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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i1.20851</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Nuevas variantes genéticas asociadas a miocardiopatía dilatada adquirida. Hacia un nuevo panel poligénico predisponente</article-title>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>New Genetic Variants Associated with Acquired Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Towards a New Predisposing Polygenic Panel</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5941-1064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PRINCIPATO</surname>
						<given-names>MARIO B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>PAOLUCCI</surname>
						<given-names>ANALÍA G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7038-7149</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FERNÁNDEZ</surname>
						<given-names>ROCÍO DEL CIELO VILLA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7276-536X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARVELLI</surname>
						<given-names>M. VICTORIA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3476-4055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SETTEPASSI</surname>
						<given-names>PAOLA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8638-3609</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TOMATTI</surname>
						<given-names>ALEJANDRO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>WUFFEN</surname>
						<given-names>M ALEJANDRA VON</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5629-455X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LAGO</surname>
						<given-names>MANUEL</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3076-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARBAJALES</surname>
						<given-names>JUSTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía</institution>
					<addr-line>
						 <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía</institution>
					<addr-line>
						 <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>mbprincipato@yahoo.com.ar</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Mario B. Principato. Correo electrónico: <email>mbprincipato@yahoo.com.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p> Este artículo resultó ganador del Premio Cossio en el 50 Congreso Argentino de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p>Declaración de conflicto de intereses Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>15</fpage>
			<lpage>25</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> La insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda reducida (FEVIr) es una de las patologías cardiovasculares con mayor mortalidad. La existencia de una predisposición genética para el desarrollo de esta patología ante la presencia de una noxa es aún incierta. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p> El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar asociaciones entre variantes genéticas en alelos polimórficos, polimorfismos de nucleótido único (SNPs) con la presencia de FEVIr y de trastornos de conducción intraventricular (TCIV), en un modelo de miocardiopatía adquirida como es la chagásica. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p> Se incluyó como modelo de estudio a pacientes seropositivos para enfermedad de Chagas con data de infección de más de 20 años, un grupo con FEVIr (FEVI ≤35 %) y otro con FEVI preservada, FEVIp (≥50 %). Se realizó una toma de sangre que fue procesada para la obtención del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), que se envió a un laboratorio in ternacional de genotipado. Se preparó un panel de SNPs de genes utilizando la base internacional The Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD), eligiendo SNPs con una frecuencia en la población del 10 % al 40 %. Los SNPs elegidos están relacio nados con genes responsables del proceso de contracción y relajación ventricular (TTN, BAG3, MTSS1), el metabolismo mio cárdico (PPARGC1A, SIRT1, AKT1 mTOR, AMPK), receptor adrenérgico beta 1 (ADRB1), receptor colinérgico muscarínico 2 (CHRM2), receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 (AGTR1B), y el péptido natriurético auricular (NPPA). Mediante diversos modelos de inteligencia artificial para aprendizaje supervisado (Regresión Logística, Máquinas de Vectores de Soporte, Redes Neuronales Artificiales, Naive Bayes, Árboles de Clasificación y Random Forest) se evaluaron 68 SNPs como predictores de la presencia de dos fenotipos: FEVIr, y TCIV. El desempeño de los modelos para la predicción de la FEVIr se evaluó mediante la técnica de validación cruzada (<italic>cross-validation</italic>), con la métrica F1 como medida de precisión para seleccionar el mejor modelo. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> Se incluyeron 182 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 62 años, el 39,6 % hombres. El 31 % presentó FEVIr y el 53 % algún TCIV. El modelo con el mejor desempeño fue la regresión logística (F1 = 0,85), por lo que se la utilizó para ex presar la asociación mediante el Odds Ratio y su IC del 95%. Se observó que las variantes rs2076300, rs61772962 y rs7071853 fueron predictores independientes de reducción de la FEVI, mientras que, para la presencia de TIVC, el único predictor fue el SNP rs72840788. El SNP rs61772962 corresponde al gen PRKAA2, que codifica a la subunidad catalítica alfa-2 de la proteína quinasa activada por 5’-AMP. Por su parte el rs7071853 y el rs72840788 corresponden al gen que codifica a la proteína BAG3 (regulador 3 de chaperona). Finalmente el SNP rs2076300 corresponde al gen DSP que codifica una desmoplaquina, proteína de la placa de unión de los desmosomas. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> En este modelo de derivación, en un conjunto de pacientes con serología positiva para Chagas se identificaron 3 SNPs predictores de reducción de la FEVI y un SNP predictor de TCIV. La reproducibilidad de estos resultados debería ser confirmada en un modelo de validación con una mayor muestra de individuos. Además, este hallazgo podría ser de utilidad en miocardiopatías dilatadas de otras etiologías.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is one of the cardiovascular pathologies with the highest mortality. The existence of a genetic predisposition for the development of this pathology in the presence of a noxa is still uncertain.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to identify associations between genetic variants in polymorphic alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the presence of rEF and intraventricular conduction disorders (IVCD) in a model of acquired cardiomyopathy such as chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>A study model including patients seropositive for Chagas disease with a history of infection of more than 20 years, one group with rEF (≤35%) and another group with preserved LVEF (pEF, ≥50%). A blood collection was performed and processed to obtain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which was sent to an international genotyping laboratory. A panel of gene SNPs was prepared using the international TheGenomeAggregationDatabase (GnomAD), choosing SNPs with a frequency in the population of 10% to 40%. The SNPs chosen are related to genes responsible for the process of ventricular contraction and relaxation (TTN, BAG3, MTSS1), myocardial metabolism (PPARGC1A, SIRT1, AKT1 mTOR, AMPK), adrenergic receptor beta 1 (ADRB1), cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (CHRM2), angiotensin II type 1 receptor(AGTR1B), and atrial natriuretic peptide (NPPA) Using various artificial intelligence models for supervised learning (Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, Artificial Neural Networks, NaiveBayes, Classification Trees, and RandomForest) 68 SNPs were evaluated as predictors of the presence of two phenotypes: rEF, and IVCD. The performance of the models for the prediction of rEF was evaluated by cross-validation technique, with the F1 metric as a measure of accuracy to select the best model.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> One hundred and eighty-two patients were included, with a median age of 62 years, 39.6 % men. Thirty-one percent had rEF and 53% had some IVCD. The model with the best performance was logistic regression (F1=0.85), so it was used to express the association by Odds Ratio and its 95% CI. It was observed that the variants rs2076300, rs61772962 and rs7071853 were independent predictors of rEF, whereas the only predictor for IVCD was the SNP rs72840788. The SNP rs61772962 corresponds to the PRKAA2 gene, which encodes the alpha-2 catalytic subunit of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. On the other hand, rs7071853 and rs72840788 correspond to the gene encoding the BAG3 protein (chaperone regulator 3). Finally, the SNP rs2076300 corresponds to the DSP gene encoding a desmoplakin, a protein of the desmosome binding plate.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>In this derivation model, in a set of patients with positive serology for Chagas disease, 3 SNPs predictive of rEF and one SNP predictive of IVCD were identified. The reproducibility of these results should be confirmed in a validation model with a larger sample of individuals. Furthermore, this finding could be useful in dilated cardiomyopathies of other etiologies.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Miocardiopatìa dilatada</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiencia cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Genética</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermedad de Chagas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Dilated</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetics</kwd>
				<kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda reducida (FEVIr) representa una de las patologías con mayor mortalidad. Entre sus principales etiologías se destaca la miocardiopatía dilatada (MCD). Los predictores del desarrollo y pronóstico de la MCD están sujetos a continua investigación. A pesar de los avances en el entendimiento de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes, las razones por las cuales ciertas condiciones predisponen a la evolución hacia la miocardiopatía dilatada aún no se comprenden completamente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
			<p>Se han identificado alteraciones genotípicas (familiares) responsables de un pequeño grupo de casos con el fenotipo de dilatación ventricular.</p>
			<p>Un aspecto notable es que la misma noxa puede generar efectos variables entre distintos pacientes. Esto sugiere la posible existencia de una predisposición genética que influiría en una evolución clínica diferenciada. En este contexto, los polimorfismos de nucleótido único (SNPs) podrían desempeñar un papel clave en la variabilidad de la respuesta de los pacientes ante una misma noxa.</p>
			<p>Para investigar la existencia de variantes genéticas asociadas con la predisposición a la MCD utilizamos la enfermedad de Chagas como modelo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
