INTRODUCTION

The analysis of translingual lexical correspondences/inconsistencies is carried out in the comparative and relative aspect of linguistic research in order to study the questions of what language realities convey in translation, how they can differ from the words of the original and how they form a thought corresponding to the thought of the original phrase. In other words, we are talking about a comparative analysis of the semantic, stylistic and functional characteristics of words and expressions being compared, since any thought, any emotions conveyed in the text are constructed and created from words and their equivalent lexical units.

The choice of a translation method for the exact transfer of the meaning of a culturally-oriented lexical unit to a reproducing text from the point of view of pragmatics is one of the main and most difficult tasks of translation. The difficulty of this task is due to the complex nature of the word itself, its versatility and semantic worth. The same problems are particular qualities of the translation from Kazakh into the Russian language.

The language realia as lexical units in the Kazakh and Russian languages do not coincide due to the difference in the cultural reality of the languages in question, and it often happens that a whole combination of words in Kazakh corresponds to a single word in Russian, and vice versa.

In the languages, we compare (Kazakh and Russian), related to similar language systems in the degree of functionality and different in relation to linguistic groups, pair combinations of words are of particular interest in terms of revealing the processes and patterns, systematizing specific phenomena and processes of national identity in the aforementioned languages.

METHODS

The main features of the translation of Kazakh copulative works were based on the material of works by the Kazakh short story writer Dukenbai Doszhan “Arystandy-Qarabastyń jeli” (“The wind like lion’s mane”), “Qoıshy men Qarlyǵash” (“Shepherd and Swallow”) are discussed in this article.

The study was carried out in line with translation studies. We had used the comparative method of analysisas the main method in our work based on the set goal. The translated texts had been compared with their original samples to identify the methods of transmission of copulative additions.

Also, the method of continuous sampling of the material was used to highlight paired combinations in original texts, a contextual method to determine the features of the functioning of the studied units in Kazakh texts and Russian translations.

The analytical method was used to study scientific concepts in modern domestic (Retzker: 1974; Vereshchagin & Kostomarov: 2005; Koyshe: 2013; Mirzoyeva: 2013; Zhussupov et al.: 2014; Akhunzhanova et al.: 2016; Gelinya et al.: 2018; Yerbulatova et al.: 2017, 2019) and foreign works (Toury: 1978; Venuti: 1995).

RESULTS

Paired combinations in linguistics are called closed compounds of word forms, which are based on the principle of “two in one” (Plotnikova: 2012; Gilmullin & Gataullin: 2017; Yergesh et al.: 2019). Compare, for example, in the Kazakh language – tuqym-tuıaǵy ‘offspring’, qoıshy-qolań ‘collective noun. Shepherds; shepherd shepherds serving the households of the rich’, jyn-peri, jyn -shaıtan/saıtan ‘collective noun genies; all evil spirits’; in Russian – jars, advice and love, mushrooms, berries, etc.

Despite the archaic nature of the phenomenon of pairs’ correlation in the language and the tradition of studying paired combinations, their status does not have a homogenous meaning in linguistic literature due to the heterogeneity of the types of such combinations themselves. One of the first descriptions of such units (“pleonasms”) was proposed by A.A.Potebnya. The linguist, on the basis of his studies of the language offolklore and folk speech, examined such words as forms of vernacular poetics and saw in them the implementation of the grammatical category of paired words/word combinations.

As a definition of paired combinations, terms such as copulative additions, paired-compound utterances, binomials, syntagma formulae, reduplications, tautological phraseological units, paratactic combinations, hendiadys, etc. are used (Plotnikova: 2012; Tukeyev et al.: 2019). It should be noted that the pairing of lexical units is considered among the inherent phenomena in many languages, and it has notable linguistic significance.

In the Kazakh language there are four types of copulative additions which prevail, and they are most oftenformed analytically: a) fused and consolidated additions; b) combined inclusions; c) paired ones; d) and compound words too. A great number of disputes is caused by paired/paired-repeated words, which have their own specific features: 1) consists of two words and having a common meaning - kórpe-tósek ‘collect. bed; bedding'; 2) repetition of one word (the meaning of multiplicity) – qora-qora ‘collect. A lot of; in several pens (sheep) ’; 3) consists of two words and meaningful neglect, where the second part of the word is not used independently – jylqy-mylqy ‘horses and other cattle’; in Russian (lexical reduplication) – dances- shmantsy, etc .; 4) the repetition of two words, each of which separately does not have a meaning – apyl- ǵupyl ‘in a hurry; hastily ’; 5) words with the addition of amplifying words – qap-qara ‘very black’; 6) duplication of imitative words – syrt-syrt ‘imitation of a repeated knock’; comparable to the Russian – tuk-tuk.

