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<article article-type="discussion" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i1.20865</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00009</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CONTROVERSIA</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Se debe disminuir el nivel de triglicéridos para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Triglyceride Levels Should be Lowered to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0017-8725</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Corral</surname>
						<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Internista. Lipidólogo. Docente Facultad Medicina, Univ. FASTA, departamento Farmacología. Investigador Clínico, Instituto Investigaciones Clínicas (IIC). Mar del Plata. Argentina.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad FASTA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Univ. FASTA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Investigaciones Clínicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						 <named-content content-type="city">Mar del Plata</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> El autor declara que no tiene conflicto de intereses. (Ver formulario de conflicto de intereses en la web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>55</fpage>
			<lpage>60</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>AGONISTA</p>
		<p>La hipertrigliceridemia se define como valores de laboratorio de triglicéridos (TG) en ayunas y postprandiales mayores de 150 y 175 mg/dL, respectivamente. Esta elevación puede ser causada por un aumento en la producción de TG, un catabolismo alterado de las lipoproteínas ricas en TG (TRL), o una reducción en su depuración. La prevalencia estimada de hipertrigliceridemia es del 25% a nivel global. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
		</p>
		<p>El papel de los TG como factor de riesgo cardiovascular (CV) ha sido objeto de debate durante muchos años dentro de la comunidad médica y científica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> El denominado riesgo residual aterosclerótico se debe en parte a la persistencia de partículas aterogénicas con apolipoproteína B (Apo B), y podemos encontrarlas no solo en el colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL), sino también en otras lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL), de densidad intermedia (IDL) o remanentes de colesterol, característicamente presentes en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2, síndrome metabólico y resistencia a la insulina.</p>
		<p>A continuación, se presentan los argumentos a favor de considerar los TG, expresados como valor absoluto, como No-colesterol de HDL [colesterol total (CT) menos colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL)] o remanentes de colesterol, como un factor de riesgo CV significativo, donde descender los valores contribuye a disminuir el riesgo CV, ello respaldado por evidencia reciente de estudios epidemiológicos, genéticos y de intervención (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figura 1:</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Triglicéridos y remanentes y enfermedad cardiovascular </title>
					<p> IDL: lipoproteínas de densidad intermedia; LDL: lipoproteínas de baja densidad; Lp (a): lipoproteína (a); VLDL: lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-55-gf1.jpg"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Argumentos a favor del rol de los triglicéridos como factor de riesgo CV</title>
			<sec>
				<title>1. Evidencia epidemiológica:</title>
				<p>Estudios poblacionales: Diferentes estudios observacionales, entre ellos el estudio PREDIMED y el <italic>Copenhagen General Population Study</italic>, han demostrado consistentemente una correlación entre niveles elevados de TG y un aumento en el riesgo de eventos CV como infarto de miocardio y enfermedad coronaria. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
				<p>Datos de seguimiento: Estudios longitudinales han observado que individuos con hipertrigliceridemia tienen una mayor incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV), independientemente de otros factores de riesgo como los niveles de colesterol LDL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Mecanismos bioquímicos:</title>
				<p>Formación de placas ateroscleróticas: Los TG contribuyen a la formación de placas ateroscleróticas a través de sus remanentes, que son partículas ricas en colesterol capaces de infiltrarse en la pared arterial y fomentar la formación de placas. Estas partículas, al ser atrapadas en el subendotelio vascular, desencadenan el fenómeno de retención, generación de placa de aterosclerosis y posterior complicación (ruptura), proceso fisiopatológico clásico del fenómeno de aterosclerosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Disfunción endotelial e inflamación: La presencia de altos niveles de TG está asociada con disfunción endotelial y la generación dentro del subendotelio vascular y liberación de mediadores inflamatorios y citoquinas que favorecen y potencian el proceso de aterosclerosis. De esta manera se plantea el doble efecto o impacto en cuanto al daño vascular derivado de estas lipoproteínas, no solo capaces de internalizarse en el subendotelio sino también de generar inflamación local que potencia el mecanismo deletéreo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. Estudios genéticos y de intervención:</title>
				<p>Randomización mendeliana: Estudios que aplican la técnica de randomización mendeliana han encontrado una relación causal entre variantes genéticas que elevan los TG y un incremento en el riesgo de enfermedad CV. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Ensayos clínicos de intervención: </p>
