<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i1.20856</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CARTA AL EDITOR</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Miocardiopatía y enfermedad coronaria obstructiva: ¿causalidad o casualidad?</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Cardiomyopathy and Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Causality or Chance?</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6736-718X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miguel</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas San</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9174-2574</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sodor</surname>
						<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2496-6216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Masoli</surname>
						<given-names>Osvaldo H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn20"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen. TCba, Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">TCba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen. TCba, Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">TCba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>lucasanmiguel@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>Dirección para correspondencia</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Lucas San Miguel. Jerónimo Salguero 560. (C1177AEJ). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Correo electrónico: <email>lucasanmiguel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn20">
					<label>MTSAC</label>
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn0">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>69</fpage>
			<lpage>72</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="1"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>La detección de enfermedad coronaria es esencial en el estudio de pacientes con miocardiopatía dilatada y es una práctica común en nuestro entorno. Sin embargo, es importante destacar que la presencia de enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, incluso cuando es extensa, no necesariamente indica que la miocardiopatía sea isquémico-necrótica. Puede tratarse simplemente de una coexistencia sin relación causal. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
		<p>Bawaskar et al. publicaron recientemente un registro que incluyó a 3023 pacientes que se sometieron a una resonancia magnética cardíaca tras la documentación de enfermedad coronaria obstructiva mediante coronariografía (estenosis ?αμπ;#8805;70 % en ?αμπ;#8805;1 de las arterias descendente anterior, circunfleja, coronaria derecha, o estenosis ?αμπ;#8805;50 % en el tronco de la arteria coronaria izquierda). En este estudio, el 9,3 % de los pacientes presentaban miocardiopatía no coronaria, y este subgrupo mostró un mayor riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares durante el seguimiento. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
		<sec>
			<title>ESTUDIOS QUE EVALUARON REVASCULARIZACIÓN EN MIOCARDIOPATÍA ISQUÉMICA</title>
			<p>En el estudio STICH, publicado en 2011, pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) menor o igual al 35 % y enfermedad coronaria extensa revascularizable por cirugía, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cirugía de revascularización frente a tratamiento médico, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas en la mortalidad por cualquier causa a los 56 meses. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) Entre las posibles causas de la falta de respuesta a la revascularización identificadas en el subestudio de viabilidad, se encontraron la utilización de métodos diferentes a la resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) para la evaluación de la viabilidad, y la probable inclusión de pacientes con remodelado ventricular con baja probabilidad de reversibilidad, evidenciada por los elevados volúmenes ventriculares registrados. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</p>
			<p>En el estudio REVIVED, publicado en 2022, pacientes con FEVI menor o igual al 35 %, enfermedad coronaria extensa revascularizable por angioplastia y viabilidad en al menos 4 segmentos, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a angioplastia coronaria frente a tratamiento médico óptimo, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas en el combinado de muerte por cualquier causa o insuficiencia cardíaca a los 41 meses. Aunque el 70 % de la evaluación de viabilidad se realizó mediante RMC, nuevamente no se excluyeron pacientes con volúmenes excesivamente elevados y se consideró viable cualquier segmento disfuncional en su motilidad con menos del 25 % del espesor transmural con realce tardío con gadolinio. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>UN CASO QUE NOS PLANTEA UNA PREGUNTA INQUIETANTE</title>
			<p>En un paciente con enfermedad de 3 vasos y un ventrículo izquierdo dilatado con hipoquinesia global y deterioro grave de la función sistólica, la ausencia de secuela de necrosis en la RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) sugiere que el miocardio se encuentra viable en su totalidad. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de mejora de la función ventricular post revascularización, es poco probable, ya que la posibilidad de que la etiología de la miocardiopatía sea de origen coronario es muy baja.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fig. 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imágenes de un paciente de 64 años, internado por insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. <bold>A</bold>. Coronariografía (CCG) que muestra enfermedad de tres vasos: afectación grave en la arteria descendente anterior (DA), Ramus intermedio (RI) y coronaria derecha (CD). <bold>B</bold>. Resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) que revela un ventrículo izquierdo dilatado con hipoquinesia global, espesores parietales normales y ausencia de realce tardío con gadolinio (RTG), interpretado como miocardiopatía no isquémica necrótica.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-69-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Ahora imaginemos que estamos reclutando pacientes para el estudio REVIVED. ¿Hay algún criterio de inclusión o exclusión que impida que este paciente sea considerado? Este caso representa un claro ejemplo de un paciente con miocardiopatía no coronaria que podría haber sido incluido en el estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>ACLARANDO CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>¿Miocardiopatía, cardiopatía isquémica o mecanismo dual?</title>
