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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v92.i6.20835</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO DE OPINIÓN</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Nueva guía europea de sindromes coronarios crónicos 2024. Aspectos destacados y comparación con otras guías de práctica clínica</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>New 2024 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Highlights and Comparison with Other Clinical Practice Guidelines</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7120-484X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caroli</surname>
						<given-names>Christian A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Médica MIA, Estado de México. México</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Médica MIA</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="state">Estado de México</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">México</country>
					<email>chrcaroli@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Christian A. Caroli. E-mail: <email>chrcaroli@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> El autor declara que no tiene conflicto de intereses. (Véase formulario de conflictos de interés del autor en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Nov-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>92</volume>
			<issue>6</issue>
			<fpage>444</fpage>
			<lpage>447</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="14"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>La nueva guía de práctica clínica (GPC) 2024 sobre síndromes coronarios crónicos (SCC) de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) revisa las previamente publicadas en 2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) y también suma las de revascularización de 2018, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) de manera que hace las veces de un doble documento. Es relevante su análisis dado que es la primera GPC de la ESC sobre enfermedad coronaria crónica (ECC) publicada luego que el estudio ISCHEMIA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) viera la luz en 2020. En este escrito participan profesionales de 41 países europeos y está avalado por la Asociación Europea de Cirugía Cardiotorácica. El proceso de votación y aprobación de las recomendaciones requiere un acuerdo de al menos un 75 % de los miembros y luego de múltiples revisiones doble ciego por pares externos, las mismas son firmadas por todos los expertos de la <italic>Task Force</italic> para su publicación.</p>
		<p>Este artículo tiene como objetivo destacar las novedades y comparar las clases de recomendación (CR) y niveles de evidencia (NE) seleccionados con ediciones previas de la ESC y las Sociedades Americanas de Cardiología (AHA y ACC).</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Nueva definición </title>
			<p>“<italic>Los SCC son una variedad de presentaciones clínicas o síndromes que se originan debido a alteraciones estructurales y/o funcionales relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas de las arterias coronarias y/o la microcirculación. Estas alteraciones pueden provocar un desajuste transitorio y reversible entre la demanda miocárdica y el aporte sanguíneo, lo que da lugar a hipoperfusión (isquemia), provocada habitualmente (pero no siempre) por el esfuerzo, la emoción u otro tipo de estrés, y puede manifestarse como angina, otras molestias torácicas o disnea, o ser asintomática. Aunque es estable durante largos períodos, la ECC con frecuencia es progresiva y pueden desestabilizarse en cualquier momento con el desarrollo de un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA)</italic>”.</p>
			<p>La definición 2024 se diferencia de la previa en el énfasis en las alteraciones funcionales y la microcirculación, lo cual ha sido tratado en un apartado dedicado a INOCA/ANOCA (isquemia/angina sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva). Así, bajo el paraguas de SCC incluyen, desde la fisiopatología, las alteraciones macro y microvasculares, y, desde la visión de la clínica los cinco escenarios siguientes:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Paciente sintomático con angina o isquemia inducida por estrés reproducible con enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (ECO) epicárdica;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Paciente con angina o isquemia causada por anomalías vasomotoras epicárdicas o alteraciones microvasculares funcionales/estructurales en ausencia de ECO epicárdica (ANOCA/INOCA);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Paciente no agudo post-SCA o después de un procedimiento de revascularización;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Paciente no agudo con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) de origen isquémico o cardiometabólico; </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Paciente asintomático en el que se detecta enfermedad coronaria epicárdica durante estudios de imagen para ajustar el riesgo cardiovascular.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Estos cinco escenarios presentados son idénticos a los utilizados por las GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
