<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20882</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Condiciones extremas de vida en la Antártida y su impacto sobre el sistema cardiovascular</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Extreme Living Conditions in Antarctica and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2202-2841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PUIGDOMENECH</surname>
						<given-names>MARTÍN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9719-212X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>IGLESIAS</surname>
						<given-names>RICARDO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8916-5432</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>BERTARINI</surname>
						<given-names>ANTONIO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0480-3401</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SCHACHTEL</surname>
						<given-names>BRIAN SILVAN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9069-6512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LLORET</surname>
						<given-names>SANTIAGO PEREZ</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5179-4445</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>AZARA</surname>
						<given-names>ANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4873-9096</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>RATTO</surname>
						<given-names>ROXANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4145-234X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>DEPRATI</surname>
						<given-names>MATÍAS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Militar Regional, Mendoza</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Militar Regional</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Mendoza</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Alta Complejidad, Formosa </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital de Alta Complejidad</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Formosa</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>ricardomiglesias@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Central, Mendoza </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Central</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Mendoza</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Enf. , Comando Conjunto Antártico</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Enf.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Comando Conjunto Antártico</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Observatorio de Salud , Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Observatorio de Salud</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Católica Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">CONICET</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Dir. Asuntos médicos , Elea Laboratory</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dir. Asuntos médicos</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Elea Laboratory</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Dirección para correspondencia:</label> Ricardo Iglesias. Correo electrónico: <email>ricardomiglesias@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>124</fpage>
			<lpage>133</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> La Antártida es uno de los sitios más desafiantes para invernar, tanto por sus características meteorológicas, sus patrones de luz extremo, su interacción social limitada, como por sus condiciones de aislamiento. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo: </title>
					<p>Investigar el comportamiento de los parámetros cardiovasculares bajo condiciones de confinamiento, desajustes circadianos, aislamiento prolongado, y en una zona con escasa contaminación ambiental. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p> estudio observacional, analítico y longitudinal, en un grupo de 23 militares entrenados y sanos, en la base argentina Belgrano II en la Antártida. Se realizaron determinaciones de temperatura corporal, ambiental y exterior, medición de cintura abdominal y control de peso, composición corporal por impedanciometría, ergometría, y ECG Holter de 24 horas. </p>
					<p>Las mediciones fueron mensuales, durante 12 meses incluyendo un basal, y los meses de oscuridad-noche polar y los meses de luz permanente (confinamiento). Cada individuo fue control de sí mismo. Se compararon los estudios basales con los períodos de oscuridad y luz, además de ambos períodos entre sí. Las mediciones se realizaron entre enero 2023/enero 2024</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> Los participantes fueron hombres entrenados, con edad media 34,7 ± 5,1 años (rango 27-43), bajo la misma alimentación, exigencias físicas y temperatura. No se registraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros corporales. El análisis reveló una disminución significativa en la ergometría de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica en reposo, en máximo esfuerzo y en la recuperación, en los períodos de oscuridad/luz respecto del basal. </p>
					<p>Igual tendencia se observó en el registro Holter, con una significativa variabilidad de la FC en la etapa de confinamiento comparada con la basal. </p>
					<p>No se detectaron diferencias entre los períodos de oscuridad/luz. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> Este comportamiento refleja la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre la función cardíaca, y sugiere un patrón neurovegetativo incrementado, a predominio vagal. Las implicancias de este estudio se extienden a ámbitos relacionados con la salud, el trabajo en regiones polares y en la exploración espacial.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Antarctica is one of the most challenging places to overwinter due to its meteorological characteristics, extreme light patterns, limited social interaction, and isolation. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>To analyze cardiovascular function under conditions of confinement, circadian disruption, and prolonged isolation in a low-pollution area. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>Observational, analytical, and longitudinal study in a group of 23 trained and healthy military personnel at the Argentinean Belgrano II Base in Antarctica. Body temperature, environmental and outdoor temperature were recorded. Abdominal waist circumference, body weight control and body composition were determined using bioelectrical impedance. The results of the exercise stress test and the 24-hour Holter ECG were recorded.</p>
					<p>Measurements were made monthly for 12 months, including a baseline period, polar continuous darkness months, and continuous daylight months (confinement). Each individual was self-controlled. The baseline results were compared with those from the darkness and daylight periods and the darkness and daylight periods were compared with each other. Measurements were made between January 2023 and January 2024.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>The participants were trained males, with a mean age of 34.7 ± 5.1 years (range: 27-43), all exposed to the same diet, physical demands, and ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in body composition parameters. The analysis showed a significant decrease in the heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) at rest, during maximal effort and during recovery on the exercise stress test, during the periods of darkness and daylight compared to baseline.</p>
					<p>A similar trend was observed in the Holter ECG recordings, which showed significant changes in HR variability in the confinement phase compared to baseline. No differences were detected between the periods of darkness and daylight. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions: </title>
					<p>This behavior reflects autonomic nervous system activity on cardiac function and suggests an increased neurovegetative pattern, predominantly vagal. The implications of this study are relevant to the fields of healthcare, occupational performance in polar environments and space exploration.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Regiones Antárticas</kwd>
				<kwd>ambientes extremos</kwd>
				<kwd>ritmos circadianos</kwd>
				<kwd>contaminación atmosférica</kwd>
				<kwd>variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>vuelos espaciales</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Antarctic regions</kwd>
				<kwd>Extreme environments</kwd>
				<kwd>Circadian rhythms</kwd>
				<kwd> Air pollution</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart rate variability</kwd>
				<kwd>Spaceflight</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La Antártida es el continente más austral de la Tierra, y uno de los sitios más hostiles e inhóspitos del planeta. Debido a su localización y a la inclinación del eje terrestre respecto del plano orbital, recibe menor radiación solar, lo cual provoca las bajas temperaturas que caracterizan a este lugar, que pueden llegar hasta los -54º durante el invierno. El clima es seco y con fuertes vientos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
			<p>Tiene el aire más limpio del planeta; es una región atmosférica no afectada por las actividades humanas, y por lo tanto no llega la contaminación traída por los vientos.</p>
			<p>La Argentina ocupa el territorio denominado “Sector Antártico Argentino”, con una superficie aproximadamente de 1.461.597 km<sup>2</sup>. Dentro del territorio argentino hay 13 bases. Una de ellas, la Base Belgrano II, la más austral, se ubica a 1300 km del Polo Sur. Es considerada una de las bases más aislada, con un acceso muy difícil, y se puede tardar varios días en llegar desde otras bases. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fotografía</xref>) </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fotografía de la Base Belgrano II </label>
					<caption>
						<title>. Se ubica a 1300 km del Polo Sur y a 4953 de Buenos Aires</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Es ocupada y mantenida cada año por personal del Comando Conjunto Antártico, que convive en la base a lo largo de un año completo (enero a enero). Durante este período no hay recambio de personal ni estadías breves de otras personas. Cumplen tareas relacionadas con el mantenimiento de la base, tareas domésticas y científicas, con un esquema de trabajo de ocho horas (9 AM - 6 PM) de lunes a viernes, con horarios precisos para desayunar, almorzar y cenar. La alimentación es nula en vegetales y alta en alimentos enlatados. </p>