				<p>Por definición, se considera una miocardiopatía como aquel trastorno del miocardio en el que el músculo cardíaco presenta anomalías estructurales y funcionales, en ausencia de enfermedades de las arterias coronarias, hipertensión, valvulopatías o cardiopatías congénitas que puedan explicar la disfunción cardíaca. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) Es fundamental destacar que las miocardiopatías pueden coexistir con enfermedad isquémica, valvular o hipertensiva; y que por ende, la presencia de una no excluye la otra. Por lo tanto, es esencial no solo evaluar la existencia de enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, sino también demostrar que justifica el grado de deterioro de la función ventricular.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de viabilidad?</title>
				<p>El miocardio viable se define como el tejido miocárdico con disfunción reversible provocada por enfermedad coronaria. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) Existen dos mecanismos principales a través de los cuales puede presentarse un miocardio disfuncional en reposo, pero viable: el atontamiento y la hibernación. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) El atontamiento miocárdico es un fenómeno en el cual la contractilidad del miocardio se reduce durante cortos episodios de isquemia, aunque eventualmente se restablece. Durante el período transitorio en que la perfusión se ha normalizado pero el miocardio sigue siendo disfuncional, se considera que está en un estado de “atontamiento”. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) Un ejemplo común en la práctica clínica, es la disfunción ventricular transitoria que ocurre tras la reperfusión de un síndrome coronario agudo.</p>
				<p>El miocardio hibernado, en cambio, resulta de una hipoperfusión sostenida en reposo, asociada a una demanda metabólica del miocardio que excede la reserva de flujo coronario. Este tipo de miocardio presenta una disfunción persistente en reposo debido a un flujo coronario crónico insuficiente, y puede ser parcial o totalmente reversible tras la revascularización. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) Un ejemplo típico de hibernación en la práctica clínica podemos verlo en oclusiones coronarias crónicas con circulación colateral y poco tejido necrótico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>¿Podemos hablar de miocardio viable en ausencia de hibernación o atontamiento?</title>
				<p>Esta pregunta nos lleva a uno de los errores conceptuales que más impactan tanto en la práctica diaria como en el establecimiento de criterios para la selección de poblaciones en estudios aleatorizados: el miocardio isquémico no suele considerarse en la búsqueda de miocardio viable. El miocardio isquémico se caracteriza por presentar motilidad, metabolismo y perfusión normal en reposo, y disfunción al someterse a un estrés, derivado del compromiso vascular. Si entendemos este concepto, resulta obvio que un segmento miocárdico que no presenta secuela de necrosis puede estar isquémico. La única forma de determinarlo entonces, es realizando un protocolo de estrés que evoque isquemia, ya sea mediante resonancia estrés, SPECT gatillado o ecocardiograma estrés.</p>
				<p>En consecuencia, si en los estudios STICH y REVIVED no registraron cuantificación de isquemia, ¿cómo podemos diferenciar disfunción ventricular debida a enfermedad coronaria de miocardiopatía con anatomía coronaria obstructiva asociada?</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>¿Podemos hablar de miocardio vivo pero no viable?</title>
				<p>La hibernación y la isquemia evocada representan diferentes espectros de compromiso miocárdico por enfermedad coronaria crónica. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) Por lo tanto, deben ser tenidos en cuenta dentro del espectro de lo que llamamos viabilidad clínicamente significativa. Es decir, una masa de miocardio que vale la pena revascularizar. Ahora bien, si en el contexto de un ventrículo izquierdo dilatado y globalmente comprometido encontramos un porcentaje significativo de miocardio que no está necrótico, pero tampoco presenta hibernación ni isquemia, podemos decir que estamos frente a miocardio vivo (no necrótico) pero no viable, ya que la etiología de esta disfunción no es coronaria y por lo tanto no mejorará con la revascularización.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>UNA PROPUESTA PARA FACILITAR LA PRÁCTICA DIARIA</title>
			<p>Las evaluaciones de viabilidad constituyen aproximadamente el 5 % de los pedidos de resonancias cardíacas en nuestro país, según el Registro Nacional Argentino de Resonancia Cardíaca (RENAREC). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) Con el objetivo de maximizar la utilidad de este recurso, de difícil acceso en nuestro entorno, proponemos la adopción de una terminología unificada y de fácil aplicación. Esta terminología podría facilitar la comprensión del cardiólogo clínico que deriva a sus pacientes para estudios de cardio-imágenes destinados a evaluar la viabilidad miocárdica. Sugerimos referirse a viabilidad clínicamente significativa. O sea, miocardio hibernado o isquémico, excluyendo al miocardio vivo pero no comprometido por enfermedad coronaria (véase <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Propuesta de nomenclatura simplificada sobre Viabilidad</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left">Necrosis significativa</th>
								<th align="left">Etiología coronaria</th>
								<th align="justify">Hibernación o isquemia significativa</th>
								<th align="left">Mejora con revascularización</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Viabilidad clínicamente significativa</td>
								<td align="center">NO</td>
								<td align="center">SI</td>
								<td align="left">SI</td>
								<td align="center">SI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Miocardio vivo </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">no viable</td>
