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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20881</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estenosis aórtica: más allá de la válvula ….</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Aortic Stenosis: Beyond the Aortic Valve...</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3393-952X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PIZARRO</surname>
						<given-names>RODOLFO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1 </label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires</institution>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>rodolfo.pizarro@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Rodolfo Pizarro. Correo electrónico: <email>rodolfo.pizarro@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> El autor declara no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Consideraciones éticas</label>
					<p> No aplica</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>95</fpage>
			<lpage>96</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
				<page-count count="2"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>La interrelación entre el ventrículo izquierdo (VI), la válvula aórtica y la aorta es una unidad funcional adecuada para llevar la perfusión a los órganos. Cualquier alteración en uno o más componentes de esta unidad dificulta la perfusión sistémica y tiene impacto sobre la morbimortalidad. La estenosis aórtica (EA) es la patología valvular más frecuente según aumenta la edad, y genera un disbalance en esta unidad funcional. En pacientes con EA, el VI a menudo se enfrenta a una doble carga: una carga valvular impuesta por la EA y una carga arterial causada por una disminución de la distensibilidad arterial sistémica (o un aumento de la resistencia vascular sistémica) en el contexto de comorbilidades existentes (p. ej., edad, tabaquismo, hipertensión, diabetes). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) En pacientes con EA, la carga hemodinámica del VI se compone no solo de la gravedad de la estenosis, sino también de la resistencia vascular sistémica, el flujo volumétrico y el tamaño corporal. Por lo tanto, la impedancia valvuloarterial (Zva) representa el gasto en mmHg por cada ml sistémico de sangre, indexado según el tamaño corporal e impulsado por el VI durante la sístole, considerando tanto la carga valvular como la arterial. Un enfoque para cuantificar el acoplamiento ventriculoarterial es mediante el cociente entre la elastancia arterial efectiva (Ea) y la elastancia ventricular (Efs), medida en el bucle de presión - volumen del VI. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) La Ea se calcula como el cociente entre la presión sistólica media y el volumen sistólico del VI y suele considerarse una medida de la carga hemodinámica arterial impuesta al VI. La Ees describe la presión máxima que puede desarrollar el ventrículo con cualquier volumen del VI. La Efs es un índice de contractilidad miocárdica relativamente insensible a los cambios en la precarga, la poscarga y la frecuencia cardíaca. El cociente Ea/Efs es útil para evaluar la eficiencia mecánica del sistema cardiovascular y la interacción entre el rendimiento cardíaco y la función vascular sistémica. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) La Ea se calcula a partir de la presión telesistólica del VI y, por lo tanto, está influenciada por la carga arterial, pero no incluye la carga valvular <italic>per se</italic>.</p>
		<p>En el estudio “Relación entre la cupla ventriculoarterial (CVA) y el estadio de daño extravalvular en la estenosis aórtica” Migliore y cols. evaluaron la relación entre la CVA y los diferentes estadios de daño extravalvular en la EA. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
		<p>Se estudiaron 205 pacientes, con edad media de 70 ± 11 años, 59 % con hipertensión arterial (HTA), 50 % en CF III-IV y un 40 % con una fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) &lt; 60 % (FEVI promedio 52 ±19%). Los gradientes valvulares aórticos basales pico y medio fueron de 70 mmHg y 41 mmHg, respectivamente. La presión sistólica pulmonar basal, de 46 ± 17 mmHg. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) </p>
		<p>Se dividió a los pacientes en 5 grupos en relación con el daño estructural extravalvular : 0, sin alteraciones; 1, con disfunción sistólica, diastólica ó FEVI &lt; 60 %; 2, con dilatación de la aurícula izquierda (AI), reflujo mitral ≥ moderado o fibrilación auricular ; 3, con signos de hipertensión pulmonar ( ≥60 mmHg), reflujo tricúspideo ≥ moderado, y 4, daño de ventriculo derecho o índice de volumen sistólico &lt; 30 ml/ m<sup>2</sup>. El deterioro de la CVA aumentó a medida que avanzó el estadio de daño extravalvular. Los autores concluyen que la alteración de la CVA desde el estadio 2 al 4 se debe al incremento en la Ea sin cambios significativos en el nivel de contractilidad (Efs). La progresión del daño miocárdico extravalvular parece estar relacionado no solo con la enfermedad valvular sino también con las características de la vasculatura arterial. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
		<p>La medición de la Zva mostró diferencias en el estadio 4 versus el resto como expresión de mayor evolución de la valvulopatía. </p>
		<p>Algunas consideraciones del estudio que se desprenden de la población en estudio y los resultados mencionados:</p>
