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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i1.20852</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Rendimiento de un score multiplicador del percentilo 99 de troponina para predecir eventos intrahospitalarios y mortalidad a 1 año en el síndrome coronario agudo</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Performance of a Multiplier Score of the 99th Percentile of Troponin Level to Predict In-Hospital Events and one-year Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>KERSTEN,</surname>
						<given-names>SOL</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2169-2101</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SIGAL</surname>
						<given-names>ALAN R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1668-7221</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>RIVERO</surname>
						<given-names>MIRZA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6818-9634</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FURMENTO</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>CONDE,</surname>
						<given-names>DIEGO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7949-7077</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MEZA</surname>
						<given-names>MAYRA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-5624-160X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SPACCAVENTO</surname>
						<given-names>ANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-1017-7563</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PROCOPIO</surname>
						<given-names>GASTÓN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0073-5739</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>COSTABEL</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN PABLO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
					<on-behalf-of> en representación del consejo de Emergencias cardiovasculares y cardiología crítica “Dr. Rafael Bullrich”. </on-behalf-of>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Consejo de Emergencias cardiovasculares y cardiología crítica “Dr. Rafael Bullrich”.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Consejo de Emergencias cardiovasculares y cardiología crítica “Dr. Rafael Bullrich”</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Consejo de Emergencias cardiovasculares y cardiología crítica “Dr. Rafael Bullrich”.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Consejo de Emergencias cardiovasculares y cardiología crítica “Dr. Rafael Bullrich”</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>jpcostabel@icba.com.ar</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia</label><bold>:</bold> Juan Pablo Costabel. Libertador 6302. Capital Federal. Argentina. Correo electrónico: <email>jpcostabel@icba.com.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<label>MTSAC</label>
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<p>Este artículo resultó ganador del Premio Dr. Raúl Borracci en el 50 Congreso Argentino de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de intereses de los au- tores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>26</fpage>
			<lpage>32</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> En Argentina, la troponina de alta sensibilidad es ampliamente utilizada para evaluar pacientes con dolor torácico. Sin embargo, la variabilidad entre ensayos (troponina I o T) y sus diferentes puntos de corte y percentilos puede dificultar su interpretación uniforme. </p>
					<p>Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el desempeño de un score multiplicador basado en el percentilo 99 de troponina para predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al año, así como eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p> Se utilizó el registro ReSCAR, un estudio multicéntrico prospectivo que incluyó pacientes con SCA. Se analizaron 917 casos: 291 con troponina I y 626 con troponina T. El score multiplicador se calculó como la relación entre el dosaje de troponina y el percentilo 99 del ensayo correspondiente. Se evaluó el área bajo la curva ROC (ABC ROC) del score para predecir eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos intrahospitalarios, al igual que para mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al año de seguimiento. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> La mortalidad hospitalaria fue 3,9% y al año 7,2%. Los eventos isquémicos intrahospitalarios ocurrieron en el 8,2% y los eventos hemorrágicos en 2,9% de los pacientes. La mediana del score fue 5,4 (rango intercuartílico 1,2-48,2). El ABC ROC del score para predecir eventos isquémicos fue 0,64, sin diferencias significativas con el score GRACE (0,67). Para eventos hemorrágicos, el score mostró un ABC ROC de 0,63, comparable a la del score CRUSADE (0,64). La capacidad dis criminativa del score para mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al año fue menor que GRACE (0,59 vs. 0,77 y 0,62 vs. 0,79, p &lt;0,01 para ambos casos). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> El score multiplicador basado en el percentilo 99 de troponina es una herramienta simple y potencialmente útil para estandarizar la evaluación del riesgo en diferentes centros con distintos laboratorios. Aunque su desempeño es comparable al de GRACE y CRUSADE para eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos intrahospitalarios, mostró menor precisión para predecir mortalidad.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>In Argentina, high-sensitivity troponin is widely used to evaluate patients with chest pain. However, variability between assays (troponin I or T) and their different cut-off points and percentiles may hinder uniform interpretation. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> This study assessed the performance of a multiplier score based on the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin level to predict in-hospital and one-year mortality, as well as ischemic and bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>We used the ReSCAR registry, a prospective multicenter study that included patients with ACS. A total of 917 cases were analyzed: 291 with troponin I measurement and 626 with troponin T measurement. The multiplier score was calculated as the ratio of the troponin concentration to the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the corresponding assay. The area under the ROC curve of this score was evaluated regarding its ability to predict in-hospital ischemic and bleeding events, as well as in-hospital mortality and mortality at one-year follow-up.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>In-hospital mortality was 3.9%, while at one-year mortality was 7.2%. In-hospital ischemic events occurred in 8.2% of patients and bleeding events in 2.9%. The median score was 5.4 (IQR 1.2-48.2). The area under the ROC curve of the score to predict ischemic events was 0.64. No significant differences were observed when compared to the GRACE score (0.67). For bleeding events, the area under the ROC curve of the score was 0.63, comparable to that of the CRUSADE score (0.67). The discriminative ability of the score to predict in-hospital and one-year mortality was lower than that of the GRACE score (0.59 vs. 0.77 and 0.62 vs. 0.79, p &lt;0.01 for both).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>The multiplier score based on the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin level is a simple and potentially useful tool for standardizing risk assessment in different centers which have diverse laboratories. Although its performance to predict in-hospital ischemic and bleeding events is comparable to that of the GRACE and CRUSADE scores, it showed lower accuracy to predict mortality.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Troponina</kwd>
