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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v92.i6.20834</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comportamiento del trabajo miocárdico como marcador de isquemia en el ecocardiograma estrés con dipiridamol</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Performance of myocardial work as a marker of ischemia in dipyridamole stress echocardiography</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6495-997X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saad</surname>
						<given-names>Ariel K.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2009-1478</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aladio</surname>
						<given-names>José M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1468-5183</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yaniuk</surname>
						<given-names>José C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5005-3720</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chavín</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1448-8097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lux</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4429-6224</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Villalba</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7451-6403</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Volberg</surname>
						<given-names>Verónica I.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7637-9609</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez de la Hoz</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Cardiología. Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">División Cardiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Cardiología. Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">División Cardiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>arielsaad@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Unidad Coronaria. Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">División Unidad Coronaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Cardiología. Hospital JP Garrahan. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital JP Garrahan</institution>
				<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Ariel Karim Saad. E-mail: <email>arielsaad@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>92</volume>
			<issue>6</issue>
			<fpage>437</fpage>
			<lpage>443</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p>Existe escasa evidencia sobre la evaluación del trabajo miocárdico (TM) durante el eco estrés con dipiridamol (EED). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Estudiar el comportamiento del trabajo miocárdico durante el EED y definir sus diferencias entre pacientes con y sin isquemia. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p>Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, 45 % hombres, con una edad de 69,9 ± 10 años.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Ocho pacientes (27%) presentaron isquemia. Con el apremio con dipiridamol, en los grupos con y sin isquemia disminuyó el índice de trabajo miocárdico global (ITG) y el trabajo constructivo global (TCG). En los pacientes con isquemia se evidenció un aumento del trabajo desechado global (TDG) y una disminución de la eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico (ETG), mientras que en los pacientes sin isquemia el TDG disminuyó y la ETG se mantuvo o mejoró significativamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> La isquemia en el EED se acompañó de un mayor desaprovechamiento y una menor eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico. Dichos hallazgos justifican más estudios al respecto, para desentrañar los mecanismos responsables.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>There is scarce evidence about the assessment of myocardial work during dipyridamole stress echocardiography (DSE). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of myocardial work during DSE and to define its differences between patients with and without myocardial ischemia . </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This retrospective study included 30 patients; mean age was 69.9 ± 10 years and 45% were men.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Eight patients (27%) presented ischemia. After dipyridamole infusion, global myocardial work index (GWI) and global constructive work (GCW) decreased in the groups with and without ischemia. In patients with ischemia, global wasted work (GWW) increased and global work efficiency (GWE) decreased. In patients without ischemia, GWW decreased while GWE remained unchanged or significantly improved.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>In DSE myocardial ischemia was associated with increased GWW and decreased GWE. These findings warrant further studies to elucidate the responsible mechanisms.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Trabajo miocárdico</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiograma estrés dipiridamol</kwd>
				<kwd>Strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Myocardial work</kwd>
				<kwd>dipyridamole stress echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="3"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El eco estrés con dipiridamol (EED) es una técnica de apremio de primera línea para el diagnóstico y/o pronóstico de la enfermedad coronaria, particularmente en aquellos pacientes que no pueden llevar a cabo un ejercicio físico de adecuada calidad. Si bien se le atribuye una menor sensibilidad en las lesiones de un vaso, con la adición de atropina o <italic>hand grip</italic> en la última etapa y el uso de altas dosis en menor tiempo, se obtiene una exactitud diagnóstica similar al estudio con dobutamina. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
			<p>Este tipo de apremio permite además la incorporación con una muy alta factibilidad de otros parámetros de análisis como la medición de la reserva coronaria (RC) de la arteria descendente anterior (DA) y la cuantificación de la deformación miocárdica mediante la técnica de <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>, debido en primer lugar a las propiedades vasodilatadoras del fármaco y en segundo lugar al menor aumento de la contractilidad y menor frecuencia cardíaca (FC) alcanzada en comparación con la dobutamina, lo que lo convierte en el complemento ideal para el análisis del <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico. Se ha demostrado previamente que la información provista por estas técnicas aumenta la sensibilidad del estudio sin afectar significativamente su especificidad y aporta valor pronóstico adicional. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
			<p>Si bien la cuantificación del <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico permite detectar con mayor sensibilidad alteraciones incipientes de la función miocárdica que pueden pasar desapercibidas con el análisis subjetivo de la motilidad, una de sus limitaciones es la dependencia de las condiciones de carga del miocardio. Por ello se ha propuesto la medición de la curva de presión<italic>-strain</italic> como una manera práctica de estimar el trabajo miocárdico (TM). Esto permite profundizar el estudio de la función miocárdica tomando en cuenta el índice de trabajo miocárdico global (ITG), que deriva del área de la curva de presión-<italic>strain</italic>, el trabajo constructivo global (TCG) que mide además el acortamiento del miocardio en la contracción isovolumétrica y el alargamiento del miocardio en la relajación isovolumétrica, el trabajo desechado (TDG) que sería un trabajo no útil (alargamiento del miocardio en la sístole o acortamiento en el período de relajación isovolumétrica) y finalmente la eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico (ETG), que se define como la relación porcentual del TCG dividido por la suma del TCG y el TDG. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) </p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento de los diferentes parámetros del TM durante un estudio de EED en una población consecutiva de pacientes y las diferencias entre aquellos con y sin isquemia.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Población</title>