			<p> La enfermedad de Chagas es responsable de la MCD con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. Presenta dos fases clínicas: una aguda, que suele ser asintomática en el 95 % de los pacientes, y una fase crónica, con un período de latencia prolongado de 10-30 años. En este grupo, entre el 25% y el 30% de los individuos, desarrollan signos o síntomas de afectación cardíaca (miocardiopatía chagásica). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</p>
			<p>La miocardiopatía chagásica crónica (MCC) se ha considerado como la causa más frecuente de miocardiopatía no isquémica en Argentina. Sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre los indicadores de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta afección y otros eventos cardiovasculares, independientemente del efecto de los factores de riesgo tradicionales. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>OBJETIVO</title>
			<p>El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar las variantes genéticas relacionadas con la presencia de MCD realizando un análisis de asociación con SNPs.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Estudio unicéntrico prospectivo que incluyó pacientes desde junio de 2016 hasta enero de 2020.</p>
			<p>Se incluyeron pacientes de 21 a 80 años, seropositivos para enfermedad de Chagas con MCD, provenientes de las provincias del noroeste argentino y sur de Bolivia, y otros serológicamente positivos de edad similar, procedentes de las mismas áreas geográficas sin MCD, como grupo control.</p>
			<p>Todos debían contar con una antigüedad conocida por el paciente de la infección de más de 20 años certificada por médico tratante, análisis serológico y abandono del área endémicas por más de 20 años. Los pacientes debían tener una FEVI medida dentro de los 12 meses previos a su inclusión, ≤ 35% o ≥ 50%. </p>
			<p>Se excluyeron pacientes que rechazaron firmar el consentimiento informado, aquellos con patologías conocidas graves (excluida la cardiovascular) que generen una expectativa de vida menor a un año, y aquellos que estuvieran participando en protocolos de investigación en los 30 días previos a la toma de la muestra. También se rechazaron aquellos en los que no se podía asegurar su contacto personal o telefónico, aquellos con abuso de alcohol o drogas en los últimos 6 meses, con clínica y laboratorio de insuficiencia hepática (valor de transaminasas x3 y bilirrubina total &gt;2 mg/dL), con FEVI entre 36% y 49 % (el objetivo fue separar los grupos evitando el cruce de pacientes), y los que recibían drogas de conocida acción sobre los parámetros cardiovasculares (inmunosupresores, nitratos, estrógenos). También se excluyó a los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria en etapa aguda o crónica, con indicación de revascularización o con angioplastia coronaria o cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en los 6 meses anteriores, pacientes con insuficiencia renal (creatinina sérica &gt;2,5 gr / dL), con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva grave, con MCD de otras etiologías (ej.: artritis reumatoidea, diabetes, hipertensión arterial), con enfermedades valvulares significativas (excepto las secundarias a dilatación del anillo valvular mitral y/o tricuspídeo), con marcapasos con estimulación mayor al 50%, o con patologías autoinmunes (lupus, esclerodermia, hepatitis C, etc.).</p>
			<p>Los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y no presentaron criterios de exclusión fueron divididos en 2 grupos:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo 1: pacientes con FEVI ≤ 35%.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo 2: individuos con FEVI ≥ 50%.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p> Luego de la firma del consentimiento informado se les realizó una historia clínica y examen físico completos, acorde con su patología de base y los procedimientos diagnósticos y pronósticos correspondientes.</p>
			<p>Se efectuó un ecocardiograma para confirmar el valor de FEVI y un ECG de 12 derivaciones. Según los resultados del ECG, los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos: con trastornos de la conducción intraventricular (TCIV), cuando tenían uno o más de los siguientes criterios: bloqueo de rama derecha, bloqueo de rama izquierda, hemibloqueo anterior izquierdo y hemibloqueo posterior izquierdo; o sin TCIV.</p>
			<p> Los pacientes fueron codificados con un sistema alfanumérico para garantizar la identidad de los grupos. </p>
			<p>Personal capacitado realizó una toma de sangre de 10 mL para la determinación genómica. La muestra fue colocada en tubos con presencia de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) según normas ISO para evitar su coagulación, y conservada a -20ºC hasta su procesamiento. Esta muestra fue procesada para la obtención del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) correspondiente, en un centro especializado de nuestro país, quedando muestras de seguridad. </p>
			<p>El ADN se envió vía un <italic>courier</italic> autorizado por legislación internacional a tal fin al laboratorio internacional Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, laboratorio nº1, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, donde se realizó el genotipado y su análisis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>). El laboratorio permaneció ciego respecto a qué grupo pertenecían los pacientes. Esto era solamente conocido por el equipo estadístico al momento del análisis.</p>
			<p>Se preparó un panel de SNPs de genes relacionados con: </p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>El proceso de contracción y relajación ventricular (TTN, BAG3, MTSS1). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>El metabolismo miocárdico (PPARGC1A, SIRT1, AKT1 mTOR, AMPK, PRKAA2). </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>El receptor adrenérgico beta 1 (ADRB1). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>El receptor colinérgico muscarínico 2 (CHRM2).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>El receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 (AGTR1B).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>El péptido natriurético auricular (NPPA).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Reguladores del ciclo celular (CDKN1A, RYR2) </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Estructura sarcomérica (ATP2A2, DSP, JUP)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Energía celular (PRKAB2, PRKAB1) </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Actividad mitocondrial (SOD 2)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Apoptosis (AKT1)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Regulador de la hipoxia celular (HIF1A)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Cadena respiratoria (LDHA, lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)) </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Óxido Nítrico (NOS1, NOS2P3)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Factores de crecimiento e inflamación (SH2B3)</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Se utilizó la base internacional The Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD) eligiendo SNPs con una frecuencia del 10 % al 40 % en la población incorporada a esta base de datos. </p>
			<p>Finalmente se seleccionaron 68 SNPs para su análisis, los cuales se hallan detallados en la tabla S1.</p>
			<p>La tecnología utilizada fue iPLEX Gold. Se realizó el <italic>script</italic> en SNPassoc para evaluar si cumplían el estado de equilibrio H-W toda la población. </p>
			<p>Se evaluó la asociación entre estos dos fenotipos, como variables binomiales codificadas como SI = 1 y NO = 0, con los SNPs codificados como una variable ordinal según la siguiente convención: 0 para homocigotos del alelo tipo salvaje, 2 para homocigotas del alelo alternativo y 1 para los heterocigotos.</p>
			<p>Para la evaluación de la relación entre los diferentes SNPs en estudio y la presencia de una FEVI reducida, se utilizaron diversos modelos de inteligencia artificial para aprendizaje supervisado. Se evaluó el desempeño de 1) Regresión Logística, 2) Máquinas de Vectores de Soporte, 3) Redes neuronales artificiales, 4) Naive Bayes, 5) Árboles de decisión y 6) Random Forest, con la colaboración del equipo de Inteligencia Artificial de genomIT.</p>
			<p>La evaluación del desempeño de los distintos modelos para la predicción de la FEVI reducida, se efectuó mediante la técnica de validación cruzada, cross-validation, utilizando la métrica F1 como medida de precisión para seleccionar el mejor modelo.</p>
			<p>Para la evaluación de la relación entre cada SNP y la presencia de TCIV se evaluó un modelo de regresión logística univariado con la presencia de FEVI reducida y TCIV como desenlaces y cada SNP como predictor. Se seleccionaron los SNPs con un p valor asociado &lt; 0,05, para la evaluación de su efecto mediante un modelo de regresión logística multivariado, seleccionando aquellos SNPs con un valor p &lt; 0,05, a través de la estrategia <italic>backward selection</italic> con el método <italic>stepwise regression</italic>. La magnitud de la asociación entre cada SNP y el desenlace en estudio se expresó como el Odds Ratio y su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95 % (IC95%). La performance predictiva del modelo fue evaluada usando el área bajo la curva. El mismo procedimiento se aplicó con la utilización de regresión logística de los SNPs con FEVI reducida. </p>
			<p>Los análisis se efectuaron con el software R ® (versión 4.1.1, R Development Core Team/R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
			<p>Se generó además, un Manhattan <italic>plot</italic> con los diferentes modelos de herencia para todos los SNPs analizando el nivel nominal de significancia y el nivel de Bonferroni.</p>
			<p> Consideraciones éticas: El estudio fue desarrollado según los principios de la Declaración de Helsinki y aprobado por el Comité de Docencia e Investigación de la institución.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Se estudiaron 182 pacientes con serología positiva para Chagas oriundos del sur de Bolivia y Noroeste de Argentina. </p>
			<p>La mediana de edad de la población fue de 62 años. El 39,6 % fueron hombres. Cincuenta y siete de ellos (31 %), presentaron FEVIr y 95 (53 %) presentaron algún TCIV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basales </title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">FEVI preservada</th>
								<th align="center">FEVI reducida</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">N</td>
								<td align="center">125</td>
								<td align="center">57</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad, años</td>
								<td align="center">59,44 (11,25)</td>
								<td align="center">64,68 (10,09)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
								<td align="center">39 (31,2)</td>
								<td align="center">33 (57,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">38 (30,4)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (22,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">DM</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">No</td>
								<td align="center">116 (92,8)</td>
								<td align="center">51 (89,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tipo I</td>
								<td align="center">3 (2,4)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tipo II</td>