			<p>Una de las características más reconocidas de la Base Belgrano II es su fotoperíodo extremo, con cuatro meses de noche polar (oscuridad constante) y cuatro meses de día (luz solar constante). Estas variaciones la convierten en un escenario natural ideal para estudiar la influencia de la luz natural sobre los ritmos circadianos. La información lumínica es considerada una de las fuentes principales de sincronización del reloj central, y la escasa o nula exposición a ella puede desencadenar innumerables desajustes en el funcionamiento de la fisiología humana. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
			<p>Belgrano II es considerada una de las bases más desafiantes para invernar, tanto por sus características meteorológicas, sus patrones de luz extremo, su interacción social limitada, como por sus condiciones de aislamiento. Es una de la bases más requeridas y reconocidas internacionalmente para el estudio de estas variables y representa uno de los escenarios experimentales más fieles como análogo espacial, ya que, reúne en único sitio muchas características ambientales específicas que no se reproducen en otros lugares.</p>
			<p>Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el comportamiento de las funciones cardiovasculares bajo estas condiciones de desajustes circadianos, confinamiento, aislamiento prolongado, y especialmente en una zona con escasa contaminación ambiental. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El nuestro fue un estudio observacional, analítico y longitudinal llevado a cabo en la Base Antártica Argentina Belgrano II. Fue incluido el grupo total de 23 militares entrenados y sanos que fueron enviados a la base, todos aceptaron participar en el proyecto. </p>
			<p>En todos ellos se realizó control de peso corporal, medición de cintura abdominal, composición corporal por impedanciometría (OMRON® hbf-514c). Se registró la temperatura corporal, ambiental y exterior. </p>
			<p>Se realizó ergometría con equipo Cardiovex®, en cicloergómetro Technogym®, que calcula automáticamente los equivalentes metabólicos del consumo de oxígeno (METs), con mediciones de presión arterial (TA) basal y en máximo esfuerzo (Mx. esfuerzo), recuperación al minuto y a los 3 minutos, METs alcanzados, saturación de oxígeno (Sat) basal y Mx. esfuerzo. El protocolo utilizado fue el de Astrand, con etapas de carga ascendentes de 300, 600, 900, 1200 y 1500 kgm. Se utilizó el mismo protocolo para todos los integrantes.</p>
			<p>Además, se llevó a cabo ECG Holter de 24 horas (Eccosur HT107®) con medición de cantidad de latidos al día, frecuencia cardíaca máxima y mínima (FC Máx. y Min.), variabilidad de la FC (SDNN) y presencia de arritmias. </p>
			<p>Las mediciones se realizaron durante los meses de marzo (basal), junio, julio y agosto (meses de oscuridad-noche polar), y octubre, noviembre y enero (meses de luz).</p>
			<p>Se compararon los estudios basales con los períodos de oscuridad y luz, además de ambos períodos entre sí.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se empleó un análisis de Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizadas (<italic>Generalized Estimating Equations -GEE-</italic>) para el análisis de las variaciones de las variables ergométricas en las diferentes instancias de evaluación. GEE permite modelizar la correlación entre las mediciones pertenecientes al mismo sujeto, permitiendo así las comparaciones entre las instancias de evaluación. Se evaluó la validez del modelo empleando dos matrices de correlación: intercambiable o autocorrelación -1. La primera asume que existe una correlación similar entre todos los pares de mediciones. La autocorrelación -1 asume que cada medición está relacionada con la medición anterior, pero no necesariamente con el resto. Asimismo, se evaluó la validez de los modelos que asumían una distribución paramétrica o no paramétrica de los datos mediante el estadístico QIC. Se seleccionó el modelo con el QIC más bajo. Se utilizaron contrastes para realizar todas las comparaciones pareadas. Este tipo de análisis impone una penalidad por el hecho de realizar múltiples comparaciones. Se empleó la técnica de Holms para computar la penalidad.</p>
				<p>Con base en el modelo de GEE se realizaron comparaciones entre los valores de las variables al inicio del confinamiento (basal) con los del confinamiento en la Base (confinamiento). Finalmente, se utilizaron contrastes sobre el modelo GEE para la comparación entre sí de los meses pertenecientes al periodo de meses de oscuridad al de meses de luz.</p>
				<p>Los modelos no incluyeron covariables.</p>
				<p>Para el análisis de los horarios de los máximos y mínimos de la FC en el ECG Holter de 24 hs se utilizó estadística circular. Las variables cuantitativas se expresan como medias, desviación estándar e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Los resultados se expresan en horas en formato decimal. Las comparaciones entre grupos se realizaron mediante la prueba de Watson-Williams.</p>
				<p>Para la comparación entre sí de los meses pertenecientes al periodo de meses de oscuridad y meses de luz se utilizaron contrastes sobre el modelo GEE ajustado utilizando los meses individuales.</p>
				<p>Se seleccionó el nivel crítico de alfa en 0,05. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron empleando R 4.4 (The R Foundation, Vienna), utilizando las librerías <italic>geepack, modelbased, performance, parameters, circular</italic>
 <bold>.</bold> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Consideraciones éticas</title>
				<p>Los 23 individuos que se incorporaron al estudio firmaron consentimiento informado, aprobado por el comité de bioética del Hospital Central de la Provincia de Mendoza y fue llevado a cabo de acuerdo con la Declaración de Helsinki y sus enmiendas.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Los 23 participantes fueron hombres, entrenados con una edad media 34,7 ± 5,1 años (rango 27-43), con el tabaquismo como único factor de riesgo cardiovascular presente, en solo 7 individuos (30%); todos bajo la misma alimentación, exigencias físicas y temperatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>). Las mediciones se realizaron entre enero 2023 y enero 2024. No se registraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros corporales. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Temperaturas</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Basal</th>
								<th align="center">Meses de oscuridad</th>
								<th align="center">Meses de luz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Temperatura externa</td>
								<td align="center">-12.6 ± 3.34</td>
								<td align="center">-22.8 ± 7.43</td>
								<td align="center">-7.51 ± 6.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Temperatura interna</td>
								<td align="center">21.5 ± 1.78</td>
								<td align="center">23.1 ± 0.718</td>
								<td align="center">23.8 ± 0.415</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Temperatura corporal</td>
								<td align="center">35.7 ± 0.819</td>
								<td align="center">35.4 ± 0.516</td>
								<td align="center">35.4 ± 0.640</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Las temperaturas se expresan en grados centígrados</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros corporales</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Meses de oscuridad </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Meses de luz </th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Basal (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">06-2023 (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">07-2023 (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">08-2023 (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">10-2023 (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">11-2023 (N=23)</th>
								<th align="center">01-2024 (N=23)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
								<td align="center">81,8 ± 13,9</td>
								<td align="center">81,6 ± 12,9</td>
								<td align="center">82,1 ± 13,1</td>
								<td align="center">82,0 ± 12,4</td>
								<td align="center">81,9 ± 12,0</td>
								<td align="center">81,4 ± 11,2</td>
								<td align="center">81,5 ± 11,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IMC</td>
								<td align="center">27,2 ± 4,4</td>
								<td align="center">27,2 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center">27,1 ± 4,5</td>
								<td align="center">27,3 ± 4</td>
								<td align="center">27,3 ± 3,8</td>
								<td align="center">27,1 ± 3,6</td>
								<td align="center">27,1 ± 3,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">% Grasa corporal</td>
								<td align="center">25,6 ± 7,3</td>
								<td align="center">26,3 ± 6,9</td>
								<td align="center">26,1 ± 7,6</td>
								<td align="center">26,3 ± 6,3</td>
								<td align="center">26,2 ± 6,0</td>
								<td align="center">26,1 ± 5,3</td>
								<td align="center">25,8 ± 5,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">% Masa múscular</td>
								<td align="center">35,9 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center">35,4 ± 3,9</td>
								<td align="center">35,2 ± 4,2</td>
								<td align="center">35,4 ± 3,6</td>
								<td align="center">35,5 ± 3,5</td>
								<td align="center">35,5 ± 3,0</td>
								<td align="center">35,7 ± 3,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tasa metabólica basal (Kcal/día)</td>
								<td align="center">1780 ± 184</td>
								<td align="center">1770 ± 168</td>
								<td align="center">1780 ± 173</td>
								<td align="center">1780 ± 163</td>
								<td align="center">1780 ± 156</td>
								<td align="center">1770 ± 148</td>
								<td align="center">1770 ± 147</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Grasa visceral relativa (%)</td>
								<td align="center">10,1 ± 4,2</td>
								<td align="center">10,2 ± 4,1</td>
								<td align="center">10,3 ± 4,3</td>
								<td align="center">10,5 ± 3,9</td>
								<td align="center">10,5 ± 3,7</td>
								<td align="center">10,3 ± 3,6</td>
								<td align="center">10,3 ± 3,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Cintura (cm)</td>
								<td align="center">93,3 ± 11,2</td>
								<td align="center">89,7 ± 8,4</td>
								<td align="center">89,9 ± 9,1</td>
								<td align="center">88,7 ± 8,5</td>
								<td align="center">88,8 ± 7,8</td>
								<td align="center">88,0 ± 7,1</td>
								<td align="center">88,7 ± 6,6</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>IMC: Índice de masa corporal. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Comportamiento de las pruebas ergométricas </title>