				<kwd>Score</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortalidad</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome Coronario Agudo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Troponin</kwd>
				<kwd>Score</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortality</kwd>
				<kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Desde su introducción alrededor de 2010, la troponina de alta sensibilidad se ha convertido en el biomarcador de elección para el diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Tanto la troponina T como la I son componentes intrínsecos de la célula miocárdica, liberados por el tejido necrótico, y poseen gran especificidad para el diagnóstico de IAM. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Los ensayos de alta sensibilidad ofrecen mejoría de la misma en comparación con otros test diagnósticos, lo que incrementa su utilidad en los servicios de emergencias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Diferentes estudios han demostrado que tanto la troponina T como la I proporcionan elevada precisión diagnóstica en el IAM, con poca variabilidad en cuanto al inicio de los síntomas y el muestreo múltiple, así como también elevado valor pronóstico. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) </p>
			<p>Hoy en día, la mayoría de los centros médicos tienen acceso a estas pruebas, aunque existe una distribución heterogénea de ensayos y fabricantes, con diferentes puntos de corte y percentilos. Como resultado, registrar estos valores en estudios multicéntricos se ha vuelto un desafío, con difícil interpretación y análisis correcto de los datos en el síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). Por lo tanto, proponemos un nuevo sistema que utiliza el percentilo 99 de la troponina de alta sensibilidad y homogeniza los diferentes ensayos disponibles, y hacemos una evaluación de su capacidad pronóstica.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Se realizó un análisis preespecificado de pacientes incluidos en el ReSCAR, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> un registro prospectivo observacional multicéntrico de Argentina, que incluyó pacientes con SCA de varios centros del país y recabó datos sobre antecedentes, características del SCA y su tratamiento, así como eventos hospitalarios y el estatus del paciente al año de seguimiento. ReSCAR incluyó 984 pacientes con SCA con/sin elevación del segmento ST de 15 centros de Argentina desde enero a agosto de 2022. </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Generación de una nueva escala de puntuación usando el percentilo 99 de troponina</title>
				<p>Transformamos el valor de la troponina de alta sensibilidad al ingreso, tanto ensayos de troponina T como de troponina I, en múltiplos de su percentilo 99, generando una nueva escala de puntuación. Solo se incluyeron los valores al ingreso, independientemente de si eran los más elevados en la estadía hospitalaria. Por ejemplo, si el percentilo 99 de la troponina de un centro es 14, y el paciente presentaba una troponina de 28, su <italic>score</italic> multiplicador (SM) es 2. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparación</title>
				<p>Para evaluar la efectividad del percentilo, comparamos su habilidad de predecir eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos con la de los <italic>scores</italic> GRACE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> y CRUSADE, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> analizando las áreas bajo las curvas ROC (ABC ROC). Además, evaluamos la capacidad del <italic>score</italic> para predecir mortalidad hospitalaria y al año de seguimiento, comparándolo nuevamente con el <italic>score</italic> GRACE, y analizando la curva ROC. Los eventos isquémicos se definieron como IAM, trombosis del stent, accidente cerebrovascular/accidente isquémico transitorio (ACV/AIT) o angina post infarto. Los eventos hemorrágicos fueron definidos como aquellos que fueran BARC 2 o mayor. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recolección de datos y criterios de inclusión</title>
				<p>Como fue mencionado previamente, se analizó información del ReSCAR, un registro observacional, transversal, multicéntrico, que recolectó pacientes ≥ 18 años con SCA de varios hospitales en Argentina que contaran con unidad Coronaria, servicio de hemodinamia disponible las 24hs y capacidad de dosar troponina de alta sensibilidad, desde enero a agosto de 2022. El seguimiento fue llevado a cabo telefónicamente, y la información se complementó con datos obtenidos de las historias clínicas. </p>
				<p>Los criterios de inclusión fueron: edad ≥ 18 años, estar cursando un SCA (con/sin elevación del ST), y la firma de un consentimiento informado, mientras que el único criterio de exclusión fue la imposibilidad de seguimiento. </p>
				<p>La información recolectada incluyó antecedentes y características del SCA (tipo de SCA, escala Killip &amp; Kimball, hallazgos en el ECG), estrategia invasiva/conservadora, tiempo a la cinecoronariografía (CCG), estrategia de tratamiento, hallazgos de la CCG, complicaciones isquémicas, eléctricas y mecánicas, requerimiento de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) y asistencia ventricular, complicaciones hemorrágicas, mortalidad hospitalaria y tiempo de estadía hospitalaria. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis estadístico fue llevado a cabo con el software IBM SPSS 25.0 (para Mac iOS). Las variables continuas se expresaron como mediana y rango intercuartílico (RIC) o media y desviación estándar, acorde a su distribución. Las variables categóricas fueron presentadas como frecuencias y porcentajes. El análisis de normalidad fue llevado a cabo utilizando los test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