								<td align="center">6 (4,8)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (10,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IC</td>
								<td align="center">4 (3,2)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (59,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Arritmias</td>
								<td align="center">21 (16,9)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (50,0)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>DM: diabetes mellitus; FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda; HTA: hipertensión arterial; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Las variables cuantitativas se presentan como media y desviación estándar, las cualitativas como frecuencia y porcentaje. Las variables cualitativas se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje, las cuantitativas como media y desviación estándar</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Entre los diferentes modelos de clasificación supervisada evaluados, el modelo que utiliza 7 K <italic>folds</italic> y un clasificador de Regresión Logística obtuvo una puntuación de F1 = 0,85, y fue el mejor modelo obtenido, por lo que se reportan los resultados obtenidos con el mismo.</p>
			<p>El análisis univariado de la relación entre cada SNP (en el eje horizontal) y la presencia de una FEVI reducida y TCIV respectivamente efectuado mediante regresión logística se presenta en las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> A y 1 B</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figuras 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A y B: El eje vertical expresa los valores de p para cada SNP, la línea roja marca el nivel de significación p = 0,05 y los puntos en rojo, corresponden a los SNP que presentaron un valor p &lt; 0,05. </title>
						<p> SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único; TCIV: trastorno de conducción intraventricular</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se realizó un análisis multivariado en el cual se evidencio la asociación con el fenotipo de FEVI reducida y TCIV. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> A y B, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tablas 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se observó que las variantes rs2076300, rs61772962 y rs7071853 fueron predictores independientes de reducción de la FEVI. Mientras que, para la presencia de bloqueos, el único predictor fue el SNP rs72840788, como se indicó en el análisis univariado.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figuras 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A y B. Odds Ratio e IC 95% intervalos de confianza del 95 % para los SNP predictores de A) FEVI reducida y B) fenotipo TCIV. </title>
						<p>FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda; IC 95%: intervalo de confianza del 95%; SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único; TCIV: trastorno de conducción intraventricular</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf2.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis multivariado. Odds Ratio e IC 95% y valor p para cada uno de los tres SNP asociados independientemente a una FEVI reducida.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="center" colspan="4">FEVI reducida </th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<th align="center">Predictor</th>
								<th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
								<th align="center">IC 95%</th>
								<th align="center">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">rs2076300</td>
								<td align="center">1,79</td>
								<td align="center">1,01 - 3,21</td>
								<td align="center">0,046</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">rs61772962</td>
								<td align="center">1,77</td>
								<td align="center">1,00 - 3,14</td>
								<td align="center">0,049</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">rs7071853</td>
								<td align="center">1,77</td>
								<td align="center">1,07 - 2,96</td>
								<td align="center">0,026</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda IC 95%: intervalo de confianza del 95% SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Odds Ratio e IC 95% y valor p para el único SNP asociado a la presencia de trastornos de conducción intraventricular</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Trastornos de conducción intraventricular </th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<th align="center">Predictor</th>
								<th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
								<th align="center">IC 95%</th>
								<th align="center">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">rs72840788</td>
								<td align="center">2,44</td>
								<td align="center">1,04 - 6,22</td>
								<td align="center">0,048</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>IC 95%: intervalo de confianza del 95% SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En cada uno de los tres SNPs que resultaron predictores de MCD, se analizó la proporción de variantes homocigota salvaje, heterocigota y homocigota del alelo alternativo de cada uno, según la presencia de una FEVI reducida o no y de TCIV. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> A, B y C, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
			<p>Se evidencia el desempeño predictivo del modelo para la presencia de FEVI reducida mediante el área bajo la curva ROC (0,662) y su IC 95 % (0,580 - 0,745) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>proporción de las variantes homocigota salvaje (0), heterocigota (1) y homocigota del alelo alternativo (2) del SNP rs2076300(3 A), del rs61772962 (3 B) y del rs7071853 (3 C), según la presencia de una FEVI reducida o preservada FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda; SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único; 0: homocigotos del alelo tipo salvaje 1: heterocigotos 2: homocigotos del alelo alternativo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>proporción de las variantes homocigota salvaje, heterocigota y homocigota del alelo alternativo del SNP rs72840788, según la presencia de TCIV. </title>
						<p>SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único 0: homocigotos del alelo tipo salvaje 1: heterocigotos </p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf4.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Desempeño predictivo del modelo para la presencia de FEVI reducida mediante el área bajo la curva ROC (0,662) y su IC 95 % (0,580-0,745). </title>
						<p>ABC: área bajo la curva; FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda; IC 95%: intervalo de confianza del 95%; </p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf5.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Respecto del desempeño de la red neuronal para la predicción de FEVI reducida con los tres SNP identificados, el mejor modelo fue el de una red neuronal con 2 capas ocultas de 6 y 3 neuronas respectivamente, con una tasa de error (proporción de fallas de predicción) de 0,33 y una tasa de exactitud (proporción de aciertos de predicción) de 0,67. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 6:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>red neuronal para evaluar el poder predictivo de FEVI reducida de los tres SNP identificados </title>
						<p>FEVI: fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda SNP: polimorfismo de nucleótido único</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf6.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p>La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es una enfermedad de proporciones epidémicas, que representa la etapa final de diversas patologías. Su prevalencia se incrementa de dos a tres veces al incluir a los pacientes con disfunción sistólica asintomática. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</p>
				<p>Inicialmente, el 60-70% de los pacientes con IC presentaba una alta mortalidad dentro de los cinco años posteriores al diagnóstico, acompañada de una elevada tasa de hospitalización por IC descompensada. Sin embargo, con el advenimiento de nuevos fármacos, se ha evidenciado una significativa disminución de la morbimortalidad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) </p>
				<p>La IC con FEVIr es un trastorno progresivo que generalmente se inicia después de que una noxa o un evento dañino afecta el músculo cardíaco, resultando en la pérdida de miocitos funcionales o en la disminución de la capacidad contráctil del miocardio. En la mayoría de los casos, inicialmente se presenta una fase asintomática debido a mecanismos compensadores que se activan y modulan la función del VI dentro de límites fisiológicos por un período de tiempo determinado. No obstante, la activación sostenida de los sistemas neurohormonal y de citocinas provoca una serie de cambios en el miocardio, conduciendo al remodelado ventricular y a la eventual aparición de IC sintomática. </p>
				<p>Los sistemas neurohumorales incluyen el sistema nervioso simpático (SNS), a través de la activación del receptor Beta 1, y el sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), mediado por la acción persistente de la angiotensina II (AT2) y la aldosterona sobre el miocardio.</p>
				<p>La inhibición parasimpática también contribuye a la patogenia de la IC, al reducir las concentraciones de óxido nítrico (NO) con el consiguiente aumento de la inflamación y remodelado ventricular. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</p>
				<p>La mayoría de los genes implicados en el desarrollo de MCD e IC participan en los procesos de producción y regulación de energía, así como en la señalización del calcio y la regulación de la transcripción. Los descriptos principalmente son los genes de las proteínas del sarcómero (MYH7, TNNT2, TNNI3, TNNC, TPM1, MYBPC3, TTN, ACTC, MYL3, MYL2), de las proteínas del disco Z (VCL, LDB3, TCAP, MYOZ2), proteínas del citoesqueleto o la membrana celular (DES, DAG1, SGCA, LMNA, FLNC), proteínas del desmosoma (JUP, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, PKP2,RYR2, PLN), del canal de sodio (SCN5A), proteínas metabólicas (PRKAG2, GLA, LAMP2, GAA) y proteínas reguladoras (RMB20, BAG3, TGFB3) entre otros. </p>
				<p>Mediante estudios de asociación del genoma completo (GWAS) se han descripto ciertos SNPs asociados con el riesgo de desarrollo de IC.</p>
				<p>Uno de los más ampliamente estudiado es la variante responsable del cambio de arginina por glicina (Arg389Gly) en el receptor Beta 1. En la población general, el polimorfismo Arg389Gly no se asoció significativamente con IC, pero en el análisis de subgrupos según la etnia, en los pacientes asiáticos la presencia de Gly389 demostró aumentar un 35% el riesgo de IC en comparación con portadores Arg389 (RR 1,35; IC95%: 1,16-1,57; p &lt;0,001). En un análisis más detallado de subgrupos, se encontró que los homocigotos Arg389 se asociaron con una mejoría de la FEVI en los asiáticos del este (IC95% 1,85-3,40; p &lt;0,001) y población mixta (IC 95% 0,72-2,91; p &lt;0,001); mientras que, entre los pacientes blancos, los homocigotos Arg389 tuvieron una mejora del diámetro sistólico del VI. La mejora fue significativamente mayor que la de los Gly389 (IC 95% 0,04-0,36, p=0,001). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</p>