			<p>Al igual que la GPC ESC 2019 este documento utiliza pasos, en este caso cuatro (en lugar de seis), para describir el proceso de evaluación del paciente: examen clínico general, evaluación adicional, confirmación del diagnóstico y tratamiento inicial, que luego se profundiza en tratamiento farmacológico y revascularización. </p>
			<p>En el segundo paso, denominado “evaluación adicional” se presenta uno de los mayores y más controvertidos cambios; se introduce el modelo de probabilidad clínica ponderado por factores de riesgo (PC-FR) derivado de la publicación de Winther et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) En el documento es defendido por estar centrado en el paciente, su precisión frente a modelos computacionales más avanzados y por triplicar el número de sujetos categorizados como de riesgo muy bajo frente al modelo de las GPC 2019. Incluye sexo, edad, síntomas (dolor de pecho y/o disnea) y factores de riesgo (antecedentes familiares, tabaquismo, dislipidemia, hipertensión y diabetes). De esta manera, los valores de probabilidad pretest calculables varían entre 0 y 45 %. La puntuación de síntomas reemplaza la terminología anterior (angina típica, atípica y no cardíaca/no anginosa), catalogada ahora por la ESC como potencialmente engañosa. También se refiere que puede ser necesario un ajuste individual de la probabilidad para individuos con factores de riesgo únicos graves o comorbilidades como hipercolesterolemia familiar, disfunción renal grave, enfermedades reumáticas/inflamatorias y enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP).</p>
			<p>La GPC señala: “<italic>En general, las personas con una probabilidad muy baja (≤5 %) de ECO no requieren más pruebas diagnósticas a menos que los síntomas persistan y se hayan descartado causas no cardíacas. En pacientes con una probabilidad baja (&gt;5 % - 15 %), el beneficio de las pruebas diagnósticas es incierto, pero pueden realizarse si los síntomas son limitantes y requieren aclaración. Se recomienda efectuar más pruebas diagnósticas a los pacientes con probabilidad moderada (&gt;15 % -50 %), alta (&gt;50 %-85 %) y muy alta (&gt;85 %) de ECO</italic>”.</p>
			<p>De la misma manera amplían el concepto de PC-FR y recomienda ajustar en función de los siguientes seis datos clínicos complementarios o potenciadores del riesgo (CR-NE IC): cambios en el ECG de reposo, ECG de esfuerzo anormal, disfunción ventricular, arritmia ventricular, edema agudo de pulmón (EAP) y calcio coronario en una tomografía computada (TC) oportunista previa. En el caso particular de los pacientes de bajo riesgo (sin potenciadores), la GPC pondera la combinación del <italic>score</italic> de calcio (SC) con el modelo de PC-FR, ya que mostró el mayor potencial para diferir estudios (CR-NE IIa B para reclasificar como de muy baja probabilidad de ECO).</p>
			<p>Recapitulando, de esta manera, los valores de probabilidad pretest calculables alcanzan como máximo el 45 %, y solo con los potenciadores puede arribarse a porcentajes mayores. La dificultad se plantea porque no existe una herramienta en la GPC que permita cuantificar los potenciadores para alcanzar criterios de alto o muy alto riesgo ¿Cómo debería calcularse entonces? El documento no da certezas sobre este punto central, pero el siguiente intercambio en la red X nos permite entender mejor. El Dr. Capodanno (revisor de la GPC y reconocido editor en jefe de la publicación EuroIntervention) señala esta problemática en su post del 6 de septiembre de 2024. El Dr. Christiaan Vrints, presidente de la GPC, le responde: <italic>“La idea es hacer un juicio ‘clínico’, no un cálculo, basado en el número y la gravedad de los ‘potenciadores de probabilidad’. Si está convencido de que la</italic> PC <italic>es ‘muy alta’, vaya directamente a angiografía invasiva; si estima que la</italic> PC <italic>es ‘alta’, solicite imágenes funcionales”</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) A pesar de que el Dr. Vrints enfatiza que la decisión es clínica, la contradicción existe, ya que la GPC propone porcentajes para estimar el riesgo. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Confirmación del diagnóstico </title>
			<p>Una vez que se obtiene la PC-FR y con ello el riesgo, se propone una primera línea de estudios o conductas en pacientes sintomáticos con sospecha de SCC:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Muy bajo riesgo (≤ 5%): diferir estudios.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Bajo riesgo (&gt; 5 -15%): <italic>score</italic> de calcio (SC) para reclasificar el riesgo o angiotomografía coronaria (AT).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Moderado riesgo (&gt; 15 -50%): AT o prueba funcional, sea tomografía computada por emisión de fotón único (SPECT), eco-estrés o resonancia cardíaca.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Alto riesgo (&gt; 50-85%): prueba funcional (SPECT, eco-estrés o resonancia).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Muy alto riesgo (&gt; 85%): angiografía invasiva.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>El documento destaca el valor agregado del SC realizado en simultáneo con los estudios de medicina nuclear, ejemplo PET-CT (CR-NE IB). También subraya que existe un creciente apoyo al uso de la AT como prueba de primera línea en el grupo con una probabilidad baja o moderada (&gt;5%-50%) con una CR-NE IA y se presenta por primera vez el FFR-CT (reserva fraccional de flujo por AT) para estratificar el riesgo en lesiones de la arteria descendente anterior proximal ≥70 % con una CR-NE IB.</p>