				<p>Las curvas ROC fueron trazadas utilizando la sensibilidad (tasa de verdaderos positivos) y 1-especificidad (tasa de falsos positivos) del percentilo 99 de la troponina de alta sensibilidad para diferentes puntos finales: eventos isquémicos hospitalarios, eventos hemorrágicos hospitalarios y mortalidad hospitalaria y al año de seguimiento. El ABC ROC fue luego calculada para cada una de estas determinaciones, permitiendo calcular el umbral diagnóstico para el test y compararlo luego con los <italic>scores</italic> tradicionales. La significancia estadística se alcanzó al obtenerse un error alfa &lt;5%. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Consideraciones éticas</title>
				<p>Todos los participantes del estudio firmaron un consentimiento informado previo a la inclusión. Este formulario indicaba el objetivo del estudio, describía la naturaleza confidencial de la información y los mecanismos utilizados para proteger la identidad de los pacientes. La participación fue voluntaria, y los pacientes podían rechazar la participación en el estudio sin tener un impacto en la atención médica. Los pacientes se reservaban el derecho a retirarse del estudio en cualquier momento, acorde a su voluntad. </p>
				<p>El consentimiento informado fue enviado para su aprobación por los comités de ética de todos los centros médicos, siguiendo las normativas del Comité Central de Ética.</p>
				<p>Este estudio se realizó en cumplimiento con la Ley Nacional de Protección de Datos Personales Nº 25.326. La identidad de los pacientes y sus datos personales fueron anónimos. Solo los investigadores, miembros del equipo docente y los comités de ética en la investigación (si fuese requerido) tuvieron acceso a los datos.</p>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con las normas éticas nacionales: Ley Nº 3301, Ley Nacional de Investigación Clínica en Sujetos Humanos, Declaración de Helsinki, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> entre otras.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Fueron incluidos en el análisis 917 pacientes, 291 con dosaje de troponina I y 626 de troponina T, mientras que 67 valores no pudieron ser recolectados. Las características basales de los pacientes pueden observarse en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años, 25% de los pacientes eran mujeres, y la mediana de fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) fue 56%. En cuanto a los antecedentes personales, 68% tenía diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial, 57% presentaba dislipidemia, 26% diabetes y 37,7% de los pacientes eran fumadores. La mediana del <italic>score</italic> GRACE fue de 131,2 (RIC 128,8-133,6), y la del <italic>score</italic> CRUSADE 24,7 (RIC 23,7-24,7), mientras que la mediana del SM fue de 5,4 (RIC 1,2-48,2). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características Basales (n=984)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Característica</th>
								<th align="center">Valores</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad, años - mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">66 (56,5-74)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo femenino - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">243 (24,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hipertensión - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">671 (68,1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">255 (25,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Dislipemia - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">560 (56,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tabaquismo - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">377 (37,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ERC - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">69 (7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Angina inestable - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">219 (22,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAMCEST - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">236 (24)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAMSEST - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">385 (39,1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Infarto tipo II - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">40 (4,1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Frecuencia cardíaca, lpm- mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">77 (70-88)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Presión arterial sistólica, mmHg- mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">130 (120-150)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI, %- mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">56 (45-60)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Troponina T - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">626 (63,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Troponina I - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">291 (29,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Score GRACE- mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">131,2 (128,8-133,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Score CRUSADE- mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">24,7 (23,7-24,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Score multiplicador - mediana (RIC)</td>
								<td align="center">5,4 (1,2-48,2)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ERC: enfermedad renal crónica; FEVI: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo; IAMCEST: infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST; IAMSEST: infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST; LPM: latidos por minuto; RIC: rango intercuartílico </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Con respecto a los eventos, 38 pacientes (3,9%) murieron durante la hospitalización, y un total de 71 (7,2%) fallecieron en el año de seguimiento. Tuvieron una complicación isquémica durante la hospitalización inicial 81 pacientes (8,2%), en 28 casos un IAM y en 8 un ACV/AIT, mientras que 29 pacientes (2,9%) presentaron un evento hemorrágico (BARC ≥2). Durante el seguimiento, 55 pacientes (5,5%) sufrieron una complicación isquémica, incluyendo 14 (1,4%) que presentaron un IAM y 38 (3,9%) que requirieron revascularización. El detalle de los eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos se presenta en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Evento</th>
