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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v92.i6.20842</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Características y evolución del shock cardiogénico de acuerdo con el sexo en Latinoamérica. Datos del registro LATIN Shock</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Characteristics and Evolution of Cardiogenic Shock According to gender in Latin America. LATIN Shock Registry Data</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6388-1130</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castillo Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Yanina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4202-4898</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delfino</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1093-2779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macías</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Quintana</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Adamowski</surname>
						<given-names>Mariano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Caballero</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiola</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Navarta Navarro</surname>
						<given-names>Ma de los Ángeles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Velazco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mauro</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
					<on-behalf-of>en representación del Grupo LATIN Shock</on-behalf-of>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Bazterrica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Clínica Bazterrica</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Bazterrica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Clínica Bazterrica</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>yanu_c@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Santa Isabel, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Clínica Santa Isabel</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular Migone, Asunción, Paraguay</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Cardiovascular Migone</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Asunción</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PY">Paraguay</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital El cruce, Florencio Varela, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital El cruce</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Florencio Varela</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Pcia. de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Profesor Dr. Juan A Cattonni, Asunción, Paraguay</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Profesor Dr. Juan A Cattonni</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Asunción</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PY">Paraguay</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital descentralizado Dr. Guillermo Rawson, San Juan, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital descentralizado Dr. Guillermo Rawson</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">San Juan</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santojanni, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Santojanni</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Yanina Castillo Costa. Azcuénaga 980 <bold>Mail:</bold><email>yanu_c@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses (Ver formularios de conflicto de intereses de los autores en la web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>92</volume>
			<issue>6</issue>
			<fpage>413</fpage>
			<lpage>419</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p>El shock cardiogénico (SC) como complicación del infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) es una patología con alta mortalidad que por diferencias biológicas o de equidad podría tener distintas características de acuerdo con el sexo. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Evaluar si hay diferencias en la presentación, evolución clínica y tratamiento de acuerdo con el sexo en los pacientes con SC. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y Métodos:</title>
					<p>Se analizaron los pacientes del registro LATIN Shock y se evaluó si existían diferencias de acuerdo con el sexo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Se incluyeron 278 pacientes (30% mujeres), el 75% con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST (SCACEST). Las mujeres fueron más añosas y los hombres más frecuentemente tabaquistas. No hubo diferencias en la prevalencia de otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, antecedentes ni comorbilidades entre ambos sexos. Hombres y mujeres recibieron revascularización en forma similar (86%). No hubo diferencias en la indicación de cateterismo pulmonar (11% vs 20%, p = 0,082). Las mujeres recibieron menos soporte mecánico con balón de contrapulsación (14% vs 26%, p= 0,032). El empleo de otros soportes mecánicos fue escaso (1% de las mujeres y 3% de los hombres, p= 0,678). La mortalidad de las mujeres fue del 49% y la de los hombres 54%, sin diferencia significativa (p= 0,470). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p>Las mujeres con SC por IAM son más añosas que los hombres y reciben similar tratamiento, excepto soportes mecánicos, más utilizados en hombres. No encontramos diferencias significativas de acuerdo con el sexo en la mortalidad, que fue elevada en ambos grupos. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) as a complication of myocardial infarction is a condition with high mortality that, due to biological or equity differences, may have different characteristics according to gender.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the presentation, clinical evolution and treatment of patients with CS, according to gender. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>We analyzed the patients of the LATIN Shock registry and evaluated whether there were differences according to gender.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>A total of 278 patients (30% women) were included. Seventy-five percent of patients presented ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Women were older and men were heavier smokers, and there were no differences in the prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors, history, or comorbidities between genders. Revascularization was similar in men and women (86%) and there were no differences in the indication for pulmonary catheterization (11% vs. 20%, p= 0.082). Women received less mechanical support with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (14% vs. 26%, p= 0.032) while use of other mechanical support procedures was scarce, only in 1% of women and in 3% of men (p= 0.678). Mortality in women was 48% vs. 54% in men, not reaching statistical significance (p= 0.470).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>Women with CS due to infarction are older and receive similar treatment except for mechanical supports, which are more frequently used in men. In our study there were no significant differences in mortality according to gender, which was high in both groups.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Shock cardiogénico</kwd>
				<kwd>Infarto de miocardio</kwd>
				<kwd>Sexo</kwd>
				<kwd>Registro</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
				<kwd>Gender</kwd>
				<kwd>Registry</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="44"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La enfermedad cardiovascular es la principal causa de muerte tanto en hombres como en mujeres. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) En el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) se ha demostrado que el sexo femenino, habitualmente subrepresentado en los trabajos publicados, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) se asocia a mayor demora en la consulta, menores implementación de angioplastia primaria, mayor probabilidad de tener insuficiencia cardíaca y shock cardiogénico (SC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) y mayor mortalidad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) </p>
