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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00004</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v92.i6.20838</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Amiloidosis cardíaca por transtiretina. Desarrollo de un modelo de predicción y escala de puntuación para el diagnóstico: <italic>score</italic> deteCTTAR</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. Development of a Prediction Model and Scoring Scale for Diagnosis: the <italic>deteCCTAR</italic> Score</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4900-4160</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gobbo</surname>
						<given-names>Magali Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9000-8916</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meretta</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7276-536X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvelli</surname>
						<given-names>María V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-5760-9227</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Elissamburu</surname>
						<given-names>Pablo F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-5624-160X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Spaccavento</surname>
						<given-names>Ana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1725-5168</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Corneli</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6388-6767</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rosa</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0073-5739</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costabel</surname>
						<given-names>Juan P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6150-5761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Baliño</surname>
						<given-names>Néstor A. Pérez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-0991</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Masoli</surname>
						<given-names>Osvaldo H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Imágenes Cardiovasculares, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Imágenes Cardiovasculares</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA)</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Imágenes Cardiovasculares, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Imágenes Cardiovasculares</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA)</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>magaligobbo28@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Magali Gobbo. Correo electrónico: <email>magaligobbo28@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Conflictos de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses (Ver formularios de conflicto de intereses de los autores en la web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>92</volume>
			<issue>6</issue>
			<fpage>420</fpage>
			<lpage>428</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p>Con el objetivo de establecer el diagnóstico de amiloidosis cardíaca por</p>
					<p>transtiretina (AC-TTR) en etapas precoces, en los últimos años, se lograron identificar ciertas señales de alerta o ¨banderas rojas¨ para orientar la sospecha. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, contamos con escasa evidencia acerca de la sensibilidad y especificidad diagnóstica de cada bandera roja o de si existe alguna combinación de variables que pueda predecir en forma confiable la presencia de AC-TTR. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>Desarrollar un modelo de predicción basado en variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas y/o ecocardiográficas que permita establecer una escala de puntuación para guiar el diagnóstico de la AC-TTR.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p>Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 342 pacientes con centellograma cardíaco (CC) por sospecha de AC-TTR: 171 pacientes con diagnóstico</p>
					<p>positivo fueron comparados con igual número de pacientes con diagnóstico negativo. Se analizaron datos clínicos, electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos, los cuales fueron incluidos en modelos de regresión logística uni y multivariados. Se construyó una escala de puntuación de 0-8 y se generó una curva de característica operativa del receptor (ROC). Posteriormente, se calculó el área bajo la curva (AUC) con su IC del 95%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> En modelos de regresión logística uni y multivariados, se identificaron como predictores de AC-TTR: el septum interventricular (SIV) ≥16mm (OR 3,6, IC 95% 1,8-7,1), sexo masculino (OR 7,9, IC 95% 3,6-17,1),, disfunción diastólica grado II y III con patrón de relajación seudonormal o restrictivo (OR 12,7, IC 95% 6,1-26,3) y el antecedente de túnel carpiano bilateral, TCB (OR 24,4, IC 95% 6,0-97,8). </p>
					<p>En función de los OR obtenidos se creó la escala de puntuación que mostró un AUC 0,88 (IC 95% 0,84-0,91; p&lt; 0,001) y se identificó el valor ≥3, con alta sensibilidad y especificidad para predecir AC-TTR (AUC 0,82, IC 95% 0,77-0,87).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión: </title>
					<p>El modelo de predicción obtenido permitió desarrollar una escala de puntuación que demostró una alta sensibilidad y especificidad para orientar fuertemente el diagnóstico de AC-TTR.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>To verify the diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) in its early stages, certain warning signs or &quot;red flags&quot; have been lately identified to guide suspicion. However, to date, there is little evidence regarding the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each red flag or whether there is any combination of variables that can reliably predict the presence of ATTR-CA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model based on clinical, electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic variables to establish a scoring scale to guide the diagnosis of ATTR-CA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>The medical records of 342 patients with cardiac scintigraphy (CS) for suspected ATTR-CA were analyzed: 171 patients with a positive diagnosis were compared with the same number of patients with a negative diagnosis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were analyzed and included in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. A 0-8 scoring scale was built and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. The area under the curve (AUC) with its 95% CI was then calculated.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>The following variables were identified as predictors of ATTR-CA in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models: interventricular septum (IVS) ≥16 mm (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.87-7.1), male gender (OR 7.91, 95% CI 3.7-17.1), grade II or III diastolic dysfunction with pseudonormal or restrictive relaxation pattern (OR 12.7, 95% CI 6.1-26.3), and history of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) (OR 24.4, 95% CI 6.1-97.9). </p>
					<p>Based on the OR obtained, a scoring scale was created showing an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91, p&lt;0.001), and a value ≥3, with high sensitivity and specificity, was identified to predict ATTR-CA (AUC 0.82 95% CI 0.77-0.87).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>The prediction model allowed the development of a scoring scale that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity to strongly guide the diagnosis of ATTR-CA. </p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Prealbúmina</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatía Restrictiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiencia Cardíaca Diastólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
				<kwd>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="29"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>La amiloidosis cardíaca por transtiretina (AC-TTR) es una miocardiopatía infiltrativa, que se origina por el depósito extracelular de amiloide, como consecuencia de la disgregación y/o mal plegamiento de la transtiretina. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) </p>
			<p>Si bien su prevalencia continúa siendo incierta, en ciertos escenarios clínicos tales como la miocardiopatía hipertrófica (MCH), la estenosis aórtica grave (EAo) o la insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) preservada (IC-FEp) suele ser más frecuente, con cifras entre el 13% y el 17%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) </p>
			<p>En los últimos años, el surgimiento del centellograma cardíaco (CC) con fosfonatos como método diagnóstico no invasivo, junto con la aparición de nuevos fármacos para una terapia específica, llevaron a un creciente interés en esta patología, lo que generó un incremento notable en el diagnóstico. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) </p>
			<p>Un gran avance en este sentido fue la determinación de ciertas variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas e imagenológicas como señales de alerta o ¨banderas rojas¨ para orientar la sospecha e intentar identificar a los pacientes en etapas más precoces de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, contamos con escasa evidencia acerca de la sensibilidad y especificidad diagnóstica de cada bandera roja, o de si existe alguna combinación de variables que pueda predecir en forma confiable la presencia de AC-TTR. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