								<th align="center">Valor</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM intrahospitalario - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (2,7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ACV intrahospitalario - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (0,8%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sangrado intrahospitalario (BARC ≥2) - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (2,9%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Mortalidad intrahospitalaria - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (3,9%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM en seguimiento - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (1,4%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ACV en seguimiento - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (0,3%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Revascularización en seguimiento - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (3,9%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IC en seguimiento - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (2,2%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Mortalidad en seguimiento - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">33 (3,7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IAM total - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">42 (4,1%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ACV total - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (1,1%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Mortalidad total - n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">71 (7,2%)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>ACV: Accidente cerebrovascular; BARC: Bleeding Academic Research Consortium; IAM: Infarto agudo de miocardio; IC: Insuficiencia cardíaca. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la comparación del SM con la escala GRACE para predecir eventos isquémicos, el ABC ROC de nuestro <italic>score</italic> fue 0,64 (IC 95% 0,57-0,71), mientras que el del <italic>score</italic> GRACE fue 0,67 (IC 95% 0,61-0,75), p=0,512. Para evaluar la capacidad predictiva de eventos hemorrágicos, comparamos nuestro sistema de puntuación con CRUSADE, y obtuvimos un ABC ROC de 0,63 (IC 95% 0,53-0,73), comparado con 0,64 (IC 95% 0,57-0,78) en el caso de CRUSADE (p=0,526). En cuanto a la mortalidad, al comparar el rendimiento para la mortalidad hospitalaria, nuestro puntaje tuvo ABC ROC de 0,59 (IC95% 0,49-0,68), mientras que el de GRACE fue 0,77 (IC 95% 0,68-0,86), p=0,005, lo cual demuestra la superioridad de este último como factor pronóstico. Sin embargo, al analizar la capacidad para predecir la mortalidad durante el seguimiento, nuestro puntaje tuvo un valor ligeramente mejor, con un ABC ROC 0,62 (IC 95% 0,55-0,69), pero aún inferior al de GRACE, con un ABC ROC 0,79 (IC 95% 0,73-0,85), p= 0,002. Las curvas mencionadas pueden verse en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fig. 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Curvas ROC para eventos hospitalarios y al año </title>
						<p> SM: score multiplicador</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-26-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La distribución heterogénea de los ensayos de troponina ha resultado en una disponibilidad muy variada de datos en lo que respecta a los niveles de troponina en el SCA. Por lo tanto, la unificación e interpretación de estos resultados, así como su uso en estudios multicéntricos, puede ser un desafío. El uso del SM del percentilo 99 de la troponina podría armonizar los diferentes ensayos disponibles, y permitiría mitigar estas diferencias. Para evaluar su capacidad pronóstica, lo comparamos con los sistemas de puntuación convencionales para eventos isquémicos, eventos hemorrágicos y mortalidad. Nos gustaría resaltar cuatro hallazgos de nuestro trabajo.</p>
			<p>Primero, el ABC ROC calculada para esta prueba para eventos hemorrágicos fue 0,63, lo cual demuestra una moderada capacidad predictiva para este punto final, que no fue estadísticamente diferente a la de CRUSADE, 0,64. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Otros estudios ya han demostrado el valor predictivo de la troponina para predecir eventos hemorrágicos, como el estudio de Mathews et al, que demostró un riesgo creciente en base al nivel de troponina al ingreso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Iser et al. mostraron un aumento del riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal en pacientes con troponina elevada, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> mientras que Al-Mallah et al. observaron un mayor riesgo hemorrágico general según el valor pico de troponina en síndromes coronarios agudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Incluso, el <italic>score</italic> ABC para predicción de sangrado en pacientes con fibrilación auricular, que incluye biomarcadores como la troponina de alta sensibilidad, demostró ser superior a HAS-BLED y al ORBIT en cuanto al valor predictivo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Estos resultados podrían atribuirse a los elevados valores de troponina generalmente presentes en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, diabetes o edad avanzada, entre otros escenarios donde el riesgo hemorrágico suele ser mayor. </p>
			<p>Segundo, la capacidad predictiva del SM para eventos isquémicos fue modesta, con un ABC ROC de 0,64, que no difiere en forma significativa de los valores obtenidos con GRACE (ABC ROC 0,67), la herramienta pronóstica habitual para el cálculo del riesgo isquémico en SCA. La capacidad pronóstica de la troponina para eventos isquémicos ha sido documentada previamente, por ejemplo en el trabajo de Blankenberg et al. con troponina I, en el cual la misma fue un predictor independiente de enfermedad y mortalidad cardiovascular y total, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> o los trabajos de Lindahl con similares hallazgos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Tercero, para predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria, el SM evidenció una limitada capacidad como factor pronóstico, con un ABC ROC de 0,59, que contrasta con la de GRACE (0,77). A pesar de que el marcador podría señalar estados de mayor riesgo, como fue mencionado previamente, el <italic>score</italic> GRACE incluye también parámetros cruciales del paciente, como la presencia de un paro cardiorrespiratorio al ingreso, la valoración de Killip &amp; Kimball, con la incorporación del estado hemodinámico del paciente a la ecuación. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> En cuanto a la mortalidad al año de seguimiento, nuestra prueba presentó una mejoría en el área bajo la curva (0,62), siendo ésta, sin embargo, inferior a GRACE (0,79). El estudio de Blankenberg citado previamente mostró que a pesar de ser la troponina un predictor de mortalidad, el agregado de dicho biomarcador a otros <italic>scores</italic> de riesgo no modificó de forma significativa el ABC ROC de los mismos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Lo mismo fue documentado en el trabajo de Meune et al., donde se evidenció que el <italic>score</italic> GRACE mantiene utilidad en determinar la mortalidad intrahospitalaria y a largo plazo en pacientes con SCA en la era de la troponina de alta sensibilidad, y que el agregado de la misma, o el valor del péptido natriurético tipo B, BNP, al <italic>score</italic> no aumentaba su valor predictivo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Como contraste, el estudio de Ordoñez y cols. demostró que la troponina T presentaba superioridad frente a los <italic>scores</italic> GRACE y TIMI para predecir eventos adversos y mortalidad intrahospitalaria, aunque en ese estudio el <italic>score</italic> GRACE tuvo un ABC ROC de 0,52, francamente menor a la obtenida en nuestra población y la publicada en la literatura, y los infartos con elevación del segmento ST fueron excluidos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Finalmente, nuestros resultados destacan que el SM podría ser una herramienta útil para la estandarización de datos en entornos multicéntricos y para la evaluación de riesgo en SCA. Sin embargo, su capacidad predictiva es inferior a la de sistemas establecidos como GRACE y CRUSADE, especialmente en la predicción de mortalidad. Esto subraya la necesidad de utilizar la troponina como un complemento y no como un sustituto de herramientas pronósticas más integrales en la práctica clínica.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitaciones</title>