				<p>Los agentes terapéuticos para el tratamiento de los valores elevados de TG incluyen estatinas, fibratos, agonistas de los receptores activados por el proliferador de peroxisomas tipo alfa (PPAR-alfa), y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3. Los fibratos tienen la mayor potencia para reducir los TG (descenso entre 30-50%, dependiendo de las concentraciones plasmáticas basales) y el colesterol no-HDL (entre 6-16%); el uso de fibratos puede provocar un aumento en los niveles de LDL en pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia grave. El ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) tiene un efecto reductor de TG más débil que los fibratos, pero es de remarcar múltiples otros potenciales efectos beneficiosos que incluyen mejora de la función endotelial vascular, inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria y acción antiinflamatoria.</p>
				<p>Intervenciones farmacológicas que reducen los TG, como el uso de fibratos, en análisis de subgrupos, han mostrado reducir el riesgo de ECV en pacientes con TG elevados. Adicionalmente el efecto legado, evidenciado en el seguimiento a largo plazo de los pacientes que recibieron fenofibrato, muestra un claro beneficio con estos fármacos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> El omega-3 en altas dosis (específicamente EPA), demostró el ensayo REDUCE-IT un beneficio CV claro en aquellos pacientes con TG elevados, planteándose como uno de los mecanismos que explicarían en parte este beneficio, el impacto sobre los niveles de TG. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>A pesar de que los TG han sido históricamente eclipsados por el enfoque en el LDL, la evidencia acumulada sugiere que no deben ser ignorados como un factor de riesgo CV y deben claramente ser tenidos en cuenta al valorar lo que se denomina riesgo residual aterosclerótico. Los TG y sus remanentes tienen implicancias directas en la patogénesis de la enfermedad CV aterosclerótica y su manejo podría representar una estrategia terapéutica adicional en la lucha contra la epidemia global de enfermedad CV. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para optimizar las estrategias de tratamiento y para establecer pautas claras sobre cómo y cuándo intervenir en casos de hipertrigliceridemia.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Antagonista</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1257-9211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LAVALLE COBO</surname>
						<given-names>AUGUSTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Jefe Servicio Cardiología Sanatorio Otamendi, Ex director Consejos de Epidemiología y Prevención CV y Cardiometabolismo SAC. </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio Cardiología</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Sanatorio Otamendi</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses </label>
					<p> El autor declara que no tiene conflicto de intereses. (Ver formulario de conflicto de intereses en la web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>“<italic>Ser o no ser, esa es la cuestión</italic>”, además de ser la frase inicial del soliloquio de Hamlet en la obra homónima de William Shakespeare, es quizá una de las citas más famosas de la literatura universal. Con todo el respeto que la obra y su autor merecen, la tomaré prestada para argumentar mi postura frente a esta interesante controversia.</p>
			<p>La asociación entre lípidos, particularmente el colesterol, y el riesgo de desarrollar ECV comenzó a establecerse de manera robusta en el año 1953 a partir de la publicación de Ancel Keys. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>1</sup></xref> Desde entonces, está claramente demostrado el rol del colesterol en el desarrollo de la ECV aterosclerótica, así como el impacto de su reducción, especialmente del colesterol LDL, en la disminución del riego CV. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>En cuanto a los TG, también existe evidencia de la su asociación con un mayor riesgo de ECV ateroscleróticos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>4</sup></xref> Sin embargo, desde mi rol de antagonista en esta controversia, es necesario analizar por qué no debo enfocarme en disminuir los TG para reducir el riesgo CV. Traigo a colación una frase que le he escuchado en repetidas ocasiones al Dr. Corral, quien actúa como agonista en este debate: “Correlación no implica causalidad”. Volviendo a la cita inicial del texto, la cuestión clave es la siguiente: ¿son los TG un factor causal o simplemente un marcador de riesgo cardiovascular? Esta distinción es fundamental y va más allá de una simple diferencia semántica. Mientras que un marcador permite identificar individuos o poblaciones con mayor riesgo de desarrollar un evento (en este caso CV) pero dicho riesgo no se modifica con el tratamiento del mismo, un factor de riesgo es una condición que al modificarse reduce la chance de que ocurra un evento, convirtiéndose entonces en una diana terapéutica. </p>
			<p>Desde un punto de vista fisiológico, los lípidos circulan en el torrente sanguíneo unidos a proteínas, conformando partículas denominadas lipoproteínas, cuyo contenido varía entre cada una de ellas. Los TG son transportados principalmente en partículas que se originan en el hígado (VLDL e IDL) y en los quilomicrones, que se originan en el intestino. Aunque estas partículas son ricas en TG, se estima que transportan aproximadamente un tercio del colesterol circulante (colesterol remanente), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>5</sup></xref> y su proteína constitutiva, al igual que en las LDL, es la Apo B. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>6</sup></xref> De lo antes mencionado surge la pregunta de si el aumento del riesgo CV observado en pacientes con niveles aumentados de TG se debe directamente a estos (causalidad) o al colesterol transportado concomitantemente (correlación). Aunque este análisis se enfoca en la perspectiva lipídica de las partículas, el factor común en el riesgo aterogénico asociado a ambas fracciones lipídicas parece estar más relacionado con el número de partículas ricas en Apo B que la masa de colesterol transportada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>7</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Es relevante también considerar qué ocurre en pacientes con valores extremadamente elevados de TG debido a alteraciones genéticas en su metabolismo. Aunque esta breve revisión fisiopatológica podría sugerir que los TG no son la causa principal del problema, distintos grupos de investigación han evaluado estrategias para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular a partir de la disminución de los TG. </p>