			<p>Es sabido que la AC-TTR es una enfermedad lenta y progresiva, con un largo período asintomático o subclínico. Es justamente en estas etapas donde el diagnóstico precoz puede ser crucial para mejorar la evolución clínica y el pronóstico de quienes la padecen. Las imágenes de CC con fosfonatos son altamente sensibles y específicas para el diagnóstico, cuando se realizan en el contexto clínico adecuado. Sin embargo, la delimitación de cuándo es apropiado realizarlo y cuando no, sigue siendo un desafío.</p>
			<p>Realizamos este estudio con el objetivo de desarrollar un modelo de predicción y posteriormente una escala de puntuación, basado en variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas, para orientar el diagnóstico precoz de AC-TTR.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Material y métodos </title>
			<p>El diseño del estudio fue unicéntrico y retrospectivo. Se analizaron las historias clínicas electrónicas de 342 pacientes remitidos a nuestro servicio entre enero de 2016 y abril de 2024, para la realización de CC con Tc99m- hidroximetilen- difosfonato (HMDP) por sospecha de AC-TTR. Los CC con HMDP fueron realizados acorde a las guías vigentes. Las imágenes obtenidas fueron analizadas en forma cualitativa según la escala de Perugini. Se consideró diagnóstico positivo de AC-TTR a la presencia de captación cardíaca con HMDP grado 2 o 3 (en ausencia de cadenas livianas en suero y orina). Se consideró diagnóstico negativo para AC-TTR, la captación cardíaca grado 0. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) Fueron excluidos del análisis aquellos pacientes sin consultas y/o estudios previos en nuestra institución.</p>
			<p>Un total de 171 pacientes con diagnóstico positivo de AC-TTR, fueron comparados con igual número de pacientes con diagnóstico negativo, seleccionados al azar de un total de 564 CC con HMDP con captación grado 0 de nuestra base de datos. Las poblaciones no fueron emparejadas por sexo ni por edad, ya que ambas variables demostraron ser predictoras en otras escalas de puntuación previamente publicadas.</p>
			<p>Se analizaron en ambos grupos datos clínicos, electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos. Todas las banderas rojas fueron incluidas, a excepción de proteinuria, <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global y realce tardío con gadolinio, que fueron excluidas del análisis por alta pérdida de datos.</p>
			<p>  </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Definición de variables</title>
				<p>Se definió al patrón de relajación del ventrículo izquierdo de acuerdo con los siguientes parámetros ecocardiográficos: (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) </p>
				<p>-disfunción diastólica grado I: relación E/A≤ 0,8 + Onda E ≤ 50 cm/s, y la ausencia de 2 o 3 de los siguientes parámetros: (a) relación E/e’ &gt; 14, (b) velocidad del jet de insuficiencia tricuspídea (IT) &gt; 2,8 m/s, y (c) volumen de la aurícula izquierda (AI) indexado &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; </p>
				<p>-disfunción diastólica grado II: relación E/A≤ 0,8 + Onda E &gt; 50 cm/s, o relación E/A &gt; 0,8 y &lt; 2, y la presencia de 2 o 3 de los parámetros (a), (b) y (c) citados en el apartado anterior;</p>
				<p>- disfunción diastólica grado III: relación E/A ≥ 2</p>
				<p>- disfunción diastólica indeterminada cuando no cumple con los criterios antes mencionados. </p>
				<p>Se definió hipertrofia del septum interventricular (SIV) al espesor del tabique interventricular medido en diástole ≥ 12mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>), y túnel carpiano bilateral (TCB) a los antecedentes quirúrgicos o a la presencia de síntomas actuales compatibles con dicho síndrome. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) </p>
				<p>El patrón de seudoinfarto se definió como la presencia de complejos QS en las derivaciones V1-V2, en ausencia de antecedente de infarto de miocardio, y microvoltaje a la presencia de complejos QRS &lt; 5mV en derivaciones frontales o &lt; 10mV en las precordiales.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico </title>
				<p>Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como mediana con su correspondiente rango intercuartílico (RIC) y fueron comparadas con prueba de Mann-Whitney. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron como porcentaje y fueron comparadas mediante test de chi cuadrado múltiple.</p>
				<p>Todos los datos recopilados, fueron incluidos en modelos de regresión logística univariados. Aquellos que mostraron significación estadística, fueron posteriormente incluidos en modelos de regresión logística multivariados para evaluar su valor predictivo en el diagnóstico de AC-TTR.</p>
				<p>Las variables identificadas como predictoras en los modelos, se utilizaron para construir una escala de predicción con una puntuación de 0-8. Según los OR obtenidos, se asignó 1 punto para los OR entre 1 y &lt;7; 2 puntos para los OR comprendidos entre 7 y 21, y 3 puntos para los OR &gt;21.</p>
				<p>La calibración de la muestra fue evaluada por la prueba estadística de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Para determinar la capacidad predictiva de la escala, se generó una curva de característica operativa del receptor (ROC) y como medida de discriminación se calculó el área bajo la curva (AUC) con su IC del 95%.</p>
				<p>Se estableció el nivel de significación estadística como p &lt;0,05. </p>
				<p>El software utilizado fue SPSS Statistics versión 26.</p>
				<p>  </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Consideraciones éticas </title>
				<p>El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Investigación de nuestra institución y por un Comité de Ética independiente.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref> se resumen las características basales de ambos grupos con las variables incluidas en el análisis univariado. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basales de ambos grupos y variables analizadas en el modelo univariado.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">AC-TTR (n=171)</th>
								<th align="center">no AC-TTR (n=171)</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4">Variables Clínicas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad (años)</td>
								<td align="center">82 (76-86)</td>
								<td align="center">82 (75-87)</td>
								<td align="center">0,820</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
								<td align="center">155 (90%)</td>
								<td align="center">95 (55%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hipertensión arterial</td>
								<td align="center">133 (78%)</td>
								<td align="center">138 (80%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,505</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center">29 (17%)</td>
								<td align="center">47 (27%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">104 (60%)</td>
								<td align="center">110 (64%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,502</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tabaquismo</td>
								<td align="center">72 (42%)</td>
								<td align="center">92 (53%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,031</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Antecedentes coronarios</td>
								<td align="center">36 (21%)</td>
								<td align="center">71 (42%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Canal medular estrecho</td>
								<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,054</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Fibrilación auricular</td>
								<td align="center">89 (52%)</td>
								<td align="center">101 (59%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,191</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ruptura del bíceps*</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TCB*</td>
								<td align="center">43 (25%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (2%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IC FEVI ≥ 50%*</td>
								<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
								<td align="center">102 (59%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IC FEVI &lt;50%*</td>
								<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
								<td align="center">39 (23%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,068</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hipotensión - normotensión* +</td>
								<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,410</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Disfunción autonómica*</td>
								<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Polineuropatía periférica*</td>
								<td align="center">9 (5%)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Implante de MCP*</td>
								<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
								<td align="center">53 (31%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,283</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Antecedente familiar *</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hematomas en piel*</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4">Variables electrocardiográficas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Microvoltaje *</td>
								<td align="center">26 (15%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (16%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,766</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de seudoinfarto*</td>
								<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
								<td align="center">48 (28%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,478</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BAV*</td>
								<td align="center">42 (25%)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,005</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BCRI</td>