DISCUSSION

In the Kazakh language, due to its agglutinative nature, copulative additions make up the predominant group of the lexical layer, and it is a determinative feature of the translation of complex Kazakh word combinations. Composite Kazakh combinations of words often serve as national and cultural realia, and therefore their transmission in a literary text presents certain difficulties for translators and interpreters alike.

Le i’s compare, for example, in the text of D. Doszhan: “... araq-sharap dastarhanǵa kórik beretin tátti- qutty, kókónis degen atymen joq. “How to decorate the dastarkhan if there is no araka-sharapa or sweets- spices at home?” (Doszhanov: 1985; Doszhan: 2008). According to the “Luǵat”, an electronic Kazakh-Russian dictionary, the combination tátti-qutty – a synonym for tátti-dámdi is translated as ‘delicacy, delicious food’; arak-sharap – ‘Arabic collective drink’.

The copulative addition of arak-sharap was transmitted using the transliteration method using the sub- page footnote: arak – vodka; sharap – wine, which is literally indicated correctly. The combination of tátti-qutty in the literal translation means sweet-happy. However, the translator had successfully replaced it with the Russian complex noun of sweets, spices, thereby preserving the composite-forming coloring of reality, which gives a special flavor to the whole text in this particular example.

Consider the following context where the combination jıyn-toı translates as a party: “Shynyn aıtsa, ol kezde jıyn-toıda kóbine áńgime aıtyp, dombyra shertip ótkizetin, qazirgideı bassalyp araq ishý bolmaıtyn. – In those early days of youth, at parties we were fond of games, we sang a lot, we played on the dombra, told various stories” (Doszhanov: 1985; Doszhan: 2008). The meaning of the pair combination is indicated in the “Luǵat” dictionary: jıyn-toı – ‘great feast, crowded fun’, while the party translates as ‘saýyq keshi’ or ‘shaǵyn jıyn-toı’.

In the context of “Úı-ishi, bala-shaǵa saýshylyq pa? - How is the wife? How are the children? Is everyone healthy?” (Doszhanov: 1971, 1982; Doszhan: 2002). According to the “Luǵat” dictionary – úı-ishi ‘house, home’, bala-shaǵa ‘1) children; children; 2) households, a family’. This example demonstrates how the translator used replacements of paired Kazakh realia with the situational ones, approximate in meaning lexical units of the Russian language. Perhaps the translator did not take into account the peculiarity of polite treatment in Kazakh, because it is not customary for the ethnic Kazakh community to be interested in theaffairs of their wife and children separately, because the combinations like úı-ishi, bala-shaǵa already involveall the members of household.

CONCLUSION

Let us summarize the results. The studied paired word combinations are very important elements in the creating the rhythm of fiction. This should be never forgotten, since the rhythm of prose often determines the characteristics of the individual style of any writer, in this case, Dukenbai Doszhan.

Some models of lexical repetitions at the level of word combinations are characteristic of all languages, without exception, but for the most part, languages with respect to paired combinations are significantly different, and paired combinations of words demonstrate the specificity of a particular language even in comparison with its related languages.

The copulative additions in the Kazakh language have a complex of attributes (at the level of linguisticcontent, value, significance, etc.). The similar nature of complex combinations of words in the Kazakh language is primarily associated with the easiness and simplicity of their formation in the process of speech, while the collocations express a variety of semantic relationships themselves. But the nature of these relations is not formally expressed: in some cases, it is clear from the semantics of the elements of a complex noun, namely the components, in other cases the context is required to identify the correct semantics of a paired word combination.

Summing up the review of the most interesting and authoritative studies devoted to the problem of the origin of paired combinations in the Kazakh language and their translation into Russian, it should be noted that the frequency combinations in the Kazakh language of paired combinations of words are mainly formed from models borrowed from neighboring languages. But all of them have long taken root in the Kazakh language, most of them are very productive and provide interesting material for further studies of a more private nature.

Having considered examples of trademark copulative additions in the works of Dukenbai Doszhan, we can conclude that some paired categories of words were not transferred in the translation. It was also determined that in literary translations into Russian, translators use the functional replacement method and literal translation, in rare cases they try to convey the novelty of the original vocabulary. It is worth mentioning that many of the translated words do not contain that particular expression inherent in the original work.

Thus, the internal content of lexical units with a national-cultural component of meaning represented by copulative additions reflects not only the traditions, customs, and everyday life of the people, but also the features of national thinking. Often a complex combination of words, which is the realia of the national life of the Kazakhs, is not always amenable to adequate translation in literary texts.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The work is performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.