			<p>En el SC, patología con una mortalidad que oscila entre el 40 y el 60%, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) no está bien definido si existen diferencias en presentación, tratamiento recibido y evolución entre varones y mujeres. Esta “indefinición” toma particular relevancia en la actualidad, ya que hay evidencias de que el sexo biológico (considerando la diferente influencia hormonal) implica algunas diferencias en las respuestas fisiológicas y en la acción de determinados fármacos, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) y que influye en cuadros clínicos, por ejemplo la sepsis, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) por lo cual se postula que debería ser tenido especialmente en cuenta. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) Asimismo, la equidad en el acceso a la salud es un objetivo actual reconocido por múltiples sociedades científicas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>) Para conocer si hay equidad o si hay diferencias en la aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica en relación con el sexo, es fundamental el aporte de los registros multicéntricos regionales, en nuestro caso el LATIN Shock, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) ya que también se ha demostrado que hay diferencias en el acceso a la salud según se evalúen países de altos o bajos ingresos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
			<p>Hasta el momento hay poca bibliografía mundial acerca de la implicancia de la diferencia de sexo en las características, evolución y tratamiento del SC, y ninguna en Latinoamérica. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>OBJETIVOS</title>
			<p>1) Analizar si hay diferencias en la presentación clínica, el tratamiento recibido y la evolución clínica de acuerdo al sexo en pacientes con SC en el contexto de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). 2) Establecer si el sexo es un predictor independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p> El LATIN Shock es un registro multicéntrico, observacional, prospectivo y consecutivo de SCA complicados con SC. El Área de Investigación de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología brindó el apoyo informático y estadístico para la realización del estudio. </p>
			<p>Se definió SC por la presencia de tensión arterial sistólica (TAS) &lt; 90 mmHg por al menos 30 minutos o requerimiento de vasopresores y/o inotrópicos para mantener una TAS ≥ 90mmHg, asociado a signos de hipoperfusión y signos de congestión pulmonar. </p>
			<p>Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes mayores de 18 años, internados en unidad coronaria o cuidados críticos polivalentes por un SCA con (SCACEST) o sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) que hubieran presentado SC desde el ingreso o lo hubieran desarrollado durante la internación. </p>
			<p>Los datos fueron recolectados por los responsables de los diferentes centros en una ficha electrónica diseñada <italic>ad hoc</italic> con la plataforma RedCAP. Se analizaron los eventos de la fase intrahospitalaria.</p>
			<p>Mayores detalles de las características de los centros participantes pueden extraerse de la publicación del registro. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Consideraciones éticas</title>
				<p> El estudio se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con la normativa nacional e internacional vigente: Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial, las Guías de Buenas Prácticas Clínicas ICH E6, la Resolución 1480/11 del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación y la Ley 3301/09 del GCBA. El protocolo fue aprobado por el Comité de Bioética de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (SAC). No se requirió consentimiento informado ya que no se registraron datos sensibles y solo se hizo seguimiento intrahospitalario. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p> La información obtenida mediante RedCAP fue exportada en Excel y la base de datos fue analizada mediante <italic>Epi-info 7.</italic> Para cada una de las variables observadas, se construyó una tabla de frecuencias. Las variables continuas se expresaron como media y desviación estándar para aquellas con distribución normal y como mediana con rango intercuartílico 25% -75% (RIC) para las que no poseían dicha distribución. El análisis estadístico de las variables continuas se realizó mediante el test de t de Student o el Wilcoxon rank sum test, según correspondiera. Las variables discretas se expresaron como porcentajes y las comparaciones se realizaron empleando el test de chi cuadrado con corrección de Yates o el test exacto de Fisher según correspondiera. </p>
				<p>Se construyeron tablas de contingencia para analizar la asociación o independencia de las variables. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal y/o logística múltiple para determinar la existencia de asociaciones y/o predicciones independientes entre las distintas variables involucradas y la mortalidad. Todas las comparaciones estadísticas fueron a dos colas, y valores de p&lt;0,05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Participaron del Registro 41 centros de 7 países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Honduras, Paraguay y Perú) que incorporaron 278 pacientes durante el período comprendido entre octubre de 2021 y septiembre de 2023. El 70, 1% (n= 195) fueron hombres. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años (RIC 59-75). Las mujeres fueron más añosas: edad mediana 71 años (RIC 61-78) vs 64 años (RIC 58-73) en hombres, p&lt;0,001<bold>.</bold> La mayoría de los SC (75%) se debieron a SCACEST. El detalle de las causas de SC se muestra en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fig 1. Causas de SC</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Complic. Mec.: complicaciones mecánicas; IAM VD: infarto de ventrículo derecho; SC: shock cardiogénico; SCACEST: síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST; SCASEST: síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-413-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El SC estuvo presente desde el ingreso en el 60% de los casos (66% en mujeres y 57% en hombres, p= 0,181). En el resto de los casos de SC, el 81% lo desarrolló en el primer día de internación, el 13% en el segundo y un 6% en el tercero, sin diferencias de acuerdo con el sexo. </p>
			<p>Las características basales de acuerdo con el sexo se exponen en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basales de la población</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left">Total (n = 278)</th>
								<th align="left">Mujeres (n = 83)</th>
								<th align="left">Hombres (n = 195)</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad (años)</td>
								<td align="center">66 (59-75)</td>
								<td align="center">71 (61-78)</td>
								<td align="center">64 (58-73)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hipertensión Arterial</td>
								<td align="center">206 (74)</td>
								<td align="center">66 (80)</td>
								<td align="center">140 (72)</td>
								<td align="center">0,179</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">95 (34)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (34)</td>
								<td align="center">67 (34)</td>
								<td align="center">0,920</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tabaquismo</td>
								<td align="center">72 (26)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (16)</td>
								<td align="center">59 (30)</td>
								<td align="center">0,011</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diabetes tipo 2</td>
								<td align="center">117 (42)</td>
								<td align="center">35 (42)</td>
								<td align="center">82 (42)</td>