			<p>En este contexto, voy a focalizarme en los dos grupos farmacológicos más utilizados actualmente para el tratamiento de las hipertrigliceridemias leves y moderadas: los fibratos y los ácidos grasos omega 3. </p>
			<p>Entre los estudios más destacados sobre fibratos se encuentran el BIP (<italic>Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention</italic>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>8</sup></xref> FIELD (<italic>Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes Study</italic>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>9</sup></xref> y ACCORD (<italic>Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>10</sup></xref> En estos estudios el uso de bezafibrato (BIP) y fenofibrato (FIELD y ACCORD) no mostró una reducción significativa en ECV, a pesar de lograr reducciones en los niveles de TG del 21%, 29% y 25,6% respectivamente. Sin embargo, un metanálisis que incluyó 45 048 pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia y c-HDL bajo evidenció reducción significativa del 10% en ECV mayores y del 13% en eventos coronarios. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>11</sup></xref> Esto sugiere que el impacto de los TG podría ser clínicamente relevante en pacientes con c-HDL bajo y plantea dudas sobre si las poblaciones evaluadas en los estudios mencionados fueron las adecuadas para confirmar la causalidad de la hipertrigliceridemia en la patología aterosclerótica.</p>
			<p>Para responder a este interrogante, se realizó el estudio PROMINENT (<italic>Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes by Reducing Triglycerides in Patients with Diabetes</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>12</sup></xref> Este ensayo incluyó pacientes con diabetes, TG plasmáticos entre 200 y 499 mg/dL y valores de colesterol HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL, asignados aleatoriamente a recibir pemafibrato o placebo. A pesar de una reducción del 26,2% en los niveles de TG en el grupo tratado, no se observó una disminución significativa en los objetivos CV evaluados. Este hallazgo podría atribuirse al aumento en los niveles de Apo B observado en el grupo tratado con pemafibrato, lo que reabre el debate: “<italic>Triglicéridos o Apo B, esa pareciera ser la cuestión”.</italic></p>
			<p>Con relación a los ácidos grasos omega-3, voy a omitir voluntariamente el estudio GISSI-Prevenzione. La omisión no se debe a una conveniencia para mi posición antagónica, sino a que el tratamiento de base utilizado en el mismo no es acorde al concepto actual de manejo de riesgo CV. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>13</sup></xref> Cabe destacar en primer lugar el estudio JELIS (<italic>Japan EPA lipid intervention study</italic>), en el cual se evaluó el uso de EPA en personas con hipercolesterolemia, que recibían estatinas y que presentaban mediana (rango intercuartilo)TG de 154 mg/dL (111 mg/dL - 224 mg/dL). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>14</sup></xref> Los pacientes tratados con 1800 mg diarios de EPA presentaron una reducción del 19% (p=0,048) en la incidencia de eventos coronarios mayores en comparación con aquellos que recibieron solo estatinas. Sin embargo, la diferencia en la reducción de TG entre ambos grupos fue solo del 4% (9% vs 5%), lo que sugiere que este modesto descenso no explicaría completamente el beneficio observado. Mas recientemente, el estudio REDUCE-IT evaluó el uso de ácido etil eicosapentilo (E-EPA) en pacientes con ECV o diabetes asociada a otros factores de riesgo, tratados con estatinas, con niveles de TG entre 135 y 499 mg/dL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>15</sup></xref> Los pacientes tratados con 4 g/día de E-EPA tuvieron una reducción del 25% (HR 0,75, p&lt;0,001) en el riesgo de presentar el combinado de eventos isquémicos (infarto de miocardio no fatal, accidente cerebrovascular no fatal, revascularización coronaria o angina inestable) y muerte CV, además de beneficiarse en el resto de los objetivos secundarios. A diferencia del estudio JELIS se observó una mayor reducción en los niveles de TG, que fue en este caso del 18,3%. ¿Alcanza esta reducción del 18,3% para justificar el beneficio CV? Considero que no, y apoyo mi punto de vista en dos argumentos: el primero es que en el estudio STRENGTH (<italic>Study to Assess Statin Residual Risk with Epanova in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia</italic>), que evaluó una combinación de EPA con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) en una población similar, no se observó reducción de ECV pese a lograr una reducción de TG prácticamente igual a la reportada en el estudio REDUCE-IT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>16</sup></xref> El segundo es que en el análisis de subgrupos del estudio REDUCE-IT el beneficio fue similar en pacientes con niveles basales de TG &lt; 150 mg/dL comparado con aquellos con valores ≥ 150 mg/dL o &lt; 200 mg/dL vs ≥ 200 mg/dL, agregando además que el valor de TG al año de la aleatorización tampoco fue un factor predictor de beneficio CV. El estudio fue positivo incluso en el subgrupo de pacientes con TG &lt; 150 mg/dL, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>17</sup></xref> sugiriendo que posiblemente sean otros los mecanismos responsables del beneficio CV observado en el estudio REDUCE-IT. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>18</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>De lo expuesto en los párrafos anteriores se puede inferir mi postura, y los argumentos que sostienen que no debemos considerar el descenso de los TG como una herramienta clave para reducir el riesgo CV. En este contexto, la hipertrigliceridemia debe considerarse un marcador de riesgo más que una diana terapéutica, ya que su asociación con niveles elevados de colesterol remanente y partículas ricas en Apo B parece ser el principal determinante del aumento en el riesgo CV observado. Por lo tanto, el enfoque terapéutico debería dirigirse hacia la reducción de las partículas ricas en Apo B.</p>