BIODATA

Gulnaz Renatovna ISKHAKOVA: born in 1996. In 2018 she graduated from Kazan Federal University with a degree in “45.03.01. - Philology. " The theme of the final qualification work: "The lexical and grammatical features of the translation of poems by A. Akhmatova into the Tatar language." Master student of the Department of General Linguistics and Turkology, Institute of Physics and Mathematics, KFU. Research interests: linguistics, translation studies, literary criticism.

Zoya Nikolaevna KIRILLOVA: born in 1974. Candidate of Philology. In 1995 she graduated from Kazan State University, faculty of Tatar philology, history and Oriental languages, specialty "Philology: Tatar language and literature." In 2000, she defended her thesis on the topic "Problems of the implementation of the Tatar language as the state language in the 20-30s of the XX century", specialty 02.10.02 - Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation (Tatar language). Associate Professor, Department of General Linguistics and Turkology, IFMK KFU. Research interests: linguistics, linguistics, dialectology, translation studies, etc.

Ilmira Kanatovna YERBULATOVA: born in 1985. Candidate of Philology. In 2019, she graduated from postgraduate study at the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication of KFU, direction: 06.06.01 - Linguistics and Literary Studies. In 2019, she defended her thesis on "National cultural realities in the works of the Kazakh writer Dukenbai Doszhan and how to translate them into Russian", specialty 10.02.20 - Comparative-historical, typological and comparative linguistics. Senior Lecturer, Center for the Development of Languages, West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University Zhangir Khan. Research interests: comparative studies, theory and practice of translation, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AKHUNZHANOVA DR, GALIULLINA GR, KHADIEVA GK (2016). “Tatar-Kazakh language contacts in the east Kazakhstan region”, Journal of Language and Literature, 7(3), 203-206

DOSZHAN D (2002). "Kelіnshek asuy // Stories." Almaty: Atamura, 228-244.

DOSZHAN D (2008). "Tańdamaly shyǵarmalar." Almaty: Ólke, 2(1), 336.

DOSZHANOV D (1971). "Wormwood and flowers // Novels and stories. Shortanbai / Authorized translationfrom Kazakh by Z. Nikolaeva." Moscow: Sov. Writer, 245-255.

DOSZHANOV D (1982). "Wind Lion's Mane // Stories. Pass of a young woman / translation from Kazakh by I.Ukhanov." Moscow: Young guard, 297-314.

DOSZHANOV D (1985). "The silver caravan // Novellas and short stories." Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 384–399.

GELINYA KH GILAZETDINOVA, RUZILYA R SALAKHOVA (2018). “Lexical-semantic groups of the verbs of motion in structurally different languages (on the material of the Russian and the Tatar languages)”, XLinguae, 11(4), 32-44.

GILMULLIN R, GATAULLIN R (2017). "Morphological analysis system of the Tatar language." In International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence, 519-528, Springer, Cham.

KOYSHE KK (2013). "The mutational nature of the contemporary Eurasian linguistic identity of the Russian- Kazakh border region." Tyumen State University Herald, (1), 173-180.

MIRZOYEVA L (2013). "TEACHING TRANSLATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: PURPOSES AND PERSPECTIVES."Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes, 1(2), 123-133

PLOTNIKOVA AM (2012). "The paired word combinations in the Russian language and their creative potential." Ural Journal of Philology. Psycholinguistics in Education. 2, 183-187.

RETZKER YI (1974). "The theory and practice of translation." Мoscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenya, 216

TOURY G (1978). "The nature and role of norms in literary translation." Literature and translation. Leuven:ACCO, 83-100.

TUKEYEV U, KARIBAYEVA A, ABDUALI B (2019). "Neural machine translation system for the kazakh language based on synthetic corpora." In MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.

VENUTI LAWRENCE (1995) "The translator’s Invisibility." London and New-York: Routledge.

VERESHCHAGIN EM, KOSTOMAROV VR (2015). "Language and culture." Moscow, Indrik, 1038.

YERBULATOVA IK, KIRILLOVA ZN, SAHIN L (2019) “National and Cultural Realias of Translations into Tatar”, Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 7(6), 984-987.

YERBULATOVA IK, MUGTASIMOVA GR, KIRILLOVA ZN, SAHIN L (2017). “Culture-Specific Terms asVerbal Expressive Peculiar Features of National Cultures”, Astra Salvensis 2017,123-130.

YERGESH B, BEKMANOVA G, SHARIPBAY A (2019). "Sentiment analysis of Kazakh text and their polarity." In Web Intelligence, 17(1), 9-15, IOS Press.

ZHUSSUPOV NK, KANAPIANOV KN, KURMANOV ZK, BATKEEVA BT, BARATOVA MN, LATYPOVA ZH(2014). "Kazakh poetry of the XIX century: problem of its translation into other languages." Life Science Journal, 11.