								<td align="center">NO</td>
								<td align="center">NO</td>
								<td align="left">NO</td>
								<td align="center">NO</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Miocardio necrótico no viable</td>
								<td align="center">SI</td>
								<td align="center">SI</td>
								<td align="left">NO</td>
								<td align="center">NO</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Vale la pena aclarar -como se mencionó previamente- que salvo algunas excepciones, el atontamiento es un fenómeno generalmente relacionado con la disfunción post reperfusión tras un síndrome coronario agudo. Este fenómeno es poco frecuente en casos de disfunción ventricular coronaria crónica, por lo que la viabilidad miocárdica en contexto ambulatorio se refiere principalmente a situaciones de hibernación o isquemia.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>COMENTARIO FINAL</title>
			<p>Al referirnos al miocardio viable o a la viabilidad clínicamente significativa, asumimos que la disfunción ventricular tiene una etiología coronaria. Al igual que otros especialistas médicos, los cardiólogos realizan interpretaciones diagnósticas, las cuales son inherentemente discutibles. Por ello, proponemos hablar de miocardio viable solo si se está interpretando causa coronaria subyacente. Para esto es esencial contar con datos clínico-imagenológicos que respalden nuestra hipótesis de que el miocardio está comprometido por enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (causalidad) y que no se trate de una mera coincidencia entre ambas condiciones (casualidad).</p>
			<p>Con este fin, creemos que un enfoque diagnóstico adecuado debe incluir la evaluación de la isquemia miocárdica, y no limitarse únicamente a la ausencia de necrosis en una resonancia con gadolinio o perfusión miocárdica sin fase de estrés.</p>
			<p>No podemos pretender una mejoría de la función ventricular post revascularización, sin antes comprender la fisiopatología de la disfunción.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>BIBLIOGRAFÍA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>FelkerGM, ThompsonRE, HareJM, HrubanRH, ClemetsonDE, HowardDL. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000342:1077-84. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502</ext-link>10760308</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Felker</surname>
							<given-names>GM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thompson</surname>
							<given-names>RE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hare</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hruban</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clemetson</surname>
							<given-names>DE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Howard</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2000</year>
					<volume>342</volume>
					<fpage>1077</fpage>
					<lpage>1084</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502</ext-link>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10760308</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>BawaskarP, ThomasN, Ismail K, Guo Y, Chhikara S, Athwal PSS. Nonischemic or Dual Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Coronary Artery DiseaseCirculation 2024;149:807-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bawaskar</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thomas</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ismail</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chhikara</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Athwal</surname>
							<given-names>PSS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Nonischemic or Dual Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2024</year>
					<volume>149</volume>
					<fpage>807</fpage>
					<lpage>821</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1607-16. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Velazquez</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>KL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deja</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jain</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sopko</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marchenko</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>364</volume>
					<fpage>1607</fpage>
					<lpage>1616</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, Holly TA, Berman DS, Oh JK. Myocardial Viability and Long-Term Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2019;381:739-48. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Panza</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ellis</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al-Khalidi</surname>
							<given-names>HR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holly</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berman</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oh</surname>
							<given-names>JK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial Viability and Long-Term Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>381</volume>
					<fpage>739</fpage>
					<lpage>748</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>Perera D, Clayton T, O'Kane PD, Greenwood JP, Weerackody R, Ryan M. Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1351-60. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Perera</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clayton</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O'Kane</surname>
							<given-names>PD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greenwood</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weerackody</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>387</volume>
					<fpage>1351</fpage>
					<lpage>1360</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>Comments to the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022;75:458-65. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<article-title>Comments to the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<fpage>458</fpage>
					<lpage>465</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1151-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Allman</surname>
							<given-names>KC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaw</surname>
