Artículos
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Recepción: 06 Noviembre 2023
Aprobación: 27 Agosto 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.24.055
Resumen: The provision of care services can reduce gender labor gaps. As care-related economic activities are highly feminized, strengthening care services can increase women's share of total employment. Care services can also reduce the unpaid care burden and promote women's employment in other sectors, which could change sectoral gender segregation. We explore these relationships for Colombia through a regional urban analysis. We classify cities into three regions using their level of competitiveness as a broad measure of labor market dynamics. Using a fixed effects model, our results show that an increase in the importance of the care sector boosts women's labor force participation and sectoral segregation; however, we emphasize the importance of urban and regional contexts in determining the role of care provision on gender equality.
Palabras clave: Provisión de cuidados, segregación, empleo.
Resumen: La provisión de servicios de cuidado puede reducir las brechas laborales de género. Dado que las actividades económicas relacionadas con el cuidado están altamente feminizadas, fortalecer los servicios de cuidado puede aumentar la participación de las mujeres en el empleo total. Los servicios de cuidado también pueden reducir la carga del cuidado no remunerado y promover el empleo femenino en otros sectores, lo que podría cambiar la segregación sectorial por género. Exploramos estas relaciones para Colombia a través de un análisis regional urbano. Clasificamos las ciudades en tres regiones utilizando su nivel de competitividad como una medida amplia de la dinámica del mercado laboral. Utilizando un modelo de efectos fijos, nuestros resultados muestran que un aumento en la importancia del sector de cuidados impulsa la participación laboral femenina y la segregación sectorial; sin embargo, enfatizamos la importancia de los contextos urbanos y regionales en la determinación del papel de la provisión de cuidados en la igualdad de género.
Palabras clave: Provisión de cuidados, segregación, empleo.
Keywords: Care provision, segregation, employment
[Para la comprensión de este artículo es necesario consultar la versión en PDF por la inclusión de símbolos matemáticos en la explicación que no son reproducibles aquí.]
References
Almeida, E. R. F., Araújo, V., & Gonçalves, S. L. (2022). Urban wage premium for women: Evidence across the wage distribution. World Development, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106059
Antonopoulos, R., Kim, K., Masterson, T., & Zacharias, A. (2010). Investing in Care: A Strategy for Effective and Equitable Job Creation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1659726
Aristizábal, J. M., & García, G. A. (2021). Regional economic growth and convergence: The role of institutions and spillover effects in Colombia. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 13(4), 1146-1162.
Asai, Y. (2015). Parental leave reforms and the employment of new mothers: Quasi-experimental evidence from Japan. Labour Economics, 36, 72-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.007
Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), 709-745.
Barua, R. (2014). Intertemporal substitution in maternal labor supply: Evidence using state school entrance age laws. Labour Economics, 31, 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.002
Borrowman, M., & Klasen, S. (2020). Drivers of Gendered Sectoral and Occupational Segregation in Developing Countries. Feminist Economics, 26(2), 62-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1649708
Budig, M. J., & Misra, J. (2010). How care-work employment shapes earnings in cross-national perspective. International Labour Review, 149(4), 441-460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00097.x
Carta, F., & Rizzica, L. (2018). Early kindergarten, maternal labor supply and children's outcomes: Evidence from Italy. Journal of Public Economics, 158, 79-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.12.012
Cascio, E. U. (2009). Maternal Labor Supply and the Introduction of Kindergartens into American Public Schools. The Journal of Human Resources, 44(1), 140-170.
Cascio, E. U., Haider, S. J., & Nielsen, H. S. (2015). The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children: A collection of national studies. Labour Economics, 36, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002
Duque, J. C., García, G. A., Herrera-Idárraga, P., & López-Bazo, E. (2016). Heterogeneidad regional en las diferencias por género de las tasas de desempleo. (pp. 101-133). https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/10084
England, P., Budig, M., & Folbre, N. (2002). Wages of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work. Social Problems, 49(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455
Esquivel, V. (2010). Care workers in Argentina: At the crossroads of labour market institutions and care services. International Labour Review, 149(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00099.x
Farné, S. (2010). Encuestas de hogares para dummies: Cómo interpretar la transición de las encuestas continuas a la gran encuesta integrada (No. 008274). Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Fitzpatrick, M. D. (2010). Preschoolers Enrolled and Mothers at Work? The Effects of Universal Prekindergarten. Journal of Labor Economics, 28(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1086/648666
Fitzpatrick, M. D. (2012). Revising Our Thinking About the Relationship Between Maternal Labor Supply and Preschool. Journal of Human Resources, 47(3), 583-612.