								<td align="center">0,494</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Obesidad</td>
								<td align="center">79 (29)</td>
								<td align="center">26 (31)</td>
								<td align="center">53 (27)</td>
								<td align="center">0,483</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">EPOC</td>
								<td align="center">19 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,165</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Anemia crónica</td>
								<td align="center">14 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (6)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">0,623</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IRC</td>
								<td align="center">17 (6)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,556</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM previo</td>
								<td align="center">44 (16)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (10)</td>
								<td align="center">36 (19)</td>
								<td align="center">0,065</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IC previa</td>
								<td align="center">20 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,483</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ACV previo</td>
								<td align="center">15 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (4)</td>
								<td align="center">0,781</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ACV: accidente cerebrovascular; EPOC: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; IAM: infarto agudo de miocardio; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; IRC: insuficiencia renal crónica</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Las variables cuantitativas se presentan como mediana y rango intercuartílico, las cualitativas como frecuencia y porcentaje</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El uso de vasoactivos fue del 97,8%, sin diferencias según el sexo en los tipos de fármacos utilizados, excepto la vasopresina, que se utilizó en el 7,2% de las mujeres y el 16% de los varones, p= 0,041. Se utilizóasistencia respiratoria mecánica en el 52 % de los casos en ambos sexos, catéter de Swan Ganz en el 17% (11% en mujeres y 20% en hombres, p= 0,073), balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico en el 22,2% (en mujeres 14% y en hombres 26%, p= 0,032) y oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) en el 1% de las mujeres y el 3% de los hombres, p=0,676). No se utilizaron otros soportes. </p>
			<p>Se revascularizó el vaso culpable en el 81% de la población global, sin diferencias de acuerdo con el sexo (80% de las mujeres y el 82% de los hombres, p= 0,768). </p>
			<p>La prevalencia de enfermedad multivaso fue del 71% (63% en las mujeres y 73% en los hombres, p= 0,113) y no hubo diferencias en la prevalencia de revascularización de otros vasos, que fue del 40% en las mujeres y del 31% en los varones (p= 0,408). </p>
			<p>La evolución intrahospitalaria por sexo se detalla en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Evolución intrahospitalaria de acuerdo con el sexo.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="left">Total (n = 278)</th>
								<th align="left">Mujeres (n = 83)</th>
								<th align="left">Hombres (n = 195)</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Revascularización (VC)</td>
								<td align="center">222 (81)</td>
								<td align="center">65 (80)</td>
								<td align="center">157 (82)</td>
								<td align="center">0,768</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Angina/reIAM</td>
								<td align="center">9 (3)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,331</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Arritmias</td>
								<td align="center">88 (32)</td>
								<td align="center">26 (31)</td>
								<td align="center">62 (32)</td>
								<td align="center">0,939</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FA</td>
								<td align="center">27(10)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">21 (11)</td>
								<td align="center">0,362</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TV/FV</td>
								<td align="center">39 (14)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (13,2)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (14,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,808</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Bloqueo AV</td>
								<td align="center">16 (6)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">0,211</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">MCP transitorio</td>
								<td align="center">15 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (2)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,151</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">CVE</td>
								<td align="center">36 (13)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (15)</td>
								<td align="center">0,143</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Fiebre</td>
								<td align="center">36 (13)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (13)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (13)</td>
								<td align="center">0,922</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diálisis</td>
								<td align="center">20 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,988</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Transfusión</td>
								<td align="center">21 (8)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,717</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Mortalidad</td>
								<td align="center">146 (53)</td>
								<td align="center">41(49)</td>
								<td align="center">105 (54)</td>
								<td align="center">0,470</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>AV: auriculoventricular; CVE: cardioversión eléctrica; FA: fibrilación auricular; MCP: marcapasos; reIAM: re infarto;TV/FV: taquicardia o fibrilación ventricular; VC: Vaso culpable.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Las variables cualitativas se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La mediana (RIC) de internación fue de 6 días (1-16). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue 52,7%, sin diferencias entre los SCA con o sin elevación del segmento ST ni de acuerdo con el sexo: mujeres 49% vs hombres 54%, p= 0,470).</p>
			<p>Para el análisis de predictores univariados de mortalidad se consideraron las variables expuestas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis univariado para mortalidad</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Muertos (n = 146)</th>
								<th align="center">Vivos (n = 132)</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad, años</td>
								<td align="center">68 (60-78)</td>
								<td align="center">65 (57-76)</td>
								<td align="center">0,010</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo femenino</td>
								<td align="center">41 (28)</td>
								<td align="center">42 (32)</td>
								<td align="center">0,470</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">113 (77)</td>
								<td align="center">93 (71)</td>
								<td align="center">0,223</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tabaquismo</td>
								<td align="center">35 (24)</td>
								<td align="center">36 (28)</td>
								<td align="center">0,504</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diabetes tipo 2</td>
								<td align="center">59 (40)</td>
								<td align="center">58 (44)</td>
								<td align="center">0,516</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Infarto previo</td>
								<td align="center">30 (20)</td>
								<td align="center">14 911)</td>
								<td align="center">0,025</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SCACEST</td>
								<td align="center">114 (78)</td>
								<td align="center">93 (71)</td>
								<td align="center">0,175</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Revascularización</td>
								<td align="center">111 (77)</td>
								<td align="center">111 (87)</td>