								<td align="center">47 (27%)</td>
								<td align="center">48 (28%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,903</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BCRD</td>
								<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
								<td align="center">20 (12%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,741</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4">Variables ecocardiográficas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SIV &lt;12mm</td>
								<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
								<td align="center">57 (33%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SIV ≥12 y &lt;16mm</td>
								<td align="center">67 (39%)</td>
								<td align="center">86 (50%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,038</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SIV ≥16mm</td>
								<td align="center">100 (58%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (16%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
								<td align="center">16,6 (16,1-17,2)</td>
								<td align="center">13,3 (12,6-14,07)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">AI dilatación leve (35 a 41 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">61 (36%)</td>
								<td align="center">45 (26%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,061</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">AI dilatación moderada (42 a 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">55 (32%)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,189</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">AI dilatación severa (&gt;48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">27 (16%)</td>
								<td align="center">69 (40%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Relación E/e´≥ 15</td>
								<td align="center">77 (45%)</td>
								<td align="center">61 (36%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,077</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI &gt;50%</td>
								<td align="center">90 (53%)</td>
								<td align="center">107 (63%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,062</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">EAo grave*</td>
								<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación normal</td>
								<td align="center">16 (9%)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (22%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de disfunción diastólica grado I</td>
								<td align="center">41 (24%)</td>
								<td align="center">68 (39%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de disfunción diastólica grado II (seudonormal)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (22%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de disfunción diastólica grado III (restrictivo)</td>
								<td align="center">58 (34%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (&lt;1%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación indeterminado</td>
								<td align="center">18 (11%)</td>
								<td align="center">62 (36%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">0 banderas rojas</td>
								<td align="center">13 (8%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,260</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">1 bandera roja</td>
								<td align="center">63 (37%)</td>
								<td align="center">75 (44%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,185</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">2 banderas rojas</td>
								<td align="center">66 (39%)</td>
								<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,173</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">3 banderas rojas</td>
								<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
								<td align="center">26 (15%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,533</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">4 banderas rojas</td>
								<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
								<td align="center">0,054</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">5 banderas rojas</td>
								<td align="center">1 (&lt;1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>AC-TTR: amiloidosis cardíaca por transtiretina; AI: aurícula izquierda; BAV: Bloqueo aurículo-ventricular; BCRD: bloqueo completo de rama derecha; BCRI: bloqueo completo de rama izquierda; EAo: estenosis aórtica; FEVI: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; MCP: marcapasos; SIV:septum interventricular; TCB: túnel carpiano bilateral</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*se señalan las banderas rojas. </p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>+ en pacientes previamente hipertensos o que ya no requieren medicación antihipertensiva. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el grupo AC-TTR fueron significativamente más prevalentes el sexo masculino, la incidencia de TCB, la polineuropatía periférica, el bloqueo aurículo-ventricular y el patrón de disfunción diastólica grado II o III. En el grupo sin AC-TTR fueron más significativamente más prevalentes la diabetes, el tabaquismo, los antecedentes coronarios, la IC con FEVI ≥50%, la dilatación marcada de la AI, y la EAO grave. </p>
			<p>También se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el espesor del SIV: la mayoría de los pacientes sin AC-TTR tenían un espesor &lt; 12mm o entre 12 y 16mm, con una mediana de 13,3 mm (RIC 12,6-14,07), mientras que en el grupo con AC-TTR la mayoría mostró un espesor del SIV ≥16mm, con una mediana de 16,6 mm (RIC 16,1-17,2). </p>
			<p>En nuestro análisis, el microvoltaje y el patrón de seudoinfarto (variables predictoras de AC-TTR en otros modelos) no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. </p>
			<p>No tuvimos pacientes con captación cardíaca grado 1, ni pacientes con captación grado 0 y cadenas livianas en suero y orina positivas.</p>
			<p>Dentro del grupo con AC-TTR positiva, 13 pacientes (8%) tenían un espesor del SIV≥ 12mm sin ninguna bandera roja. Otros 3 pacientes (2%) si bien tenían banderas rojas, no presentaban espesor del SIV aumentado y, además, un paciente no presentaba ninguna de las dos condiciones. </p>
			<p>Cuatro pacientes presentaron prueba genética positiva (AC-TTR hereditaria), siendo la mutación más frecuente la Val50Met y sólo uno de ellos presentó la variante Val142Ile.</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> se detallan las variables con significancia estadística en el análisis univariado. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref> se muestran las variables que se identificaron como predictores de AC-TTR en el análisis multivariado y el puntaje asignado a cada una de ellas, para la confección de nuestra escala de predicción (<italic>score</italic> deteCTTAR). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis multivariado de las variables con significación estadística</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">VARIABLE</th>
								<th align="center">OR</th>
								<th align="center">IC</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
								<td align="center">7,9</td>
								<td align="center">(3,6-17,1)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TCB</td>
								<td align="center">24,4</td>
								<td align="center">(6,0-97,8)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI &gt;50%</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
								<td align="center">(0,4-4,2)</td>
								<td align="center">0,682</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BAV</td>
								<td align="center">0,6</td>
								<td align="center">(0,1-3,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,632</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">SIV≥16mm</td>
								<td align="center">3,6</td>
								<td align="center">(1,8-7,1)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">AI dilatación severa</td>
								<td align="center">0,1</td>
								<td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
								<td align="center">0,042</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">EAo grave</td>
								<td align="center">0,1</td>
								<td align="center">(0,1-0,4)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación normal</td>
								<td align="center">0,3</td>
								<td align="center">(0,1-0,8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación prolongado</td>
								<td align="center">2,6</td>
								<td align="center">(0,9-7,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,076</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación pseudonormal</td>
								<td align="center">4,1</td>
								<td align="center">(1,2- 12,9)</td>
								<td align="center">0,017</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación restrictivo</td>
								<td align="center">10,3</td>
								<td align="center">(7,2-23,4)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Patrón de relajación indeterminado</td>
								<td align="center">0,2</td>
								<td align="center">(0,1-1,22)</td>