			<p>Adicionalmente, algunos tratamientos, como el E-EPA, podrían representar una alternativa, gracias a sus efectos pleiotrópicos que van más allá de la simple reducción de TG.</p>
			<p>Para concluir, retomo y adapto al contexto de esta controversia la célebre frase de Hamlet con la que inicié esta postura: <italic>&quot;Ser o no ser una fracción lipídica causal de aterosclerosis, esa es la cuestión.&quot;</italic></p>
		</body>
		<back>
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					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B31">
					<label>17</label>
					<mixed-citation>17. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Jiao L. REDUCE-IT Investigators. Reduction in First and Total Ischemic Events With Icosapent Ethyl Across Baseline Triglyceride Tertiles. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:1159-61. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.043</ext-link>
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								<surname>Bhatt</surname>
								<given-names>DL</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Steg</surname>
								<given-names>PG</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Miller</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Brinton</surname>
								<given-names>EA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Jacobson</surname>
								<given-names>TA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Jiao</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
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						<article-title>REDUCE-IT Investigators. Reduction in First and Total Ischemic Events With Icosapent Ethyl Across Baseline Triglyceride Tertiles</article-title>
						<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
						<year>2019</year>
						<volume>74</volume>
						<fpage>1159</fpage>
						<lpage>1161</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.043</ext-link>
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					<label>18</label>
					<mixed-citation>18. Borghi C, Bragagni A. Clinical results and mechanism of action of icosapent ethyl. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023;25(Suppl B):B37-B40. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad088">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad088</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
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							<name>
								<surname>Borghi</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Bragagni</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Clinical results and mechanism of action of icosapent ethyl</article-title>
						<source>Eur Heart J Suppl</source>
						<year>2023</year>
						<volume>25</volume>
						<issue>Suppl B</issue>
						<fpage>B37</fpage>
						<lpage>B40</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad088">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad088</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
			</ref-list>
		</back>
		<sub-article article-type="reply" id="s2" xml:lang="es">
			<front-stub>
				<article-categories>
					<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
						<subject>Articles</subject>
					</subj-group>
				</article-categories>
				<title-group>
					<article-title>Respuestas</article-title>
				</title-group>
			</front-stub>
			<body>
				<sec>
					<title>Respuesta del agonista</title>
					<p>En primer lugar debo agradecer la posibilidad de este intercambio y felicitar a mi amigo el Dr. Augusto Lavalle Cobo por tan clara exposición y repaso de la evidencia disponible, fundamentalmente de los estudios de intervención farmacológica.</p>
					<p>Sin embargo debo remarcar que si se plantea que los TG no debieran medirse y tratarse, no se utilizaría el No-cHDL como objetivo terapéutico, ni la Apo B (hoy en todas las guías y recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales), ya que la representación del valor de los TG en sangre está dada por las partículas remanentes ricas en TG, y con Apo B presente, que tienen una capacidad dual de daño, infiltrando el subendotelio y generando un fenómeno inflamatorio que acelera y potencia el proceso de aterosclerosis</p>
					<p>Al margen de lo anteriormente mencionado, debemos entender y repasar la fisiología y la fisiopatología lipídica, en que las partículas de LDL son un producto del catabolismo y degradación de las VLDL secretadas por el hígado y ese continuo proceso metabólico (desde VLDL, pasando por IDL para finalmente llegar a LDL) no deja de ser único y lineal, en que la presencia de TG aumentados claramente evidencia una mayor riesgo cardiovascular.</p>
					<p>Yendo a la práctica cotidiana, me pregunto, ¿por qué pediría una Apo B o calcularía el No-cHDL de un paciente? La respuesta a este planteo es simple: porque ese paciente tiene valores de TG elevados, tiene riesgo residual derivado de TRL y remanentes de colesterol y está demostrado que en ese contexto la mera medición de cLDL no es suficiente para valorar el riesgo (en mi paciente con TG de 70 mg/dL medir Apo B o calcular No-HDLc no aporta más información para el manejo).</p>
					<p>Para concluir y remitiéndome al planteo inicial de la controversia (descender triglicéridos para disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular), tendré que remarcar que los TG no son un mero “marcador” de riesgo CV (como son por ejemplo la troponina T o el NT-proBNP) y que la futilidad observada con diferentes estudios farmacológicos hasta hoy en día no debe hacernos dejar de lado que a mi paciente, con un nivel de TG de 300 mg/dL debo “tratarlo”, que no es sinónimo de “medicarlo”, porque tiene un claro riesgo evidenciado, y porque la intervención (dieta, ejercicio, en un futuro los inhibidores de Apo C3?) permite modificar este biomarcador pero fundamentalmente, mejorar su pronóstico cardiovascular.</p>
					<p><bold>Pablo Corral</bold></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Respuesta del antagonista</title>