				<p>En el caso de genes de renina, se analizaron los polimorfismos del G/AI 9-83 en pacientes con MCD. La forma heterocigota se encontró sólo en 37,5% de los sujetos control. Este estudio no mostró participación de los polimorfismos de renina A/G en la patogénesis de la IC. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</p>
				<p>Los pacientes con MCD pueden presentar hipertrofia y fibrosis. Se observó una asociación del receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 y los polimorfismos del gen (AGTR1, A1166C) en la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI) mediada por la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) en deportistas de resistencia, por lo que sería una variante para estudiar en el futuro en la MCD. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, en diversos estudios, se ha reportado, en el gen de la Titina (TTN), dos SNPs (rs763361 y rs727088) en el último exón del CD226 que han sido asociados con un incremento en el riesgo de MCD. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</p>
				<p>Otro gen para considerar es el MMP2. Se analizaron SNPs de este gen para evaluar su asociación con el desarrollo de MCD y se encontraron tres de ellos relacionados tanto con el riesgo de padecerla, como con su peor pronóstico. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>) </p>
				<p>Dado que no hay consenso sobre las variantes que podrían predisponer al desarrollo de MCD en respuesta a factores nocivos que afectan al miocardio, decidimos establecer un panel de análisis. Éste incluye estructuras relacionadas tanto con sistemas neurohumorales como con aspectos del metabolismo energético que podrían estar implicados en el desarrollo de MCD. Utilizamos la base internacional <italic>The Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD)</italic> eligiendo SNPs con una frecuencia del 10 % al 40 % en la población mundial. Así pues, quedaron los SNPs que se detallan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla S1</xref>.</p>
				<p>En nuestro análisis pudimos observar que las variantes rs61772962, rs7071853 y rs2076300 fueron predictoras independientes de reducción de la FEVI en nuestra población de pacientes con miocardiopatía chagásica crónica. </p>
				<p>El SNP rs61772962 corresponde a una variante intrónica del gen PRKAA2. Este gen codifica la subunidad catalítica alfa-2 de la proteína quinasa activada por 5'-AMP. Esta proteína, AMPK, es una importante enzima sensora de energía celular. En respuesta al estrés metabólico celular, la AMPK se activa y, por lo tanto, fosforila e inactiva la acetil-CoA carboxilasa (ACC) y la beta-hidroxi beta-metilglutaril-CoA reductasa (HMGCR), enzimas claves involucradas en la regulación de la biosíntesis de novo de ácidos grasos y colesterol. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>) La variante AMPKα2 es necesaria para el metabolismo energético de los cardiomiocitos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</p>
				<p>Los genes RNF207 y PRKAA2, conocidos por su participación en los potenciales de acción cardíacos, la homeostasis energética y la morfología, han sido postulados como candidatos de modelos de MCD luego del estudio en canes y seguimiento en humanos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>)</p>
				<p>Las mutaciones dominantes en la subunidad reguladora γ2 de la proteína quinasa activada por AMP (AMPK), codificada por el gen PRKAG2 causan en ratones mutantes miocardiopatía por almacenamiento de glucógeno. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>)</p>
				<p>El rs7071853 corresponde al gen de la proteína reguladora BAG3 (posición chr10:119552094 (GRCh38.p14). Por su parte rs72840788 se asoció con la predicción de trastornos de conducción corresponde a la posición intrónica de dicha proteína. La proteína BAG3 desempeña un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis miocárdica y en el acoplamiento excitación-contracción y es un mecanismo adaptativo para mantener la homeostasis celular bajo estrés. Se expresa de manera más prominente en el corazón, el músculo esquelético y en muchas formas de cáncer. En el corazón, actúa como acompañante de las proteínas de choque térmico para facilitar la autofagia. Las mutaciones en BAG3 se han asociado con una variedad de fenotipos, incluida la miocardiopatía hipertrófica/restrictiva y la dilatada. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,40) </p>
				<p>El rs2076300 forma parte del gen DSP que codifica para la desmoplaquina, una proteína calcio dependiente de la familia de las cadherinas esencial para los desmosomas, estructuras multiproteicas involucradas en la comunicación de señales entre las células y en la coordinación de las contracciones del músculo cardíaco. Los desmosomas son uniones intercelulares críticas para la integridad mecánica y eléctrica de los tejidos, particularmente en el miocardio y los tejidos epiteliales. Las mutaciones en el gen DSP se asocian típicamente con la cardiomiopatía arritmogénica. Sin embargo, también pueden causar miocardiopatía dilatada, que se presenta con una mayor incidencia de arritmias ventriculares y un riesgo incrementado de muerte súbita. Este hallazgo es significativo, ya que demuestra que una proporción de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de miocardiopatía dilatada albergan mutaciones en genes que codifican proteínas de los discos intercalados. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>)</p>
				<p>Al intentar confirmar estos resultados con otros métodos estadísticos usando el “umbral de Bonferroni” los resultados no pudieron ser reproducibles. Dado que la mayoría de los efectos de un SNP único está en el rango de un 10 a un 15 % de modificación del riesgo basal de presentar un determinado fenotipo, el ajuste de Bonferroni para la evaluación de 70 SNP, conservando el nivel alfa global de 0,05 y una potencia de 80%, determina que el rechazo de la hipótesis nula para cada prueba se podría efectuar solo con un valor p &lt; 0,0007, lo cual implica, bajo el efecto más optimista de un aumento del riesgo del 15 % (RR = 1,15), la necesidad de reclutar de 6280 individuos. Es por ello por lo que creemos que no pudieron confirmarse los resultados con otras pruebas, debido al tamaño de la muestra utilizada. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En este modelo de derivación, en un conjunto de pacientes con serología positiva para Chagas, se identificaron 3 SNPs predictores de reducción de la FEVI (rs2076300, rs61772962 y rs7071853) y uno predictor de trastornos de conducción (SNP rs72840788).</p>
			<p>Al intentar confirmar estos resultados con otros métodos estadísticos usando el “umbral de Bonferroni” los resultados no pudieron ser reproducibles, debido al tamaño de la muestra utilizada. Esto refuerza que se debe continuar en esta línea de análisis, incrementando el número de pacientes. Es fundamental continuar explorando la hipótesis de que, incluso en ausencia de antecedentes familiares de MCD y de variantes patogénicas en estudios genéticos, pueden existir polimorfismos que predispongan al desarrollo de dilatación ventricular frente a factores desencadenantes. </p>
			<p>Este enfoque resultaría muy útil en el futuro, no solo para identificar con premura los pacientes predispuestos a presentar MCD e IC, sino también para anticiparse en el tratamiento, pudiendo así mejorar tanto la morbilidad como la mortalidad de nuestros pacientes. Creemos que esto podría abrir nuevas perspectivas en farmacogenómica aplicada a la IC.</p>
			<p>Este estudio busca ser un punto de partida que promueva futuras investigaciones y estrategias. Su intención es establecer una línea de investigación que, al incorporar un mayor número de pacientes y continuar con el análisis, permita alcanzar un mayor poder estadístico.</p>
		</sec>
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		<app-group>
			<app id="app1">
				<label><bold>SUPPLEMENT 1.</bold></label>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label><bold>Table S1</bold></label>
						<caption>
							<title>SNPs analizados</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="center">GEN</th>
									<th align="center">SNP</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="5">ADRB1</td>
									<td align="left">rs12414657</td>
									<td align="left">upstream variant </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs1801252</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs1801253</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3813719</td>
									<td align="left">Downstream Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3813720</td>
									<td align="left">Downstream Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">CHRM2</td>
									<td align="left">rs13247260</td>
									<td align="left">upstream intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs6962027</td>
									<td align="left">Prime UTR Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs6967953</td>
									<td align="left">Prime UTR Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">NOS1</td>
									<td align="left">rs12811583</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs1875140</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3741475</td>
									<td align="left">Synonymous Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">TTN</td>
									<td align="left">rs2042995</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs2255167</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">PRKAA2</td>
									<td align="left">rs17848595</td>
									<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs61772962</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs17848596</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="4">MTOR</td>
									<td align="left">rs1034528</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs11581010</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs17036350</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs74225573</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="4">RYR2</td>
									<td align="left">rs10802607</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs67622164</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs10925391</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs16835818</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="4">JUP</td>
									<td align="left">rs1126821</td>
									<td align="left">Missense</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs8067890</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs7405731</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs7216034</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">SOD2</td>
									<td align="left">rs11752345</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs4880</td>
									<td align="left">missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">PRKAB2</td>
									<td align="left">rs1348316</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs72708505</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CDKN1A</td>
									<td align="left">rs146170154</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ZNF592</td>
									<td align="left">rs149369954</td>
									<td align="left">non coding transcript variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">BAG3</td>