				<p>Estudio unicéntrico de diseño retrospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos a quienes se realizó un EED en el laboratorio de ecocardiografía del Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín entre los meses de agosto de 2023 y marzo de 2024. Como criterios de exclusión se definieron la presencia de fibrilación auricular, ventana ultrasónica inadecuada, y la presencia de enfermedad valvular significativa (moderada o grave) y/o cardiopatía congénita.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ecocardiograma estrés</title>
				<p>Los pacientes permanecieron al menos 4 horas en ayunas y libres de ingesta de infusiones o medicación de xantinas en las 12 horas previas al estudio. El apremio fue la infusión endovenosa de dipiridamol 0,84 mg/kg/min en 4 min. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) Se utilizó un ecocardiógrafo Vivid E95 (GE Healthcare), con transductor Matriz de 5 MHz, con adquisición de las imágenes bidimensionales con una tasa de entre 60 y 70 cuadros/segundo. La evaluación de los parámetros ecográficos habituales se realizó de acuerdo con los lineamientos de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Ecocardiografía (ASE). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Análisis de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal y trabajo miocárdico</bold></title>
				<p>El <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) se analizó de manera semiautomática a partir de las vistas apicales de 4, 3 y 2 cámaras, y fue considerado como el promedio de los valores obtenidos en un modelo de 17 segmentos. Para calcular el trabajo miocárdico, en primer lugar se determinó la apertura y el cierre de las válvulas mitral y aórtica desde la vista apical de 3 cámaras y se consignó el valor de la tensión arterial a través de su medición no invasiva en el brazo derecho del paciente para obtener la curva de presión-<italic>strain</italic>. A partir del análisis de esta curva se obtuvieron los siguientes parámetros: ITG, TCG, TDG y ETG, en función del comportamiento de la deformación miocárdica durante los diferentes períodos del ciclo cardíaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) Estos valores se determinaron tanto en el basal como en la etapa tardía del apremio (8 minutos luego de finalizada la administración del dipiridamol) y se definió el delta como la diferencia entre ambas mediciones. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Fig. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A partir de los valores del <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (arriba-izquierda) y de la presión arterial no invasiva se determina automáticamente el índice de trabajo miocárdico global (ITG) (arriba-derecha). Con los tiempos de apertura y cierre de las válvulas mitral y aórtica se evalúa la deformación miocárdica en las diferentes etapas del ciclo cardíaco (abajo). </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf1.jpg"/>
						<attrib>AVA: apertura de válvula aórtica; AVM: apertura de válvula mitral; CVA: cierre de válvula aórtica; CVM: cierre de válvula mitral; PVI: presiòn ventricular izquierda</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Velocidad de flujo de reserva coronaria</title>
				<p>La arteria DA se visualizó como una estructura tubular de color rojo de aproximadamente 0,2 cm a 0,3 cm de diámetro con una longitud variable de 0,3 cm a 1,8 cm que presentó deflexiones espectrales positivas con el Doppler. Para analizar la RC se efectuaron las mediciones de la velocidad del flujo diastólico tanto en reposo como al finalizar la administración del fármaco. Se consideró una RC normal cuando el cociente de la velocidad diastólica apremio/reposo fue ≥ 2. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</p>
				<p>Consideraciones éticas: </p>
				<p>El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética local.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis se realizó con el paquete estadístico del programa IBM SPSS® Statistics v20. Las variables nominales se expresaron como porcentajes y las variables cuantitativas como media y desviación estándar o mediana y rango intercuartílico según la distribución de los valores. Para la comparación estadística entre grupos se emplearon las pruebas de hipótesis correspondientes (chi cuadrado, t de Student, Mann-Whitney) de acuerdo con el tipo de variable y la distribución de los datos. Se usó un umbral de significación de p &lt; 0,05. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>En el presente estudio fueron incluidos de manera consecutiva 30 pacientes, con edad promedio de 69,9 ± 10 años, el 45% hombres. Un tercio tenía enfermedad coronaria conocida y hubo alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El motivo principal del EED fue la evaluación prequirúrgica de pacientes que iban a ser sometidos a una intervención vascular periférica. Estas características se resumen en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características clínicas de los pacientes</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="center">Valor</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad (años)</td>
								<td align="center">69,9 ± 10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
								<td align="center">45 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">78 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">DM</td>
								<td align="center">33 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TBQ</td>
								<td align="center">16 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Obesidad</td>
								<td align="center">26 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM previo</td>
								<td align="center">29 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Angioplastia</td>
								<td align="center">8 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Betabloqueantes</td>
								<td align="center">44 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IECA</td>
								<td align="center">32 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ARA II</td>
								<td align="center">32 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Estatinas</td>
								<td align="center">56 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Aspirina</td>
								<td align="center">43 %</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ARA II: antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTA: hipertensión arterial; IAM: infarto agudo de miocardio; IECA: inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina; TBQ: tabaquismo. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En 8 pacientes (27 %) se evidenció isquemia miocárdica de acuerdo con el análisis visual de la motilidad parietal. Estos pacientes tenían tendencia a mayor prevalencia de IAM previo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular. No se observaron diferencias en los que respecta a los valores basales de la FC y tensión arterial en reposo ni de su comportamiento durante el apremio. Desde el punto de vista ecocardiográfico, los pacientes con y sin isquemia durante el estudio no presentaron diferencias en los volúmenes del ventrículo izquierdo, pero en los pacientes con isquemia la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) fue significativamente menor en la etapa de estrés. Lo mismo ocurrió con el SLG, cuyo valor fue peor luego de la administración del dipiridamol. La reserva coronaria de la arteria DA fue menor en los pacientes con isquemia, y hubo tendencia a menor reserva contráctil en estos pacientes. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> se resumen las características de los 2 grupos. </p>