							<given-names>LJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Udelson</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<fpage>1151</fpage>
					<lpage>1158</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:14-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cleland</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pennell</surname>
							<given-names>DJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ray</surname>
							<given-names>SG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coats</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Macfarlane</surname>
							<given-names>PW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Murray</surname>
							<given-names>GD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
					<year>2003</year>
					<volume>362</volume>
					<fpage>14</fpage>
					<lpage>21</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>Barnes E, Hall RJ, Dutka DP, Camici PG. Absolute blood flow and oxygen consumption in stunned myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:420-7. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barnes</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hall</surname>
							<given-names>RJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dutka</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Camici</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Absolute blood flow and oxygen consumption in stunned myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<fpage>420</fpage>
					<lpage>427</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>Jeroudi MO, Cheirif J, Habib G, Bolli R. Prolonged wall motion abnormalities after chest pain at rest in patients with unstable angina: a possible manifestation of myocardial stunning. Am Heart J 1994;127:1241-50. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jeroudi</surname>
							<given-names>MO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheirif</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Habib</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bolli</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prolonged wall motion abnormalities after chest pain at rest in patients with unstable angina: a possible manifestation of myocardial stunning</article-title>
					<source>Am Heart J</source>
					<year>1994</year>
					<volume>127</volume>
					<fpage>1241</fpage>
					<lpage>1250</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>Carlson EB, Cowley MJ, Wolfgang TC, Vetrovec GW. Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1262-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carlson</surname>
							<given-names>EB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cowley</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wolfgang</surname>
							<given-names>TC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vetrovec</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>1989</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<fpage>1262</fpage>
					<lpage>1269</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>Kitsiou AN, Srinivasan G, Quyyumi AA, Summers RM, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian V. Stress-induced reversible and mild-to-moderate irreversible thallium defects: are they equally accurate for predicting recovery of regional left ventricular function after revascularization?. Circulation 1998;98:501-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kitsiou</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Quyyumi</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Summers</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bacharach</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dilsizian</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Stress-induced reversible and mild-to-moderate irreversible thallium defects: are they equally accurate for predicting recovery of regional left ventricular function after revascularization?</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>1998</year>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<fpage>501</fpage>
					<lpage>508</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>Del Castillo S, Jaimovich G, Destefano L, De Zan M, Sciancalepore A, Ricapito P. Registro Nacional Argentino de Resonancia Cardíaca (RENAREC). Rev Argent Cardiol 2022;90:250-6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v90.i4.20535">https://doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v90.i4.20535</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaimovich</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Destefano</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Zan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sciancalepore</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ricapito</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Registro Nacional Argentino de Resonancia Cardíaca (RENAREC)</article-title>
					<source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>90</volume>
					<fpage>250</fpage>
					<lpage>256</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v90.i4.20535">https://doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v90.i4.20535</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiomyopathy and Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Causality or Chance?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6736-718X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>San Miguel</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9174-2574</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sodor</surname>
						<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2496-6216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Masoli</surname>
						<given-names>Osvaldo H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen. TCba, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Especialidad transversal Cardioimagen</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">TCba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Lucas San Miguel. Jerónimo Salguero 560. (C1177AEJ). Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: <email>lucasanmiguel@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn21">