									<td align="left">rs1831018</td>
									<td align="left">BAG cochaperone 3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs72840788</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs7071853</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ATP2A2</td>
									<td align="left">rs1860561</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">DSP</td>
									<td align="left">rs2076300</td>
									<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs926411</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">SIRT1</td>
									<td align="left">rs2236318</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs2273773</td>
									<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">PPARGC1A</td>
									<td align="left">rs2290604</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3755863</td>
									<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="4">AGTR1</td>
									<td align="left">rs275653</td>
									<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs5186</td>
									<td align="left">3 Prime UTR Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs387967</td>
									<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs422858</td>
									<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">SOD2</td>
									<td align="left">rs2758332</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs5746094</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">PRKAB1</td>
									<td align="left">rs278145</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs278149</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">PPARGC1A</td>
									<td align="left">rs2946385</td>
									<td align="left">Stop gained</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs8192678</td>
									<td align="left">Missense Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">PRKAB2</td>
									<td align="left">rs34838459</td>
									<td align="left">Synonymous variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LOC105375743</td>
									<td align="left">rs34866937</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">AKT1</td>
									<td align="left">rs3730346</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3730358</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs3803304</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HIF1A</td>
									<td align="left">rs373909145</td>
									<td align="left">intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">NPPA</td>
									<td align="left">rs5063</td>
									<td align="left">Missense Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs5064</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">rs5065</td>
									<td align="left">stop loss</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DERL32KB</td>
									<td align="left">rs6003909</td>
									<td align="left">Upstream Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">NOS2P3</td>
									<td align="left">rs62066941</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LDHA</td>
									<td align="left">rs6498</td>
									<td align="left">Synonymous Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SH2B3</td>
									<td align="left">rs7310615</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SIRT1</td>
									<td align="left">rs7896005</td>
									<td align="left">Intron</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CHRM2</td>
									<td align="left">rs8191992</td>
									<td align="left">3 Prime UTR Variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CLCNKA2KB</td>
									<td align="left">rs945425</td>
									<td align="left">Upstream Variant</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</app>
		</app-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>New Genetic Variants Associated with Acquired Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Towards a New Predisposing Polygenic Panel</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5941-1064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PRINCIPATO</surname>
						<given-names>MARIO B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>PAOLUCCI</surname>
						<given-names>ANALÍA G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7038-7149</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>VILLA FERNÁNDEZ</surname>
						<given-names>ROCÍO DEL CIELO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7276-536X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARVELLI</surname>
						<given-names>M. VICTORIA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3476-4055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SETTEPASSI</surname>
						<given-names>PAOLA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8638-3609</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TOMATTI</surname>
						<given-names>ALEJANDRO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>VON WUFFEN</surname>
						<given-names>M ALEJANDRA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5629-455X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LAGO</surname>
						<given-names>MANUEL</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3076-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARBAJALES</surname>
						<given-names>JUSTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital General de Agudos JM Ramos Mejía</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Mario B. Principato. Correo electrónico: <email>mbprincipato@yahoo.com.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
					<p> This article won the Dr. Pedro Cossio award at the 50th Argentine Congress of Cardiology </p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn13">
					<p> Conflicts of interest None. (See authors' conflict of interest forms on the Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is one of the cardiovascular pathologies with the highest mortality. The existence of a genetic predisposition for the development of this pathology in the presence of a noxa is still uncertain.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to identify associations between genetic variants in polymorphic alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the presence of rEF and intraventricular conduction disorders (IVCD) in a model of acquired cardiomyopathy such as chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>A study model including patients seropositive for Chagas disease with a history of infection of more than 20 years, one group with rEF (≤35%) and another group with preserved LVEF (pEF, ≥50%). A blood collection was performed and processed to obtain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which was sent to an international genotyping laboratory. A panel of gene SNPs was prepared using the international TheGenomeAggregationDatabase (GnomAD), choosing SNPs with a frequency in the population of 10% to 40%. The SNPs chosen are related to genes responsible for the process of ventricular contraction and relaxation (TTN, BAG3, MTSS1), myocardial metabolism (PPARGC1A, SIRT1, AKT1 mTOR, AMPK), adrenergic receptor beta 1 (ADRB1), cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (CHRM2), angiotensin II type 1 receptor(AGTR1B), and atrial natriuretic peptide (NPPA) Using various artificial intelligence models for supervised learning (Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, Artificial Neural Networks, NaiveBayes, Classification Trees, and RandomForest) 68 SNPs were evaluated as predictors of the presence of two phenotypes: rEF, and IVCD. The performance of the models for the prediction of rEF was evaluated by cross-validation technique, with the F1 metric as a measure of accuracy to select the best model.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> One hundred and eighty-two patients were included, with a median age of 62 years, 39.6 % men. Thirty-one percent had rEF and 53% had some IVCD. The model with the best performance was logistic regression (F1=0.85), so it was used to express the association by Odds Ratio and its 95% CI. It was observed that the variants rs2076300, rs61772962 and rs7071853 were independent predictors of rEF, whereas the only predictor for IVCD was the SNP rs72840788. The SNP rs61772962 corresponds to the PRKAA2 gene, which encodes the alpha-2 catalytic subunit of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. On the other hand, rs7071853 and rs72840788 correspond to the gene encoding the BAG3 protein (chaperone regulator 3). Finally, the SNP rs2076300 corresponds to the DSP gene encoding a desmoplakin, a protein of the desmosome binding plate.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>In this derivation model, in a set of patients with positive serology for Chagas disease, 3 SNPs predictive of rEF and one SNP predictive of IVCD were identified. The reproducibility of these results should be confirmed in a validation model with a larger sample of individuals. Furthermore, this finding could be useful in dilated cardiomyopathies of other etiologies.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Dilated</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetics</kwd>
				<kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) represents one of the pathologies with the highest mortality. Among its main etiologies is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The predictors of DCM development and prognosis are subject to ongoing research. Despite advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, the reasons why certain conditions predispose to the progression of dilated cardiomyopathy are still not fully understood. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">1</xref>)</p>
				<p>Genotypic (familial) alterations that are responsible for a small group of cases with the ventricular dilatation phenotype have been identified.</p>
				<p>A notable aspect is that the same noxa can generate variable effects among different patients. This suggests the possible existence of a genetic predisposition that would influence a differentiated clinical evolution. In this context, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could play a key role in the variability of patients’ response to the same noxa.</p>
				<p>To investigate the existence of genetic variants associated with the predisposition to DCM, we used Chagas disease as model. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">2</xref>) Chagas disease is responsible for DCM with the highest morbidity and mortality. It presents two clinical phases: an acute phase, which is usually asymptomatic in 95% of patients, and a chronic phase, with a long latency period of 10-30 years. In this group, between 25% and 30% of individuals develop signs or symptoms of cardiac involvement (Chagas cardiomyopathy). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">3</xref>)</p>
				<p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) has been considered the most frequent cause of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in Argentina. However, there is no consensus on the risk indicators for the development of this condition and other cardiovascular events, regardless of the effect of traditional risk factors. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">4</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>OBJECTIVE</title>