								<td align="center">0,041</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Swan Ganz</td>
								<td align="center">25 (17)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (17)</td>
								<td align="center">0,988</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Balón contrapulsación</td>
								<td align="center">37 (26)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (19)</td>
								<td align="center">0,170</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Múltiples vasos</td>
								<td align="center">106 (73)</td>
								<td align="center">91 (69)</td>
								<td align="center">0,551</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>HTA: hipertensión arterial; SCACEST: síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Las variables cuantitativas se presentan como mediana y rango intercuartílico, las cualitativas como frecuencia y porcentaje</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En un modelo de análisis multivariado que incluyó edad, sexo, diabetes, reperfusión, antecedente de infarto y uso de balón, solo la edad mantuvo su valor pronóstico (OR 1,025, IC 95% 1,002-1,048, p= 0,011)</p>
			<p>En los pacientes con SCACEST y sin complicaciones mecánicas al ingreso (n=208) no hubo diferencias en las características basales; la mediana (RIC) de tiempo a la consulta global fue de 300 minutos (120-780 ), en las mujeres 360 minutos (120-540) y en los varones 274 (120-870), p= 0,196. La localización del infarto fue anterior en el 68% de los casos, menos frecuente en las mujeres (55,9%) que en los hombres (72,5%) p= 0,012). Se realizó angioplastia coronaria (ATC) primaria en el 88,9% de las mujeres y el 82% de los hombres (p= 0,149<bold>)</bold> sin diferencias en el tiempo puerta-balón, que fue de 120 min (60-240) similar en ambos sexos. Hubo un 19,1% de ATC frustra en mujeres y 21,2% en hombres (p= 0,398). La mortalidad de las mujeres fue 54,2% y la de los hombres 55,4% (p= 0,437).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El LATIN Shock, primer estudio latinoamericano de shock cardiogénico en el contexto de los síndromes coronarios agudos nos permite conocer la realidad del manejo del SC en países con ingresos bajos-moderados y a la vez, con una cultura diferente a la europea/americana, que podría implicar diferencias de acuerdo con el sexo. </p>
			<p>Es conocido que la proporción de mujeres con SC por IAM es más elevada que la de hombres como lo muestran el registro Argentino ARGEN-IAM-ST (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) o el estudio francés FAST AMI, en que incluso casi la duplica. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>). Es probable que esto se deba, entre otras cosas, a que las mujeres tienen mayor expectativa de vida y llegan en general, más añosas al IAM con shock. En nuestro caso, las mujeres tuvieron una edad mediana 7 años mayor que los hombres.</p>
			<p>La prevalencia de mujeres en el contexto del SC en los distintos trabajos y registros publicados oscila entre el 21 y el 37% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>). En nuestro estudio fue 30%. Las mujeres fueron más añosas, y no presentaron más factores de riesgo ni comorbilidades que los hombres, como sí se ha observado en algunos trabajos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>) </p>
			<p>La revascularización es el pilar fundamental en el tratamiento del SC, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>), pero algunos estudios revelan considerables diferencias en ello de acuerdo con el sexo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>). Incluso surge del análisis de la base de datos <italic>National (nationwide) Inpatient Sample</italic> (NIS), con más de 134 000 pacientes mayores (≥75 años) con SC que las mujeres tenían menos probabilidades de recibir angiografía, angioplastia y soporte mecánico comparadas con los hombres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>). En nuestro trabajo no hubo diferencias significativas en la revascularización entre varones y mujeres, probablemente porque los centros participantes tenían en su mayoría disponibilidad de angioplastia y se han seguido las recomendaciones actuales de las guías, (29, 30) pero sí hubo diferencia en la indicación de soportes mecánicos, que fue significativamente menor en las mujeres siendo la indicación de balón de contrapulsación la mitad que en los varones. La ECMO se utilizó en menos del 4% de los casos lo que refleja la falta de disponibilidad y/o implementación dadas las condiciones socioeconómicas de Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, con los resultados del IABP SHOCK 2 trial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>), los del ECMO-CS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>) y del ECLS-SHOCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>) que no mostraron beneficios en la sobrevida no se propone su uso rutinario ni para varones ni para mujeres. El estudio DANGER SHOCK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>) en el que se utilizó Impella en forma aleatorizada, mostró menor mortalidad con el uso del dispositivo en la población incluida pero en el análisis de subgrupos, sólo los varones obtuvieron beneficio de su uso. En Latinoamérica no se utilizó Impella en ningún paciente, aunque cabe destacar que el registro se realizó con anterioridad a la publicación de dicho estudio. </p>
			<p>La mortalidad en nuestro trabajo fue elevada y no hubo diferencias por sexo al igual en otros trabajos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>) Sin embargo, es en este punto donde hay más controversia, ya que algunos trabajos recientes reportan mayor mortalidad en las mujeres. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>) </p>
			<p>Cabe remarcar que las mujeres tienen algunas características basales diferentes, y se encuentran habitualmente subrepresentadas en los estudios, pero no ha habido diferencias significativas en la evolución con respecto al sexo, ni con la revascularización (Shock trial), ni con el uso de balón de contrapulsación (IABP SHOCK 2) ni con indicar la revascularización solo del vaso responsable (CULPRIT SHOCK) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>). En el uso de otros soportes mecánicos tampoco hubo diferencias de acuerdo al sexo excepto en el DanGer Shock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>) en el que el beneficio del impella se limitó al grupo de varones. De todas maneras, no puede descartarse que eso se deba al bajo número de mujeres incluidas. Con los datos actuales, ambos sexos deberían continuar siendo tratados de igual manera. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>) </p>
			<p>La heterogeneidad de las poblaciones, el tratamiento recibido y la evolución hacen que sea imprescindible contar con datos epidemiológicos locales y regionales. Solo midiendo y tomando conciencia de nuestra propia situación es que se puede evaluar si se requiere implementar acciones de cambio. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>LIMITACIONES</title>