			<p>En lo relacionado a los diferentes parámetros que analizan el trabajo miocárdico, en ambos grupos ocurrió una disminución del ITG y del TCG, aunque hubo tendencia a menor descenso en los pacientes sin isquemia. Por el contrario, se observó un comportamiento diferente en el TDG y la ETG. En los pacientes con isquemia, se evidenció aumento del TDG global y una disminución de la ETG global, mientras que en los pacientes sin isquemia el TDG disminuyó y la ETG se mantuvo o mejoró significativamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características clínicas y ecocardiográficas de los pacientes de acuerdo con la presencia de isquemia miocárdica</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="center">Isquemia (n=8)</th>
								<th align="center">No isquemia (n=22)</th>
								<th align="center">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
								<td align="center">50 %</td>
								<td align="center"> 38 %</td>
								<td align="center"> 0,601</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad (años)</td>
								<td align="center">73,6 ± 9,1</td>
								<td align="center">68,7 ± 10,1</td>
								<td align="center">0,293</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">100 %</td>
								<td align="center">78 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,225</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">DM</td>
								<td align="center">48 %</td>
								<td align="center">29 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,412</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM previo</td>
								<td align="center">88 %</td>
								<td align="center">10 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,113</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Betabloqueante</td>
								<td align="center">60 %</td>
								<td align="center">48 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,467</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IECA</td>
								<td align="center">38 %</td>
								<td align="center">30 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,822</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ARA II</td>
								<td align="center">32 %</td>
								<td align="center">28 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,783</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Estatinas</td>
								<td align="center">65 %</td>
								<td align="center">52 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,676</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Aspirina</td>
								<td align="center">65 %</td>
								<td align="center">35 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,432</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TAS (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">130 ± 9</td>
								<td align="center">134 ± 15</td>
								<td align="center">0,603</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TAS estrés (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">127 ± 39</td>
								<td align="center">125 ± 25</td>
								<td align="center">0,893</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TAD (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">72 ± 7.5</td>
								<td align="center">77 ± 8</td>
								<td align="center">0,226</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TAD estrés (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">72 ± 12</td>
								<td align="center">72 ± 10</td>
								<td align="center">0,868</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FC (lat./min)</td>
								<td align="center">67 ± 18</td>
								<td align="center">68 ± 10</td>
								<td align="center">0,871</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FC estrés (lat./min)</td>
								<td align="center">82 ± 12</td>
								<td align="center">87 ± 17</td>
								<td align="center">0,532</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>PARÁMETROS ECOCARDIOGRÁFICOS</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">VFD (ml)</td>
								<td align="center">94 ± 57</td>
								<td align="center">79 ± 31</td>
								<td align="center">0,468</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">VFD estrés (ml)</td>
								<td align="center">95 ± 57</td>
								<td align="center">85 ± 36</td>
								<td align="center">0,645</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">VFS (ml)</td>
								<td align="center">55 ± 54</td>
								<td align="center">37 ± 24</td>
								<td align="center">0,521</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">VFS estrés (ml)</td>
								<td align="center">57 ± 56</td>
								<td align="center">35 ± 24</td>
								<td align="center">0,452</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI (%)</td>
								<td align="center">50 ± 14</td>
								<td align="center">56 ± 11</td>
								<td align="center">0,248</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI estrés (%)</td>
								<td align="center">49 ± 15</td>
								<td align="center">61 ± 11</td>
								<td align="center">0,031</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Strain Longitudinal (%)</td>
								<td align="center">-15 ± 4</td>
								<td align="center">-18,2 ± 4</td>
								<td align="center">0,099</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Strain longitudinal estrés (%)</td>
								<td align="center">-14 ± 5</td>
								<td align="center">-20,8 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center">0,003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Reserva coronaria arteria DA</td>
								<td align="center">1,6 ± 0,24</td>
								<td align="center">2,3 ± 0,35</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Reserva contráctil del VI</td>
								<td align="center">17 %</td>
								<td align="center">37 %</td>
								<td align="center">0,349</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Índice de motilidad parietal</td>
								<td align="center">1,41 ± 0,49</td>
								<td align="center">1,11 ± 0,23</td>
								<td align="center">0,191</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Índice de motilidad parietal estrés</td>
								<td align="center">1,64 ± 0,41</td>
								<td align="center">1,10 ± 0,22</td>
								<td align="center">0,019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>ÍNDICES DE TRABAJO MIOCÁRDICO</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ITG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">1493 ± 513</td>
								<td align="center">1946 ± 481</td>
								<td align="center">0,828</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ITG estrés (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">1164 ± 470</td>
								<td align="center">1850 ± 24</td>
								<td align="center">0,005</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Delta ITG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">-329 ± 163</td>
								<td align="center">-96 ± 255</td>
								<td align="center">0,050</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TCG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">1697 ± 572</td>
								<td align="center">2229 ± 612</td>
								<td align="center">0,068</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TCG estrés (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">1358 ± 580</td>
								<td align="center">2136 ± 640</td>
								<td align="center">0,014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Delta TCG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">-338 ± 183</td>
								<td align="center">-93 ± 312</td>
								<td align="center">0,081</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TDG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">130 ± 105</td>
								<td align="center">123 ± 87</td>
								<td align="center">0,885</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TDG estrés (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">143 ± 93</td>
								<td align="center">82 ± 53</td>
								<td align="center">0,171</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Delta TDG (mmHg%)</td>