					<label>Conflicts of interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Detection of coronary artery disease is essential in the evaluation of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and is a common practice in our setting. However, it is important to emphasize that the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease, even if extensive, does not necessarily indicate the presence of ischemic cardiomyopathy, as both conditions may coexist without a causal relationship. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">1</xref>)</p>
			<p>Bawaskar et al. recently published a registry of 3023 patients with documented obstructive coronary artery disease defined as ≥ 70% stenosis in ≥ 1 of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), circumflex artery, or right coronary artery and/or ≥50% stenosis of the left main coronary artery identified on invasive coronary angiography, who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. In this study, 9.3% of patients had non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and this subgroup had higher risk of cardiovascular events during follow-up. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">2</xref>)</p>
			<sec>
				<title>STUDIES EVALUATING REVASCULARIZATION IN ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY</title>
				<p>In the STICH study published in 2011, patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than or equal to 35% and extensive coronary artery disease amenable to coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to revascularization surgery or medical treatment, with no significant differences in death from any cause at 56 months. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">3</xref>) The possible causes of the lack of response to revascularization identified in the viability sub-study were the use of methods other than CMR imaging for the assessment of viability, and the probable inclusion of patients with ventricular remodeling with a low probability of reversal, as evidenced by the high ventricular volumes recorded. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">4</xref>)</p>
				<p>In the REVIVED study published in 2022, patients with LVEF less than or equal to 35%, extensive coronary artery disease amenable to percutaneous coronary intervention and viability in at least 4 segments, were randomly assigned to percutaneous coronary intervention or optimal medical treatment with no significant differences in the composite end point of death from any cause or heart failure at 41 months. Although viability was assessed using CMR imaging in 70% of the cases, again patients with excessively high volumes were not excluded and any dysfunctional segment with less than 25% late gadolinium enhancement was considered viable. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">5</xref>) </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>A CASE THAT POSES A DISTURBING QUESTION</title>
				<p>In a patient with 3-vessel disease and a dilated left ventricle with global hypokinesia and severe systolic dysfunction, the absence of necrotic tissue on CMR imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>) suggests that the myocardium is entirely viable. However, ventricular function is unlikely to improve after revascularization because the likelihood of ischemic cardiomyopathy is very low.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Fig. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Images of a 64-year-old patient hospitalized for congestive heart failure. A) Coronary angiography (CA) showing three-vessel disease: severe involvement of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) , ramus intermedius (RI) and right coronary artery (RCA). B) Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) revealing a dilated left ventricle with global hypokinesia, normal wall thickness and absence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), interpreted as non-ischemic necrotic cardiomyopathy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-01-69-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Let us now imagine that we are recruiting patients for the REVIVED study. Are there any inclusion or exclusion criteria to consider this patient not eligible? This case represents a clear example of a patient with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy who could have been included in the study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CLARIFYING BASIC CONCEPTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease or dual mechanism?</title>
					<p>By definition, cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease that may explain the cardiac dysfunction. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">6</xref>) It is essential to emphasize that cardiomyopathies can coexist with ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease or hypertension and, therefore, the presence of one condition does not exclude the other. Therefore, it is essential not only to assess the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease, but also to demonstrate that it explains the extent of left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>What do we mean when we talk about viability?</title>
					<p>Viable myocardium is defined as myocardial tissue with reversible dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">7</xref>) Two main mechanisms are responsible for dysfunctional myocardium at rest with viability: stunning and hibernation. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">9</xref>) Myocardial stunning is a phenomenon of reversible myocardial contractile dysfunction after a short period of ischemia followed by restoration of perfusion. Myocardial stunning occurs during the transient period when perfusion has normalized but myocardial contractile dysfunction persists. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">10</xref>) A common example in clinical practice is the transient ventricular dysfunction that occurs after reperfusion during an acute coronary syndrome. On the other hand, the hibernating myocardium results from prolonged hypoperfusion at rest associated with myocardial metabolic demand that surpasses the coronary flow reserve. This type of myocardium presents persistent dysfunction at rest due to chronic insufficient coronary artery flow and may be partially or fully reversible following revascularization procedures. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">11</xref>) A typical example of hibernation in clinical practice can be observed in chronic coronary artery occlusions with collateral circulation and minimal necrotic tissue.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Can we talk about viable myocardium in the absence of hibernation or stunning?</title>