				<p>El análisis reveló diferencias significativas entre el periodo de oscuridad y de luz (confinamiento) comparado con el basal, con una disminución de la FC: basal 79,8 lpm (IC 95% 75,4-85,9) vs. confinamiento 74,1 lpm (IC 95% 71,4-78,5), p=0,005. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comportamiento de las pruebas ergométricas </title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Basal</th>
									<th align="center">Meses de oscuridad</th>
									<th align="center">Meses de luz</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ergometría (basal)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Sat O<sub>2</sub>*</td>
									<td align="center">97,8 ± 1,4</td>
									<td align="center">97,9 ± 1,4</td>
									<td align="center">97,8 ± 1,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,324</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">FC</td>
									<td align="center">79,8 ± 12,9</td>
									<td align="center">74,3 ± 11,4</td>
									<td align="center">74,0 ± 11,3</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA sistólica</td>
									<td align="center">118 ± 11,5</td>
									<td align="center">112 ± 7,2</td>
									<td align="center">113 ± 8,8</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA diastólica</td>
									<td align="center">76,1 ± 6,5</td>
									<td align="center">68,2 ± 8,1</td>
									<td align="center">69,9 ± 9,1</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ergometría (máx)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Sat O<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">96,8 ± 1,8</td>
									<td align="center">96,2 ± 2,1</td>
									<td align="center">96,1 ± 2,4 </td>
									<td align="center">0,023</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">FC</td>
									<td align="center">177 ± 10,8</td>
									<td align="center">169 ± 11,7</td>
									<td align="center">168 ± 11,0 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA sistólica</td>
									<td align="center">164 ± 15,6</td>
									<td align="center">153 ± 13,3</td>
									<td align="center">159 ± 14,3 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA diastólica</td>
									<td align="center">88,7 ± 6,9</td>
									<td align="center">91,6 ± 6,1</td>
									<td align="center">95,4 ± 8 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ergometría (recup. 1 min)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Sat O<sub>2</sub>*</td>
									<td align="center">97,7 ± 1,2</td>
									<td align="center">96,2 ± 2,1</td>
									<td align="center">96,2 ± 2,1</td>
									<td align="center">0,008</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">FC</td>
									<td align="center">147 ± 16,6</td>
									<td align="center">149 ± 13,6</td>
									<td align="center">151 ± 12,8</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA sistólica</td>
									<td align="center">153 ± 19,4</td>
									<td align="center">145 ± 13,3</td>
									<td align="center">153 ± 14,9 </td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA diastólica</td>
									<td align="center">78,7 ± 9,7</td>
									<td align="center">81,2 ± 8,6</td>
									<td align="center">74,9 ± 8,5 </td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ergometría (recup. 3 min)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Sat O<sub>2</sub>*</td>
									<td align="center">98,1 ± 1,2</td>
									<td align="center">97,8 ± 1,2</td>
									<td align="center">97,3 ± 1,4 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">FC</td>
									<td align="center">116 ± 15,0</td>
									<td align="center">108 ± 15,4</td>
									<td align="center">107 ± 15,1 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA sistólica</td>
									<td align="center">129 ± 13,2</td>
									<td align="center">125 ± 14,0</td>
									<td align="center">125 ± 11,7</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">TA diastólica</td>
									<td align="center">77,0 ± 5,6</td>
									<td align="center">74,4 ± 8,9</td>
									<td align="center">73,2 ± 8,6 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">METs alcanzados</td>
									<td align="center">9,76 ± 1,5</td>
									<td align="center">10,0 ± 1,6</td>
									<td align="center">10,2 ± 1,42 </td>
									<td align="center">0,184</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>FC: frecuencia cardíaca; max: máximo; METs: equivalentes metabólicos de consumo de O2; recup: recuperación; Sat O2: saturación de O2; TA: tensión arterial </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Igual comportamiento se detectó en la TA sistólica: basal 118,26 mmHg (IC 95% 114,06-122,78) vs. confinamiento 112,62 mmHg (IC 95% 110,37-114,97), p &lt;0,001, y de la TA diastólica: basal 76,15 mmHg (IC 95% 73,19-78,73) vs. confinamiento 69,84 mmHg (IC 95% 66,81-70,94), p &lt;0,001. </p>
				<p>Hallazgos similares se dieron con la FC en el máximo esfuerzo: basal 176,91 lpm (IC 95% 172.72-181.32) vs. confinamiento 168,76 lpm (IC 95% 165,31-172,36), p&lt;0,001.; y con la TA sistólica en el máximo esfuerzo: basal 163,94 mmHg (IC 95% 158,00-170,34) vs. confinamiento 155,87 mmHg (IC 95%151,56-160,45), p &lt;0,001.</p>
				<p>A diferencia de lo que se observó con la TA sistólica, la TA diastólica en el máximo esfuerzo fue superior durante el confinamiento: basal 87,85 mmHg (IC 95% 85,14-90,74) vs. confinamiento 92,38 mmHg (IC 95% 90,74-94,08), p &lt;0,001. </p>
				<p>La Sat en la recuperación tuvo un descenso poco significativo: basal 98,07% (IC 95% 97,60-98,55) vs. confinamiento 97,49% (IC 95% 97,20-97,79).</p>
				<p>Hubo también cambios significativos en la recuperación: FC basal 115,08 lpm (IC 95% 108,68-122,27) vs. confinamiento 106,46 lpm (IC 95% 100,95-112,61), p&lt;0,001; TA sistólica basal 128,52 mmHg (IC 95% 123,54-133,93) vs. confinamiento 124,36 mmHg (IC 95% 120,99-127,92), p = 0,035; y TA diastólica: basal 76,88 mmHg (IC 95% 74,52-79,39) vs. confinamiento 73,48 mmHg (IC 95% 71,03 - 76,11), p&lt;0,001. </p>
				<p>Las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">3</xref> ilustran el comportamiento de las variables citadas en la ergometría basal, y las realizadas en los meses de luz y oscuridad</p>
				<p>No se detectaron diferencias en estos parámetros entre los períodos de oscuridad y de luz, ni en los METs alcanzados. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ergometría: parámetros de reposo en las pruebas basal y de los meses de oscuridad y de luz Frecuencia cardíaca. B- Tensión arterial sistólica. C- Tensión arterial diastólica </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ergometría: parámetros en máximo esfuerzo en las pruebas basal y de los meses de oscuridad y de luz Frecuencia cardíaca. B- Tensión arterial sistólica. C- Tensión arterial diastólica </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf3.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ergometría: parámetros en la recuperación en las pruebas basal y de los meses de oscuridad y de luz Saturación de O2. B- frecuencia cardíaca. C- Tensión arterial sistólica. D- Tensión arterial diastólica, </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de los estudios ECG Holter </title>
				<p>Se observó una disminución de la FC mínima en los meses de oscuridad y luz, en comparación con el basal, sin diferencias entre ambos períodos (p&lt;0,005).</p>
				<p>La FC máxima se detectó en las horas de trabajo al aire libre (apaleamiento de nieve), siendo significativamente más alta en la etapa de confinamiento (p&lt;0,001).</p>
				<p>Se detectó una significativa variabilidad de la FC en la etapa de confinamiento comparada con el basal (p=0,005), y no se evidenció presencia de arritmias de importancia clínica. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 4</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis de los estudios ECG Holter </title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">Holter</th>
									<th align="center">Basal</th>
									<th align="center">Meses de Oscuridad</th>
									<th align="center">Meses de Luz</th>
									<th align="center">p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Frecuencia cardíaca mínima</td>
									<td align="center">45,5 ± 10,3</td>
									<td align="center">42,0 ± 4,84</td>
									<td align="center">41,1 ± 4,17</td>
									<td align="center">0,012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Horario (hs)</td>
									<td align="center">5,56±0,76</td>
									<td align="center">5,91±0,79</td>
									<td align="center">5,62±0,69</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Frecuencia cardíaca máxima</td>
									<td align="center">126 ± 14,3</td>
									<td align="center">129 ± 17,0</td>
									<td align="center">131 ± 17,6</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Horario (hs)</td>
									<td align="center">13,27±1,44</td>
									<td align="center">12,84±1,13</td>
									<td align="center">13,63±1,01</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Frecuencia cardíaca diferencial</td>
									<td align="center">80,1 ± 19,1</td>
									<td align="center">86,6 ± 17,2</td>
									<td align="center">89,5 ± 16,7</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SDNN* (milisegundos)</td>
									<td align="center">155,0 ± 37,7</td>
									<td align="center">164,0 ± 38,7</td>
									<td align="center">177,0 ± 33,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,003</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>SDNN: desviación estándar de los intervalos RR</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La mayoría de los estudios en el Continente Blanco se centraron sobre los patrones de sueño, con escasa información del impacto de las complejas condiciones de vida sobre el sistema cardiovascular. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</p>
			<p>Los ambientes extremos desafían las condiciones fisiológicas de los seres humanos para adaptarse a este tipo de situaciones complejas, resultado de la combinación de diferentes variables, tales como el clima, el confinamiento, el aislamiento y la ausencia de luz natural. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
			<p>Estudiar cómo las personas viven en estas condiciones puede generar valiosa información, con potenciales beneficios en cuestiones relacionadas con la salud o con la seguridad. Además, este es uno de los escenarios experimentales más fieles como análogo espacial, ya que reúne muchas características ambientales específicas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</p>