								<td align="center">0,083</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>AI: aurícula izquierda; BAV: Bloqueo aurículo-ventricular; EAo: estenosis aórtica; FEVI: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; SIV:septum interventricular; TCB: túnel carpiano bilateral</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables identificadas como predictores en el score deteCTTAR </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gt3.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>SIV: septum interventricular; TCB: túnel carpiano bilateral</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el análisis de la curva ROC la escala mostró un AUC 0,88 (IC 95% 0,84-0,91, p&lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>A). Se identificó el valor ≥3 como el de mejor combinación de sensibilidad y especificidad para predecir AC-TTR, con un AUC 0,82 (IC 95% 0,77-0,87) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>B y C), con OR 22,9 (IC 95% 12,3- 42,5 p&lt;0,001) para padecer la enfermedad. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fig. 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) Curva ROC del modelo de predicción; (B) Sensibilidad, especificidad y AUC según cada puntaje; (C) Curva ROC del valor ≥3 en la escala de puntuación. AUC: área bajo la curva</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en la cantidad de banderas rojas presentes entre los grupos, ni que un mayor número de ellas conlleve un mayor riesgo de padecer AC-TTR.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>En nuestro trabajo, el sexo masculino, el espesor del SIV ≥ 16 mm, la disfunción diastólica grado II o III (también conocidos como patrón de relajación seudonormal o restrictivo) y el TCB, fueron predictores de AC-TTR. </p>
			<p>La falta de diferencias en la cantidad de banderas rojas entre los pacientes con y sin la patología confirma la baja especificidad que presentan estas condiciones para arribar al diagnóstico.</p>
			<p>En los últimos años, fueron publicadas dos escalas de puntuación para el diagnóstico precoz de AC-TTR. Una de ellas (ATTR- CM <italic>score</italic>) realizó la búsqueda de AC-TTR entre pacientes con hipertrofia del SIV e IC con FEVI ≥ 40%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) </p>
			<p>Sin embargo, según nuestros resultados, del total de los pacientes con diagnóstico positivo de AC-TTR, sólo 44 pacientes (26%) presentaban IC- FEp, 73 pacientes (42%) no mostraban signos/síntomas de IC, mientras que 54 (32%) tenían FEVI disminuida. </p>
			<p>Si bien es sabido que la AC- TTR es una patología relacionada históricamente con la IC-FEp, cabe recordar que la evolución natural de la enfermedad sin tratamiento específico, lleva al deterioro progresivo de la histoarquitectura y función miocárdica. Inicialmente, el depósito aislado de fibrillas de amiloide afecta la función diastólica, pero posteriormente, con la acumulación excesiva se afecta el acople de las unidades sarcoméricas y ello afecta la función sistólica. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>) </p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, en nuestro trabajo el hallazgo de pacientes con FEVI disminuida, podría ser consecuencia de la evolución natural de la enfermedad (y por ende, un diagnóstico realizado en forma tardía) o podría deberse en algunos casos, a la coexistencia de otras patologías. Es importante recalcar que dentro de este subgrupo de pacientes, el 21% presentaba antecedentes coronarios. Esto remarca que la búsqueda de AC-TTR no solo debe centrarse en miocardiopatías de etiología inexplicable, ya que la coexistencia con miocardiopatía isquémico-necrótica puede ser frecuente.</p>
			<p>En la otra escala (T-Amylo <italic>score</italic>), para realizar la determinación de riesgo de presentar AC- TTR, los pacientes debían presentar como condición necesaria un SIV≥12mm asociado a una o más banderas rojas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) Sin embargo, en nuestro trabajo, 17 pacientes (10%) con diagnóstico de AC-TTR, no tenían aumento del espesor del SIV o banderas rojas. </p>
			<p>Si bien la presencia de AC-TTR en pacientes que no presentan engrosamiento del SIV no está tan ampliamente difundida, un trabajo encontró una prevalencia de la enfermedad del 5% en pacientes con IC-FEp y SIV &lt;12mm. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>) Esto podría explicarse de manera análoga a lo que ocurre con la cascada isquémica, en que los métodos moleculares pueden detectarla incluso antes de que se hagan evidentes cambios en el electrocardiograma, alteraciones de la motilidad o síntomas. </p>
			<p>Ambos fenómenos (isquemia miocárdica y AC-TTR) tienen un largo período subclínico, en el cual el diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para cambiar el pronóstico de la enfermedad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
			<p>Posiblemente, en el caso de la AC-TTR, si esperamos a reunir más condiciones de sospecha (mayor espesor del SIV o mayor número de banderas rojas), el diagnóstico se logre con la enfermedad más avanzada y con un daño miocárdico ya establecido. A esto debe sumarse que los nuevos fármacos aprobados en nuestro país no remueven los depósitos miocárdicos de amiloide, sino que estabilizan a la molécula de TTR para evitar su disgregación, evitando así su mayor acumulación. Todo esto nos lleva a la necesidad de tratar de establecer un diagnóstico precoz, incluso antes de que se haga evidente el aumento del espesor del SIV. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</p>
			<p>De manera que el <italic>score</italic> deteCTTAR podría resultar más abarcativo que el T-Amylo <italic>score</italic> y el ATTR-CM <italic>score</italic>, ya que pudo discriminar el riesgo entre los pacientes de padecer AC-TTR, independientemente de si cumplían o no con las señales de alarma clásicas para la sospecha y del valor de la FEVI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Fig. 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pacientes sin aumento del espesor del SIV con diagnóstico de AC-TTR. El paciente 1 además, no presentaba banderas rojas y el paciente 2 presentaba dos banderas rojas. Se compararon las tres escalas de puntuación para evaluación de riesgo de padecer AC-TTR. Tanto en el T-Amylo score como en el ATTR-CM score no es posible determinar el riesgo debido al SIV &lt; 12 mm. Mientras que el score deteCTTAR, identificó a ambos pacientes como alto riesgo de padecer la enfermedad. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf2.jpg"/>
					<attrib>FA: fibrilación auricular; FEVI: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; HTA: hipertensión arterial; IAM: infarto agudo de miocardio; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; PR: patrón de relajación; SIV: septum interventricular; TCB: túnel carpiano bilateral; susp: suspendida</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Fig. 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pacientes con aumento del espesor del SIV y 4 banderas rojas. Se compararon las tres escalas de puntuación para evaluación de riesgo de padecer AC-TTR. En el caso del paciente 1 (AC-TTR negativo), el T-Amylo score predijo un riesgo intermedio de padecer la enfermedad, el ATTR-CM score un riesgo alto, mientras que el score deteCTTAR, bajo riesgo. En el caso del paciente 2, el T-Amylo score y el score deteCTTAR predijeron un alto riesgo de padecer la enfermedad mientras que el ATTR-CM score no pudo aplicarse por el grado de deterioro de la FEVI. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf3.jpg"/>
					<attrib>EAO: estenosis aórtica; FA: fibrilación auricular; FEVI: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; HTA: hipertensión arterial; IAM: infarto agudo de miocardio; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; MCP: marcapasos; PR: patrón de relajación; SIV: septum interventricular; TCB: túnel carpiano bilateral; susp: suspendida</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Es sabido que el CC con fosfonatos presenta una alta sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico no invasivo de AC-TTR. Sin embargo, no existe actualmente acuerdo en la bibliografía acerca de cuándo es apropiado realizarlo. </p>
			<p>Algunas guías proponen que debiera llevarse a cabo directamente en ciertos escenarios clínicos, sin necesidad de aplicar escalas de puntuación que determinen el riesgo de cada paciente. Para otras el CC debería solicitarse solo ante la existencia de aumento del espesor del SIV asociada a una o más banderas rojas, IC-FEp o EAo grave. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</p>
			<p>Si bien entre los pacientes mayores de 65 años con IC-FEp y EAo grave es más frecuente encontrar AC-TTR que en la población general, estas variables no mostraron por sí solas, ser predictores de la enfermedad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</p>
			<p>En cuanto al espesor del SIV, no cabe duda de que si está gravemente aumentado, la diferencia que pudiera existir en la medición entre diferentes operadores o equipos no tendría demasiada repercusión. Sin embargo, en valores cercanos a 12mm, un error en la medición (por mala técnica, mala ventana acústica o poca experiencia del operador) según las escalas de puntuación vigentes hasta el momento, significaría descartar la sospecha diagnóstica de AC-TTR. </p>
			<p>Previamente a los <italic>scores</italic> ATTR-CM y T-Amylo, se publicaron otros modelos de predicción pero que, a diferencia de éstos, sólo incluían parámetros ecocardiográficos y/o electrocardiográficos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) Sin embargo, en nuestro trabajo, la mayoría de las variables incluidas en estos modelos, no resultaron predictores de AC-TTR, a excepción del patrón de relajación y el espesor del SIV. </p>
			<p>En cuanto a los antecedentes clínicos, incluidas las banderas rojas tales como disautonomía, polineuropatía periférica, hipotensión-normotensión, etc., el único que mostró relación con el diagnóstico fue padecer TCB. </p>