		<p> Es una población con EA de larga evolución de grado severo (crítico en parte de esta población ya que 107 pacientes (52 %) estaban en estadio avanzado) , como lo expresan los autores, ya que no hay pacientes en estadío 0, con gradientes elevados y una FEVI reducida, lo que indica que tienen una carga valvular incrementada y una complacencia del VI reducida ( si bien su contractilidad expresada por Efs no fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos con alteración estructural), ya que la relación E / e´ promedio es de 16. </p>
		<p>A su vez, en el estadio 4 un 82 % presentó bajo flujo, que se asocia con un aumento de la Ea y la Zva. </p>
		<p>Hachica et al. evaluaron la Zva, y un punto de corte ≥ 3,5 mmHg señaló una población de mayor impedancia aórtica (carga vascular), asociada a la gravedad de la patología en forma independiente a los eventos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</p>
		<p>Sin embargo, otros trabajos no reflejaron la Ea como predictor clínico, ya que siendo dependiente de la rigidez aórtica y la frecuencia cardíaca (insensible al flujo pulsátil), no considera el flujo valvular ni la carga valvular. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</p>
		<p>En poblaciones post implante percutáneo de válvula aórtica (TAVI) la relación Ea/Efs fue un predictor independiente de eventos a mediano plazo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) </p>
		<p>En un estudio de Migliore y cols. se evaluó la relación Ea/ Efs, que estuvo incrementada en pacientes con EA grave y síntomas ó falla de bomba. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</p>
		<p>La HTA y la rigidez también pueden alterar la CVA y, por lo tanto, acelerar los síntomas de la EA. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>) En una serie de 193 pacientes con EA, en el subgrupo de pacientes hipertensos, los síntomas fueron más precoces a pesar de tener los pacientes un área valvular mayor. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
		<p>Además, en pacientes con EA de bajo flujo y bajo gradiente, la Zva se asoció con un gradiente medio aórtico más bajo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) Una mayor Zva se asocia con una función sistólica longitudinal del VI deteriorada, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) y una menor supervivencia. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) La Zva, al igual que la Ea, tiene limitaciones porque la poscarga pulsátil compleja no se puede agrupar en un único parámetro.</p>
		<p>Clínicamente se hace engorroso adecuarnos a estas mediciones, que quedarían como interesantes conceptos fisiológicos, siendo la toma de TA y la adecuación de sus valores una medida simple para evitar comprometer aún más la poscarga valvular y la función ventricular. </p>
		<p>¿Esto limita el valor de este trabajo? Si uno considera que la fisiología es la que nos hace entender los fenómenos biológicos para generar un mejor entendimiento de la patología, es siempre bienvenido expresar vínculos fisiopatológicos y este es el mérito de esta investigación.</p>
		<p>Nuevas metodologías (flujos 4 D con resonancia magnética, <italic>loops</italic> P-V basados en algoritmos) probablemente nos den una visión más ampliada de cómo una estenosis aórtica pueda evaluarse con más precisión más allá de la válvula. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Aortic Stenosis: Beyond the Aortic Valve...</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence</italic></label>: Rodolfo Pizarro Email: <email>rodolfo.pizarro@hospitalitaliano.org.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>Conflicts of interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors conflicts of interest forms on the website).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<label>Ethical considerations</label>
					<p> Not applicable</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The left ventricle (LV), the aortic valve, and the aorta form a functional unit that is responsible for delivering blood flow to the organs. Any abnormality in one or more components of this unit hinders systemic perfusion and has an impact on morbidity and mortality. Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease as age increases, and it creates an imbalance in this functional unit. In patients with AS, the LV often faces a double load: a valvular load imposed by AS and an arterial load caused by a decrease in systemic arterial distensibility (or an increase in systemic vascular resistance) in the context of comorbidities (e.g., age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">1</xref>) In patients with AS, the LV hemodynamic load is not solely determined by the severity of the stenosis, but is also influenced by systemic vascular resistance, volume flow rate, and body size. Therefore, valvulo-arterial impedance (Zva) represents the pressure cost in mm Hg for each systemic mL of blood indexed for body size pumped by the left ventricle during systole, considering the valvular load and the arterial load. Ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) is calculated as the effective arterial elastance (Ea) to LV end-systolic elastance (Ees) ratio measured in the LV pressure-volume loop. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">1</xref>) Effective arterial elastance is calculated as the mean LV systolic pressure to stroke volume ratio and is often considered a measure of the arterial hemodynamic load imposed on the LV. End-systolic elastance describes the maximum pressure that the ventricle can develop at any given LV volume and is an index of myocardial contractility, relatively insensitive to changes in preload, afterload, and heart rate. The Ea/Ees ratio is useful to assess the mechanical efficiency of the cardiovascular system and the interaction between cardiac performance and systemic vascular function. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">1</xref>) Effective arterial elastance is calculated using LV end-systolic pressure and is therefore influenced by arterial load but does not consider valvular load.</p>