			<p>No se utilizó la clasificación SCAI. En el registro no se reportó el paro al ingreso y no hubo auditoría externa de los datos. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Las mujeres latinoamericanas que presentan shock cardiogénico en el contexto de los SCA son más añosas que los varones, son revascularizadas de manera similar y tienen una mortalidad igualmente elevada. Si bien el uso de soportes mecánicos fue menor en las mujeres, ello no ha impactado en la mortalidad como tampoco lo ha hecho en los resultados de los trabajos randomizados. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p> A los centros e investigadores que participaron del registro: Hospital El Cruce, Argentina: Dr Mariano Adamowski; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Peru: Dr. Maicol Cortez Sandoval; Hospital Luis Vernaza, Ecuador: Dr Freddy Pow Chon Long; Instituto Cabral de Corrientes, Argentina: Dra. Stella Macin; Hospital de especialidades Dr Teodoro Maldonado Carbo, Ecuador: Dr. Julio Burgos Acosta, Instituto nacional cardiovascular INCOR, Perú: Dr. Manuel Chacon; Sanatorio Guemes, Argentina: Dr Joaquin Perea, Hospital Cemesa, Honduras: Dr. Francisco Somoza; Hospital Univalle Norte, Bolivia: Dra Claudia Paz Soldan Patiño; Instituto Cardiovascular Migone, Paraguay: Dr Miguel Quintana; Clínica Pasteur, Argentina: Dr.Andrés Perelmuter; Instituto nacional de cardiología Prof. Dr. Juan Cattoni, Paraguay: Dra. Fabiola Rodríguez Caballero; Hospital Descentralizado Rawson, Argentina: Dra. María De Los Ángeles Navarta Navarro; Hospital Santojanni, Argentina: Dra. Gabriela Velasco; Clínica Santa Isabel, Argentina: Dra. Yanina Castillo Costa, Dr. Flavio Delfino; Sanatorio Anchorena San Martin, Argentina: Dr. Juan Souto; Hospital Español de Mendoza, Argentina: Dra. Valentina Rodríguez; Sanatorio Pasteur de Catamarca, Argentina: Dra. María Pía Marturano; Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón, Argentina: Dr. Diego Costa; Hospital de especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Ecuador: Dr. Diego Rengifo Escobar; Clínica Modelo Lanús, Argentina: Dr. Diego Novielli; Hospital de Clínicas, Argentina: Dra. Sandra Swieszkowski; Sanatorio Bernal, Argentina: Dr. Juan Kinaszuk; Clínica Bazterrica, Argentina: Dr. Víctor Mauro; Instituto cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Argentina:Dr Leonardo Seoane; Sanatorio Modelo de Quilmes, Argentina: Dr. Adrián Hrabar; Hospital Obrero 2, Bolivia: Dr. Rubén Coca Pozo, Hospital El Carmen, Argentina: Dr. José Di Milta; Sanatorio Americano, Argentina: Dr. Mario Ciafardoni; Sanatorio Adventista, Argentina: Dr. Ramiro Ayala; Hospital Obrero 1, Bolivia: Dra. Yhaquelina Quispe Villca; Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, Chile: Dr. Ricardo Ramírez, Clínica Privada Mayo, Argentina: Dr. Eduardo Quinteros; Fundación Favaloro, Argentina: Dr. Fabricio Procopio; Hospital Italiano Regional del Sur, Argentina: Dra. Verónica Heredia; Hospital Santa Isabel de Hungría, Argentina: Dra. María Victoria Haedo; Sanatorio Allende, Argentina: Dr. Nicolás Zaderenko; Sanatorio Anchorena, Argentina: Dr. Alessis Raffaeli; Sanatorio Finochieto, Argentina: Dr. Diego Crippa; Caja Nacional de Salud, Bolivia: Dr. Richard Urquieta Cayoja; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara, Perú: Dr. Ciro Barrantes</p>
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		<fn-group>
			<title>Financiamiento</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p> El presente trabajo no contó con financiamiento.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.v92.i6.20842</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Characteristics and Evolution of Cardiogenic Shock According to gender in Latin America. LATIN Shock Registry Data</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6388-1130</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castillo Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Yanina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4202-4898</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delfino</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1093-2779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macías</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Quintana</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Adamowski</surname>
						<given-names>Mariano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Caballero</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiola</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Navarta Navarro</surname>
						<given-names>Ma de los Ángeles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Velazco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mauro</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
					<on-behalf-of> on behalf of LATIN Shock Group</on-behalf-of>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Bazterrica, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Santa Isabel, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular Migone, Asunción, Paraguay</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Asunción</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Paraguay</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital El cruce, Florencio Varela, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Florencio Varela</city>
					<state>Buenos Aires</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Profesor Dr. Juan A Cattonni, Asunción, Paraguay</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Asunción</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Paraguay</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff13">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital descentralizado Dr. Guillermo Rawson, San Juan, Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San Juan</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff14">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santojanni, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country>Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence</label><bold>:</bold> Yanina Castillo Costa. Azcuenaga 980. E-mail: <email>yanu_c@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<p>Conflicts of interest None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p> Cardiogenic shock (CS) as a complication of myocardial infarction is a condition with high mortality that, due to biological or equity differences, may have different characteristics according to gender.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives: </title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the presentation, clinical evolution and treatment of patients with CS, according to gender. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>We analyzed the patients of the LATIN Shock registry and evaluated whether there were differences according to gender.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> A total of 278 patients (30% women) were included. Seventy-five percent of patients presented ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Women were older and men were heavier smokers, and there were no differences in the prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors, history, or comorbidities between genders. Revascularization was similar in men and women (86%) and there were no differences in the indication for pulmonary catheterization (11% vs. 20%, p= 0.082). Women received less mechanical support with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (14% vs. 26%, p= 0.032) while use of other mechanical support procedures was scarce, only in 1% of women and in 3% of men (p= 0.678). Mortality in women was 48% vs. 54% in men, not reaching statistical significance (p= 0.470).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions: </title>
					<p>Women with CS due to infarction are older and receive similar treatment except for mechanical supports, which are more frequently used in men. In our study there were no significant differences in mortality according to gender, which was high in both groups.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
				<kwd>Gender</kwd>
				<kwd>Registry.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) It has been shown that in myocardial infarction, female gender, usually underrepresented in published works, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) is associated with longer delays in consultation, lower rates of primary angioplasty, higher probability of developing heart failure and cardiogenic shock (CS), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) and higher mortality. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>). In CS, a condition with mortality ranging between 40-60%, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) differences in presentation, treatment received and evolution between men and women are not clearly defined. This &quot;indefinition&quot; is particularly relevant today, since there is evidence that biological gender (considering the different hormonal influence) implies some differences in physiological responses and in the action of certain drugs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) that influence clinical disorders [as in sepsis (13, 14)], and should therefore be taken into special account. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) Similarly, equity in access to health care is a current objective of many scientific societies. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>) To determine whether there is equity or differences in relation to gender, the contribution of regional multicenter registries, in our case the LATIN Shock registry, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) is essential, since it has also been shown that there are differences in access to health care depending on whether high or low-income countries are evaluated. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</p>