					<p>Es un placer compartir esta controversia con el Dr. Pablo Corral, con quien, además de un gran interés por los lípidos, me une una profunda amistad. Felicito al Dr. Corral por la clara y precisa explicación ofrecida durante su intervención como defensor de la postura agonista en esta controversia. En su exposición, resalta la evidencia proveniente de diversos tipos de estudios que demuestran la relación entre los niveles elevados de triglicéridos y el aumento del riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscleróticos. </p>
					<p>Como dice el refrán: “Dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres”. En este contexto, es relevante señalar que los triglicéridos, como se mencionó previamente, circulan en el torrente sanguíneo en partículas que contienen como proteína constitutiva Apo B. En la mayoría de estas partículas, los triglicéridos están asociados con otras fracciones lipídicas, como el colesterol, lo que justifica el uso de la medición de Apo B o el cálculo del colesterol No-HDL para evaluar el riesgo lipídico residual de un individuo.</p>
					<p>Personalmente, cuando me enfrento a un paciente con hipertrigliceridemia moderada, me planteo la siguiente cuestión: ¿Debería centrarme en reducir los triglicéridos o ser más agresivo en la disminución de la Apo B? Tras todo lo expuesto, probablemente se imaginarán cuál es mi enfoque. </p>
					<p>Quiero concluir con una reflexión que tal vez resulte obvia, pero que siempre es importante resaltar cuando hablamos de riesgo cardiovascular: el enfoque debe ser integral. Esto es aún más relevante cuando nos referimos a la hipertrigliceridemia, ya que, en muchos casos, esta condición refleja un mal estado &quot;cardiometabólico&quot;. En estos casos, las intervenciones en el estilo de vida (como el control del peso, la mejora en la alimentación y el aumento de la actividad física) no solo impactan positivamente en el riesgo cardiovascular, sino también en los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos.</p>
					<p><bold>Augusto Lavalle Cobo</bold></p>
				</sec>
			</body>
		</sub-article>
	</sub-article>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s3" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CONTROVERSY</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Triglyceride Levels Should be Lowered to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0017-8725</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Corral</surname>
						<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Internist. Lipidologist. Professor, School of Medicine, Univ. FASTA, Department of Pharmacology. Clinical Researcher, Clinical Research Institute (IIC). Mar del Plata. Argentina.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad FASTA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Univ. FASTA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Clinical Research Institute</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Mar del Plata</city>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn10">
					<p>Conflicts of interest None declared (See author conflicts of interest form on the website)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>AGONIST </title>
				<p>Hypertriglyceridemia is defined as fasting and postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels greater than 150 and 175 mg/dL, respectively. This elevation results from either increased TG production, decreased catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL) or impaired clearance. The estimated prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia is 25% worldwide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>The role of TG as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the subject of debate within the medical and scientific communities for many years. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The residual atherosclerotic risk, as previously defined, is attributable to the persistence of atherogenic particles with apolipoprotein B (ApoB). These particles are not exclusively present in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); they are also found in other very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and cholesterol remnants. These particles are characteristically present in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.</p>
				<p>The following discussion will present the arguments in favor of considering TG, expressed as absolute value, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or cholesterol remnants, as a significant risk factor for CVD. It will be demonstrated that lowering TG values contributes to lowering CVD risk. This argument is supported by recent evidence from epidemiological, genetic, and interventional studies. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Triglycerides, remnants and cardiovascular disease </title>
							<p> IDL: intermediate-density lipoproteins; LDL: low density lipoproteins; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a); VLDL: very low density lipoproteins </p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-55-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Arguments in favor of the role of triglycerides as CVD risk factor</title>
				<p>1. Epidemiological evidence:</p>
				<p>Population-based studies: Several observational studies, including the PREDIMED study and the Copenhagen General Population Study, have consistently demonstrated a correlation between elevated TG levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular events (CVE) such as myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Follow-up data: Longitudinal studies have observed that individuals with hypertriglyceridemia have a higher incidence of CVE, independently of other risk factors such as LDL-C levels. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Biochemical mechanisms:</title>