				<p>The aim of our study was to determine the genetic variants related to the presence of DCM by performing an association analysis with SNPs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>Prospective single-center study that included patients from June 2016 to January 2020.</p>
				<p>Patients from 21 to 80 years of age, seropositive for Chagas disease with DCM, from the provinces of northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, and other serologically positive patients of similar age, from the same geographic areas without DCM, were included as a control group.</p>
				<p>All patients should have a known history of infection of more than 20 years certified by the treating physician, serological analysis, and abandonment of the endemic area for more than 20 years as well as a LVEF measured within 12 months prior to inclusion, ≤ 35% or ≥ 50%.</p>
				<p>Patients who refused to sign the informed consent form, those with known serious pathologies (excluding cardiovascular) that generate a life expectancy of less than one year, and those who were participating in research protocols in the 30 days prior to sample collection were excluded. Those in whom personal or telephone contact could not be assured, with alcohol or drug abuse in the last 6 months, with clinical and laboratory evidence of liver failure (transaminase value x3 and total bilirubin &gt;2 mg/dL), with LVEF between 36% and 49% (the objective was to separate the groups avoiding patient crossover), and those receiving drugs with a known action on cardiovascular parameters (immunosuppressants, nitrates, estrogens) were also rejected. Patients with acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with an indication for revascularization or with coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization surgery in the previous 6 months, patients with renal failure (serum creatinine &gt;2.5 g/dL), with severe obstructive pulmonary disease, with DCM of other etiologies (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, hypertension), with significant valvular diseases (except those secondary to mitral and/or tricuspid valve annulus dilatation), with pacemakers with stimulation greater than 50%, or with autoimmune pathologies (lupus, scleroderma, hepatitis C, etc.) were also excluded.</p>
				<p>Patients who met the inclusion criteria and did not present exclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups:</p>
				<p> Group 1: patients with LVEF≤ 35%.</p>
				<p>Group 2: individuals with LVEF≥50%.</p>
				<p>After signing the informed consent, a complete clinical history and physical examination were performed, according to their underlying pathology and the corresponding diagnostic and prognostic procedures.</p>
				<p>An echocardiogram to confirm the LVEF value and a 12-lead ECG were performed. According to the ECG results, patients were classified into two groups: with intraventricular conduction disorders (IVCD), when they had one or more of the following criteria: right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock and left posterior hemiblock; or without IVCD.</p>
				<p>Patients were coded with an alphanumeric system to ensure the identity of the groups.</p>
				<p>A 10 mL blood sample was taken by trained personnel for genomic determination. The sample was placed in tubes with the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) according to ISO standards to prevent coagulation and stored at -20ºC until processing. This sample was processed to obtain the corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a specialized center in our country, leaving safety samples.</p>
				<p>The DNA was sent via a courier authorized by international legislation for this purpose to the international laboratory Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, laboratory nº1, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, where genotyping and analysis were performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The laboratory remained blind to which group the patients belonged. This was only known by the statistical team at the time of the analysis.</p>
				<p>An SNPs panel of genes was prepared related to the following:</p>
				<p>Ventricular contraction and relaxation process (TTN, BAG3, MTSS1). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">7</xref>)</p>
				<p>Myocardial metabolism (PPARGC1A, SIRT1, AKT1 mTOR, AMPK, PRKAA2).</p>
				<p>Beta 1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">11</xref>)</p>
				<p>Cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (CHRM2).</p>
				<p>Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1B).</p>
				<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (NPPA).</p>
				<p>Cell cycle regulators (CDKN1A, RYR2)</p>
				<p>Sarcomeric structure (ATP2A2, DSP, JUP)</p>
				<p>Cellular energy (PRKAB2, PRKAB1)</p>
				<p>Mitochondrial activity (SOD 2)</p>
				<p>Apoptosis (AKT1)</p>
				<p>Cellular hypoxia regulator (HIF1A)</p>
				<p>Respiratory chain (LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH))</p>
				<p>Nitric oxide (NOS1, NOS2P3)</p>
				<p>Growth and inflammation factors (SH2B3)</p>
				<p>The international database TheGenomeAggregationDatabase (GnomAD) was used, choosing SNPs with a frequency of 10% to 40% in the population incorporated into this database.</p>
				<p>Finally, 68 SNPs, detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table S1</xref>, were selected for analysis.</p>
				<p>The technology used was iPLEX Gold. The script was created in SNPassoc to evaluate whether the entire population met the H-W equilibrium condition.</p>
				<p>The association between these two phenotypes was evaluated as binomial variables coded as YES=1 and NO=0, with the SNPs coded as an ordinal variable according to the following convention: 0 for homozygotes of the wild-type allele, 2 for homozygotes of the alternative allele and 1 for heterozygotes.</p>
				<p>To evaluate the relationship between the different SNPs under study and the presence of reduced LVEF, various artificial intelligence models for supervised learning were used. The performance of 1) Logistic Regression, 2) Support Vector Machines, 3) Artificial Neural Networks, 4) Naive Bayes, 5) Decision Trees and 6) Random Forest was evaluated, with the collaboration of the genomIT Artificial Intelligence team.</p>
				<p>The performance evaluation of the different models for the prediction of rEF was carried out using the cross-validation technique, using F1 score as a measure of precision to select the best model.</p>
				<p>To evaluate the relationship between each SNP and the presence of IVCD, a univariate logistic regression model with the presence of reduced LVEF and IVCD as outcomes and each SNP as a predictor was evaluated. SNPs with an associated p value&lt;0.05 were selected for evaluation of their effect using a multivariate logistic regression model, selecting those SNPs with a p value&lt;0.05 using the backward selection strategy with stepwise regression method. The magnitude of the association between each SNP and the outcome under study was expressed as the Odds Ratio and its respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). The same procedure was applied using logistic regression of the SNPs with reduced LVEF.</p>
				<p>The analyses were performed with the R ® software (version 4.1.1, R Development Core Team/R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
				<p>A Manhattan plot was also generated with different inheritance models for all SNPs, analyzing the nominal level of significance and the Bonferroni level.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations</title>
					<p> The study was developed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Teaching and Research Committee of the institution.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>One hundred and eighty-two patients with positive serology for Chagas disease from southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina were studied.</p>
				<p>The median age of the population was 62 years, 39.6% were men. Fifty-seven of them (31%) had rEF and 95 (53%) had some IVCD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Preserved LVEF</th>
									<th align="center">Reduced LVEF</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">N</td>
									<td align="center">125</td>
									<td align="center">57</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">59.44 (11.25)</td>
									<td align="center">64.68 (10.09)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Male gender</td>
									<td align="center">39 (31.2)</td>
									<td align="center">33 (57.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">38 (30.4)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (22.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DM</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">116 (92.8)</td>
									<td align="center">51 (89.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type I</td>
									<td align="center">3 (2.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type II</td>
									<td align="center">6 (4.8)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (10.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HF</td>
									<td align="center">4 (3.2)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (59.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
									<td align="center">21 (16.9)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (50.0)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Quantitative variables are presented as mean and standard deviation, qualitative variables as frequency and percentage.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Among the different supervised classification models evaluated, the model that uses 7 K folds and a logistic regression classifier obtained a score of F1=0.85, being the best model obtained; therefore its results are reported.</p>
				<p>The univariate analysis of the relationship between each SNP (on the horizontal axis) and the presence of a reduced LVEF and IVCD respectively performed by logistic regression is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 1</xref> A and 1 B.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figures 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A and B: The vertical axis expresses the p values for each SNP, the red line marks a p = 0.05 significance level, and the red dots correspond to the SNPs that presented a p value &lt; 0.05. </title>
							<p>IVCD: intraventricular conduction disorder; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf7.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A multivariate analysis that revealed the association of reduced LVEF phenotype and IVCD was performed. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 2</xref> A and B, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref>).</p>
				<p>It was observed that the variants rs2076300, rs61772962 and rs7071853 were independent predictors of reduced LVEF; whereas, for the presence of blocks, the only predictor was the SNP rs72840788, as is seen in the univariate analysis.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figures 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A and B. Odds ratio and 95% CI for SNPs predicting A) reduced LVEF and B) IVCD phenotype. </title>