			<p>En caso de muy alto riesgo se recomienda efectuar una angiografía coronaria invasiva mediante acceso radial (CR-NE IA) y una evaluación selectiva de la severidad funcional en obstrucciones moderadas para guiar la decisión de revascularización, utilizando las siguientes técnicas:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>FFR o iFR (índice diastólico instantáneo sin ondas): significativos con valores ≤0,8 o ≤0,89, respectivamente, con CR-NE IA. <italic>Similar recomendación otorga la GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>QFR o relación de flujo cuantitativo (significativo con valor ≤0.8), con CR-NE IB. <italic>No mencionado en la GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Tratamiento </title>
			<sec>
				<title>Novedades farmacológicas</title>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Se propone un reordenamiento de los antianginosos, eliminando el concepto de primera o segunda línea. Sin nuevos fármacos, se aboga por una adaptación a cada paciente (CR-NE IC).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>También se otorga un mayor nivel de recomendación para el clopidogrel, ahora CR-NE IA como alternativa a la aspirina por su eficacia y seguridad. <italic>La GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC no lo considera dentro de sus recomendaciones en caso de antiagregación simple.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>Además, se incorporan dos drogas cardio-metabólicas y una antiinflamatoria:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 para pacientes con diabetes. CR-NE IA. <italic>Es idéntica la CR en la GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Péptidos agonistas del receptor de péptido símil glucagón tipo 1 (AR GLP-1) en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, con CR-NE IIa B. <italic>En la GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC se refirió no contar con evidencias aún para realizar recomendación en pacientes sin diabetes.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Colchicina en bajas dosis, con CR-NE IIa A. Los resultados de los estudios COLCOT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) y LoDoCo2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) permitieron introducir al tratamiento de la ECC una droga con mecanismo anti inflamatorio directo y con un alto nivel de recomendación. <italic>En la GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC adjudicaron CR-NE IIb B</italic>.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Revascularización </title>
				<p>Es definida por los síntomas, riesgo y características de la anatomía, al igual que lo definen las <italic>guías AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC</italic>. Las recomendaciones resaltan la participación del Heart Team (HT). Aquí las más relevantes:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Se recomienda cirugía coronaria (CR-NE IA) para pacientes con lesión de tronco de coronaria izquierda (TCI) grave, TCI con enfermedad de múltiples vasos (EMV) o EMV con diabetes. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Se recomienda cirugía coronaria (CR-NE IA) para pacientes con 3 vasos y buena fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI). <italic>Este punto clave implica una posición diametralmente opuesta a las GPC ACC/AHA/SCAI de revascularización 2021, (</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><italic>10</italic></xref><italic>) que le otorgaron una CR IIb desatando una fuerte controversia a nivel mundial.</italic> Tal fue el desacuerdo que la Asociación Estadounidense de Cirugía Torácica y La Sociedad de Cirujanos Torácicos se retiraron del documento. Aunque esto fue enmendado en las GPC de SCC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC, con una CR-NE IIa B, el debate continuó. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Con respecto a la angioplastia, se genera una CR-NE IA para lesión de TCI de baja complejidad (SYNTAX ≤ 22) o como alternativa a la cirugía en lesión de 3 vasos, buena función ventricular y sin diabetes, con SYNTAX ≤ 32 (CR-NE IA). <italic>En este último punto también la GPC ACC/AHA/SCAI 2021 otorgó una baja recomendación, IIb frente al tratamiento médico, y fue modificada ulteriormente en las GPC de SCC AHA/ACC 2023 a IIa B.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>En pacientes con enfermedad coronaria multivaso y FEVI ≤35 %, se recomienda cirugía coronaria para mejorar la sobrevida (CR-NE IB). Son los mismos <italic>CR-NE y objetivo que los de las GPC de revascularización ACC/AHA/SCI 2021 y AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>En pacientes con enfermedad multivaso funcionalmente significativa, FEVI ≤35%, con alto riesgo quirúrgico/no operables, puede considerarse la angioplastia como una alternativa a la cirugía (CR-NE IIb B). Esta rebaja en la recomendación de la angioplastia en cardiopatía isquémica es una fuerte novedad basándose en la reciente evidencia del estudio REVIVED-BCIS2. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><italic>) Dicho escenario en la GPC de revascularización ESC 2018 era definido en forma multifactorial (HT, anatomía, posibilidad de revascularización completa, diabetes y comorbilidades) con una CR-NE IIa C; en las de revascularización AHA/ACC/SCI 2021 solo por contraindicación a la cirugía cardíaca vía HT, sin otorgar una CR y, finalmente, en las guías AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC se adjudicó una CR-NE IIa B como alternativa a la cirugía para reducir eventos.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>Por otro lado, también en base al estudio de Perera et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) la determinación de viabilidad no obtuvo recomendación alguna en este apartado.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>INOCA/ANOCA </title>
			<p>El apartado de isquemia/angina con enfermedad coronaria no obstructiva (INOCA/ANOCA) presenta una extensa sección dedicada, en contraste a su inaugural mención en 2019. Se publica un sólido algoritmo para arribar al diagnóstico, donde destaca el rol de la angiografía con estudios de fisiología coronaria, con CR-NE IB para confirmar el endotipo y mejorar la calidad de vida. Este es el método de actual consenso mundial en las GPC especializadas en el tema. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) <italic>Las GPC AHA/ACC 2023 de ECC otorgaron un grado menor de recomendación con igual nivel de evidencia: IIa B.</italic> Por otro lado, los estudios funcionales no invasivos han quedado degradados a una CR-NE IIb B.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Este esperado documento impone una lectura detallada por su extensión, cuantía de información y valiosos cambios. El proceso diagnóstico ha evolucionado, merece un artículo aparte el actual rol de la isquemia, estudios funcionales y la AT. El tratamiento médico ha incorporado avances significativos y las recomendaciones muestran su poder pronóstico frente a la intervención. La anatomía coronaria continúa siendo la que define, en última instancia, la revascularización y, finalmente, INOCA/ANOCA se posiciona como un tema central en el algoritmo diagnóstico. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>BIBLIOGRAFÍA</title>
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					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2024</year>
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						<etal/>
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					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>REVIVED-BCIS2 Investigators</collab>
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					<article-title>Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<fpage>1351</fpage>
					<lpage>1360</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</ext-link>
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				<mixed-citation>Hokimoto S, Kaikita K, Yasuda S, Tsujita K, Ishihara M, Matoba T, et al. Japanese Circulation Society and Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics and Japanese College of Cardiology Joint Working Group . JCS/CVIT/JCC 2023 Guideline Focused Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasospastic Angina (Coronary Spastic Angina) and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction. Circ J 2023;87:879-936. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-22-0779">https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-22-0779</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
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							<surname>Yasuda</surname>
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					</person-group>
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					<source>Circ J</source>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.v92.i6.20835</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>OPINION ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>New 2024 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Highlights and Comparison with Other Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence:</label> Christian A. Caroli. E-mail: <email>chrcaroli@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Conflicts of interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web/Additional material.)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The new 2024 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the management of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) revise the previous 2019 version (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) and the 2018 myocardial revascularization guidelines, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) so that they serve as a double document. Their analysis is relevant as they are the first CPG on chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) developed by the ESC published after the ISCHEMIA study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) appeared in 2020. This document involves professionals from 41 countries in Europe and is endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. The process of voting and approval of the recommendations requires an agreement from at least 75% of the members. Following multiple rounds of double-blind peer review by external experts, the guidelines are signed off by all the experts in the Task Force for their publication.</p>