				<p>Atherosclerotic plaque formation: TG contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation from their remnants, which are cholesterol-rich particles that infiltrate the arterial wall, contributing to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. When these particles become trapped in the vascular subendothelium, they trigger a retention process, leading to the generation of atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent complications, such as rupture. This is the classic pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation: Elevated TG levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and with the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines within the vascular subendothelium. These mediators can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. This raises the double effect or impact in terms of vascular damage derived from these lipoproteins, not only capable of internalizing in the subendothelium but also of generating local inflammation that enhances the deleterious mechanism. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. Genetic and intervention studies:</title>
				<p>Mendelian randomization: Studies using the Mendelian randomization technique have found a causal relationship between genetic variants that elevate TG levels and an increased risk of CVD. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Intervention clinical trials:</p>
				<p>Therapeutic agents for the treatment of elevated TG levels include statins, fibrates, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fibrates have the greatest power to reduce TG (a reduction between 30-50%, depending on baseline plasma concentrations) and non-HDL cholesterol (between 6-16%). In patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, the use of fibrates can lead to an increase in LDL levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is less effective than fibrates at reducing TG levels, but it has several other notable benefits, such as improving vascular endothelial function, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and having anti-inflammatory properties.</p>
				<p>Subgroup analysis of pharmacological interventions to lower TG, such as fibrates, has been shown to reduce the risk of CVEs in patients with elevated TG levels. Additionally, the legacy effect, evidenced in the long-term follow-up of patients who received fenofibrate, shows a clear benefit with these drugs. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> High-dose omega-3 fatty acids (specifically EPA), demonstrated a clear benefit on CVD risk in the REDUCE-IT trial in those patients with high TG levels. The impact on TG levels is proposed to be one of the mechanisms that explains this benefit. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>While TG have historically been overshadowed by the focus on LDL-C, the cumulative evidence suggests that they should not be ignored as a risk factor for CVD and should clearly be taken into account when assessing atherosclerotic residual risk. TG and their remnants have direct implications in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic CVD and their management could represent an additional therapeutic strategy in the global effort to combat the epidemic of CVD. However, further research is needed to optimize treatment strategies and to establish clear guidelines on the appropriate timing and manner for intervention in cases of hypertriglyceridemia.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<sub-article article-type="reply" id="s4" xml:lang="en">
			<front-stub>
				<article-categories>
					<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
						<subject>Articles</subject>
					</subj-group>
				</article-categories>
				<title-group>
					<article-title>ANTAGONIST</article-title>
				</title-group>
				<contrib-group>
					<contrib contrib-type="author">
						<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1257-9211</contrib-id>
						<name>
							<surname>LAVALLE COBO</surname>
							<given-names>AUGUSTO</given-names>
						</name>
						<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
						<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
					</contrib>
					<aff id="aff4">
						<label>1</label>
						<institution content-type="original"> Head of the Department of Cardiology Sanatorio Otamendi, Former Director of the Councils of Epidemiology and CV Prevention and Cardiometabolism, SAC. </institution>
						<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
						<institution content-type="orgname">Sanatorio Otamendi</institution>
					</aff>
				</contrib-group>
				<author-notes>
					<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
						<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
					</fn>
					<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn12">
						<p>Conflicts of interest None declared (See author conflicts of interest form on the website)</p>
					</fn>
				</author-notes>
			</front-stub>
			<body>
				<p><italic>&quot;To be or not to be—that is the question&quot;</italic> is perhaps one of the most famous quotes in world literature. It is also the opening line of Hamlet's soliloquy in William Shakespeare's eponymous play. With all the respect that the play and its author deserve, I will borrow it to argue my position on this interesting controversy.</p>
				<p>The association between lipids, particularly cholesterol, and the risk of developing CVD began to be robustly established in 1953 with the publication by Ancel Keys. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>1</sup></xref> Since then, the role of cholesterol in the development of atherosclerotic CVD and the impact of lowering cholesterol levels, particularly LDL-C, on reducing cardiovascular risk have been clearly demonstrated. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>There is also evidence of the association between TG levels and increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, in my role as an antagonist in this controversy, it is necessary to analyze why I should not focus on reducing TG levels to reduce CV risk. I bring up a phrase that I have heard repeatedly from Dr. Corral, who acts as an agonist in this debate: &quot;Correlation does not imply causation&quot;. Returning to the opening quote of the text, the key question is: are TGs a causal factor or simply a marker of cardiovascular risk? This distinction is fundamental and extends beyond a mere semantic difference. While a marker allows for identifying those individuals or populations at greater risk of developing an event (in this case, a CVE), treatment cannot modify this risk. In contrast, a risk factor is a condition that, when modified, reduces the chance of an event occurring, thereby becoming a therapeutic target.</p>