			<p>Este trabajo pretendió evidenciar los cambios fisiológicos de la TA y de la FC en la adaptación humana a ambientes extremos, mediante la recolección longitudinal de mediciones de hasta once meses en forma continua, lo que permitió observar con precisión cambios a lo largo del tiempo. </p>
			<p>Se observó en la etapa de confinamiento un claro descenso y una marcada variabilidad de la FC, y una caída de la TA. </p>
			<p>Este comportamiento refleja la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo sobre la función cardíaca, y sugiere un patrón neurovegetativo incrementado, a predominio vagal. </p>
			<p>Varios factores inciden sobre la variabilidad de la FC y en general sobre el inotropismo y el cronotropismo cardíacos; tal es el caso del sistema nervioso autónomo, que modifica factores cardiovasculares como la FC, la fuerza contráctil, el redireccionamiento del flujo sanguíneo a zonas de mayor demanda vascular y el control de la TA a corto plazo a través de diferentes receptores tanto simpáticos como parasimpáticos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</p>
			<p>Es interesante plantear cuál o cuáles son los posibles mecanismos fisiológicos que justifican este desempeño.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Alteraciones del ritmo circadiano</title>
				<p>La Tierra rota sobre su eje, y por lo tanto presenta dos ambientes bien definidos: la luz y la oscuridad. Los seres vivientes han respondido desarrollando mecanismos específicos de predicción para adaptarse. Este es el origen de los ritmos biológicos que se repiten cada 24 horas. </p>
				<p>Los resultados vinculados al cronotipo y al ritmo circadiano de actividad confirmaron el rol que cumple la luz en la sincronización de la fase del sueño. Se observó una disminución de la duración de sueño, junto con un retraso del cronotipo y un aumento del <italic>jet lag</italic> social durante la noche polar. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</p>
				<p>En este estudio el ciclo circadiano no parece influir en las variables fisiológicas analizadas, pues no se detectaron diferencias en el comportamiento cardiovascular entre el período de oscuridad y el período de luz.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Contaminación ambiental</title>
				<p>El medioambiente es un fuerte determinante de salud cardiovascular. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) La contaminación atmosférica accede al organismo a través de los alveolos y promueve el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular mediante la activación de distintos mecanismos, incluyendo inflamación, disfunción endotelial, estrés oxidativo, disfunción autonómica y trombogenicidad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</p>
				<p>La exposición crónica a contaminación atmosférica se ha asociado con un incremento de la inflamación, la cual promueve la producción de interleuquina 6 (IL-6) y proteína C reactiva, entre otros marcadores inflamatorios asociados con mayor riesgo de enfermedad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</p>
				<p>Varios contaminantes ambientales pueden provocar disfunción autonómica, desencadenando arcos reflejos que alteran la FC y favorecen las arritmias. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>) En la mayoría de los estudios epidemiológicos se han descrito asociaciones negativas entre diferentes índices de variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y los niveles de partículas muy pequeñas en el aire con un diámetro menor a 2,5 micrómetros (MP2,5) y otros contaminantes. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
				<p>El plomo, por ejemplo, puede sustituir al calcio en la calmodulina. Este mecanismo se ha relacionado con la regulación de la óxido nítrico sintetasa, afectando a la producción del óxido nítrico, que juega un papel clave en la función endotelial y en la inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) </p>
				<p>El aire en la Antártida se encuentra con menos aerosoles atmosféricos y con una composición química mucho más heterogénea y diversa que el continente, y podría justificar el menor impacto sobre la salud de la población en estudio. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efecto entrenamiento</title>
				<p>El ejercicio físico produce una reducción de la FC en reposo, que también se hace evidente durante el ejercicio físico en individuos entrenados, cuando la preparación se realiza a intensidades submáximas, fenómeno directamente relacionado con el aumento del volumen latido.(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) Entre los mecanismos de la bradicardia, se encuentra en primer lugar la regulación del sistema nervioso autónomo con un aumento del tono vagal, pero también una disminución de la propia frecuencia intrínseca del corazón, variación de la sensibilidad de los barorreceptores, y el aumento del volumen sistólico.</p>
				<p>El entrenamiento regular reduce la actividad simpática en reposo, pero también disminuye la concentración plasmática de catecolaminas (en reposo y en ejercicio submáximo) y produce modificaciones en la homeostasis renal (disminución de las resistencias vasculares renales), todo lo cual contribuye a la reducción de la TA.</p>
				<p>Los programas de ejercicio de alto componente dinámico disminuyen la TA tanto en adultos normotensos como en aquellos con hipertensión arterial. Este efecto es más acusado en pacientes hipertensos, con una reducción media de 6-7 mmHg. en las presiones sistólica y diastólica, frente a 3 mmHg. en normotensos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</p>
				<p>La población que se incorporó a nuestra investigación era previamente una población con alto entrenamiento físico, condición indispensable para ingresar al programa antártico. Fue seleccionada entre muchas otras razones por presentar una gran capacidad adaptativa al ejercicio.</p>
				<p>Además, cuando se analizaron los parámetros corporales (peso, medición de cintura abdominal, composición corporal por impedanciometría) no se registraron diferencias durante la estadía en la Antártida y los parámetros basales. Por estos motivos no es probable que los resultados se encuentren influenciados por el efecto entrenamiento. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aislamiento y estrés sostenido</title>
				<p>La Antártida representa uno de los ambientes más desafiantes a la hora de trabajar. Además de la temperatura y el fotoperíodo extremo, las bases antárticas son lugares remotos y aislados que suelen estar habitados por muy pocas personas, configurando un escenario de relaciones interpersonales limitado junto con condiciones hostiles de confinamiento y aislamiento. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</p>
				<p>Durante el período de 12 meses el grupo en estudio se encontraba aislado, con imposibilidad de contacto con el continente, inclusive ante una emergencia. Tanto la incertidumbre como el miedo generalizado se han descrito como un elemento negativo en cuanto a las consecuencias psicológicas se refiere. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>) Se plantea que el tiempo de aislamiento, sobre todo si es mayor a diez días, se torna un factor de riesgo importante de estrés postraumático, miedo, frustración, aburrimiento y de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, condiciones que pueden generar alteraciones cardiovasculares, como aumento de la FC y la TA. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>).</p>
				<p>Contrariamente a lo esperable, los comportamientos de las variables cardiovasculares citadas tendieron a la reducción Quizás el funcionamiento psicológico positivo pudo ser un posible factor de protección, la implementación de recursos saludables de las personas frente a situaciones adversas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</p>
				<p>El personal militar decidió personalmente participar de la expedición y vivir esta experiencia, conociendo los riesgos a lo que se enfrentaba, situación muy distinta a condiciones de aislamiento impuesto, como lo vivido en la época de la pandemia por COVID-19. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Implicancias del estudio </title>
				<p>Las implicancias de este estudio se extienden a numerosos ámbitos relacionados con la salud, el trabajo y la exploración espacial. Justamente, se reportó en astronautas en misiones del transbordador espacial una FC reducida y una TA baja. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>) El desacondicionamiento cardiovascular que se presenta en los vuelos espaciales incluye la disminución del volumen sanguíneo circulante, disminución de la presión arterial, un comportamiento muy similar a los hallazgos de nuestra investigación. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</p>
				<p>En este sentido, contar con escenarios que permiten replicar, lo más rigurosamente posible, algunas de las características a las que se deberán enfrentar los astronautas es sumamente valioso, ya que representan contextos útiles para el avance de la ciencia espacial.</p>
				<p>Los nuevos desafíos del área tienen como objetivo el establecimiento de bases permanentes en la Luna y en Marte, junto con la posibilidad de incorporar viajes turísticos para civiles no entrenados. Por lo tanto, los nuevos retos en torno a la exploración espacial requieren mayor profundización del conocimiento sobre la adaptación en diferentes poblaciones. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitaciones</title>
				<p>Las conclusiones se ven limitadas por diversos factores. El tamaño de la muestra es pequeño, aunque cabe destacar que los trabajos realizados en el Ártico o en la Antártida son de poblaciones con pocos individuos. No se dispone de una población control, lo cual es dificultoso porque es casi imposible encontrar un grupo de personas que residan en las mismas condiciones de temperatura y a nivel del mar.</p>
				<p>Otra limitación es la ausencia de parámetros fisiológicos, como por ejemplo la medición de melatonina, cortisol, noradrenalina, etc. Está contemplado implementarlas en una futura expedición. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN </title>