				<p>To date, there is scarce literature worldwide on the implications of gender differences in the characteristics, evolution and treatment of CS, and none in Latin America. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>OBJECTIVES</title>
				<p>1) To analyze whether there are differences in the clinical presentation, treatment received, and clinical evolution according to gender in patients with CS in the context of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and 2) To establish whether gender is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>LATIN Shock is a multicenter, observational, prospective and consecutive registry of ACS complicated with CS. The Research Area of the Argentine Society of Cardiology provided computer and statistical support for the study. </p>
				<p>Cardiogenic shock was defined as the presence of systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt;90 mmHg for at least 30 minutes or requirement of vasopressors and/or inotropic drugs to maintain SBP ≥90mmHg, associated with signs of hypoperfusion and signs of pulmonary congestion.</p>
				<p>The inclusion criteria were: patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized in a coronary care unit or multipurpose critical care unit for ST-segment elevation ACS (STE-ACS) or non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS), who presented CS since admission or developed it during hospitalization. </p>
				<p>Data were collected by the responsible investigators of the different centers in an electronic file designed ad hoc with the RedCAP platform. In-hospital events were analyzed.</p>
				<p>Further details on the characteristics of the participating centers can be found in LATIN Shock. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations</title>
					<p>The study was conducted in accordance with current national and international regulations: Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, the ICH E6 Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, Resolution 1480/11 of the National Ministry of Health and GCBA Law 3301/09. The protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Argentine Society of Cardiology (SAC). Informed consent was waived since no sensitive data were recorded and only in-hospital follow-up was performed. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The information obtained through RedCAP was exported in Excel and the database was analyzed using Epi-info 7<italic>.</italic> Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation for those with normal distribution and as median with interquartile range 25% -75% (IQR) for those non normal distribution. The statistical analysis of continuous variables was performed using Student's t test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate. Discrete variables were expressed as percentages and comparisons were performed using the chi-square test with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. </p>
					<p>Contingency tables were built to analyze variable association or independence. Linear and/or multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the existence of associations and/or independent predictions between the different variables involved and mortality. All statistical comparisons were two-tailed and values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Forty-one Latin American centers from seven counties (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Honduras, Paraguay and Perú) participated in the registry, recruiting 278 patients from October 2021 to September 2023. Seventy percent of patients were men (n=195) and overall median age was 66 years (IQR 59-75). Women were older [median age 71 years (IQR 61-78) vs. 64 years (IQR 58-73) in men, p&lt;0.001]. Most CS (75%) were due to STE-ACS. Details of the causes of CS are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Fig. 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Causes of CS </title>
							<p> CS: Cardiogenic shock; Mec Complic: mechanical complications; NSTE-ACS: non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; RV AMI: right ventricular acute myocardial infarction; STE-ACS: ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome </p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-413-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>CS was present from admission in 60% of cases (66% in women and 57% in men; p=0.181). In those admitted with another Killip, 81% developed CS on the first day of hospitalization, 13% on the second day and 6% on the third day, with no differences according to gender.</p>
				<p>Baseline characteristics according to gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics of the population</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Total (n=278)</th>
									<th align="center">Female (n=83)</th>
									<th align="center">Male (n=195)</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">66 (59-75)</td>
									<td align="center">71 (61-78)</td>
									<td align="center">64 (58-73)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Hypertension</td>
									<td align="center">206 (74)</td>
									<td align="center">66 (80)</td>
									<td align="center">140 (72)</td>
									<td align="center">0.179</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">95 (34)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (34)</td>
									<td align="center">67 (34)</td>
									<td align="center">0.920</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center">72 (26)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (16)</td>
									<td align="center">59 (30)</td>
									<td align="center">0.011</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type 2 diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">117 (42)</td>
									<td align="center">35 (42)</td>
									<td align="center">82 (42)</td>
									<td align="center">0.494</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Obesity</td>
									<td align="center">79 (29)</td>
									<td align="center">26 (31)</td>
									<td align="center">53 (27)</td>
									<td align="center">0.483</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">COPD</td>
									<td align="center">19 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.165</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Chronic anemia</td>
									<td align="center">14 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">0.623</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
									<td align="center">17 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.556</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
									<td align="center">44 (16)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">36 (19)</td>
									<td align="center">0.065</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous HF</td>
									<td align="center">20 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.483</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