								<td align="center">14 ± 95</td>
								<td align="center">-41 ± 64</td>
								<td align="center">0,108</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ETG (%)</td>
								<td align="center">90 ± 9</td>
								<td align="center">93 ± 5</td>
								<td align="center">0,435</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ETG estrés (%)</td>
								<td align="center">85 ± 12</td>
								<td align="center">95 ± 3</td>
								<td align="center">0,123</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Delta ETG (%)</td>
								<td align="center">-5 ± 6</td>
								<td align="center">2 ± 3</td>
								<td align="center">0,019</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Las variables cuantitativas se presentan como media± desviación estándar y las cualitativas como porcentaje. </p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>ARAII: antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II; DA: descendente anterior; DM: diabetes mellitus; ETG: eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico global; FC: frecuencia cardíaca; FEVI : fracción de eyeccíon del ventrículo izquierdo; IECA: inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina; ITG: índice de trabajo miocárdico global; TAD: tensión arterial diastólica; TAS: tensión arterial sistólica; TCG: trabajo constructivo global; TDG: trabajo desechado global; VFD: volumen de fin de diástole; VFS: volumen de fin de sístole</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Fig. 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estudio de un paciente sin isquemia miocárdica, donde se observa disminución del TDG (basal 63 mmHg% y apremio 31 mmHg%) y ETG estable (basal 97 mmHg % y apremio 98 mmHg %). Izquierda: estudio basal; derecha: estudio con apremio. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf2.jpg"/>
					<attrib>ETG: eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico global; ITG: índice de trabajo miocárdico global; PA: presión arterial; PVI: presiòn ventricular izquierda; TCG: trabajo constructivo global; TDG: trabajo desechado global; SLG: Strain Longitudinal Global</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Fig. 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>En un paciente con isquemia miocárdica se observa disminución de la ETG (basal 91 mmHg% y apremio 88 mmHg %) y aumento del TDG (basal 113 mmHg% y apremio 145 mmHg%). Izquierda: estudio basal; derecha: estudio con apremio. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf3.jpg"/>
					<attrib>ETG: eficiencia del trabajo miocárdico global; ITG: índice de trabajo miocárdico global; PA: presión arterial; PVI: presión ventricular izquierda; TCG: trabajo constructivo global; TDG: trabajo desechado global; SLG: Strain Longitudinal Global</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En la actualidad el EE sigue siendo un estudio de primera línea para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad coronaria. Un 20-30 % de los pacientes no puede realizar un ejercicio físico adecuado, y en este escenario el uso de dipiridamol en dosis altas administradas durante 4 minutos constituye una excelente opción. Sin embargo, entre sus principales limitaciones se encuentran la subjetividad del análisis visual de la motilidad, particularmente en operadores menos experimentados, lo cual cobra relevancia si tenemos en cuenta que este fármaco no produce un aumento de la contractilidad y frecuencia cardíaca en la misma proporción que la dobutamina y que muchos de los pacientes se encuentran medicados con betabloqueantes. </p>
			<p>Para compensar estas limitaciones, se ha postulado la medición concomitante de la RC de la arteria DA y el análisis de la deformación miocárdica a través del <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional. La RC permite evaluar de manera íntegra el árbol vascular coronario y numerosos estudios han evidenciado su importante valor pronóstico más allá de la presencia o no de alteraciones de la motilidad parietal. Por ello, su medición se encuentra fuertemente recomendada en todos los pacientes a quienes se evalúa con un EE. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) Sin embargo, su uso en la práctica diaria se encuentra limitado por razones técnicas (ya que se necesita una adecuada configuración de los diferentes parámetros de imagen), por desconocimiento de la técnica por parte de los operadores y, particularmente en nuestro medio, por motivaciones económicas. </p>
			<p>La cuantificación de la deformación miocárdica a través del análisis del SLG es otra herramienta que ha evidenciado su utilidad para aumentar la sensibilidad del estudio sin disminuir de manera significativa la especificidad. En este caso, el poco aumento de la FC y la contractilidad, anteriormente considerados como una limitación del método, constituye una ventaja. Se considera al EE con dipiridamol el escenario ideal para el uso del <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional. El estudio del comportamiento de las fibras subendocárdicas, más sensibles a la isquemia, permite detectar alteraciones incipientes y ayuda a la interpretación de la motilidad miocárdica, tal como lo demostró un estudio de Lowenstein y cols. en el que se evidencia que la incorporación del SLG permitió aumentar la sensibilidad del estudio desde un 50 %, si solo se usaba el análisis visual, a un 83,3% (p= 0,001). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) La estrecha relación entre el comportamiento de la RC y el SLG quedó demostrada en una publicación de Arbucci y cols., donde ambos parámetros se evaluaron con EED en una población de 179 pacientes. Ambos valores presentaron una correlación significativa, más elevada cuando se tomaba en cuenta el <italic>strain</italic> regional de los segmentos apicales. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</p>
			<p>La valoración del trabajo miocárdico tiene la ventaja de incorporar las condiciones de carga al strain bidimensional convencional y la curva presión-<italic>strain</italic> es proporcional al consumo miocárdico de oxígeno. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) Se ha demostrado su utilidad en numerosos escenarios clínicos como los pacientes con hipertensión arterial, valvulopatías, enfermedad coronaria, insuficiencia cardíaca y patología oncológica entre otros. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) No obstante, existe escasa evidencia sobre su utilidad en el EE. Recientemente, Borrie et al. analizaron 60 pacientes con EE ejercicio, de los cuales un 30 % tenía isquemia evidenciada por alteraciones de la motilidad. Con el apremio, los individuos sin isquemia presentaron aumento del ITG y mantuvieron los mismos valores de ETG, mientras que aquellos con isquemia, mantuvieron los valores de ITG (es decir que no lo aumentaron) y tuvieron disminución significativa de la ETG (de 93 % a 87 %). En este trabajo se determinó que el mejor punto de corte para identificar a los pacientes con isquemia miocárdica era un 25 % de aumento del ITG, con una sensibilidad del 90 % y una especificidad del 85%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>) Estos hallazgos sugieren que esta herramienta podría tener un valor adicional en pacientes con buena ventana ultrasónica. Similares conclusiones se desprenden del estudio de Edwards et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) Una de las principales limitaciones para el uso del trabajo miocárdico durante el EE ejercicio es la calidad de la ventana ultrasónica y la elevada FC durante el estrés, que dificulta el análisis preciso de la motilidad miocárdica durante el ciclo cardíaco.</p>