			<p>La Base Belgrano II sirvió como modelo para explorar el impacto del fotoperíodo extremo y el aislamiento en un área sin contaminación atmosférica sobre variables fisiológicas cardiovasculares. Los resultados indican que bajo estas condiciones se incrementa la actividad neurovegetativa. Futuras investigaciones se requieren para confirmar estos hallazgos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Bibliografía </title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>Arendt J, Middleton B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75 degrees S). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018;258:250-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Arendt</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Middleton</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75 degrees S)</article-title>
					<source>Gen Comp Endocrinol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>258</volume>
					<fpage>250</fpage>
					<lpage>258</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>Kelly RM, Healy U, Sreenan S, McDermott JH, Coogan AN. Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease. Postgrad Med J 2018;94:653-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719">https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kelly</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Healy</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sreenan</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McDermott</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coogan</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease</article-title>
					<source>Postgrad Med J</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<fpage>653</fpage>
					<lpage>658</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719">https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>Wang M. Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Statistics. 2024 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728">https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments</article-title>
					<source>Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Statistics</source>
					<year>2024</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728">https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>Cui J. QIC program and model selection in GEE analyses. The Stata Journal 2007;7:209-20. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205">https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cui</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>QIC program and model selection in GEE analyses</article-title>
					<source>The Stata Journal</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<fpage>209</fpage>
					<lpage>220</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205">https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>Pekár S, Brabec M. Generalized estimating equations: A pragmatic and flexible approach to the marginal GLM modelling of correlated data in the behavioural sciences. Wiley Ethology 2018;124:86-93. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713">https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pekár</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brabec</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Generalized estimating equations: A pragmatic and flexible approach to the marginal GLM modelling of correlated data in the behavioural sciences</article-title>
					<source>Wiley Ethology</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>124</volume>
					<fpage>86</fpage>
					<lpage>93</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713">https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>Riede SJ, van der Vinne V, Hut RA. The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep-wake timing. J Exp Biol 2017;220(Pt 5):738-49. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Riede</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Vinne</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hut</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep-wake timing</article-title>
					<source>J Exp Biol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>220</volume>
					<issue>Pt 5</issue>
					<fpage>738</fpage>
					<lpage>749</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>Maruff P, Snyder P, McStephen M, Collie A, Darby D. Cognitive deterioration associated with an expedition in an extreme desert environment. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:556-60. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204">https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maruff</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Snyder</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McStephen</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Collie</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Darby</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cognitive deterioration associated with an expedition in an extreme desert environment</article-title>
					<source>Br J Sports Med</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<fpage>556</fpage>
					<lpage>560</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204">https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>Mairesse O, MacDonald-Nethercott E, Neu D, Tellez HF, Dessy E, Neyt X, . Preparing for Mars: human sleep and performance during a 13 month stay in Antarctica. Sleep 2019;42. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206">https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mairesse</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MacDonald-Nethercott</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neu</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tellez</surname>
							<given-names>HF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dessy</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neyt</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Preparing for Mars: human sleep and performance during a 13 month stay in Antarctica</article-title>
					<source>Sleep</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206">https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>Nicolas M, Bishop SL, Weiss K, Gaudino M. Social, Occupational, and Cultural Adaptation During a 12-Month Wintering in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2016;87:781-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nicolas</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bishop</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weiss</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gaudino</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Social, Occupational, and Cultural Adaptation During a 12-Month Wintering in Antarctica</article-title>
					<source>Aerosp Med Hum Perform</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<fpage>781</fpage>
					<lpage>789</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>Veloza L, Jiménez C, Quinones D, Polanía P, Pachón-Valero L, Rodríguez-Trivino C. Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca como factor predictor de las enfermedades cardiovasculares . Rev Colomb Cardiol 2019;26:205-10. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Veloza</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jiménez</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Quinones</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Polanía</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pachón-Valero</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez-Trivino</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca como factor predictor de las enfermedades cardiovasculares</article-title>
					<source>Rev Colomb Cardiol</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>26</volume>
					<fpage>205</fpage>
					<lpage>210</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>Collet G, Mairesse O, Cortoos A, Tellez HF, Neyt X, Peigneux P, . Altitude and seasonality impact on sleep in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2015;86:392-6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Collet</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mairesse</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cortoos</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tellez</surname>
							<given-names>HF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neyt</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peigneux</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Altitude and seasonality impact on sleep in Antarctica</article-title>
					<source>Aerosp Med Hum Perform</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<fpage>392</fpage>
					<lpage>396</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>Cambras T, Castejón L, Díez-Noguera A. Social interaction with a rhythmic rat enhances the circadian pattern of the motor activity and temperature of LL-induced arrhythmic rats. Physiol Behav 2012;105:835-40. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cambras</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castejón</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Díez-Noguera</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Social interaction with a rhythmic rat enhances the circadian pattern of the motor activity and temperature of LL-induced arrhythmic rats</article-title>
					<source>Physiol Behav</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>105</volume>
					<fpage>835</fpage>
					<lpage>840</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>Bañeras J, Iglesies-Grau J, Téllez-Plaza M, Arrarte V, Báez-Ferrer N, Benito B, . Medio ambiente y salud cardiovascular: causas, consecuencias y oportunidades en prevención y tratamiento [Environment and cardiovascular health: causes, consequences and opportunities in prevention and treatment]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022;75:1050-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bañeras</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iglesies-Grau</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Téllez-Plaza</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arrarte</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Báez-Ferrer</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Benito</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Medio ambiente y salud cardiovascular: causas, consecuencias y oportunidades en prevención y tratamiento [Environment and cardiovascular health: causes, consequences and opportunities in prevention and treatment]</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<fpage>1050</fpage>
					<lpage>1058</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2054-70. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al-Kindi</surname>
							<given-names>SG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brook</surname>
							<given-names>RD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<fpage>2054</fpage>