				<p>Las características retrospectivas del análisis generan sesgos inherentes al tipo de estudio realizado. Además, la cantidad de eventos fue relativamente baja, lo cual puede restar representatividad a los resultados. Entendemos que, el amplio rango intercuartílico del SM contrasta con los más estrechos de los puntajes GRACE y CRUSADE, aunque no creemos que esto influya en los resultados. Por otro lado, si bien participaron centros de todo el país, solo se incluyeron aquellos centros de mediana/alta complejidad con acceso a hemodinamia las 24hs del día, con lo cual la aplicabilidad del <italic>score</italic> a pacientes de centros de menor complejidad puede ser menor.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>El uso del SM del percentilo 99 de troponina en SCA puede ser una herramienta útil, permitiendo la armonización de la vasta y variable cantidad de ensayos y datos disponibles hoy en día, que dificulta una interpretación precisa de la información. Siendo un recurso sencillo, este nuevo sistema de evaluación podría permitir la unificación de información a nivel global, impulsando la generación de nuevos estudios multicéntricos. Su valor pronóstico no es inferior, tanto en eventos isquémicos como hemorrágicos intrahospitalarios, en comparación con <italic>scores</italic> de riesgo convencionales como GRACE y CRUSADE. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Financiamiento</label>
				<p> Este estudio no presentó financiamiento alguno.</p>
			</fn>
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	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Performance of a Multiplier Score of the 99th Percentile of Troponin Level to Predict In-Hospital Events and one-year Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>KERSTEN,</surname>
						<given-names>SOL</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2169-2101</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SIGAL</surname>
						<given-names>ALAN R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1668-7221</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>RIVERO</surname>
						<given-names>MIRZA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6818-9634</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FURMENTO</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>CONDE,</surname>
						<given-names>DIEGO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7949-7077</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MEZA</surname>
						<given-names>MAYRA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-5624-160X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SPACCAVENTO</surname>
						<given-names>ANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-1017-7563</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PROCOPIO</surname>
						<given-names>GASTÓN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0073-5739</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>COSTABEL</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN PABLO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
					<on-behalf-of>Representing the board of Cardiovascular Emergencies and Critical Cardiology &quot;Dr. Rafael Bullrich&quot;. </on-behalf-of>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Representing the board of Cardiovascular Emergencies and Critical Cardiology &quot;Dr. Rafael Bullrich&quot;.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence:</label> Juan Pablo Costabel. Libertador 6302. Capital Federal. Argentina. E-mail: <email>juanpablocostabel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn6">
					<p>This article won the Dr. Raúl Borracci Award in the 50<sup>th</sup> Argentine Congress of Cardiology</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>MTSAC</label>
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn7">
					<label>Conflicts of Interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See the authors' conflict of interest forms on the Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>In Argentina, high-sensitivity troponin is widely used to evaluate patients with chest pain. However, variability between assays (troponin I or T) and their different cut-off points and percentiles may hinder uniform interpretation. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> This study assessed the performance of a multiplier score based on the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin level to predict in-hospital and one-year mortality, as well as ischemic and bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>We used the ReSCAR registry, a prospective multicenter study that included patients with ACS. A total of 917 cases were analyzed: 291 with troponin I measurement and 626 with troponin T measurement. The multiplier score was calculated as the ratio of the troponin concentration to the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the corresponding assay. The area under the ROC curve of this score was evaluated regarding its ability to predict in-hospital ischemic and bleeding events, as well as in-hospital mortality and mortality at one-year follow-up.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>In-hospital mortality was 3.9%, while at one-year mortality was 7.2%. In-hospital ischemic events occurred in 8.2% of patients and bleeding events in 2.9%. The median score was 5.4 (IQR 1.2-48.2). The area under the ROC curve of the score to predict ischemic events was 0.64. No significant differences were observed when compared to the GRACE score (0.67). For bleeding events, the area under the ROC curve of the score was 0.63, comparable to that of the CRUSADE score (0.67). The discriminative ability of the score to predict in-hospital and one-year mortality was lower than that of the GRACE score (0.59 vs. 0.77 and 0.62 vs. 0.79, p &lt;0.01 for both).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>The multiplier score based on the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin level is a simple and potentially useful tool for standardizing risk assessment in different centers which have diverse laboratories. Although its performance to predict in-hospital ischemic and bleeding events is comparable to that of the GRACE and CRUSADE scores, it showed lower accuracy to predict mortality.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Troponin</kwd>