			<p>The aim of this article is to highlight the state-of-the-art in CCS and compare the selected classes of recommendations (COR) and levels of evidence (LOE) with the previous versions of the guidelines developed by the ESC, American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>New definition </title>
				<p><italic>&quot;CCS are a range of clinical presentations or syndromes that arise due to structural and/or functional alterations related to chronic diseases of the coronary arteries and/or microcirculation. These alterations can lead to transient, reversible, myocardial demand vs. blood supply mismatch resulting in hypoperfusion (ischemia), usually (but not always) provoked by exertion, emotion or other stress, and may manifest as angina, other chest discomfort, or dyspnea, or be asymptomatic. Although stable for long periods, chronic coronary artery diseases are frequently progressive and may destabilize at any moment with the development of an ACS&quot;</italic>. </p>
				<p>The 2024 definition differs from the previous one in the emphasis on functional alterations and microcirculation, which has been discussed in a section dedicated to INOCA/ANOCA (ischemia/angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries). Accordingly, from a pathophysiologic perspective, the CCS umbrella encompasses macrovascular and microvascular alterations, and, from the clinical point of view, the following five scenarios:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>The symptomatic patient with reproducible stress-induced angina or ischemia with epicardial obstructive CAD.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>The patient with angina or ischemia caused by epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or functional/structural microvascular alterations in the absence of epicardial obstructive CAD (ANOCA/INOCA).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>The non-acute patient post-ACS or after a revascularization procedure.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>The non-acute patient with heart failure (HF) of ischemic or cardiometabolic origin. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>The asymptomatic patient in whom epicardial CAD is detected during an imaging test for refining cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>These five scenarios are identical to those used by the 2023AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
				<p>Like the 2019 ESC CPG, this document involves the use of steps, in this case four (instead of six), to describe the patient evaluation process: general clinical examination, further evaluation, confirming diagnosis and initial treatment, followed by pharmacologic treatment and revascularization. </p>
				<p>The second step, called &quot;further evaluation&quot;, introduces one of the greatest and most controversial changes; the risk factor-weighted clinical likelihood (RF-CL) model derived from the publication by Winther et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) The document defends this model because it is patient-centered and accurate compared with more advanced models requiring computed calculation, and categorizes three times more subjects as being at very low risk compared with the 2019 CPG. This model includes sex, age, symptoms (chest pain and/or dyspnea) and risk factors (family history, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes). Thus, the estimated pretest likelihood values range from 0 to 45%. The symptom score replaces the previous terminology of anginal pain symptoms (typical, atypical and non-cardiac/non-anginal), which the ESC now considers potentially misleading. Individual adjustment of the likelihood may be necessary for subjects with severe single risk factors or comorbidities such as familial hypercholesterolemia, severe renal dysfunction, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).</p>
				<p>The CPG highlights that: <italic>&quot;In general, individuals with a very low (≤ 5%) likelihood of obstructive CAD do not require further diagnostic testing unless symptoms persist and non-cardiac causes have been excluded. In patients with a low (&gt; 5%-15%) likelihood, the benefit of diagnostic testing is uncertain, but may be performed if symptoms are limiting and require clarification. Patients with moderate (&gt; 15%-50%), high (&gt; 50%-85%), and very high (&gt; 85%) likelihood of obstructive CAD are encouraged to undergo further diagnostic testing”</italic>.</p>
				<p>In addition, they expand the concept of RF-CL and recommend adjusting for the following six complementary clinical data or risk enhancers (COR I, LOE C): resting ECG changes, exercise ECG with abnormal findings, ventricular dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmia, acute pulmonary edema (APE), and coronary artery calcification on pre-existing computed tomography (CT) scan. In the particular case of low-risk patients (without enhancers), the CPG weight the combination of the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) with the RF-CL model, as it shows the strongest potential to defer diagnostic testing (COR IIa, LOE B) to reclassify subjects as very low likelihood of obstructive CAD.</p>
