estudios que indican que las mujeres tienen peores resultados de salud cuando presentan conflicto trabajo-familia, por ejemplo, tienen mayor riesgo de subir de peso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref27"> (Griep et al., 2022</xref>) y mayor agotamiento emocional <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref54">(Patlán, 2013</xref>); además, renuncian más que los hombres a sus tiempos personales y a promociones laborales con el fin de atender a sus responsabilidades laborales y familiares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref18">Frías, 2020). </xref>Esto podría tener relación con la distribución del trabajo más tradicional que la que se observa en otras latitudes.</p>
<p>En esta revisión se encontró como el factor de riesgo más mencionado en las investigaciones el que los trabajadores presenten ciertas características sociodemográficas que representan mayor vulnerabilidad; en segundo lugar, se mencionan características de la organización en la que se desempeñan, tales como bajo soporte social y altas demandas laborales. Una revisión de la literatura respecto al tema, focalizada en migrantes que residen en Estados Unidos, coincidentemente encontró que en esta población las demandas laborales son el principal factor asociado con el conflicto trabajo-familia, mientras que el control y el apoyo en el trabajo se asocian negativamente con el fenómeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref39">Lin y Lin, 2021</xref>). En la literatura latinoamericana se hace énfasis en que las variables organizacionales tienen más poder predictivo del conflicto trabajo-familia que las variables personales; por ejemplo, la descortesía en el lugar de trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref41">Luiz de Andrade et al., 2020</xref>) y el tener una menor percepción de justicia organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref60">Rodríguez et al., 2022)</xref>, mientras que los factores que protegen del conflicto trabajo-familia, según estudios latinoamericanos, se encuentran vinculados al ámbito familiar, como por ejemplo el apoyo social (doméstico y de pareja) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref1">(Álvarez y Gómez, 2011</xref>) o el tener hijos mayores que ya son independientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref38">Lima et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>La revisión de literatura indica que un número importante de artículos aborda lo relativo a peor salud mental y peor salud mental autoevaluada. En este sentido, los principales hallazgos del CTF en la salud mental son las alteraciones importantes en la calidad del sueño <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref16">(Eshak, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref79">Zhang, Punnett, et al., 2017)</xref>, el riesgo de depresión, problemas de salud física y abuso de sustancias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref71">Wang y Peng, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref72">Westrupp et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref80">B. Zhou et al., 2018</xref>), angustia psicológica y angustia grave (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref48">Mutambudzi et al., 2017</xref>) y altos niveles de estrés <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref61">(Sharma et al., 2016</xref>). En suma, el CTF puede volverse crónico y precipitar un espiral de pérdidas en distintas esferas de la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref12">Cooklin, Dinh, et al., 2016</xref>). Finalmente, hay artículos que indican otras consecuencias en la salud mental como infelicidad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref80">(S. Zhou et al., 2018)</xref>, enojo o culpa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref76">(Young y Montazer, 2018b</xref>), alienación y deshumanización (Evenstad, 2018), así como emociones destructivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref74">Young, 2015</xref>). Estos hallazgos también han sido descriptos en revisiones de la literatura anteriores; por ejemplo, el conflicto trabajo-familia se ha asociado con el consumo de psicotrópicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref44">Milner et al., 2019</xref>), repercusiones negativas en la salud mental de migrantes que residen en Estados Unidos (Lin y Lin, 2021), ansiedad de los padres en el periodo perinatal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref57">Philpott et al., 2019</xref>), mayor estrés en trabajadores de la industria de la construcción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref65">Tijani et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Los principales resultados respecto del CTF y maternidad/paternidad indican que la existencia de dificultades para balancear los roles de trabajo y familia explican los efectos de malestar para hombres y mujeres, cuando desarrollan labores de cuidado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref22">Glavin y Peters, 2015</xref>); existe una sensación de fracaso en la paternidad, desatención de los niños, hostilidad y frustración en las interacciones con los hijos (Cooklin, Westrupp, et al., 2016; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref47">Moreira et al., 2019</xref>); en etapas tempranas y tardías del embarazo, el CTF predice mayores niveles de ansiedad en los padres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref35">Koh et al., 2015)</xref>; y en general, que los conflictos entre el trabajo y la familia se asocian con la salud mental deficiente y anterior de los padres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref67">Vahedi et al., 2019)</xref>.</p>