							<p> 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; IVCD: intraventricular conduction disorder; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf8.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Multivariate analysis. Odds ratio and 95% CI and p-value for each of the three SNPs independently associated with reduced LVEF.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Reduced LVEF </th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="center">Predictor </th>
									<th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
									<th align="center">95% CI</th>
									<th align="center">p value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">rs2076300</td>
									<td align="center">1.79</td>
									<td align="center">1.01 - 3.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.046</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">rs61772962</td>
									<td align="center">1.77</td>
									<td align="center">1.00 - 3.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.049</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">rs7071853</td>
									<td align="center">1.77</td>
									<td align="center">1.07 - 2.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.026</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Odds Ratio, 95% CI and p value for the only SNP associated with the presence of intraventricular conduction disorders</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Intraventricular conduction disorders </th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="center">Predictor </th>
									<th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
									<th align="center">95% CI</th>
									<th align="center">p value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">rs72840788</td>
									<td align="center">2.44</td>
									<td align="center">1.04 - 6.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.048</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In each of the three SNPs predicting DCM, the proportion of homozygous wild-type, heterozygous and each homozygous variantof the alternative allele was analyzed, according to the presence or not of a reduced LVEF and IVCD. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 3</xref> A, B and C, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>)</p>
				<p>The predictive performance of the model for the presence of reduced LVEF is evidenced by the area under the ROC curve (0.662) and its corresponding 95% CI (0.580-0.745) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Proportion of homozygous wild-type (0), heterozygous (1) and homozygous alternative allele (2) variants of SNP rs2076300 (3 A), rs61772962 (3 B) and rs7071853 (3 C), according to the presence of reduced or preserved LVEF </title>
							<p> LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism 0: homozygous for the wild-type allele 1: heterozygous 2: homozygous for the alternative allele.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf9.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Proportion of homozygous wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous variants of the alternative allele of SNPrs72840788, according to the presence of IVCD </title>
							<p>IVCD: intraventricular conduction disorder; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism 0: homozygous for the wild-type allele 1: heterozygous</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf10.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Predictive performance of the model for the presence of reduced LVEF c the area under the ROC curve (0.662) and its 95% CI (0.580-0.745) </title>
							<p>AUC: area under the curve; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf11.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the performance of the neural network for the prediction of reduced LVEF with the three identified SNPs, the best model was that of a neural network with 2 hidden layers of 6 and 3 neurons respectively, with an error rate (proportion of prediction failures) of 0.33 and an accuracy rate (proportion of prediction successes) of 0.67, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Neural network to assess the predictive power of reduced LVEF of the three identified SNPs </title>
							<p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-15-gf12.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Heart failure (HF) is a disease of epidemic proportions, representing the final stage of various pathologies. Its prevalence increases two to three times when including patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">14</xref>)</p>
				<p>Initially, 60-70% of patients with HF had a high mortality within five years after diagnosis, accompanied by a high rate of hospitalization for decompensated HF. However, with the advent of new drugs, a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality has been seen. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">21</xref>)</p>
				<p>Heart failure with reduced LVEF is a progressive disorder that usually begins after a noxa or damaging event that affects the heart muscle, resulting in the loss of functional myocytes or a decrease in the contractile capacity of the myocardium. In most cases, an asymptomatic phase initially occurs due to compensatory mechanisms that are activated and modulate LV function within physiological limits for a certain period of time. However, the sustained activation of the neurohormonal and cytokine systems causes a series of changes in the myocardium, leading to ventricular remodeling and the eventual appearance of symptomatic HF.</p>
				<p>Neurohumoral systems include the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), through the activation of the Beta 1 receptor, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), mediated by the persistent action of angiotensin II (AT2) and aldosterone on the myocardium.</p>
				<p> Parasympathetic inhibition also contributes to HF pathogenesis by reducing nitric oxide (NO) concentrations with the consequent increase in inflammation and ventricular remodeling. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">22</xref>)</p>
				<p>Most of the genes involved in the development of DCM and HF are involved in energy production and regulation processes, as well as calcium signaling and transcription regulation. The genes described are mainly those of sarcomere proteins (MYH7, TNNT2, TNNI3, TNNC, TPM1, MYBPC3, TTN, ACTC, MYL3, MYL2), Z-disc proteins (VCL, LDB3, TCAP, MYOZ2), cytoskeletal or cell membrane proteins (DES, DAG1, SGCA, LMNA, FLNC), desmosomal proteins (JUP, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, PKP2, RYR2, PLN), sodium channel (SCN5A), metabolic proteins (PRKAG2, GLA, LAMP2, GAA) and regulatory proteins (RMB20, BAG3, TGFB3) among others.</p>
				<p>Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), certain SNPs associated with the risk of developing HF have been described. </p>
				<p>One of the most widely studied SNPs is the variant responsible for the change of arginine to glycine (Arg389Gly) in the Beta 1 receptor. In the general population, Arg389Gly polymorphism was not significantly associated with HF, but in the subgroup analysis according to ethnicity, the presence of Gly389 in Asian patients was shown to increase the risk of HF by 35% compared to Arg389 carriers (RR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.16-1.57; p &lt; 0.001). In a more detailed subgroup analysis, Arg389 homozygotes were associated with an improvement in LVEF in East Asians (95% CI 1.85-3.40; p &lt; 0.001) and mixed population (95% CI 0.72-2.91; p &lt; 0.001); while among white patients, Arg389 homozygotes had an improvement in LV systolic diameter. The improvement was significantly greater than that of Gly389 (95% CI 0.04-0.36, p=0.001). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">25</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">26</xref>)</p>
				<p>In the case of renin genes, G/AI 9-83 polymorphisms were analyzed in patients with DCM. The heterozygous form was found in only 37.5% of control subjects. This study did not show involvement of renin A/G polymorphisms in HF pathogenesis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">27</xref>)</p>
				<p>Patients with DCM may present hypertrophy and fibrosis. An association of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and gene polymorphisms (AGTR1, A1166C) was observed in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-mediated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in endurance athletes, that would be a variant for future study in DCM. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">28</xref>)</p>
				<p>On the other hand, in several studies, two SNPs (rs763361 and rs727088) in the last exon of CD226 have been reported in the Titin gene (TTN), as associated with an increased risk of DCM. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">29</xref>)</p>
				<p>Another gene to consider is MMP2. This gene SNPs were analyzed to evaluate their association with the development of DCM and three of them were found to be related both to the risk of suffering from it as to its worse prognosis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">30</xref>)</p>
				<p>Since there is no consensus on the variants that could predispose to the development of DCM in response to harmful factors affecting the myocardium, we decided to establish an analysis panel. This includes structures related both to neurohumoral systems as to aspects of energy metabolism that could be involved in the development of DCM. The international database TheGenomeAggregationDatabase (GnomAD) choosing SNPs with a frequency of 10% to 40% in the world population. The SNPs used are detailed in Table S1.</p>
				<p>In our analysis we were able to observe that the variants rs61772962, rs7071853 and rs2076300 were independent predictors of reduced LVEF in our population of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
				<p>The SNP rs61772962 corresponds to an intronic variant of the PRKAA2 gene. This gene encodes the alpha-2 catalytic subunit of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. This AMPK protein, is an important cellular energy-sensing enzyme. In response to cellular metabolic stress, AMPK is activated and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoAreductase (HMGCR) key enzymes involved in the regulation of de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">31</xref>) The AMPKα2 variant is required for energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">32</xref>)</p>
				<p>The RNF207 and PRKAA2 genes, known for their involvement in cardiac action potentials, energy homeostasis and morphology, have been postulated as candidates for DCM models after study in dogs and follow-up in humans. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">33</xref>)</p>
				<p>Dominant mutations in the γ2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), encoded by the PRKAG2 gene, cause glycogen storage cardiomyopathy in mutant mice. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">34</xref>)</p>