			<p>En lo que respecta al EE farmacológico, Leitman et al. reportaron un estudio del trabajo miocárdico en 119 pacientes sin isquemia, con el uso de dobutamina. Se observó un deterioro de todos los parámetros de TM a pesar del aumento del <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global. Los autores sugieren que la dosis de hasta 40 gammas/kg/min que se utiliza en los estudios buscando alcanzar el 85% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima puede tener efectos deletéreos en la contractilidad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) Más recientemente, Liu et al. reportaron un estudio realizado con adenosina en 78 pacientes con angina microvascular, y evaluaron el comportamiento del TM de acuerdo con la presencia o no de RC. El hallazgo principal fue que los pacientes con enfermedad microvascular (RC anormal) tuvieron aumento del TDG y disminución de la ETG, además de una tendencia a menor aumento del ITG y el TCG. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) Similares hallazgos se reportan en un resumen publicado por Lofrumento et al. en 50 pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad macrovascular, donde se evidencia que el ETG y el TDG tienen un valor aditivo sobre el <italic>strain</italic> en el EED. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro trabajo van en el mismo sentido que los estudios de TM realizados con ejercicio y adenosina en lo referente al aumento del trabajo desechado y disminución del trabajo eficiente en los pacientes con isquemia, lo cual guarda relación con el porcentaje de <italic>strain</italic> post sistólico. Cabe recordar, que a diferencia de lo que sucede en el ejercicio, es esperable que los valores de tensión arterial permanezcan estables e incluso disminuyan cuando se utilizan vasodilatadores como el dipiridamol. En consecuencia, puede esperarse que el ITG y el TCG no aumenten o incluso disminuyan levemente durante el apremio. </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitaciones</title>
				<p>Entre las limitaciones más importantes del presente trabajo debemos mencionar su carácter retrospectivo, el escaso número de pacientes involucrados, lo cual limita la comparación entre los grupos e impide además el análisis de la regionalidad de los diferentes parámetros del TM, y la ausencia de definición del correlato anatómico con las lesiones coronarias. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La incorporación de nuevas herramientas cuantitativas de análisis como el TM podría ayudar en la interpretación de signos de isquemia miocárdica en el EED. Es necesario verificar estas observaciones en un número mayor de pacientes y con el uso de otros apremios como el ejercicio y la dobutamina.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.v92.i6.20834</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Performance of myocardial work as a marker of ischemia in dipyridamole stress echocardiography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6495-997X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saad</surname>
						<given-names>Ariel K.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2009-1478</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aladio</surname>
						<given-names>José M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1468-5183</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yaniuk</surname>
						<given-names>José C.</given-names>
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					<name>
						<surname>Chavín</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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						<surname>Lux</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara G.</given-names>
					</name>
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						<surname>Villalba</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia N.</given-names>
					</name>
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					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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						<surname>Volberg</surname>
						<given-names>Verónica I.</given-names>
					</name>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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						<surname>Pérez de la Hoz</surname>
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					</name>
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				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology . Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Coronary Care Unit. . Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coronary Care Unit.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology . Hospital JP Garrahan. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital JP Garrahan</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence:</label> Ariel Karim Saad. E-mail: <email>arielsaad@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>There is scarce evidence about the assessment of myocardial work during dipyridamole stress echocardiography (DSE). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of myocardial work during DSE and to define its differences between patients with and without myocardial ischemia . </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>This retrospective study included 30 patients; mean age was 69.9 ± 10 years and 45% were men.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>Eight patients (27%) presented ischemia. After dipyridamole infusion, global myocardial work index (GWI) and global constructive work (GCW) decreased in the groups with and without ischemia. In patients with ischemia, global wasted work (GWW) increased and global work efficiency (GWE) decreased. In patients without ischemia, GWW decreased while GWE remained unchanged or significantly improved.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions: </title>
					<p>In DSE myocardial ischemia was associated with increased GWW and decreased GWE. These findings warrant further studies to elucidate the responsible mechanisms.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>myocardial work</kwd>
				<kwd>dipyridamole stress echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Dipyridamole stress echocardiography (DSE) is a first-line stress test for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of coronary artery disease, particularly in patients unable to exercise maximally. Although the sensitivity of DSE is lower in single-vessel disease, the diagnostic accuracy is similar to that of dobutamine stress echocardiography in protocols that include atropine or handgrip exercise in the final stage and employ a fast infusion rate. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
				<p>This type of stress also allows for the measurement of other parameters with a high degree of feasibility. These parameters include coronary flow reserve (CFR) in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the assessment of myocardial deformation using speckle-tracking echocardiography. This is possible because the drug has vasodilator properties and produces lower increase in contractility and in heart rate (HR) compared to dobutamine, which makes it an ideal complement for the analysis of myocardial strain. It has been previously demonstrated that the information provided by these techniques increases the sensitivity of the test without significantly affecting its specificity and provides additional prognostic value. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
				<p>While myocardial strain quantification offers a more sensitive means of detecting early signs of myocardial dysfunction that may otherwise go undetected in subjective wall motion analysis, one of its limitations is its dependence on myocardial loading conditions. It has been suggested that measuring the pressure-strain loop is an effective method for estimating myocardial work (MW). This allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of myocardial function by considering the global myocardial work index (GWI), the global constructive work (GCW), the global wasted work (GWW), and the global work efficiency (GWE). The GWI is derived from the area of the pressure-strain loop. The GCW represents shortening of the myocardium during isovolumetric contraction and lengthening of the myocardium during isovolumetric relaxation. The GWW represents the amount of work that is not useful in this context (lengthening of the myocardium during systole or shortening during isovolumetric relaxation). Finally, the GWE is defined as the ratio between GCW and the sum of GCW and GWW. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) </p>