				<p>To summarize, the maximum estimated pretest likelihood is 45%, and higher percentages can be reached with the use of risk enhancers. The difficulty arises because the CPG do not provide any tool to use risk enhancers to calculate high or very high pre-test likelihood. How can this calculation be made? The document does not provide definitive insights on this pivotal matter. Nevertheless, the following discussion on the X social media platform helps to a better understanding. In a post dated September 6, 2024, Dr. Capodanno (CPG reviewer and renowned editor-in-chief of EuroIntervention) points out this problem. Dr. Christiaan Vrints, chair of the CPG, answers: <italic>&quot;The idea is to make a ‘clinical’ judgment, not a calculation, based on the number and severity of the ‘likelihood enhancers’. If you are convinced about ‘very high’ CL, go directly to invasive coronary angiography; if you estimate ‘high’ CL, order functional imaging.&quot;</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) Although Dr. Vrints emphasizes that the decision is based on clinical judgment, there is a discrepancy, as the CPG suggests percentages for estimating the risk.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Confirming diagnosis </title>
				<p>Once patient's risk has been obtained using the RF-CL model, the document suggests first-line tests and management strategies in symptomatic patients with suspected CCS:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Very low risk (≤ 5%): defer further testing.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Low risk (&gt;5-15%): consider CACS to re-estimate the risk or coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Moderate risk (&gt; 15 -50%): CCTA or functional tests as single photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT), stress echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>High risk (&gt; 50-85%): functional test (SPECT, stress echocardiography or cardiac MRI).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Very high risk (&gt; 85%): invasive coronary angiography.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>The document highlights the added value of CACS performed simultaneously with nuclear medicine imaging, e.g. PET-CT (COR I-LOE B). It also emphasizes that there is growing support for the use of CCTA as a first-line test in the low to moderate probability group (&gt;5%-50%) (COR I, LOE A), and introduces CCTA-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT) as a novel approach for risk stratification in proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis ≥70% (COR I, LOE B).</p>
				<p>In very high-risk patients, invasive coronary angiography via the radial access (COR I, LOE A) is indicated with selective assessment of functional severity of intermediate diameter stenoses to guide the decision to revascularize, using the following tools:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>FFR or iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio), significant with values ≤ 0.8 or ≤ 0.89, respectively (COR I, LOE A). <italic>A similar recommendation is provided by the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>QFR or quantitative flow ratio, significant with value ≤ 0.8 (COR I, LOE B). <italic>Not mentioned in the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Pharmacological novelties</title>
					<p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>The CPG propose rearranging antianginal medications, eliminating the concept of first-line or second-line drugs. Without new drugs, the document reinforces the concept that medical therapy should be tailored to each patient (COR I, LOE C).</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>The recommendation to use clopidogrel as an alternative to aspirin is now stronger (COR I, LOE A) due to its efficacy and safety. <italic>The 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD do not recommend it as antiplatelet monotherapy</italic>. </p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>In addition, two cardiometabolic drugs and one anti-inflammatory drug have been incorporated:</p>
					<p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors for patients with diabetes (COR I, LOE A). <italic>The same recommendation is provided by the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD.</italic></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in patients with overweight and obesity (COR IIa, LOE B). <italic>The 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD have stated that there is no evidence yet to recommend these drugs in patients without diabetes.</italic></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Low-dose colchicine (COR IIa, LOE A). The results of the COLCOT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) and LoDoCo2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) studies provided the basis for the introduction of a drug with a direct anti-inflammatory mechanism and a high level of recommendation for the treatment of chronic CAD. <italic>For the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD this drug has a COR IIb, LOE B.</italic></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Revascularization </title>