					<lpage>2070</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>Rückerl R, Greven S, Ljungman P, Aalto P, Antoniades C, Bellander T, ; AIRGENE Study Group. Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1072-80. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rückerl</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greven</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ljungman</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aalto</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Antoniades</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bellander</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>AIRGENE Study Group</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors</article-title>
					<source>Environ Health Perspect</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<fpage>1072</fpage>
					<lpage>1080</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>Perez CM, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Role of autonomic reflex arcs in cardiovascular responses to air pollution exposure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2015;15:69-78. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Perez</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hazari</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Farraj</surname>
							<given-names>AK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Role of autonomic reflex arcs in cardiovascular responses to air pollution exposure</article-title>
					<source>Cardiovasc Toxicol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<fpage>69</fpage>
					<lpage>78</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>Buteau S, Goldberg MS. A structured review of panel studies used to investigate associations between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability. Environ Res 2016;148:207-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Buteau</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goldberg</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A structured review of panel studies used to investigate associations between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability</article-title>
					<source>Environ Res</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>148</volume>
					<fpage>207</fpage>
					<lpage>247</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>Riojas-Rodriguez H, Holguin F, Gonzalez-Hermosillo A, Romieu I. Uso de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca como marcador de los efectos cardiovasculares asociados con la contaminación del aire . Salud Publica Mex 2006;48:348-57. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Riojas-Rodriguez</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holguin</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Hermosillo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Romieu</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Uso de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca como marcador de los efectos cardiovasculares asociados con la contaminación del aire</article-title>
					<source>Salud Publica Mex</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<fpage>348</fpage>
					<lpage>357</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>Kim JB, Kim C, Choi E, . Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;259:66-73. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Choi</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation</article-title>
					<source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>259</volume>
					<fpage>66</fpage>
					<lpage>73</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>Corderoa A, Masia M, Galveb E. Ejercicio físico y salud . Rev Esp Cardiol 2014;67:748-53. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Corderoa</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Masia</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Galveb</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Ejercicio físico y salud</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>67</volume>
					<fpage>748</fpage>
					<lpage>753</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>Prior DL, La Gerche A. The athlete's heart. Heart. 2012;98:947-55. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329">https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Prior</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>La Gerche</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The athlete's heart</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<fpage>947</fpage>
					<lpage>955</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329">https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>Tortello C, Agostino PV, Folgueira A, Barbarito M, Cuiuli JM, Coll M, . Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task. Neurosci Lett 2020;725:134893. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tortello</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agostino</surname>
							<given-names>PV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Folgueira</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barbarito</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cuiuli</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coll</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task</article-title>
					<source>Neurosci Lett</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>725</volume>
					<elocation-id>134893</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>Tortello C, Folgueira A, Nicolas M, Cuiuli JM, Cairoli G, Crippa V, . Coping with Antarctic demands: Psychological implications of isolation and confinement. Stress Health 2021;37:431-41. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006">https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tortello</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Folgueira</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nicolas</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cuiuli</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cairoli</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crippa</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coping with Antarctic demands: Psychological implications of isolation and confinement</article-title>
					<source>Stress Health</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<fpage>431</fpage>
					<lpage>441</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006">https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>Huarcaya V. Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de COVID-19 . Rev Peru Med Exp Public Health [online]. 2020;37:327-34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419">https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Huarcaya</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de COVID-19</article-title>
					<source>Rev Peru Med Exp Public Health</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<fpage>327</fpage>
					<lpage>334</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419">https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, . The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395:912-20. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brooks</surname>
							<given-names>SK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Webster</surname>
							<given-names>RK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smith</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Woodland</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wessely</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greenberg</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>395</volume>
					<fpage>912</fpage>
					<lpage>920</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>Portela M, Machado M. Consecuencias psicológicas del aislamiento social y su vinculación con el funcionamiento psicológico positivo . Act Psicol 2022;36:72-87. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584">https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Portela</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Machado</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Consecuencias psicológicas del aislamiento social y su vinculación con el funcionamiento psicológico positivo</article-title>
					<source>Act Psicol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<fpage>72</fpage>
					<lpage>87</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584">https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ. 2020;368:m313. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rubin</surname>
							<given-names>GJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wessely</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The psychological effects of quarantining a city</article-title>
					<source>BMJ</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>368</volume>
					<elocation-id>m313</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation>Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, ; The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019;364(6436):eaau8650. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garrett-Bakelman</surname>
							<given-names>FE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Darshi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Green</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gur</surname>
							<given-names>RC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lin</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Macias</surname>
							<given-names>BR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight</article-title>
					<source>Science</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>364</volume>
					<issue>6436</issue>
					<elocation-id>eaau8650</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation>Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Charvat JM, Barstow TJ. Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e005564. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ade</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Broxterman</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Charvat</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barstow</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps</article-title>
					<source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<elocation-id>e005564</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation>Carl JA. Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps. Journal of the American Heart Association [Internet]. AHA Journals Org 2017;6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carl</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Heart Association</source>