<p>Respecto de los hallazgos directamente vinculados al trabajo, se destaca el agotamiento laboral y la interferencia negativa en la relación trabajo-familia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref2">Anagnostopoulos et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref9">Carvalho et al., 2018</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref34"> Kleiner y Wallace, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref66">Travis et al., 2016</xref>), la menor satifacción laboral (Sharma et al., 2016), y el menor compromiso organizacional y elevado ausentismo al trabajo (Lambert et al., 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref70">Versey, 2015</xref>). En general, hay estudios que indican que el CTF afecta la salud mental de los más pobres y desempleados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref31">Jacobs et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref59">Razavi et al., 2015</xref>). Finalmente, existen artículos que indican la falta de tiempo para el ocio y la vida personal (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2015; Cooklin, Westrupp, et al., 2016).</p>
<p>Algunos hallazgos que develan cuestiones de desigualdad señalan que ser un padre nacido en el extrajero y habitar un barrio desventajado contribuye a experimentar más altos niveles de malestar psicológico, cuestión que puede agravar el CTF (Young y Montazer, 2018b). Además, en el caso de las mujeres de bajos ingresos, se observa malestar psicológico inespecífico y somatización cuando buscan un empleo y logran conseguirlo (Jacobs et al., 2016).</p>
<p>Como se puede apreciar, los resultados recién descriptos muestran un espectro abundante de consecuencias negativas en la salud mental de las personas, que en su vida familiar o laboral realizan labores de cuidado o labores de alto agobio laboral, aunque no pertenezcan a la esfera de los cuidados. La brecha entre hombres y mujeres se ha equilibrado, por la mayor participación de los hombres en la vida doméstica, en un contexto de mayor democratización de los roles familiares y en países con menor desigualdad social. Pocos estudios abordan una mirada más sistémica, incorporando la noción de comunidad o de barrio, cuestión que puede explicarse por la supremacía de estudios cuantitativos. Con todo, resulta relevante darse cuenta de la inevitabilidad de que ocurra alguna expresión de conflicto trabajo-familia, ante la imperiosa necesidad de trabajar para subsistir. Por cierto, el conflicto trabajo-familia parece presentarse mayoritariamente en asalariados, registrando una cuestión relativa a la clase social.</p>
<p>Para concluir es posible señalar que, si bien la mayor parte de las investigaciones estudia el conflicto trabajo-familia como una variable independiente relacionada con la salud mental de los trabajadores, es posible establecer que se trata de una relación recíproca, puesto que el conflicto trabajo-familia funciona como factor estresante que afecta la salud mental, y la mala salud mental también declina la capacidad de equilibrar las demandas laborales y familiares en conflicto.</p>
<p>Una de las limitaciones de este estudio es que la búsqueda se realizó sólo en inglés y en español, excluyendo la producción en portugués. Además, no se compararon los hallazgos entre estudios debido a la amplia diversidad de las muestras y se trata de un estudio en literatura previa a la pandemia del COVID-19. Resulta relevante realizar revisiones de la literatura con estudios que hayan abordado cómo se manifestó el conflicto trabajo-familia en el período de confinamiento puesto que, en este contexto, las prácticas de flexibilidad del horario laboral y el <italic>home-office</italic>, que usualmente son consideradas como políticas de conciliación trabajo-familia, no resultaron  viables dado que no siempre estuvieron presentes las redes de apoyo para el cuidado (remunerado y no-remunerado) y para la educación, derivando en jornadas de trabajo extenuantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_18081840002_ref43">Meza de Luna et al., 2022</xref>)</p>
<p>Finalmente, cabe señalar que a pesar de que esta revisión da cuenta de que el conflicto trabajo-familia es un fenómeno que se estudia prioritariamente en forma cuantitativa y  que posee múltiples consecuencias para la salud mental,  con los criterios de búsqueda utilizados en esta revisión sistemática de la literatura no se encontraron estudios con muestras representativas a nivel nacional en trabajadores de países latinoamericanos que permitan un panorama global del fenómeno -sus factores facilitadores y consecuencias- ni tampoco estudios cualitativos que permitan comprender la vivencia del fenómeno de trabajadores de América Latina.</p>
<p>Por lo anterior, un desafío importante para la investigación latinoamericana sobre conflicto trabajo-familia es la realización de estudios masivos de carácter mixto que permitan estimar el fenómeno, sus factores precipitantes y consecuencias, a niveles nacionales y, a la vez, indagar con mayor profundidad la comprensión del CTF rescatando las vivencias de los/as trabajadores, particularmente en el contexto de reincorporación laboral luego del confinamiento motivado por la pandemia COVID-19.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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