									<td align="center">15 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.781</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: Heart failure.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Quantitative variables are presented as median and interquartile range, qualitative variables as frequency and percentage.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The use of vasoactive agents was 97.8%, with no differences by gender according to the type of drug used, except for vasopressin, which was used in 7.2% of women and 16% of men (p=0.041). Mechanical ventilation was used in 52.5% of cases in both genders, Swan Ganz catheter in 17% (11% in women and 20% in men, p=0.073), intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in 22.2% (14% in women and 26% in men, p=0.032) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in 1% of women and 3% of men, p=0.676). No other supports were used. </p>
				<p>The culprit vessel was revascularized in 81% of the overall population, with no differences according to sex (80% of women vs. 82% of men, p= 0.768).The prevalence of multivessel disease was 71% (63% in women and 73% in men, p=0.113) and there was no difference in the prevalence of revascularization of other vessels, (40% in women and 31% in men, p=0.408). </p>
				<p>In-hospital evolution by gender is detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>In-hospital evolution according to gender.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="center">Total (n=278)</th>
									<th align="center">Female (n=83)</th>
									<th align="center">Male (n=195)</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Revascularization (CV)</td>
									<td align="center">222 (81)</td>
									<td align="center">65 (80)</td>
									<td align="center">157 (82)</td>
									<td align="center">0.768</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Angina/ reAMI</td>
									<td align="center">9 (3)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.331</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
									<td align="center">88 (32)</td>
									<td align="center">26 (31)</td>
									<td align="center">62 (32)</td>
									<td align="center">0.939</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AF</td>
									<td align="center">27(10)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">21 (11)</td>
									<td align="center">0.362</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">VT/VF</td>
									<td align="center">39 (14)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (13,2)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (14,3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.808</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AV block</td>
									<td align="center">16 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">0.211</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Transient PM</td>
									<td align="center">15 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (2)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.151</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ECV</td>
									<td align="center">36 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (15)</td>
									<td align="center">0.143</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Fever</td>
									<td align="center">36 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">0.922</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Dialysis</td>
									<td align="center">20 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.988</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Transfusion</td>
									<td align="center">21 (8)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (8)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.717</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Mortality</td>
									<td align="center">146 (53)</td>
									<td align="center">41(49)</td>
									<td align="center">105 (54)</td>
									<td align="center">0.470</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: culprit vessel; ECV: electrical cardioversion; PM: pacemaker; reAMI: reinfarction; VT/VF: ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Qualitative variables are presented as frequency and percentage.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The median (IQR) hospital stay was 6 days (1-16). Overall in-hospital mortality was 52.7%, with no differences between ACS with or without ST-segment elevation or according to gender: women 49% vs. men 54%, p=0.470).</p>
				<p>The variables shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> were considered for the analysis of univariate predictors of mortality</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Univariate analysis for mortality</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Dead (n= 146)</th>
									<th align="center">Alive (n= 132)</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">68 (60-78)</td>
									<td align="center">65 (57-76)</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Female gender</td>
									<td align="center">41 (28)</td>
									<td align="center">42 (32)</td>
									<td align="center">0.470</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">113 (77)</td>
									<td align="center">93 (71)</td>
									<td align="center">0.223</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center">35 (24)</td>
									<td align="center">36 (28)</td>
									<td align="center">0.504</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type 2 diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">59 (40)</td>
									<td align="center">58 (44)</td>
									<td align="center">0.516</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
									<td align="center">30 (20)</td>
									<td align="center">14 911)</td>
									<td align="center">0.025</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">STE-ACS</td>
									<td align="center">114 (78)</td>
									<td align="center">93 (71)</td>
									<td align="center">0.175</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Revascularization</td>
									<td align="center">111 (77)</td>
									<td align="center">111 (87)</td>
									<td align="center">0.041</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Swan Ganz</td>
									<td align="center">25 (17)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (17)</td>
									<td align="center">0.988</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Balloon counterpulsation</td>
									<td align="center">37 (26)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (19)</td>
									<td align="center">0.170</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">MVD</td>
									<td align="center">106 (73)</td>
									<td align="center">91 (69)</td>
									<td align="center">0.551</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HTN: Hypertension; MVD: Multiple vessel disease; STE-ACS: ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>Quantitative variables are presented as median and interquartile range, qualitative variables as frequency and percentage.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the multivariate analysis model that included age, gender, diabetes, reperfusion and use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, only age maintained its prognostic value (odds ratio 1.025, 95% CI 1.002-1.048, p=0.011).</p>
				<p>In patients with STE-ACS without mechanical complications on admission (n=208) there were no differences in baseline characteristics; median (IQR) time to overall consultation was 300 min (120-780); 360 min (120-540) in women and 274 min (120-870) in men, p=0.196. AMI was anterior in 68% of cases (women: 55.9% vs. men: 72.5%, p=0.012) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 88.9% of women and 82% of men (p=0.149) and the door-to-balloon time was 120 min (60-240), without differences according to gender. There were 19.1% of failed PCI in women and 21.2% in men (p=0.398). Mortality in women was 54.2% and 55.4% in men (p=0.437).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>LATIN Shock, the first Latin American study of CS in the context of ACS, allows us to learn about the reality of CS management in low-moderate income countries and at the same time, with a culture different from the European/American one, which could entail disparities according to gender. </p>