				<p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of different MW parameters during an DSE study in a consecutive population of patients and the differences between those with and without ischemia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study population</title>
					<p>This single-center study had a retrospective and analytical design. The study population consisted of consecutive patients who underwent DSE in the echocardiography laboratory of Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín between August 2023 and March 2024. Patients with atrial fibrillation, inadequate ultrasound window and significant (moderate or severe) valvular heart disease or congenital heart disease were excluded from the study.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Stress echocardiography</title>
					<p>Patients fasted for at least 4 hours and avoided xanthine containing beverages or medications 12 hours before the study. Dipyridamole was the stressor used in intravenous infusion of 0.84 mg/kg/min over 4 minutes. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) A Vivid E95 ultrasound machine (GE HealthCare) with a 5 MHz matrix array transducer was used to acquire two-dimensional images at a frame rate of 60 to 70 frames/second. The evaluation of the standard ultrasound parameters was performed following the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis of longitudinal strain and myocardial work</title>
					<p>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was analyzed semiautomatically from the apical 4-, 3-, and 2-chamber views and was considered as the average of the values obtained in a 17-segment model. The first step to calculate myocardial work was to visualize the opening and closure of mitral and aortic valves from the apical 3-chamber view and to measure cuff blood pressure in the patient's right arm to obtain the pressure-strain loop. The analysis of the pressure-strain loop allowed us to determine the following parameters: GWI, GCW, GWW and GWE according to the myocardial deformation during the different periods of the cardiac cycle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). These values were measured both at baseline and 8 minutes after the end of dipyridamole infusion, and the delta was defined as the difference between both measurements. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Fig. 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Based on the values of global longitudinal strain (top-left) and noninvasive arterial pressure, the global myocardial work index (GWI) is automatically determined (top-right). The opening and closing times of the mitral and aortic valves are used to assess myocardial deformation at different stages of the cardiac cycle (bottom). </title>
								<p>AVC: aortic valve closure; AVO: aortic valve opening; LVP: left ventricular pressure; MVC: mitral valve closure; MVO: mitral valve opening.</p>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf4.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Coronary flow reserve velocity with dipyridamole stress echocardiography</title>
					<p>The LAD coronary artery was visualized as a red tubular structure with a diameter of approximately 0.2 cm to 0.3 cm and a variable length between 0.3 cm and 1.8 cm with positive Doppler spectral signals. To analyze the CFR, diastolic flow velocity in the LAD coronary artery was measured at rest and at the end of drug administration. Normal CFR was considered when the ratio between stress diastolic velocity and rest diastolic velocity was ≥ 2. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>All calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software package. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages and quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range according to their distribution. The groups were compared using the corresponding hypothesis tests (chi square test, Student's t test or the Mann-Withney test) depending on the type of variable and distribution of data. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p> A total of 30 patients were consecutively included; mean age was 69.9 ± 10 years and 45% were men. One third had a history of coronary artery disease and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was high. The main reason for performing DSE was to assess the preoperative risk of cardiac events before peripheral vascular intervention. These characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patients' clinical characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left">Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="left">69.9 ± 10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Male sex</td>
									<td align="left">45%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="left">78%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DM</td>
									<td align="left">33%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Smoking habits</td>
									<td align="left">16%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Obesity</td>
									<td align="left">26%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous MI</td>
									<td align="left">29%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">PCI</td>
									<td align="left">8%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Beta blockers</td>
									<td align="left">44%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ACEI</td>
									<td align="left">32%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ARB</td>
									<td align="left">32%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Statins</td>
									<td align="left">56%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Aspirin</td>
									<td align="left">43%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Myocardial ischemia was evident in 8 patients (27%) according to the visual analysis of wall motion. These patients exhibited a trend toward higher prevalence of previous MI and cardiovascular risk factors. There were no differences in the baseline HR and blood pressure at rest and during pharmacologic stress. Left ventricular volumes had no differences in patients with and without ischemia but left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and GLS were significantly lower in patients with dipyridamole-induced ischemia. The CFR in the LAD coronary artery was lower in patients with ischemia, and these patients had a trend toward lower contractile reserve. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> summarizes the characteristics of the 2 groups. </p>
				<p>When the different parameters of MW were analyzed, GWI and GCW decreased in both groups, although there was a tendency for a smaller decrease in patients without ischemia. In contrast, the GWW and GWE performed differently. In patients with ischemia, the GWW increased and the GWE decreased. In patients without ischemia, the GWW decreased while the GWE remained unchanged or significantly improved (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients according to the presence of myocardial ischemia</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="center">Variable</th>
									<th align="center">Ischemia (n=8)</th>
									<th align="center">No ischemia (n=22)</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Male sex</td>
									<td align="center">50%</td>
									<td align="center">38%</td>
									<td align="center">0.601</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">73.6 ± 9.1</td>