					<p>This question leads us to one of the conceptual errors with the greatest impact on both daily practice and the establishment of criteria for the selection of populations in randomized studies: ischemic myocardium is not usually considered in the search for viable myocardium. Ischemic myocardium is characterized by normal wall motion, metabolism and perfusion at rest; however, it becomes dysfunctional under stress conditions due to vascular impairment. If we understand this concept, it is evident that a non-necrotic myocardial segment can be ischemic. The only way to determine this is to perform a stress protocol to induce myocardial ischemia, either by stress CMR, gated SPECT or stress echocardiography.</p>
					<p>Consequently, if the STICH and REVIVED studies did not quantify ischemia, how can we differentiate ventricular dysfunction due to coronary artery disease from cardiomyopathy with associated obstructive coronary anatomy?</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Can we speak of alive but non-viable myocardium?</title>
					<p>Hibernation and stress-induced ischemia represent different spectra of myocardial involvement due to chronic coronary artery disease. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">12</xref>) Therefore, they should be considered within the spectrum of what we call clinically significant viability. In other words, a mass of myocardium worthy of revascularization. Therefore, in the context of a dilated and globally dysfunctional left ventricle, the presence of significant percentages of myocardium without necrosis, but with neither hibernation nor ischemia, indicates that we are dealing with alive (non-necrotic) but non-viable myocardium. This is because the etiology of this dysfunction is not coronary artery disease, and therefore revascularization will not improve ventricular function.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>A PROPOSAL TO FACILITATE DAILY PRACTICE</title>
				<p>According to the Argentine National Registry of Cardiac Resonance (RENAREC), viability evaluations account for approximately 5% of CMR imaging requests in our country. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">13</xref>) To ensure the maximum utility of this resource, which is difficult to access in our environment, we propose the adoption of a unified terminology that is simple to implement. This terminology could help clinical cardiologists who refer patients for cardiovascular imaging tests intended to assess myocardial viability to understand this concept. We suggest referring to clinically significant viability which means hibernating or ischemic myocardium, excluding myocardium that is alive but not affected by coronary artery disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Proposal for a simplified nomenclature for viability.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left">Significant necrosis</th>
									<th align="center">Coronary artery disease</th>
									<th align="center">Hibernation or significant ischemia</th>
									<th align="center">Improves with revascularization</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Clinically significant viability</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
									<td align="center">YES</td>
									<td align="center">YES</td>
									<td align="center">YES</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Non-viable alive myocardium</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: 2px solid white; background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Non-viable necrotic myocardium</td>
									<td align="center">YES</td>
									<td align="center">YES</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
									<td align="center">NO</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As previously mentioned, it is imperative to clarify that, with certain exceptions, stunning is a phenomenon predominantly associated with post-reperfusion dysfunction following acute coronary syndrome. This phenomenon is uncommon in cases of chronic coronary ventricular dysfunction. Consequently, myocardial viability in an outpatient setting primarily refers to situations of hibernation or ischemia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL COMMENT</title>
				<p>When referring to viable myocardium or clinically significant viability, we assume that ventricular dysfunction results from coronary artery disease. As with other medical specialists, cardiologists formulate diagnostic interpretations that are subject to debate. Therefore, we propose to talk about viable myocardium only under the suspicion of underlying coronary artery disease. It is essential to have data derived from clinical examination and imaging tests that support our hypothesis of myocardial dysfunction due to obstructive coronary artery disease (causality) and that it is not a mere coincidence between the two conditions.</p>
				<p>For this purpose, we believe that a proper diagnostic approach should include the assessment of myocardial ischemia and not be limited only to the absence of necrosis on CMR imaging with gadolinium-based contrast agent or resting myocardial perfusion scan.</p>
				<p>We cannot claim an improvement in ventricular function after revascularization without first understanding the pathophysiology of ventricular dysfunction.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ref-list>
				<title>REFERENCES</title>
				<ref id="B14">
					<label>1</label>
					<mixed-citation>1 Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, Hruban RH, Clemetson DE, Howard DL. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1077-84. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502</ext-link>10760308</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Felker</surname>
								<given-names>GM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Thompson</surname>