				<kwd> Score</kwd>
				<kwd> Mortality</kwd>
				<kwd> Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Since its introduction around 2010, high-sensitivity troponin has become the biomarker of choice to diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>3</sup></xref> Both troponin T and I are integral components of myocardial cells, released from necrotic tissue, and exhibit high specificity for the diagnosis of AMI. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>4</sup></xref> High-sensitivity assays offer improved sensitivity compared to other diagnostic tests, which increases their usefulness in emergency departments. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">5</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Different studies have demonstrated that both troponin T and I provide high diagnostic accuracy for AMI, little variability in terms of symptom onset and multiple sampling, as well as high predictive value. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">10</xref>) Today, most medical centers have access to these tests, but the distribution of assays and manufacturers is heterogenous, and the centers use different cut-off points and percentiles. As a result, the collection of these values in multicenter studies has become a challenge that hinders the interpretation and correct analysis of data in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Therefore, we propose a new system that uses the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the high-sensitivity troponin to standardize the different assays and assess their predictive ability.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>We performed a prespecified analysis of the patients included in ReSCAR <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>11</sup></xref>, a multicenter, prospective, observational registry performed in Argentina, which included patients with ACS from several centers of the country and collected data from history, ACS characteristics and treatment, as well as hospital events and patient status at one-year follow-up. ReSCAR included 984 patients with ST-elevation ACS or non-ST-elevation ACS from 15 centers in Argentina from January to August 2022. </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Generation of a new score using the 99th percentile of troponin level</title>
					<p>We transformed the high-sensitivity troponin value at admission, both troponin T assays and troponin I assays, into multiples of its 99<sup>th</sup> percentile, generating a new score. Only values at admission were included, regardless of whether they were the highest during hospital stay. For example, in a center, if a 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin is 14 and the patient had a troponin of 28, his multiplier score (MS) is 2. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Comparison</title>
					<p>To evaluate the effectiveness of the percentile, we compared its ability to predict ischemic and bleeding events with that of the GRACE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>12</sup></xref> and CRUSADE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>13</sup></xref> scores, analyzing the areas under the ROC curves. In addition, we evaluated the score ability to predict in-hospital and one-year follow-up mortality, again comparing it with the GRACE score, and analyzing the ROC curve. Ischemic events were defined as AMI, stent thrombosis, stroke/transient ischemic attack (CVA/TIA) or post-infarction angina. Bleeding events were defined as those that were BARC 2 or greater. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>14</sup></xref>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data collection and inclusion criteria</title>
					<p>As previously mentioned, we analyzed data from ReSCAR, an observational, cross-sectional, multicenter registry that included patients ≥18 years with ACS from several hospitals in Argentina, which had a coronary care unit, 24-hour hemodynamics service and ability to measure high-sensitivity troponin, from January to August 2022. Follow-up was carried out by telephone calls, and the information was complemented with data from medical records. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, ST-elevation ACS or non-ST-elevation ACS, and a signed informed consent, whereas the only exclusion criterion was being lost to follow-up. </p>
					<p>Data collected included history and ACS characteristics (type of ACS, Killip-Kimball scale, ECG findings), invasive or conservative strategy, time to coronary angiography (CA), treatment strategy, CA findings, ischemic, electrical and mechanical complications, requirement for mechanical ventilation and ventricular assistance, bleeding complications, in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS 25.0 software (for Mac iOS). Continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) or mean and standard deviation, according to their distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Normality analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests.</p>
					<p>The ROC curves were plotted using the sensitivity (true positive rate) and 1-specificity (false positive rate) of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the high-sensitivity troponin for different endpoints: in-hospital ischemic events, in-hospital bleeding events, and in-hospital and one-year follow-up mortality. The area under the ROC curve (AUC ROC) was then calculated for each of these determinations, allowing the diagnostic threshold for the test to be calculated and compared with the traditional scores. Statistical significance was achieved when an alpha error &lt;5% was obtained. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations</title>
					<p>All study participants signed an informed consent form prior to enrollment. This form explained the purpose of the study, the confidential nature of the information and the mechanisms used to protect the patient’s identity. Participation was voluntary, and patients could refuse to take part in the study with no impact on their health care. Patients had the right to withdraw from the study at any time, according to their wishes. </p>
					<p>Informed consent was submitted to the ethics committees of all medical centers for its approval, in accordance with the regulations of the central Ethics Committee. This study was performed in compliance with the Argentina’s Personal Data Protection Act No 25326. The identity of the patients and their personal data were anonymized. Only the investigators, the members of the teaching staff and the research ethics committees (if required) had access to data.</p>