									<td align="center">68.7 ± 10.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.293</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">100%</td>
									<td align="center">78%</td>
									<td align="center">0.225</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DM</td>
									<td align="center">48%</td>
									<td align="center">29%</td>
									<td align="center">0.412</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous MI</td>
									<td align="center">88%</td>
									<td align="center">10%</td>
									<td align="center">0.113</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Beta blockers</td>
									<td align="center">60%</td>
									<td align="center">48%</td>
									<td align="center">0.467</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ACEI</td>
									<td align="center">38%</td>
									<td align="center">30%</td>
									<td align="center">0.822</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ARB</td>
									<td align="center">32%</td>
									<td align="center">28%</td>
									<td align="center">0.783</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Statins</td>
									<td align="center">65%</td>
									<td align="center">52%</td>
									<td align="center">0.676</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Aspirin</td>
									<td align="center">65%</td>
									<td align="center">35%</td>
									<td align="center">0.432</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">130 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">134 ± 15</td>
									<td align="center">0.603</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress SBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">127 ± 39</td>
									<td align="center">125 ± 25</td>
									<td align="center">0.893</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">72 ± 7.5</td>
									<td align="center">77 ± 8</td>
									<td align="center">0.226</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress DBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">72 ± 12</td>
									<td align="center">72 ± 10</td>
									<td align="center">0.868</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HR</td>
									<td align="center">67 ± 18</td>
									<td align="center">68 ± 10</td>
									<td align="center">0.871</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress HR</td>
									<td align="center">82 ± 12</td>
									<td align="center">87 ± 17</td>
									<td align="center">0.532</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">EDV (mL)</td>
									<td align="center">94 ± 57</td>
									<td align="center">79 ± 31</td>
									<td align="center">0.468</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress EDV (mL)</td>
									<td align="center">95 ± 57</td>
									<td align="center">85 ± 36</td>
									<td align="center">0.645</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ESV (mL)</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 54</td>
									<td align="center">37 ± 24</td>
									<td align="center">0.521</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress ESV (mL)</td>
									<td align="center">57 ± 56</td>
									<td align="center">35 ± 24</td>
									<td align="center">0.452</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
									<td align="center">50 ± 14</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">0.248</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress LVEF (%)</td>
									<td align="center">49 ± 15</td>
									<td align="center">61 ± 11</td>
									<td align="center">0.031</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Longitudinal strain (%)</td>
									<td align="center">-15 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">-18.2 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">0.099</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress longitudinal strain (%)</td>
									<td align="center">-14 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">-20.8 ± 4.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CFR in the LAD coronary artery</td>
									<td align="center">1.6 ± 0.24</td>
									<td align="center">2.3 ± 0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LV contractile reserve</td>
									<td align="center">17%</td>
									<td align="center">37%</td>
									<td align="center">0.349</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Wall motion score index</td>
									<td align="center">1.41 ± 0.49</td>
									<td align="center">1.11 ± 0.23</td>
									<td align="center">0.191</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress wall motion score index</td>
									<td align="center">1.64 ± 0.41</td>
									<td align="center">1.10 ± 0.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>MYOCARDIAL WORK PARAMETERS</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">GWI (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">1493 ± 513</td>
									<td align="center">1946 ± 481</td>
									<td align="center">0.828</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress GWI (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">1164 ± 470</td>
									<td align="center">1850 ± 24</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Delta GWI (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">-329 ± 163</td>
									<td align="center">-96 ± 255</td>
									<td align="center">0.050</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">GCW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">1697 ± 572</td>
									<td align="center">2229 ± 612</td>
									<td align="center">0.068</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress GCW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">1358 ± 580</td>
									<td align="center">2136 ± 640</td>
									<td align="center">0.014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Delta GCW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">-338 ± 183</td>
									<td align="center">-93 ± 312</td>
									<td align="center">0.081</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">GWW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">130 ± 105</td>
									<td align="center">123 ± 87</td>
									<td align="center">0.885</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress GWW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">143 ± 93</td>
									<td align="center">82 ± 53</td>
									<td align="center">0.171</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Delta GWW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">14 ± 95</td>
									<td align="center">-41 ± 64</td>
									<td align="center">0.108</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">GWE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">90 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">93 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">0.435</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stress GWE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">85 ± 12</td>
									<td align="center">95 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.123</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Delta GWE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">-5 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">2 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.019</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Quantitative variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variables as percentages </p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; GCW: global constructive work; GWE: global work efficiency; GWI: global myocardial work index; GWW: global wasted work; HR: heart rate; HTN: hypertension; LAD: left anterior descending; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Fig. 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Study of a patient without myocardial ischemia showing a decrease in GWW (baseline 63 mmHg% and stress 31 mmHg%) and stable GWE (baseline 97 mmHg% and stress 98 mmHg%). Left: baseline study; right: stress test. </title>