			<p>En nuestro <italic>score</italic> una puntuación ≥3 aumenta considerablemente el riesgo de padecer AC-TTR, por lo que solo en estos casos estaría indicado realizar un CC con fosfonatos. En aquellos pacientes con un puntaje entre 0-2, no sería necesario realizarlo, debiendo considerarse un diagnóstico alternativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>). Si la sospecha clínica persiste, podría optarse por realizar una resonancia magnética cardíaca, ya que su alto valor predictivo negativo, descartaría finalmente la enfermedad. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Fig. 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Algoritmo diagnóstico propuesto según el score deteCTTAR </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf4.jpg"/>
					<attrib>AC-TTR: amiloidosis cardpiaca por transtiretina; SIV: septum interventricular</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Según nuestra escala, la sola presencia de TCB (3 puntos), sería condición suficiente para solicitar un CC con fosfonatos. En estos casos en particular, debe considerarse el tiempo desde el diagnóstico y/o cirugía, ya que la infiltración del nervio mediano por amiloide suele preceder a la afectación cardiaca en 5 a 9 años. De manera que un CC negativo puede no excluir la enfermedad si fue realizado en forma temprana, por lo que sería adecuado un seguimiento cardiológico estricto. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>) </p>
			<p>Debe destacarse que el mayor desafío que encuentran todas las escalas de puntuación para AC-TTR son los pacientes con MCH. En el diagnóstico diferencial con esta entidad, la experiencia del médico a la hora de la sospecha resulta fundamental, ya que la epidemiología, los antecedentes familiares y la mayoría de las veces el electrocardiograma, pueden contribuir a diferenciarlas, sin necesidad de aplicar las escalas. </p>
			<p>El <italic>score</italic> deteCTTAR constituye la primera escala para la predicción de AC-TTR desarrollada con pacientes de nuestro país. Puede ser aplicado en el consultorio a cualquier paciente sin la necesidad de esperar a reunir condiciones (banderas rojas) que puedan demorar el diagnóstico, utilizando datos extraídos del interrogatorio y de un ecocardiograma basal. </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitaciones</title>
				<p>El diseño del estudio fue unicéntrico, retrospectivo, con una base de datos relativamente pequeña, por lo que podría existir un sobreajuste del modelo. </p>
				<p>El bajo número de pacientes genera que los IC 95% de algunos predictores sean muy amplios, lo cual implica menor precisión en la predicción. </p>
				<p>Si bien nuestros datos son alentadores, requieren de una validación externa en el futuro con una muestra mayor de pacientes. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>La presencia de un aumento del espesor del SIV asociado a una o más banderas rojas no fue condición necesaria para el diagnóstico de AC-TTR. </p>
			<p>El modelo de predicción obtenido permitió desarrollar una escala de puntuación que demostró una alta sensibilidad y especificidad para orientar fuertemente el diagnóstico de AC-TTR.</p>
			<p>Una puntuación ≥3 en el <italic>score</italic> deteCTTAR, aumenta considerablemente el riesgo de padecer AC-TTR.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6150-5761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Baliño</surname>
						<given-names>Néstor A. Pérez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-0991</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Masoli</surname>
						<given-names>Osvaldo H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> 1Department,of Cardiovascular Imaging , Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">1Department,of Cardiovascular Imaging</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA)</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence: </label>Magali Gobbo. E-mail: <email>magaligobbo28@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>Conflicts of interest:</label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors’ conflicts of interest forms on the web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>To verify the diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) in its early stages, certain warning signs or &quot;red flags&quot; have been lately identified to guide suspicion. However, to date, there is little evidence regarding the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each red flag or whether there is any combination of variables that can reliably predict the presence of ATTR-CA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model based on clinical, electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic variables to establish a scoring scale to guide the diagnosis of ATTR-CA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>The medical records of 342 patients with cardiac scintigraphy (CS) for suspected ATTR-CA were analyzed: 171 patients with a positive diagnosis were compared with the same number of patients with a negative diagnosis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were analyzed and included in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. A 0-8 scoring scale was built and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. The area under the curve (AUC) with its 95% CI was then calculated.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>The following variables were identified as predictors of ATTR-CA in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models: interventricular septum (IVS) ≥16 mm (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.87-7.1), male gender (OR 7.91, 95% CI 3.7-17.1), grade II or III diastolic dysfunction with pseudonormal or restrictive relaxation pattern (OR 12.7, 95% CI 6.1-26.3), and history of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) (OR 24.4, 95% CI 6.1-97.9). </p>
					<p>Based on the OR obtained, a scoring scale was created showing an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91, p&lt;0.001), and a value ≥3, with high sensitivity and specificity, was identified to predict ATTR-CA (AUC 0.82 95% CI 0.77-0.87).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions: </title>
					<p>The prediction model allowed the development of a scoring scale that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity to strongly guide the diagnosis of ATTR-CA. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis - Prealbumin- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - Diastolic Heart Failure - Systolic Heart Failure </kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION </title>
				<p>Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy caused by the extracellular deposition of amyloid as a consequence of transthyretin disaggregation and/or misfolding. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) </p>
				<p>Although its prevalence remains uncertain, in certain clinical scenarios such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), severe aortic stenosis (SAS) or heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) it is usually more frequent, ranging between 13% and 17% of cases. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) </p>
				<p>In recent years, the emergence of cardiac scintigraphy (CS) with phosphonates as a non-invasive diagnostic method, together with the advent of new drugs for specific therapy, have led to a growing interest in this pathology, generating a notable increase in the diagnosis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) </p>
				<p>A great advance in this regard was the identification of certain clinical, electrocardiographic and imaging variables as warning signs or &quot;red flags&quot; to guide suspicion and attempt to detect patients in earlier stages of the disease. However, so far, we have little evidence about the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each red flag, or whether there is any combination of variables that can reliably predict the presence of ATTR-CA. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
				<p>It is known that ATTR-CA is a slow and progressive disease, with a long asymptomatic or subclinical period. It is precisely in these stages where early diagnosis can be crucial to improve the clinical evolution and prognosis of those who suffer from this disease. Phosphonate CS imaging is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis, when performed in the appropriate clinical context. However, to delineate when it is appropriate to perform it or not is still a challenge.</p>
				<p>We conducted this study with the aim of developing a predictive model and subsequently a scoring scale, based on clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables, to guide the early diagnosis of ATTR-CA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS </title>
				<p>A single-center and retrospective study was designed. The electronic medical records of 342 patients referred to our service between January 2016 and April 2024 for CS with Tc99m-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) for suspected ATTR-CA were analyzed. Cardiac scintigraphy with HMDP was performed according to current guidelines. The images obtained were analyzed qualitatively according to the Perugini scale. A positive diagnosis of ATTR-CA was considered in the presence of cardiac uptake with grade 2 or 3 HMDP (in the absence of light chains in serum and urine). A negative diagnosis for ATTR-CA was considered for cardiac uptake grade 0. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) Patients without previous consultations and/or studies in our institution were excluded from the analysis. </p>
				<p>A total of 171 patients with a positive diagnosis of ATTR-CA were compared with an equal number of patients with a negative diagnosis, randomly selected from our database from a total of 564 CS with HMDP presenting with grade 0 uptake. The populations were not matched for gender or age, as both variables were shown to be predictors in other previously published scoring scales. </p>