					<p>Revascularization is defined by symptoms, risk and coronary anatomy, similar to the definition of the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD. The recommendations emphasize the participation of the Heart Team (HT). The most relevant recommendations are:</p>
					<p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (COR I, LOE A) is recommended for patients with severe left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease, LMCA with multivessel disease (MVD) or MVD with diabetes. </p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>CABG surgery (COR I, LOE A) is recommended for patients with three-vessel disease and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). <italic>This key point is the opposite of the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization, (</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><italic>10</italic></xref><italic>) in which the recommendation was class IIb, resulting in significant controversy worldwide.</italic> The level of disagreement was such that the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons withdrew from the document. Although this was amended in the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD with a COR IIa, LOE B, the debate continued. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is recommended for LMCA disease of low complexity with a SYNTAX score ≤ 22 (COR I, LOE A), or as an alternative to surgery in three-vessel disease, preserved left ventricular function and absence diabetes, with a SYNTAX score ≤ 32 (COR I, LOE A). <italic>Regarding this last point, the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI CPG also provided a low COR (IIb) versus medical treatment. Subsequently, this recommendation was modified in the 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD to IIa B.</italic></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>In patients with MVD and LVEF ≤ 35%, CABG surgery is recommended to improve survival (COR I, LOE B). <italic>This COR and LOE are in line with those of the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization and 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD.</italic></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>In patients with functionally significant MVD and LVEF ≤ 35% who are at high surgical risk or not operable, PCI may be considered as an alternative to CABG surgery (COR IIb, LOE B). The evidence derived from the REVIVED-BCIS2 study has downgraded the recommendation for PCI in ischemic heart disease, representing a notable development. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) <italic>This scenario was defined as multifactorial (HT, anatomy, possibility of complete revascularization, diabetes and comorbidities) in the 2018 ESC CPG on revascularization with a COR IIa, LOE C. The 2021 AHA/ACC/SCI revascularization guideline recommended PCI only for patients with contraindication to cardiac surgery via the HT, without providing a COR. Finally, the 2023 AHA/ACC guidelines for the management of CAD stated that PCI is reasonable as an alternative to surgery to reduce events (COR IIa, LOE B).</italic></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>Based on the study by Perera et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) the determination of viability did not obtain any recommendation in this section.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>INOCA/ANOCA </title>
				<p>This document features an extensive section dedicated to ischemia/angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/ANOCA), which is a notable shift from the 2019 CPG, where this topic was mentioned for the first time. The GPG include a solid algorithm for making the diagnosis, highlighting the role of angiography with coronary functional testing to define the endotype and to improve quality of life (COR I, LOE B). This is the current, widely accepted approach outlined by the leading CPG on the subject. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) <italic>The 2023 AHA/ACC CPG for the management of chronic CAD provided a lower COR (IIa) with the same LOE (B).</italic> Non-invasive functional testing has been downgraded to a COR IIb, LOE B.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>This long-awaited document requires a detailed reading due to its length, the quantity of information it contains, and the value of the changes it proposes. The workup process has evolved and the current role of ischemia, functional testing and CCTA merits a separate article. Medical treatment has incorporated significant advances, and the recommendations demonstrate its prognostic power compared to intervention. Coronary anatomy continues to be what ultimately defines revascularization and, finally, INOCA/ANOCA is positioned as a central issue in the diagnostic algorithm. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>