							<p>BP: blood pressure; GCW: global constructive work; GLS: global longitudinal stress; GWE: global work efficiency; GWI: global myocardial work index; GWW: global wasted work; LVP: left ventricular pressure.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Fig. 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>In a patient with myocardial ischemia, we observed a decrease in GWE (baseline 91 mmHg% and stress 88 mmHg%) and an increase in GWW (baseline 113 mmHg% and stress 145 mmHg%). Left: baseline study; right: stress test. </title>
							<p> BP: blood pressure; GCW: global constructive work; GLS: global longitudinal stress; GWE: global work efficiency; GWI: global myocardial work index; GWW: global wasted work; LVP: left ventricular pressure.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-92-06-437-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Stress echocardiography is still a first-line test for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. About 20-30% of patients cannot exercise maximally and the use of high-dose dipyridamole administered over 4 minutes is an excellent option in this scenario. However, the main limitation of this approach is the subjectivity inherent in visual analysis of wall motion, particularly in less experienced operators. This is a relevant consideration given that the drug does not increase contractility and heart rate in a proportionate manner to that observed with dobutamine, and that a considerable proportion of patients are already receiving beta-blocker therapy. </p>
				<p>To address these limitations, the concurrent measurement of CFR in the LAD coronary artery and the analysis of myocardial deformation through two-dimensional strain have been proposed. The CFR allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the coronary vascular tree and numerous studies have demonstrated its significant prognostic value beyond the presence or absence of wall motion abnormalities. Therefore, its measurement is strongly recommended in all patients undergoing stress echocardiography. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) Nevertheless, its implementation in routine clinical practice is limited due technical considerations, namely the necessity for an optimal configuration of imaging parameters, the fact that not all operators know how to use it, and economic reasons in our setting. </p>
				<p>The quantification of myocardial deformation by analyzing GLS represents another valuable tool for enhancing the sensitivity of the test without significantly reducing its specificity. In this case, the slight increase in HR and contractility, which was previously regarded as a limitation of the method, is, in fact, an advantage. DSE is considered the ideal scenario for the use of two-dimensional strain. The analysis of the performance of subendocardial fibers, which are more sensitive to ischemia, allows for the detection of incipient abnormalities and helps in the interpretation of myocardial wall motion, as demonstrated in a study by Lowenstein et al. in which the inclusion of GLS increased the sensitivity of the test from 50% with visual analysis to 83.3% (p = 0.001). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) The close relationship between the performance of CFR and GLS was demonstrated in a publication by Arbucci et al., in which both parameters were evaluated with DSE in a population of 179 patients. Both values showed a significant correlation, that was higher when the regional strain of the apical segments was considered. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</p>
				<p>Myocardial work assessment has the advantage of incorporating loading conditions to conventional two-dimensional strain and the pressure-strain loop is proportional to myocardial oxygen uptake. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) Its usefulness has been demonstrated in numerous clinical scenarios such as patients with arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure and cancer, among others. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) However, there is little evidence on its usefulness during stress echocardiography. Recently, Borrie et al. analyzed 60 patients who underwent exercise stress echocardiography. Of these patients, 30% exhibited evidence of ischemia, as indicated by wall motion abnormalities. With exercise, GWI increased and GWE remained unchanged in individuals without ischemia while in those with ischemia GWI remained unchanged (i.e., did not increase) and GWE showed a significant decrease (from 93% to 87%). This study determined that the best cut-off point for identifying patients with myocardial ischemia was a 25% increase in GWI, with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>) These findings suggest that this tool could have additional value in patients with a good ultrasound window. The study by Edwards et al. reaches similar conclusions. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) One of the main limitations to the use of MW during exercise stress echocardiography is the quality of the ultrasound window and the elevated HR during exercise that hinders accurate analysis of myocardial wall motion during the cardiac cycle.</p>
				<p>In a study using pharmacological stress echocardiography, Leitman et al. analyzed MW with the use of dobutamine in 119 patients without ischemia. Dobutamine stress echocardiography resulted in a decrease in all MW parameters despite improvement in GLS. The authors suggest that the dose of up to 40 mcg/kg/min until 85% of maximum heart rate is reached may have deleterious effects on contractility. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) More recently, Liu et al. reported a study performed with adenosine in 78 patients with microvascular angina and evaluated the performance of MW according to the presence or absence of CFR. The main finding was that patients with microvascular disease (abnormal CFR) had increased GWW and decreased GWE, in addition to a trend towards a smaller increase in GWI and GCW. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) Similar findings are reported in an abstract published by Lofrumento et al. in 50 patients with suspected macrovascular disease, where it is evident that the analysis of GWE and GWW has an additive role beyond GLS when implemented in a DSE. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</p>
				<p>The results obtained in our study are in line with those studies evaluating MW with exercise and adenosine in terms of increased wasted work and decreased efficient work in patients with ischemia, which is related to the percentage of post-systolic strain. It should be noted that, in contrast to the effects observed during exercise, the use of vasodilators such as dipyridamole is expected to result in stable and potentially decreased blood pressure values. Consequently, it can be expected that the GWI and GCW will not increase or even decrease slightly during exercise. </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations</title>
					<p>The study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Study limitations</title>
					<p>This study has several limitations. Firstly, it is a retrospective study, which makes it difficult to draw comparisons between groups. Secondly, the number of patients involved is small, which limits the ability to perform regional analysis of the different MW parameters. Finally, there is no definition of the anatomical correlation with coronary artery lesions. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The introduction of new quantitative analysis tools, such as MW, could assist in the interpretation of signs of myocardial ischemia in DSE. Further verification of these observations is required in larger patient cohorts with the inclusion of additional stressors such as exercise and dobutamine.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>