				<p>Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were analyzed in both groups. All red flags were included, except for proteinuria, global longitudinal strain and late gadolinium enhancement, which were excluded from the analysis due to high data loss.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Definition of variables</title>
					<p>Left ventricular relaxation pattern was defined according to the following echocardiographic parameters: (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) </p>
					<p>- grade I diastolic dysfunction: E/A ratio ? 0.8 + E wave ? 50 cm/s, and the absence of 2 or 3 of the following parameters: (a) E/e' ratio &gt;14, (b) tricuspid regurgitation (TR) jet velocity &gt;2.8 m/s, and (c) indexed left atrial (LA) volume &gt;34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>; </p>
					<p>- grade II diastolic dysfunction: E/A ratio ?0.8 + E wave &gt;50 cm/s, or E/A ratio &gt; 0.8 and &lt;2, and the presence of 2 or 3 of the (a), (b) and (c) parameters mentioned in the previous section;</p>
					<p>- grade III diastolic dysfunction: E/A ratio ?2</p>
					<p>- indeterminate diastolic dysfunction when it does not meet the above criteria. </p>
					<p>Interventricular septum (IVS) hypertrophy was defined as diastolic interventricular septum thickness ≥12 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>), and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as the surgical history or presence of current symptoms compatible with this syndrome. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) </p>
					<p>Pseudo infarction pattern was defined as the presence of QS complexes in leads V1-V2, in the absence of a history of myocardial infarction, and microvoltage as the presence of QRS complexes &lt;5 mV in frontal leads or &lt;10 mV in precordial leads.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis </title>
					<p>Quantitative variables were expressed as median with their corresponding interquartile range (IQR) and were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages and were compared using the multiple chi-square test.</p>
					<p>All the data collected were included in univariate logistic regression models. Those with statistical significance were subsequently included in multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate their predictive value in TTR-CA diagnosis. </p>
					<p>Variables identified as predictors in the multivariate models were used to build a prediction scale with a 0-8 score. According to the ORs obtained, 1 point was assigned for ORs &lt;7; 2 points for ORs between 7 and 21, and 3 points for ORs &gt;21. </p>
					<p>Sample calibration was evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistical test. To determine the predictive capacity of the scoring scale, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated and the area under the curve (AUC) with its 95% CI was calculated as a measure of discrimination.</p>
					<p>The level of statistical significance was established as p &lt;0.05. </p>
					<p>SPSS Statistics version 26 was used to perform the analyses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations </title>
					<p>The study was approved by the Research Committee of our institution and by an independent Ethics Committee.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS </title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> summarizes baseline characteristics of both groups with the variables included in the univariate analysis.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics of both groups and variables analyzed in the univariate model. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">ATTR-CA (n=171)</th>
									<th align="center">No ATTR-CA (n=171)</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>Clinical Variables</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">82 (76-86)</td>
									<td align="center">82 (75-87)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.820</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Male gender</td>
									<td align="center">155 (90%)</td>
									<td align="center">95 (55%)</td>
									<td align="center"> &lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Hypertension</td>
									<td align="center">133 (78%)</td>
									<td align="center">138 (80%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.505</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">29 (17%)</td>
									<td align="center">47 (27%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">104 (60%)</td>
									<td align="center">110 (64%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.502</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center">72 (42%)</td>
									<td align="center">92 (53%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.031</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">History of coronary artery disease</td>
									<td align="center">36 (21%)</td>
									<td align="center">71 (42%)</td>
									<td align="center"> &lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Narrow medullary canal</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.054</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
									<td align="center">89 (52%)</td>
									<td align="center">101 (59%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.191</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Biceps rupture*.</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center"> -</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome*.</td>
									<td align="center">43 (25%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (2%)</td>
									<td align="center"> &lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HF, LVEF ≥ 50%*.</td>
									<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">102 (59%)</td>
									<td align="center"> &lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HF, LVEF &lt;50%*.</td>
									<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
									<td align="center">39 (23%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.068</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Hypotension - normotension* +</td>
									<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.410</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Autonomic dysfunction*.</td>
									<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center"> -</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Peripheral neuropathy*.</td>
									<td align="center">9 (5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center"> -</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">PPM Implantation*</td>
									<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">53 (31%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.283</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Family history *</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Skin bruising*.</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>Electrocardiographic variables</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Microvoltage *</td>
									<td align="center">26 (15%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (16%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.766</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pseudoinfarction pattern*.</td>
									<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
									<td align="center">48 (28%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.478</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AVB*</td>
									<td align="center">42 (25%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LBBB</td>
									<td align="center">47 (27%)</td>
									<td align="center">48 (28%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.903</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">RBBB</td>
									<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (12%)</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.741</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IVS &lt;12 mm</td>
									<td align="center">4 (2%)</td>
									<td align="center">57 (33%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IVS ≥12 and &lt;16 mm</td>
									<td align="center">67 (39%)</td>
									<td align="center">86 (50%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.038</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IVS ≥16 mm</td>
									<td align="center">100 (58%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (16%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IVS (mm)</td>
									<td align="center"> 16.6 (16.1-17.2)</td>
									<td align="center">13.3 (12.6-14.1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LA mild dilation (35 to 41 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">61 (36%)</td>
									<td align="center">45 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.061</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LA moderate dilation (42 to 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">55 (32%)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.189</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LA severe dilation (&gt;48 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (16%)</td>
									<td align="center">69 (40%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">E/e’ ratio ≥15</td>
									<td align="center">77 (45%)</td>
									<td align="center">61 (36%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.077</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF &gt;50%.</td>
									<td align="center">90 (53%)</td>