				<p>From a physiological point of view, lipids circulate in the bloodstream bound to proteins, forming particles called lipoproteins, whose content varies from one particle to another. TG are primarily transported in particles that originate in the liver (VLDL and IDL) and in chylomicrons, which originate in the intestine. Although these particles are rich in TG, it is estimated that they carry approximately one third of circulating cholesterol (remnant cholesterol), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>5</sup></xref> and their constitutive protein is ApoB, as in LDL-C. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>6</sup></xref> Consequently, the question arises as to whether the increased CV risk observed in patients with elevated TG levels is directly associated with this elevation (causation) or with the concomitantly transported cholesterol (correlation). Although this analysis focuses on lipid particles, the common factor in atherogenic risk associated with both lipid fractions seems to be more related to the number of ApoB particles than to the mass of cholesterol within ApoB particles. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>It is also relevant to consider what happens in patients with extremely high TG values due to genetic alterations in their metabolism. Although this brief pathophysiological review might suggest that TGs are not the main cause of the problem, different research groups have evaluated strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering TG levels.</p>
				<p>In this context, I will focus on the two most widely used pharmacological groups for the treatment of mild and moderate hypertriglyceridemia: fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids.</p>
				<p>The most prominent studies on fibrates are the BIP (Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention) study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>8</sup></xref> the FIELD (Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes) study <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>9</sup></xref> and the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>10</sup></xref> In these studies the use of bezafibrate (BIP) and fenofibrate (FIELD and ACCORD) did not result in a significant reduction in CVE, despite achieving reductions in TG levels of 21%, 29% and 25.6%, respectively. However, a meta-analysis that included 45 048 patients with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C levels showed significant reductions of 10% in major CVEs and 13% in coronary events. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>11</sup></xref> This suggests that the impact of TG may have clinical relevance in patients with low HDL-C. It also raises questions about the adequacy of the populations evaluated in the aforementioned studies to confirm causation of hypertriglyceridemia in atherosclerotic disease.</p>
				<p>The PROMINENT (Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes by Reducing Triglycerides in Patients with Diabetes) study was conducted to answer this question. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>12</sup></xref> This trial included patients with diabetes, plasma TG levels between 200 and 499 mg/dL and HDL-C levels ≤ 40 mg/dL who were randomly assigned to receive pemafibrate or placebo. Despite a 26.2% reduction in TG levels in the treated group, the incidence of the primary CV endpoints was not significantly lower. This finding could be attributed to the increase in ApoB levels observed in the pemafibrate-treated group, which reopens the debate: &quot;TG or ApoB, that seems to be the question&quot;.</p>
				<p>With regard to omega-3 fatty acids, I will voluntarily omit the GISSI-Prevenzione study. The omission is not due to any personal convenience in my role as antagonist; rather, the decision is based on the fact that the baseline treatment used in the study does not align with the current concept of cardiovascular risk management. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>13</sup></xref> The JELIS (Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study) deserves to be mentioned in first place. This study evaluated the use of EPA in subjects with hypercholesterolemia who were receiving statins and who had mean TG levels of 154 mg/dL (111 mg/dL - 224 mg/dL). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>14</sup></xref> Patients treated with EPA 1800 mg daily experienced a 19% reduction (p = 0.048) in the incidence of major coronary events compared with those receiving statins alone. However, the difference in TG reduction between the two groups was only 4% (9% vs. 5%), suggesting that this modest decrease alone would not fully explain the observed benefit. More recently, the REDUCE-IT study evaluated the use of icosapent ethyl in patients with CVD or diabetes associated with other risk factors treated with statins, with TG levels between 135 and 499 mg/dL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>15</sup></xref> Patients treated with 4 g/day of icosapent ethyl had a 25% reduction (HR 0.75, p &lt; 0.001) in the risk of presenting the composite ischemic events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina) and CV death, and the risk of the secondary end point was also lower. Contrary to the findings of the JELIS study, a greater reduction in TG levels was observed in this case, reaching 18.3%. Is this 18.3% reduction sufficient to justify the CV benefit? I believe not, and I support my position with two arguments. First, the STRENGTH (Study to Assess Statin Residual Risk with Epanova in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia) trial, which evaluated a combination of EPA with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a similar population, found no reduction in CVD despite a reduction in TG levels that was virtually identical to that reported in the REDUCE-IT trial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>16</sup></xref> Second, in the REDUCE-IT trial subgroup analysis, the benefit was similar in patients with baseline TG levels &lt; 150 mg/dL versus those with levels ≥ 150 mg/dL, or &lt; 200 mg/dL versus ≥ 200 mg/dL. Additionally, TG levels at one year after randomization were not predictive of CV benefit. The study was favorable even in the subgroup of patients with TG levels &lt; 150 mg/dL, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>17</sup></xref> suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the CV benefit observed in the REDUCE-IT study. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>18</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Considering the aforementioned points, it can be concluded that lowering TG levels should not be considered a primary strategy for reducing CV risk. In this context, hypertriglyceridemia should be regarded as a risk marker rather than a therapeutic target, given its association with elevated levels of remnant cholesterol and ApoB-rich particles, which appear to be the primary contributors to the observed increase in CV risk. Therefore, the therapeutic approach should focus on reducing ApoB-rich particles.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, certain treatments, such as icosapent ethyl, could offer an alternative approach due to their pleiotropic effects that extend beyond the mere reduction of TG levels.</p>
				<p>To conclude, I would like to reiterate and adapt to the context the famous phrase from Hamlet with which I began this post of this controversy: <italic>&quot;To be or not to be a lipid fraction causative of atherosclerosis, that is the question.&quot;</italic></p>
			</body>
			<sub-article article-type="reply" id="s5" xml:lang="en">
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						<article-title>REPLIES</article-title>
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						<title>AGONIST REPLY </title>
						<p>First, I would like to express my gratitude to my friend, Dr. Augusto Lavalle Cobo, for facilitating this exchange and for his clear exposition and review of the available evidence, primarily from pharmacological intervention studies.</p>
						<p>However, I must point out that if it is suggested that TG levels should not be measured and treated, neither non-HDL-C nor ApoB (which is recommended in all national and international guidelines) should be used as a therapeutic target. This is because the representation of blood TG levels is provided by the remnant TG-rich particles containing ApoB, and these particles have the dual capacity to cause damage, infiltrate the subendothelium, and create an inflammatory phenomenon that speeds up and enhances the development of atherosclerosis.</p>
						<p>Despite what has been previously mentioned, we must understand and re-examine the physiology and pathophysiology of lipids, wherein LDL particles emerge as a consequence of the catabolism and degradation of VLDLs secreted by the liver. This continuous metabolic process (from VLDL, traversing IDL, culminating in LDL) is distinctive and linear, and the presence of elevated TG levels clearly evidences increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
						<p>In my daily practice, I ask myself: why would I order determination of ApoB or estimation of non-HDL-C in a patient? The answer to this question is simple: because that patient has elevated TG levels, residual risk attributable to TRL and cholesterol remnants, and it has been demonstrated that, in that context, measuring LDL-C alone is not sufficient for risk assessment (in my patient with TG levels of 70 mg/dL, measuring ApoB or calculating non-HDL-C does not provide more information for management).</p>
						<p>In conclusion and referring to the initial point of the controversy (lowering TG to reduce cardiovascular risk), it is crucial to acknowledge that TGs are not merely a &quot;marker&quot; of CV risk (as are, for example, troponin T or NT-proBNP). The futility observed in various pharmacological studies conducted to date should not make us ignore the fact that my patient, with TG levels of 300 mg/dL, should be &quot;treated&quot;, which is not the same as &quot;medicated&quot;, because they have an evident risk with interventions (diet, exercise, future ApoC3 inhibitors?) that can modify this biomarker and improve cardiovascular prognosis.</p>
						<p><bold>Pablo Corral</bold></p>
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						<title>ANTAGONIST REPLY </title>
						<p>It is a pleasure to share this controversy with Dr. Pablo Corral, with whom, in addition to a great interest in lipids, I have a deep friendship. I congratulate Dr. Corral for the clear and precise explanation offered during his intervention as a proponent of the agonist position in this controversy. In his presentation, he highlights the evidence from various types of studies demonstrating the relationship between elevated TG levels and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events.</p>
						<p>As the saying goes: &quot;Tell me who you hang out with and I will tell you who you are&quot;. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention that TG, as previously indicated, circulate in the bloodstream in particles that contain ApoB as a constituent protein. In most of these particles, TG are associated with other lipid fractions, such as cholesterol, which justifies measuring ApoB or estimating non-HDL-C to assess an individual's residual lipid risk.</p>
						<p>Personally, when I see a patient with moderate hypertriglyceridemia, I ask myself the following question: should I focus on lowering TG or be more aggressive in lowering ApoB? After all that has been said, you can probably imagine my approach.</p>
						<p>I would like to conclude with a reflection that may seem obvious, but which is always important to emphasize when we talk about cardiovascular risk: the necessity of a comprehensive approach. This is even more relevant when we refer to hypertriglyceridemia, since, in many cases, this condition reflects a poor &quot;cardiometabolic&quot; state. In such cases, lifestyle interventions (e.g., weight control, improved diet, and increased physical activity) have been shown to not only positively impact cardiovascular risk but also reduce plasma TG levels.</p>
						<p><bold>Augusto Lavalle Cobo</bold></p>
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