					<p>The study was conducted in accordance with the Argentine ethical standards: Act No. 3301, National Law on Clinical Research on Human Subjects, Declaration of Helsinki, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>15</sup></xref> among others.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>A total of 917 patients were included in the analysis, 291 with troponin I measurement and 626 with troponin T measurement, while 67 values could not be collected. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the patients. The median age was 66 years, 25% of the patients were women, and the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 56%. Regarding medical history, 68% had a diagnosis of hypertension, 57% had dyslipidemia, 26% had diabetes, and 37.7% of patients were smokers. The median GRACE score was 131.2 (IQR 128.8-133.6), and the median CRUSADE score was 24.7 (IQR 23.7-24.7), while the median MS was 5.4 (IQR 1.2-48.2).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline Characteristics (n=984)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="left">Characteristic</th>
									<th align="center">Values</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Age, years - median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">66 (56.5-74)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Female sex - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">243 (24.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Hypertension - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">671 (68.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Diabetes mellitus - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">255 (25.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Dyslipidemia - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">560 (56.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Smoking - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">377 (37.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CKD - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">69 (7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Unstable angina - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">219 (22.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">STEMI - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">236 (24)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">NSTEMI - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">385 (39.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type II infarction - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (4.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Heart rate, bpm- median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">77 (70-88)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mmHg- median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">130 (120-150)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF, %- median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">56 (45-60)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Troponin T - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">626 (63.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Troponin I - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">291 (29.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">GRACE score - median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">131.2 (128.8-133.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CRUSADE score - median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">24.7 (23.7-24.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Multiplier score - median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">5.4 (1.2-48.2)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>BPM: beats per minute; CKD: chronic kidney disease; IQR: interquartile range; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding events, 38 patients (3.9%) died during hospitalization, and 71 (7.2%) died during the one-year follow-up. Eighty-one patients (8.2%) had an ischemic complication during initial hospitalization, 28 had an AMI and 8 had a CVA/TIA, while 29 patients (2.9%) had a bleeding event (BARC ≥2). During follow-up, 55 patients (5.5%) had ischemic complications, including 14 (1.4%) who presented an AMI and 38 (3.9%) who required revascularization. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> shows detailed ischemic and bleeding events.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ischemic and bleeding events</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="left">Event</th>
									<th align="center">Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">In-hospital AMI - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (2.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">In-hospital stroke - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (0.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">In-hospital bleeding (BARC ≥2) - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (2.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">In-hospital mortality - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (3.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AMI at follow-up - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (1.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stroke at follow-up - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (0.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Revascularization at follow-up - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (3.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HF at follow-up - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (2.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Mortality at follow-up - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">33 (3.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Total AMI - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">42 (4.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Total stroke - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (1.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Total mortality - n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">71 (7.2)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BARC: Bleeding Academic Research Consortium; HF: heart failure. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>When comparing our score with the GRACE score to predict ischemic events, the AUC ROC of our score was 0.64 (95% CI 0.57-0.71), while that of the GRACE score was 0.67 (95% CI 0.61-0.75), p=0.512. To evaluate the ability to predict bleeding events, we compared our score with the CRUSADE score and obtained an AUC ROC of 0.63 (95% CI 0.53-0.73) versus 0.64 (95% CI 0.57-0.78), p=0.526. Regarding mortality, when comparing the performance for in-hospital mortality, our score had an AUC ROC of 0.59 (95% CI 0.49-0.68), while that of the GRACE score was 0.77 (95% CI 0.68-0.86), p=0.005, demonstrating the superiority of the latter as a predictive factor. However, when analyzing the ability to predict mortality during follow-up, our score had a slightly better value, with an AUC ROC of 0.62 (95% CI 0.55-0.69), but still lower than the GRACE score, 0.79 (95% CI 0.73-0.85), p=0.002. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows the mentioned curves. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Fig. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>ROC curves for hospital events and per year. </title>