								<given-names>RE</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hare</surname>
								<given-names>JM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hruban</surname>
								<given-names>RH</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Clemetson</surname>
								<given-names>DE</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Howard</surname>
								<given-names>DL</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy</article-title>
						<source>N Engl J Med</source>
						<year>2000</year>
						<volume>342</volume>
						<fpage>1077</fpage>
						<lpage>1084</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502</ext-link>
						<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10760308</pub-id>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B15">
					<label>2</label>
					<mixed-citation>2 Bawaskar P, Thomas N, Ismail K, Guo Y, Chhikara S, Athwal PSS. Nonischemic or Dual Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation 2024;149:807-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Bawaskar</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Thomas</surname>
								<given-names>N</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ismail</surname>
								<given-names>K</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Guo</surname>
								<given-names>Y</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Chhikara</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Athwal</surname>
								<given-names>PSS</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Nonischemic or Dual Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
						<source>Circulation</source>
						<year>2024</year>
						<volume>149</volume>
						<fpage>807</fpage>
						<lpage>821</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067032</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B16">
					<label>3</label>
					<mixed-citation>3 Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1607-16. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Velazquez</surname>
								<given-names>EJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Lee</surname>
								<given-names>KL</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Deja</surname>
								<given-names>MA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Jain</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Sopko</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Marchenko</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
						<source>N Engl J Med</source>
						<year>2011</year>
						<volume>364</volume>
						<fpage>1607</fpage>
						<lpage>1616</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B17">
					<label>4</label>
					<mixed-citation>4 Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, Holly TA, Berman DS, Oh JK. Myocardial Viability and Long-Term Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2019;381:739-48. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Panza</surname>
								<given-names>JA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ellis</surname>
								<given-names>AM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Al-Khalidi</surname>
								<given-names>HR</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Holly</surname>
								<given-names>TA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Berman</surname>
								<given-names>DS</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Oh</surname>
								<given-names>JK</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Myocardial Viability and Long-Term Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
						<source>N Engl J Med</source>
						<year>2019</year>
						<volume>381</volume>
						<fpage>739</fpage>
						<lpage>748</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B18">
					<label>5</label>
					<mixed-citation>5 Perera D, Clayton T, O'Kane PD, Greenwood JP, Weerackody R, Ryan M. Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1351-60. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Perera</surname>
								<given-names>D</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Clayton</surname>
								<given-names>T</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>O'Kane</surname>
								<given-names>PD</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Greenwood</surname>
								<given-names>JP</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Weerackody</surname>
								<given-names>R</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ryan</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
						<source>N Engl J Med</source>
						<year>2022</year>
						<volume>387</volume>
						<fpage>1351</fpage>
						<lpage>1360</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B19">
					<label>6</label>
					<mixed-citation>6 Comments to the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022;75:458-65. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<article-title>Comments to the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure</article-title>
						<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
						<year>2022</year>
						<volume>75</volume>
						<fpage>458</fpage>
						<lpage>465</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.11.012</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B20">
					<label>7</label>
					<mixed-citation>7 Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1151-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Allman</surname>
								<given-names>KC</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Shaw</surname>
								<given-names>LJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
								<given-names>R</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Udelson</surname>
								<given-names>JE</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis</article-title>
						<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
						<year>2002</year>
						<volume>39</volume>
						<fpage>1151</fpage>
						<lpage>1158</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B21">
					<label>8</label>
					<mixed-citation>8 Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:14-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Cleland</surname>
								<given-names>JG</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Pennell</surname>