			<p>In the study &quot;Relationship Between Ventricular-arterial Coupling and Stage of Extravalvular Damage in Aortic Stenosis&quot;, Migliore et al. evaluated the relationship between VAC and the different stages of extravalvular damage in AS. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2</xref>)</p>
			<p>The authors analyzed 205 patients. Mean age was 70 ± 11 years, 59 % had hypertension (HTN), 50 % were in FC III-IV and 40 % had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 60 % (mean LVEF 52± 19%). Baseline peak and mean aortic valve gradients were 70 mm Hg and 41 mm Hg, respectively. Baseline systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 46 ± 17 mm Hg. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2</xref>) </p>
			<p>Patients were divided into five groups according to extravalvular cardiac damage: 0, no cardiac damage; 1, LV systolic or diastolic dysfunction or LVEF &lt; 60%; 2, left atrial dilation, ≥ moderate mitral regurgitation or atrial fibrillation; 3, signs of pulmonary hypertension (≥ 60 mm Hg), ≥ moderate tricuspid regurgitation; and 4, right ventricular damage or stroke volume index &lt; 30 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. As the stage of myocardial damage progressed, VAC impairment increased. The authors concluded that the alteration of VAC that occurs from stage 2 to 4 is due to an increase in Ea without significant changes in the level of contractility (Ees). The progression of extravalvular myocardial damage appears to be associated not only with valvular disease but also with the characteristics of the arterial vasculature. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2</xref>)</p>
			<p>Measurement of Zva showed differences in stage 4 versus the other stages as an expression of greater valvular heart disease progression. </p>
			<p>Some considerations of the study arise from the study population and the above-mentioned results:</p>
			<p> This population has long-standing severe AS, which is critical for a significant proportion of the population (as indicated by the fact that 107 patients, 52%, had an advanced stage). This assertion is supported by the authors, who note that there are no patients in stage 0, with elevated gradients and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), suggesting that they have an increased valvular load and reduced LV compliance (although their contractility, as measured by Ees, was not significantly different between the groups with structural damage) as the average E/e' ratio is 16. </p>
			<p>In turn, 82% of stage 4 patients presented low aortic flow which is associated with higher Ea and Zva. </p>
			<p>Hachica et al. analyzed Zva and observed that a cut-off value ≥ 3.5 mm Hg identified a population with excessive aortic impedance (hemodynamic load) that was associated with a more severe disease independently of the events. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">3</xref>)</p>
			<p>However, other studies have not identified Ea as a clinical predictor because it depends on aortic stiffness and heart rate (insensitive to pulsatile flow) and does not take into account valve flow or valve load. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">4</xref>)</p>
			<p>The Ea/Ees ratio was an independent predictor of mid-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">5</xref>) </p>
			<p>Migliore et al. found increased Ea/Ees ratio in severe AS patients with symptoms or heart failure. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">6</xref>)</p>
			<p>Hypertension and stiffness may also alter VAC and thus accelerate the development of symptoms of AS. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">7</xref>) In a series of 193 patients with AS, those with HTN developed symptoms earlier despite their valve areas were larger. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">7</xref>)</p>
			<p>Furthermore, in patients with low-flow, low-gradient AS, Zva was associated with lower mean aortic gradient. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">8</xref>) Higher Zva is associated with impaired longitudinal LV systolic function, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">10</xref>) and lower survival. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">10</xref>) As it occurs with Ea, Zva has limitations because complex pulsatile afterload cannot be represented by a single parameter.</p>
			<p>From a clinical perspective, adapting to these measurements would present a challenge and they would continue to be regarded as interesting physiological concepts. The measurement of blood pressure and keeping its values within normal limits are simple measures that can be taken to avoid further impairment of valvular afterload and ventricular function. </p>
			<p>Does this limit the value of this work? If one considers that physiology is what allows us to understand biological phenomena in order to better understand diseases, it is always welcome to express pathophysiological bonds, and this is the merit of this research.</p>
			<p>New methods (4D flow phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, algorithm-based P-V loops) are likely to give us a broader perspective on how to more accurately assess aortic stenosis beyond the valve. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">11</xref>)</p>
		</body>
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