				<p>It is well known that the proportion of women with CS due to infarction is higher than that of men, as shown by the Argentine ARGEN IAM ST registry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) or the French FAST AMI study, in which it is almost twice that of men. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) This is probably due, among other things, to the fact that women have a longer life expectancy and, in general, are older at the time of infarction with shock. In our case, women had a median age 7 years older than men.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of women with CS in the different published studies and registries ranges from 21% to 37%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>) In our study it was 30%. Women were older and did not present more risk factors or comorbidities than men, as has been observed in some studies. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</p>
				<p>Revascularization is the mainstay in the treatment of CS, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>) but some studies reveal considerable differences according to gender. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>) It even emerges from the analysis of the National (nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, with more than 134 000 elderly patients ( ≥75 years) with CS, that women were less likely to receive angiography, angioplasty and mechanical support compared with men. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) In our study there were no significant differences in revascularization between men and women, probably because most of the participating centers had available angioplasty and current guideline recommendations were followed, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>) but there was a difference in the indication of mechanical support, which was significantly lower in women, with the indication for balloon counterpulsation being half that of men. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in less than 4% of cases, which reflects the lack of availability and/or implementation given the socioeconomic conditions in Latin America. However, with the results of the IABP-SHOCK II trial, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>) those of ECMO-CS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>) and of ECLS-SHOCK, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>) which did not show benefits in survival, its routine use is not proposed for either men or women. The DanGer Shock study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>) in which Impella was used on a randomized basis, showed lower mortality with the use of the device in the included population, but in the subgroup analysis, only men benefited from its use. In Latin America, Impella was not used in any patient, although it should be noted that the registry was carried out prior to the publication of that study. </p>
				<p>Mortality in our environment was high and there were no differences by gender as in other studies; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>) however, it is on this point where there is more controversy, since some recent studies report higher mortality in women. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40 </xref>) </p>
				<p>It should be noted that women may have some different baseline characteristics and that they are usually underrepresented in studies, but there have been no significant outcome differences with respect to gender, neither with revascularization (SHOCK trial), nor with the use of balloon counterpulsation (IABP-SHOCK II), or with revascularization of only the culprit vessel (CULPRIT-SHOCK). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>) There were also no differences according to gender in the use of other mechanical supports, except in the DanGer Shock study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>) in which the benefit of Impella was limited to the male group. In any case, it cannot be ruled out that this is due to the low number of women included. With the current data, both genders should continue to be treated equally. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>)</p>
				<p>The heterogeneity of populations, treatment received and evolution makes it essential to have local and regional epidemiological data. Only by measuring and becoming aware of our own situation it is possible to evaluate whether it is necessary to implement change actions. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>LIMITATIONS</title>
				<p>The SCAI classification was not used, the registry did not report cardiac arrest at admission and there was no external audit of the data<bold>.</bold></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Latin American women who present with CS in the context of ACS are older than men, are revascularized in a similar manner, and have an equally high mortality. Although the use of mechanical supports was lower in women, this has not had an impact on mortality, nor has it had an impact on the results of randomized studies. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title>
				<p>To the centers and researchers who participated in the registry: Hospital El Cruce, Argentina: Dr Mariano Adamowski; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Peru: Dr Maicol Cortez Sandoval; Hospital Luis Vernaza, Ecuador: Dr Freddy Pow Chon Long; Instituto Cabral de Corrientes, Argentina: Dr Stella Macin; Hospital de especialidades Dr Teodoro Maldonado Carbo, Ecuador: Dr Julio Burgos Acosta, Instituto nacional cardiovascular INCOR, Peru: Dr Manuel Chacon; Sanatorio Güemes, Argentina: Dr Joaquin Perea, Hospital Cemesa, Honduras: Dr Francisco Somoza; Hospital Univalle Norte, Bolivia: Dr Claudia Paz Soldan Patiño; Instituto Cardiovascular Migone, Paraguay: Dr Miguel Quintana; Clinica Pasteur, Argentina: DrAndres Perelmuter; Instituto nacional de cardiologia Prof Dr Juan Cattoni, Paraguay: Dra Fabiola Rodriguez Caballero; Hospital Descentralizado Rawson, Argentina: Dra Maria De Los Angeles Navarta Navarro; Hospital Santojanni, Argentina: Dra Gabriela Velasco; Clinica Santa Isabel, Argentina: Dra Yanina Castillo Costa, Dr Flavio Delfino; Sanatorio Anchorena San Martin, Argentina: Dr. Juan Souto; Hospital Español de Mendoza, Argentina: Dr Valentina Rodriguez; Sanatorio Pasteur de Catamarca, Argentina: Dr Maria Pia Marturano; Sanatorio Sagrado Corazón, Argentina: Dr Diego Costa; Hospital de especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Ecuador: Dr Diego Rengifo Escobar; Clinica Modelo Lanus, Argentina: Dr Diego Novielli; Hospital de Clinicas, Argentina: Dr Sandra Swieszkowski; Sanatorio Bernal, Argentina: Dr Juan Kinaszuk; Clinica Bazterrica, Argentina: Dr Victor Mauro; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Argentina::Dr Leonardo Seoane; Sanatorio Modelo de Quilmes, Argentina: Dr Adrian Hrabar; Hospital Obrero 2, Bolivia: Dr Ruben Coca Pozo, Hospital El Carmen, Argentina: Dr Jose Di Milta; Sanatorio Americano, Argentina: Dr Mario Ciafardoni; Sanatorio Adventista, Argentina: Dr Ramiro Ayala; Hospital Obrero 1, Bolivia: Dr Yhaquelina Quispe Villca; Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, Chile: Dr Ricardo Ramirez, Clinica Privada Mayo, Argentina: Dr Eduardo Quinteros; Fundación Favaloro, Argentina: Dr Fabricio Procopio; Hospital Italiano Regional del Sur, Argentina: Dr Veronica Heredia; Hospital Santa Isabel de Hungría, Argentina: Dr Maria Victoria Haedo; Sanatorio Allende, Argentina: Dr Nicolas Zaderenko; Sanatorio Anchorena, Argentina: Dr Alessis Raffaeli; Sanatorio Finochieto, Argentina: Dr Diego Crippa; Caja Nacional de Salud, Bolivia: Dr Richard Urquieta Cayoja; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara, Peru: Dr Ciro Barrantes</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>