									<td align="center">107 (63%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.062</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Severe AS*</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Normal relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">16 (9%)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (22%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Grade I diastolic dysfunction pattern</td>
									<td align="center">41 (24%)</td>
									<td align="center">68 (39%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Grade II diastolic dysfunction pattern (pseudonormal)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (22%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Grade III diastolic dysfunction pattern (restrictive)</td>
									<td align="center">58 (34%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (&lt;1%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Indeterminate relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">18 (11%)</td>
									<td align="center">62 (36%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">0 red flags</td>
									<td align="center">13 (8%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.260</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">1 red flag</td>
									<td align="center">63 (37%)</td>
									<td align="center">75 (44%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.185</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">2 red flags</td>
									<td align="center">66 (39%)</td>
									<td align="center">54 (32%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.173</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">3 red flags</td>
									<td align="center">22 (13%)</td>
									<td align="center">26 (15%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.533</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">4 red flags</td>
									<td align="center">2 (1%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.054</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">5 red flags</td>
									<td align="center">1 (&lt;1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>AS: aortic stenosis; AVB: atrioventricular blockade; HF: heart failure; IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrial; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PPM: permanent pacemaker; RBBB: right bundle branch block. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the ATTR-CA group, male gender, incidence of bilateral CTS, peripheral neuropathy, atrioventricular block, and grade II or III diastolic dysfunction pattern were significantly more prevalent. In the group without ATTR-CA, diabetes, smoking, history of coronary artery disease, HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%, marked LA dilatation, and severe AS were significantly more prevalent. </p>
				<p>Statistically significant differences in IVS thickening were also observed: most patients without ATTR-CA had thickness &lt;12 mm or between 12 and 16 mm, with a median (IQR) of 13.3 mm (12.6-14.1), while in the ATTR-CA group the majority showed an IVS thickness ≥16mm, with a median (IQR) of 16.6 mm (6.1-17.2) . </p>
				<p>In our analysis, microvoltage and pseudoinfarction pattern (predictor variables of ATTR-CA in other models) showed no significant differences between the two groups. </p>
				<p>There were no patients with grade 1 cardiac uptake, nor patients with grade 0 uptake and positive serum and urine light chains. </p>
				<p>Within the group with positive ATTR-CA, 13 patients (8%) had IVS thickness ≥12 mm without any red flags. Another 3 patients (2%) although they had red flag, did not have increased IVS thickness and, in addition, one patient had neither condition. </p>
				<p>Four patients presented positive genetic test (hereditary ATTR-CA), the most frequent mutation being Val50Met and only one of them presented the Val142Ile variant. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> shows the multivariate analysis of the significant variables in the univariate analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the variables identified as predictors of AC-TTR in the multivariate analysis and the score assigned to each of them, for the preparation of our prediction scale (deteCTTAR score). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Multivariate analysis</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">VARIABLE</th>
									<th align="center">OR</th>
									<th align="center">95% CI</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Male gender</td>
									<td align="center">7.9</td>
									<td align="center">(3.6-17.1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">BCT</td>
									<td align="center">24.4</td>
									<td align="center">(6.0-97.8)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF &gt;50%</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
									<td align="center">(0.4-4.2)</td>
									<td align="center">0.682</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AVB</td>
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">(0.1-3.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.632</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IVS≥16mm</td>
									<td align="center">3.6</td>
									<td align="center">(1.8-7.1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Severe LA dilation</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
									<td align="center">0.042</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Severe AS</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">(0.1-0.4)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Normal relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">(0.1-0.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Prolonged relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">2.6</td>
									<td align="center">(0.9-7.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.076</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pseudonormal relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">4.1</td>
									<td align="center">(1.2-12.9)</td>
									<td align="center">0.017</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Restrictive relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">10.3</td>
									<td align="center">(7.2-23.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.034</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Indeterminate relaxation pattern</td>
									<td align="center">0.2</td>
									<td align="center">(0.1-1.22)</td>
									<td align="center">0.083</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>AS: Aortic stenosis; AVB: Atrioventricular block; BCT: Bilateral carpal trunnel; IVS: Interventricular septum, LA: left atrial; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: Odds ratio</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Variables identified as predictors in the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gt6.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>BCT: Bilateral carpal tunnel; IVS: Interventricular septum.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the ROC curve analysis, the scale showed an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.91, p &lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Fig. 1</xref>A). A value ≥3 was identified as having the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for predicting ATTR-CA, with an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI 0.77-0.87) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Fig. 1</xref>B and C), and OR 22.9 (95% CI 12.3- 42.5, p&lt;0.001) for having the disease. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Fig. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) ROC curve of the prediction model; (B) Sensitivity, specificity and area under curve (AUC) according to each score; © ROC curve of the ≥3 value in the scoring scale.</title>
							<p> BCT: Bilateral carpal tunnel; IVS: Interventricular septum. </p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>There was no evidence of significant differences in the number of red flags present between the groups, nor that a greater number of red flags implies a higher risk of ATTR-CA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>In our work, male gender, IVS thickness ≥ 16 mm, grade II or III diastolic dysfunction (also known as pseudonormal or restrictive relaxation pattern) and bilateral CTS were predictors of ATTR-CA. </p>
				<p>Lack of differences in the number of red flags between patients with and without the disease confirms the low specificity of these conditions to arrive at a diagnosis.</p>
				<p>In recent years, two scoring scales for the early diagnosis of ATTR-CA were published. One of them, the transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy score (ATTR-CM score) searched for ATTR-CA among patients with IVS hypertrophy and HF with LVEF ≥40%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) </p>
				<p>However, according to our results, of the total number of patients with a positive diagnosis of ATTR-CA, only 44 patients (26%) had HFpEF, 73 patients (42%) showed no signs/symptoms of HF, while 54 (32%) had decreased LVEF. </p>
				<p>Although it is known that ATTR-CA is a pathology historically related to HFpEF, it should be remembered that the natural evolution of the disease without specific treatment leads to progressive deterioration of myocardial histoarchitecture and function. Initially, the isolated deposition of amyloid fibrils affects diastolic function, but later, with excessive accumulation, sarcomere coupling is affected, damaging systolic function. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>) </p>