				<p>The rs7071853 corresponds to the gene for the BAG3 regulatory protein (position chr10:119552094 (GRCh38.p14). On the other hand, rs72840788 was associated with the prediction of conduction disorders and corresponds to the intronic position of that protein. The BAG3 protein plays an important role in maintaining myocardial homeostasis and excitation-contraction coupling and is an adaptive mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress. It is most prominently expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, and in many forms of cancer. In the heart, it acts as a chaperone for heat shock proteins to facilitate autophagy. Mutations in BAG3 have been associated with the development of a variety of phenotypes, including hypertrophic/restrictive and dilated cardiomyopathy. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">40</xref>)</p>
				<p>The rs2076300 is part of the DSP gene that encodes for desmoplakin, a calcium-dependent protein of the cadherin family essential for desmosomes, multiprotein structures involved in signal communication between cells and in the coordination of cardiac muscle contractions. Desmosomes are critical intercellular junctions for the mechanical and electrical integrity of tissues, specially in the myocardium and epithelial tissues. Mutations in the DSP gene are typically associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. However, they can also cause dilated cardiomyopathy, which presents with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and an increased risk of sudden death. This finding is significant, as it demonstrates that a proportion of patients with a clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy harbor mutations in genes encoding intercalated disc proteins. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">45</xref>)</p>
				<p>Attempting to confirm these results with other statistical methods using the “Bonferroni threshold” did not yield reproducible results. Since most effects of a single SNP are in the range of a 10 to 15% modification of the baseline risk of presenting a certain phenotype, the Bonferroni adjustment for the evaluation of 70 SNPs, maintaining the global alpha level of 0.05 and a power of 80%, determines that the rejection of the null hypothesis for each test could be carried out only with a p value &lt;0.0007, which implies, under the most optimistic effect of a 15% increase in risk (RR = 1.15), the need to recruit 6280 individuals. This is why we believe that the results could not be confirmed with other tests, due to the sample size used.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>In this derivation model, in a group of patients with positive serology for Chagas, 3 SNPs were identified as predictors of reduced LVEF (rs2076300, rs61772962 and rs7071853) and one predictor of conduction disorders (SNP rs72840788).</p>
				<p>When trying to confirm these results with other statistical methods using the “Bonferroni threshold” the results could not be reproduced, due to the sample size used. This reinforces the idea that we must continue in this line of analysis, increasing the number of patients. It is essential to continue exploring the hypothesis that, even in the absence of a family history of DCM and pathogenic variants in genetic studies, there may be polymorphisms that predispose to the development of ventricular dilatation.</p>
				<p>This approach would be very useful in the future, not only for early identification of patients predisposed to present DCM and HF, but also for anticipating treatment, thus improving both morbidity and mortality in our patients. We believe that this could open new perspectives in pharmacogenomics applied to HF.</p>
				<p>This study aims to be a starting point to promote future research and strategies. Its intention is to establish a line of research that, by incorporating a larger number of patients and continuing with the analysis, will make it possible to achieve greater statistical power.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
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					<label><bold>SUPPLEMENT 1.</bold></label>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label><bold>Table S1</bold></label>
							<caption>
								<title>SNPs analizados</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<th align="center">GEN</th>
										<th align="center">SNP</th>
										<th align="left"> </th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="5">ADRB1</td>
										<td align="left">rs12414657</td>
										<td align="left">upstream variant </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs1801252</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs1801253</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3813719</td>
										<td align="left">Downstream Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3813720</td>
										<td align="left">Downstream Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">CHRM2</td>
										<td align="left">rs13247260</td>
										<td align="left">upstream intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs6962027</td>
										<td align="left">Prime UTR Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs6967953</td>
										<td align="left">Prime UTR Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">NOS1</td>
										<td align="left">rs12811583</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs1875140</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3741475</td>
										<td align="left">Synonymous Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">TTN</td>
										<td align="left">rs2042995</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs2255167</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">PRKAA2</td>
										<td align="left">rs17848595</td>
										<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs61772962</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs17848596</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">MTOR</td>
										<td align="left">rs1034528</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs11581010</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs17036350</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs74225573</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">RYR2</td>
										<td align="left">rs10802607</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs67622164</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs10925391</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs16835818</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">JUP</td>
										<td align="left">rs1126821</td>
										<td align="left">Missense</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs8067890</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs7405731</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs7216034</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">SOD2</td>
										<td align="left">rs11752345</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs4880</td>
										<td align="left">missense variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">PRKAB2</td>
										<td align="left">rs1348316</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs72708505</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">CDKN1A</td>
										<td align="left">rs146170154</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">ZNF592</td>
										<td align="left">rs149369954</td>
										<td align="left">non coding transcript variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">BAG3</td>
										<td align="left">rs1831018</td>
										<td align="left">BAG cochaperone 3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs72840788</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs7071853</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">ATP2A2</td>
										<td align="left">rs1860561</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">DSP</td>
										<td align="left">rs2076300</td>
										<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs926411</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">SIRT1</td>
										<td align="left">rs2236318</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs2273773</td>
										<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">PPARGC1A</td>
										<td align="left">rs2290604</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3755863</td>
										<td align="left">synonymous variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">AGTR1</td>
										<td align="left">rs275653</td>
										<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs5186</td>
										<td align="left">3 Prime UTR Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs387967</td>
										<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs422858</td>
										<td align="left">Upstream variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">SOD2</td>
										<td align="left">rs2758332</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs5746094</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">PRKAB1</td>
										<td align="left">rs278145</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs278149</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">PPARGC1A</td>
										<td align="left">rs2946385</td>
										<td align="left">Stop gained</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs8192678</td>
										<td align="left">Missense Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">PRKAB2</td>
										<td align="left">rs34838459</td>
										<td align="left">Synonymous variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">LOC105375743</td>
										<td align="left">rs34866937</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">AKT1</td>
										<td align="left">rs3730346</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3730358</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs3803304</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">HIF1A</td>
										<td align="left">rs373909145</td>
										<td align="left">intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">NPPA</td>
										<td align="left">rs5063</td>
										<td align="left">Missense Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs5064</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">rs5065</td>
										<td align="left">stop loss</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">DERL32KB</td>
										<td align="left">rs6003909</td>
										<td align="left">Upstream Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">NOS2P3</td>
										<td align="left">rs62066941</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">LDHA</td>
										<td align="left">rs6498</td>
										<td align="left">Synonymous Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SH2B3</td>
										<td align="left">rs7310615</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SIRT1</td>
										<td align="left">rs7896005</td>
										<td align="left">Intron</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">CHRM2</td>
										<td align="left">rs8191992</td>
										<td align="left">3 Prime UTR Variant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">CLCNKA2KB</td>
										<td align="left">rs945425</td>
										<td align="left">Upstream Variant</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</app>
			</app-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>