					<publisher-name>AHA Journals Org</publisher-name>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
				<label> Fuentes de apoyo (equipamiento):</label>
				<p> Elea Laboratory</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Extreme Living Conditions in Antarctica and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2202-2841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PUIGDOMENECH</surname>
						<given-names>MARTÍN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9719-212X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>IGLESIAS</surname>
						<given-names>RICARDO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8916-5432</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>BERTARINI</surname>
						<given-names>ANTONIO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0480-3401</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SCHACHTEL</surname>
						<given-names>BRIAN SILVAN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9069-6512</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LLORET</surname>
						<given-names>SANTIAGO PEREZ</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5179-4445</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>AZARA</surname>
						<given-names>ANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4873-9096</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>RATTO</surname>
						<given-names>ROXANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4145-234X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>DEPRATI</surname>
						<given-names>MATÍAS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Militar Regional, Mendoza</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Militar Regional</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Mendoza</state>
				</addr-line>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Alta Complejidad, Formosa </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Alta Complejidad</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Formosa</state>
				</addr-line>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Central, Mendoza </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Mendoza</state>
				</addr-line>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Nursing Unit Comando Conjunto Antártico</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Nursing Unit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Comando Conjunto Antártico</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Health Observatory , Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Health Observatory</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidad Católica Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">CONICET</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Medical Affairs Department , Elea Laboratory</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Affairs Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Elea Laboratory</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondence</label>: Ricardo Iglesias. E-mail: <email>ricardomiglesias@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<label>Conflicts of interest </label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Antarctica is one of the most challenging places to overwinter due to its meteorological characteristics, extreme light patterns, limited social interaction, and isolation. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>To analyze cardiovascular function under conditions of confinement, circadian disruption, and prolonged isolation in a low-pollution area. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>Observational, analytical, and longitudinal study in a group of 23 trained and healthy military personnel at the Argentinean Belgrano II Base in Antarctica. Body temperature, environmental and outdoor temperature were recorded. Abdominal waist circumference, body weight control and body composition were determined using bioelectrical impedance. The results of the exercise stress test and the 24-hour Holter ECG were recorded.</p>
					<p>Measurements were made monthly for 12 months, including a baseline period, polar continuous darkness months, and continuous daylight months (confinement). Each individual was self-controlled. The baseline results were compared with those from the darkness and daylight periods and the darkness and daylight periods were compared with each other. Measurements were made between January 2023 and January 2024.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>The participants were trained males, with a mean age of 34.7 ± 5.1 years (range: 27-43), all exposed to the same diet, physical demands, and ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in body composition parameters. The analysis showed a significant decrease in the heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) at rest, during maximal effort and during recovery on the exercise stress test, during the periods of darkness and daylight compared to baseline.</p>
					<p>A similar trend was observed in the Holter ECG recordings, which showed significant changes in HR variability in the confinement phase compared to baseline. No differences were detected between the periods of darkness and daylight. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions: </title>
					<p>This behavior reflects autonomic nervous system activity on cardiac function and suggests an increased neurovegetative pattern, predominantly vagal. The implications of this study are relevant to the fields of healthcare, occupational performance in polar environments and space exploration.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Antarctic regions</kwd>
				<kwd>Extreme environments</kwd>
				<kwd>Circadian rhythms</kwd>
				<kwd> Air pollution</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart rate variability</kwd>
				<kwd>Spaceflight.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth and one of the most hostile and inhospitable regions on the planet. Due to its geographic location and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the orbital plane, it receives less solar radiation, resulting in the low temperatures that characterize this continent, which can drop as low as -54 ºC during the winter. The climate is dry and there are strong winds. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">1</xref>)</p>
				<p>It has the cleanest air on Earth; it is an atmospheric region unaffected by human activity, and therefore, pollution carried by wind does not reach it.</p>
				<p>Argentina occupies the territory known as the Argentine Antarctic Sector, which covers an area of approximately 1 461 597 km<sup>2</sup>. Within the Argentine territory, there are 13 bases. One of them, Belgrano II Base, the southernmost, is located 1300 km from the South Pole. It is considered one of the most isolated bases, with very extremely limited access, and reaching it from other bases can take several days. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Photograph</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Photograph of Belgrano II</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Base located 1,300 km from the South Pole and 4.953 km from Buenos Aires.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>It is occupied and maintained each year by personnel from the Joint Antarctic Command, who remain at the base for a full year (January to January). During this period, there is no personnel turnover or short-term visits. They perform tasks related to the base maintenance, domestic duties and scientific activities following an eight-hour work schedule (9 AM to 6 PM) from Monday to Friday, with fixed times for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The diet is devoid of vegetables and relies heavily on canned food. </p>
				<p>One of the most notable characteristics of the Belgrano II Base is its extreme photoperiod, with four months of continuous darkness (polar night) and four months continuous daylight (polar day). These conditions make it an ideal natural setting for studying the influence of natural light on circadian rhythms. Light is considered one of the main synchronization sources of the central biological clock, and limited or absent light exposure can lead to innumerable disruptions in human physiological functioning. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">2</xref>)</p>
				<p>Belgrano II is considered one of the most challenging bases for overwintering, due to its weather conditions, extreme photoperiods, limited social interaction and isolation. It is one of the most required and internationally recognized bases for studying these variables, and represents one of the most faithful experimental scenarios as a spatial analog, since it combines multiple specific environmental characteristics rarely found together in other places.</p>
				<p>Our objective was to investigate the cardiovascular function under conditions of circadian disruption, confinement and prolonged isolation, particularly in a low-pollution area. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>This was an observational, analytical and longitudinal study conducted at the Argentine Antarctic Belgrano II Base. A total of 23 trained and healthy military personnel were included in the study and sent to the base. All participants agreed to participate in the project.</p>
				<p>Participants underwent body weight monitoring, abdominal waist circumference measurement and body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance (OMRON® HBF-514C). The body, environmental and outdoor temperature were recorded.</p>
				<p>Exercise stress test was performed using Cardiovex® equipment on a Technogym® cycle ergometer, which automatically calculates metabolic equivalents (METs) of oxygen consumption. Measurements included baseline and maximal effort (Mx. effort) blood pressure (BP), recovery BP at 1 and 3 minutes, achieved METs, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) at baseline and at maximal effort. The Astrand protocol was used, with ascending workload stages of 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 kgm. The same protocol was applied to all subjects.</p>
				<p>Additionally, a 24-hour Holter ECG (Eccosur HT107®) was performed to determine the heart beats per day, maximum and minimum heart rate (Max. and Min. HR), heart rate variability (Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal (NN) intervals, SDNN) and the presence of arrhythmias. </p>