Folbre, N. (2006). Demanding Quality: Worker/Consumer Coalitions and "High Road" Strategies in the Care Sector. Politics & Society, 34(1), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329205284754
Folbre, N. (2018). The Care Penalty and Gender Inequality. In Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, and Saul D. Hoffman (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, 748-66. Oxford University Press.
Fuchs, M., Rossen, A., Weyh, A., & Wydra‐Somaggio, G. (2021). Where do women earn more than men? Explaining regional differences in the gender pay gap. Journal of Regional Science, 61(5), 1065-1086.
Geyer, J., Haan, P., & Wrohlich, K. (2015). The effects of family policy on maternal labor supply: Combining evidence from a structural model and a quasi-experimental approach. Labour Economics, 36, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.001
Givord, P., & Marbot, C. (2015). Does the cost of child care affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies. Labour Economics, 36, 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.003
Glaeser, E. L., & Maré, D. C. (2001). Cities and Skills. Journal of Labor Economics, 19(2), 316-342. https://doi.org/10.1086/319563
Goux, D., & Maurin, E. (2010). Public school availability for two-year olds and mothers' labour supply. Labour Economics, 17(6), 951-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.012
Haeck, C., Lefebvre, P., & Merrigan, P. (2015). Canadian evidence on ten years of universal preschool policies: The good and the bad. Labour Economics, 36, 137-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.05.002
Havnes, T., & Mogstad, M. (2011). Money for nothing? Universal child care and maternal employment. Journal of Public Economics, 95(11-12), 1455-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.05.016
Herrera-Idárraga, P., & Hernández, H. M. (2022). Infraestructura social de cuidado en las ciudades de Colombia. Quanta - Cuidado y Género.https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Infraestructura_cuidado_ciudades.pdf
Ilkkaracan, I., Kim, K., & Kaya, T. (2015). The Impact of Public Investment in Social Care Services on Employment, Gender Equality, and Poverty: The Turkish Case. 73.
Ilkkaracan, I., Kim, K., Masterson, T., Memiş, E., & Zacharias, A. (2021). The impact of investing in social care on employment generation, time-, income-poverty by gender: A macro-micro policy simulation for Turkey. World Development, 144, 105476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105476
ILO. (2017). World Employment Social Outlook. 72.
ILO. (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_633135.pdf
Kreimer, M. (2004). Labour Market Segregation and the Gender-Based Division of Labour. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 11(2), 223-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506804042097
Lundin, D., Mörk, E., & Öckert, B. (2008). How far can reduced childcare prices push female labour supply? Labour Economics, 15(4), 647-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.04.005
Müller, K.-U., & Wrohlich, K. (2020). Does subsidized care for toddlers increase maternal labor supply? Evidence from a large-scale expansion of early childcare. Labour Economics, 62, 101776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101776
Nollenberger, N., & Rodríguez-Planas, N. (2015). Full-time universal childcare in a context of low maternal employment: Quasi-experimental evidence from Spain. Labour Economics, 36, 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.008
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2014). Unpaid care work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes. (Policy brief). OECD Development Centre.
Onaran, Ö., Oyvat, C., & Fotopoulou, E. (2022). A Macroeconomic Analysis of the Effects of Gender Inequality, Wages, and Public Social Infrastructure: The Case of the UK. Feminist Economics, 28(2), 152-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2044498
Oyvat, C., & Onaran, Ö. (2022). The effects of social infrastructure and gender equality on output and employment: The case of South Korea. World Development, 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105987
Peng, I. (2010). The expansion of social care and reform: Implications for care workers in the Republic of Korea.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00098.x
Quevedo Rocha, I. K., Herrera-Idárraga, P., & Hernández, H. M. (2021). Condiciones laborales de las y los trabajadores del cuidado en Colombia. Quanta - Cuidado y Género.https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Condiciones-laborales.pdf
Seguino, S., & Braunstein, E. (2019), The Costs of Exclusion: Gender Job Segregation, Structural Change and the Labour Share of Income. Development and Change, 50, 976-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12462
Tribin A., García-Rojas, K. Herrera-Idarraga, P., Morales, L.F & Ramirez-Bustamante, N. (2023) Shecession: The Downfall of Colombian Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Feminist Economics, 29(4), 158-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218
Información adicional
JEL Classification : R20; J16
Información adicional
redalyc-journal-id: 289