								<given-names>DJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ray</surname>
								<given-names>SG</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Coats</surname>
								<given-names>AJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Macfarlane</surname>
								<given-names>PW</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Murray</surname>
								<given-names>GD</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial</article-title>
						<source>Lancet</source>
						<year>2003</year>
						<volume>362</volume>
						<fpage>14</fpage>
						<lpage>21</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13801-9</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B22">
					<label>9</label>
					<mixed-citation>9 Barnes E, Hall RJ, Dutka DP, Camici PG. Absolute blood flow and oxygen consumption in stunned myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:420-7. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Barnes</surname>
								<given-names>E</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hall</surname>
								<given-names>RJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Dutka</surname>
								<given-names>DP</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Camici</surname>
								<given-names>PG</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Absolute blood flow and oxygen consumption in stunned myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
						<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
						<year>2002</year>
						<volume>39</volume>
						<fpage>420</fpage>
						<lpage>427</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01774-0</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B23">
					<label>10</label>
					<mixed-citation>10 Jeroudi MO, Cheirif J, Habib G, Bolli R. Prolonged wall motion abnormalities after chest pain at rest in patients with unstable angina: a possible manifestation of myocardial stunning. Am Heart J 1994;127:1241-50. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Jeroudi</surname>
								<given-names>MO</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cheirif</surname>
								<given-names>J</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Habib</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Bolli</surname>
								<given-names>R</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Prolonged wall motion abnormalities after chest pain at rest in patients with unstable angina: a possible manifestation of myocardial stunning</article-title>
						<source>Am Heart J</source>
						<year>1994</year>
						<volume>127</volume>
						<fpage>1241</fpage>
						<lpage>1250</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90042-6</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B24">
					<label>11</label>
					<mixed-citation>11 Carlson EB, Cowley MJ, Wolfgang TC, Vetrovec GW. Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1262-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Carlson</surname>
								<given-names>EB</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cowley</surname>
								<given-names>MJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Wolfgang</surname>
								<given-names>TC</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Vetrovec</surname>
								<given-names>GW</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina</article-title>
						<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
						<year>1989</year>
						<volume>13</volume>
						<fpage>1262</fpage>
						<lpage>1269</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90298-2</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B25">
					<label>12</label>
					<mixed-citation>12 Kitsiou AN, Srinivasan G, Quyyumi AA, Summers RM, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian V. Stress-induced reversible and mild-to-moderate irreversible thallium defects: are they equally accurate for predicting recovery of regional left ventricular function after revascularization?. Circulation 1998;98:501-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Kitsiou</surname>
								<given-names>AN</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Quyyumi</surname>
								<given-names>AA</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Summers</surname>
								<given-names>RM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Bacharach</surname>
								<given-names>SL</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Dilsizian</surname>
								<given-names>V</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Stress-induced reversible and mild-to-moderate irreversible thallium defects: are they equally accurate for predicting recovery of regional left ventricular function after revascularization?</article-title>
						<source>Circulation</source>
						<year>1998</year>
						<volume>98</volume>
						<fpage>501</fpage>
						<lpage>508</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.98.6.501</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B26">
					<label>13</label>
					<mixed-citation>13 Del Castillo S, Jaimovich G, Destefano L, De Zan M, Sciancalepore A, Ricapito P. Argentine National Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Registry (RENAREC). Rev Argent Cardiol 2022;90:238-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v90.i4.20535">http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v90.i4.20535</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Jaimovich</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Destefano</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>De Zan</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Sciancalepore</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ricapito</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Argentine National Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Registry (RENAREC)</article-title>
						<source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
						<year>2022</year>
						<volume>90</volume>
						<fpage>238</fpage>
						<lpage>239</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v90.i4.20535">http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v90.i4.20535</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
			</ref-list>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>