							<p>MS: multiplier score</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-26-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The heterogeneous distribution of the troponin assays has resulted in a variety of data for troponin levels in ACS. Therefore, unification and interpretation of those results, as well as their use in multicenter studies is challenging. The use of the MS of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin could harmonize the different assays and mitigate those differences. To assess its predictive ability, we compared it with conventional score systems for ischemic events, bleeding events, and mortality. We highlight four findings in our work.</p>
				<p>First, for bleeding events, the AUC ROC was 0.63, demonstrating a moderate predictive ability for this endpoint, which was not statistically different from that of the CRUSADE score, 0.64. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>13</sup></xref> Other studies have already demonstrated the predictive value of the troponin for bleeding events, such as the study by Mathews et al., which demonstrated an increasing risk based on the troponin level on admission. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>16</sup></xref> Iser et al. showed an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with elevated troponin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>17</sup></xref> while Al-Mallah et al. observed an increased overall bleeding risk according to the peak troponin value in acute coronary syndromes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>18</sup></xref> Furthermore, in terms of predictive value, the ABC score to predict bleedings in patients with atrial fibrillation, including biomarkers such as the high-sensitivity troponin, was shown to be superior to that of the HAS-BLED and ORBIT scores. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>19</sup></xref> These results could be attributed to the elevated troponin levels generally observed in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or advanced age, among others, where the risk of bleeding is usually higher. </p>
				<p>Second, the predictive ability of the MS for ischemic events was modest. The AUC ROC was 0.64, which does not differ significantly from the values from the GRACE score (AUC ROC 0.67), which is the usual predictive tool to calculate ischemic risk in ACS. The ability of the troponin to predict ischemic events has been previously documented in the study by Blankenberg et al., where the troponin I was a predictor of cardiovascular and overall disease and mortality, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>20</sup></xref> or in the study by Lindahl that showed similar results. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>22</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Third, for in-hospital mortality, the MS had limited ability as a predictive factor. The AUC ROC was 0.59 compared with 0,77 of the GRACE score. Although the marker could indicate higher risks, as above mentioned, the GRACE score also includes crucial patient parameters, such as cardiac arrest on admission, the Killip-Kimball assessment, and the incorporation of the patient's hemodynamic status into the equation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>23</sup></xref> Regarding mortality at one-year follow-up, our test showed an improved area under the curve (0.62), although this value was lower than that of the GRACE score (0.79). The above cited Blankenberg study showed that although the troponin is a predictor of mortality, the addition of this biomarker to other risk scores did not significantly modify the area under their ROC curves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>20</sup></xref> The same was documented by Meune et al. in their study, where it was shown that the GRACE score remains useful for determining in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with ACS in the era of the high-sensitivity troponin, and that its addition, or the addition of the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) value to the score did not increase its predictive value. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>24</sup></xref> In contrast, the study by Ordoñez et al. showed that troponin T was superior to the GRACE and TIMI scores when predicting adverse events and in-hospital mortality. However, in that study, AUC ROC was 0.52 for the GRACE score, clearly lower than that obtained in our population and that published in the literature, and ST-elevation infarctions were excluded. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>25</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, our results highlight that the MS could be a useful tool for data standardization in multicenter settings and for risk assessment in ACS. However, its ability to predict mortality is inferior to that of the established scores, such as GRACE and CRUSADE. This underscores the need to use the troponin to complement, rather than to replace, more comprehensive predictive tools in clinical practice.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>The retrospective characteristics of the analysis generate biases inherent to the type of study. In addition, the number of events was relatively low, which may make the results unrepresentative. We understand that the wide interquartile range of the MS contrasts with the narrower ranges of the GRACE and CRUSADE scores, although we do not believe that this influences the results. Besides, although centers from all over the country participated, only those centers of medium and high complexity with 24-hour access to hemodynamics were included, so the applicability of the score to patients from centers of lower complexity may be lower.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The use of the MS of the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of troponin level in ACS may be a useful tool for harmonizing the vast and variable amount of assays and data available today, which hinders the accurate interpretation of information. As a simple tool, this new score system could help to standardize information worldwide and encourage new multicenter studies. Its predictive value is not inferior to that of the conventional risk scores<italic>,</italic> such as GRACE and CRUSADE, for both in-hospital ischemic and bleeding events. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
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