				<p>Therefore, in our study, patients with decreased LVEF could be a consequence of the natural evolution of the disease (and hence, of a late diagnosis) or could be due, in some cases, to the coexistence of other diseases. It is important to emphasize that 21% of this subgroup of patients had a history of coronary artery disease. This highlights the fact that the search for ATTR-CA should not only focus on cardiomyopathies of unexplained etiology, since coexistence with ischemic-necrotic cardiomyopathy can be frequent.</p>
				<p>In the other scale (the T-Amylo score), patients had to present as a necessary condition an IVS thickness ≥12 mm associated with one or more red flags to establish the risk of presenting ATTR-CA. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) However, in our study, 17 patients (10%) with a diagnosis of ATTR-CA did not have increased IVS thickness or red flags. </p>
				<p>Although the presence of ATTR-CA in patients without IVS thickening is not widely reported, one study found 5% prevalence of the disease in patients with HFpEF and IVS &lt;12 mm. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>) This could be explained in a manner analogous to what occurs with the ischemic cascade, in which molecular methods can detect it even before changes in the electrocardiogram, motility alterations or symptoms become evident. </p>
				<p>Both phenomena (myocardial ischemia and ATTR-CA) have a long subclinical period, in which early diagnosis is fundamental to change the prognosis of the disease. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
				<p>Possibly, in the case of ATTR-CA, if we wait to meet more suspicious conditions (greater IVS thickness or greater number of red flags), the diagnosis is achieved with more advanced disease and with myocardial damage already established. In addition, the new drugs approved in our country do not remove myocardial amyloid deposits, but rather stabilize the TTR molecule to prevent its disintegration, thus avoiding further accumulation. All this leads to the need of trying to establish an early diagnosis, even before the increase in IVS thickness becomes evident. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</p>
				<p>Thus, the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score could be more comprehensive than the T-Amylo score and the ATTR-CM score, since it could discriminate the risk of ATTR-CA among patients, regardless of whether or not they meet the classic warning signs for suspicion and the LVEF value (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>) </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Fig. 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patients without IVS hypertrophy with ATTR-CA diagnosis. Patient 1, additionally, had no red flags and patient 2 had two red flags. The three scoring scales for ATTR-CA risk assessment were compared. In both the T-Amylo score and the ATTR-CM score it is not possible to establish risk due to IVS &lt;12mm, whereas the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score identified both patients as being at high risk for the disease. </title>
							<p>AF: Atrial fibrillation; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; BCT: Bilateral carpal tunnel; CKD: chronic kidney disease; EX TS: Ex-tobacco smoker; HF FC. Heart failure functional class; HTN: Hypertension; IVS: Interventricular septum; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; RP: Relaxation pattern.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Fig. 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patients with IVS increased thickness and 4 red flags. The three scoring scales for risk assessment of ATTR-CA were compared. For patient 1 (negative ATTR-CA), the T-Amylo score predicted an intermediate risk of ATTR-CA, the ATTR-CM score a high risk, while the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score, a low risk. In the case of patient 2, the T-Amylo score and the deteCTTAR score predicted a high risk of developing the disease, whereas the ATTR-CM score could not be applied due to the degree of LVEF impairment. </title>
							<p>AF: Atrial fibrillation; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; AS: Aortic stenosis; BCT: Bilateral carpal tunnel; HF FC: Heart failure functional class; HTN: Hypertension; IVS: Interventricular septum; LEFV: Left ventricular ejection fraction; PPM: Permanent pacemaker; RP: Relaxation pattern; susp: suspended</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>It is known that CS with phosphonates has a high sensitivity and specificity for the noninvasive diagnosis of ATTR-CA. However, there is currently no agreement in the literature on the appropriate moment to perform it. </p>
				<p>Some guidelines propose that it should be performed directly in certain clinical scenarios, without the need to apply scoring scales to determine the risk of each patient. For others, CS should be requested only in the presence of increased IVS thickness associated with one or more red flags, HFpEF or severe AS. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</p>
				<p>Although it is more common to find ATTR-CA among patients over 65 years of age with HFpEF and severe AS than in the general population, these variables alone were not shown to be predictors of the disease. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</p>
				<p>As for IVS thickness, there is no doubt that if it is severely increased, the difference that could exist in the measurement between different operators or machines would not have too much repercussion. However, in values close to 12 mm, an error in the measurement (due to poor technique, poor acoustic window or lack of operator experience) according to the scoring scales in force to date, would mean ruling out the diagnostic suspicion of ATTR-CA. </p>
				<p>Previously to the ATTR-CM and T-Amylo scores, other prediction models were published but, unlike these, they only included echocardiographic and/or electrocardiographic parameters. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) However, in our study, most of the variables included in these models were not predictors of ATTR-CA, with the exception of the relaxation pattern and IVS thickness. </p>
				<p>Regarding clinical history, including red flags such as dysautonomia, peripheral neuropathy, hypotension-normotension, etc., the only one that showed a relationship with the diagnosis was having bilateral CTS. </p>
				<p>In our scale, a score ≥3 considerably increases the risk of ATTR-CA, so that only in these cases it would be indicated to perform a CS with phosphonates. In those patients with a score between 0-2, it would not be necessary to perform it, and an alternative diagnosis should be considered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Fig. 4</xref>). If clinical suspicion persists, a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging could be performed, since its high negative predictive value would finally rule out the disease. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Fig. 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagnostic algorithm proposed according to the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score </title>
							<p>ATTR-CA: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis ; IVS: interventricular septum</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-420-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>According to our scale, the mere presence of bilateral CTS (3 points) would be a sufficient condition to request a CS with phosphonates. In these cases, in particular, the time since diagnosis and/or surgery should be considered, since amyloid infiltration of the median nerve usually precedes cardiac involvement by 5 to 9 years. Thus, a negative CS may not exclude the disease if it was performed early, so a strict cardiological follow-up would be appropriate. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>) </p>
				<p>It should be noted that the greatest challenge encountered by all scoring scales for ATTR-CA is in patients with HCM. In the differential diagnosis with this entity, the physician's experience at the time of suspicion is fundamental, since epidemiology, family history and most of the time the electrocardiogram, can contribute to differentiate them, without the need to apply scoring scales. </p>
				<p>The <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score is the first score for the prediction of ATTR-CA developed with patients in our country. It can be applied in the office to any patient without the need to wait for conditions (red flags) that may delay diagnosis, using data obtained from the interrogation and a baseline echocardiogram. </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>The study design was single-center, retrospective, with a relatively small database, so there could be an overfitting of the model. </p>
					<p>The low number of patients causes the 95% CI of some predictors to be very wide, which implies lower prediction accuracy. </p>
					<p>Although our data are encouraging, they require external validation in the future with a larger sample of patients. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The presence of increased IVS thickness associated with one or more red flags was not a necessary condition for the diagnosis of ATTR-CA. </p>
				<p>The prediction model obtained allowed the development of a scoring scale that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity to strongly guide the diagnosis of ATTR-CA.</p>
				<p>A score ≥3 in the <italic>deteCTTAR</italic> score significantly increases the risk of ATTR-CA.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>Financing:</label>
					<p> None.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>