				<p>Measurements were made in March (baseline), June, July, August (months of darkness) as well as in October, November and january (months of daylight).</p>
				<p>Baseline results were compared with those from both darkness and daylight periods, and darkness and daylight periods were also compared with each other.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>A Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approach was used to assess the variations in the ergometric variables in the different evaluation timepoints. GEE allows modeling the correlation between repeated measurements from the same subject, thus allowing comparisons across time. Model validity was assessed using two types of correlation matrices: exchangeable or -1 autocorrelation. The exchangeable matrix assumes a similar correlation among all measurement pairs, while the -1 autocorrelation assumes that each measurement is correlated with the immediately preceding one, but not necessarily with the rest. The validity of models assuming both parametric and nonparametric distributions of the data was evaluated. It was assessed using the Quasi-likelihood under the Independence Model Criterion (QIC), and the model with the lowest QIC was selected. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using contrasts. This type of analysis imposes a penalty when making multiple comparisons. Holms' method was used to calculate the penalty.</p>
					<p>Based on the GEE model, comparisons were made between the baseline values (at the beginning of the confinement phase) and those recorded during the confinement phase at the Base. Finally, contrasts within the GEE model were used to compare values from the winter (darkness months) and summer (daylight months) periods.</p>
					<p>No covariates were included in the models.</p>
					<p>Circular statistics were used to analyze the timing of the maximum and minimum HR values recorded in the 24-hour Holter ECG. Quantitative variables are expressed as means, standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals. Results are presented in hours, which are expressed in decimal format. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Watson-Williams test.</p>
					<p>To compare winter (months of darkness) and summer (months of daylight) periods, contrasts on the adjusted GEE model including individual months were used.</p>
					<p>The significance level was set at α = 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.4 (The R Foundation, Vienna), with the geepack, modelbased, performance, parameters and circular packages. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">5</xref>)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical considerations</title>
					<p>The 23 individuals who joined the study signed the informed consent, which was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Hospital Central of the Province of Mendoza. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and amendments.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The 23 participants were trained males with a mean age of 34.7 ± 5.1 years (range: 27-43). Smoking was the only cardiovascular risk factor, present in only 7 subjects (30%); all were exposed to the same diet, physical demands and ambient temperature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). Measurements were taken between January 2023 and January 2024. There were no significant differences in body parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Temperatures</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Baseline</th>
									<th align="center">Months of darkness</th>
									<th align="center">Months of daylight</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Outdoor temperature</td>
									<td align="center">-12.6 ± 3.34</td>
									<td align="center">-22.8 ± 7.43</td>
									<td align="center">-7.51 ± 6.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Indoor temperature</td>
									<td align="center">21.5 ± 1.78</td>
									<td align="center">23.1 ± 0.718</td>
									<td align="center">23.8 ± 0.415</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Body temperature</td>
									<td align="center">35.7 ± 0.819</td>
									<td align="center">35.4 ± 0.516</td>
									<td align="center">35.4 ± 0.640</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Body parameters</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Months of darkness </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Months of daylight </th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Baseline (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">06-2023 (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">07-2023 (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">08-2023 (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">10-2023 (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">11-2023 (N=23)</th>
									<th align="center">01-2024 (N=23)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">81.8 ± 13.9</td>
									<td align="center">81.6 ± 12.9</td>
									<td align="center">82.1 ± 13.1</td>
									<td align="center">82.0 ± 12.4</td>
									<td align="center">81.9 ± 12.0</td>
									<td align="center">81.4 ± 11.2</td>
									<td align="center">81.5 ± 11.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">BMI</td>
									<td align="center">27.2 ± 4.4</td>
									<td align="center">27.2 ± 4.1</td>
									<td align="center">27.1 ± 4.5</td>
									<td align="center">27.3 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">27.3 ± 3.8</td>
									<td align="center">27.1 ± 3.6</td>
									<td align="center">27.1 ± 3.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">% Body fat</td>
									<td align="center">25.6 ± 7.3</td>
									<td align="center">26.3 ± 6.9</td>
									<td align="center">26.1 ± 7.6</td>
									<td align="center">26.3 ± 6.3</td>
									<td align="center">26.2 ± 6.0</td>
									<td align="center">26.1 ± 5.3</td>
									<td align="center">25.8 ± 5.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">% Muscle mass</td>
									<td align="center">35.9 ± 4.1</td>
									<td align="center">35.4 ± 3.9</td>
									<td align="center">35.2 ± 4.2</td>
									<td align="center">35.4 ± 3.6</td>
									<td align="center">35.5 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">35.5 ± 3.0</td>
									<td align="center">35.7 ± 3.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Basal metabolic rate (Kcal/day)</td>
									<td align="center">1780 ± 184</td>
									<td align="center">1770 ± 168</td>
									<td align="center">1780 ± 173</td>
									<td align="center">1780 ± 163</td>
									<td align="center">1780 ± 156</td>
									<td align="center">1770 ± 148</td>
									<td align="center">1770 ± 147</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Relative visceral fat (%)</td>
									<td align="center">10.1 ± 4.2</td>
									<td align="center">10.2 ± 4.1</td>
									<td align="center">10.3 ± 4.3</td>
									<td align="center">10.5 ± 3.9</td>
									<td align="center">10.5 ± 3.7</td>
									<td align="center">10.3 ± 3.6</td>
									<td align="center">10.3 ± 3.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Waist (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">93.3 ± 11.2</td>
									<td align="center">89.7 ± 8.4</td>
									<td align="center">89.9 ± 9.1</td>
									<td align="center">88.7 ± 8.5</td>
									<td align="center">88.8 ± 7.8</td>
									<td align="center">88.0 ± 7.1</td>
									<td align="center">88.7 ± 6.6</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>BMI, Body Mass Index. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Performance of exercise stress tests </title>
					<p>The analysis revealed significant differences between the confinement (months of darkness and daylight) and baseline, with a decrease in HR: baseline 79.8 bpm (95% CI 75.4-85.9) vs. confinement 74.1 bpm (95% CI 71.4-78.5), p = 0.005 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Performance of the exercise stress tests </title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="center">Baseline</th>
										<th align="center">Months of darkness</th>
										<th align="center">Months of daylight</th>
										<th align="center">p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" colspan="5">Exercise stress test (baseline)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SpO<sub>2</sub>*</td>
										<td align="center">97.8 ± 1.4</td>
										<td align="center">97.9 ± 1.4</td>
										<td align="center">97.8 ± 1.3</td>
										<td align="center">0.324</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">HR</td>
										<td align="center">79.8 ± 12.9</td>
										<td align="center">74.3 ± 11.4</td>
										<td align="center">74.0 ± 11.3</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.005</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Systolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">118 ± 11.5</td>
										<td align="center">112 ± 7.2</td>
										<td align="center">113 ± 8.8</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Diastolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">76.1 ± 6.5</td>
										<td align="center">68.2 ± 8.1</td>
										<td align="center">69.9 ± 9.1</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" colspan="5">Exercise stress test (max)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
										<td align="center">96.8 ± 1.8</td>
										<td align="center">96.2 ± 2.1</td>
										<td align="center">96.1 ± 2.4</td>
										<td align="center">0.023</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">HR</td>
										<td align="center">177 ± 10.8</td>
										<td align="center">169 ± 11.7</td>
										<td align="center">168 ± 11.0</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Systolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">164 ± 15.6</td>
										<td align="center">153 ± 13.3</td>
										<td align="center">159 ± 14.3</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Diastolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">88.7 ± 6.9</td>
										<td align="center">91.6 ± 6.1</td>
										<td align="center">95.4 ± 8</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" colspan="5">Exercise stress test (recovery. 1 min) </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SpO<sub>2</sub>*</td>
										<td align="center">97.7 ± 1.2</td>
										<td align="center">96.2 ± 2.1</td>
										<td align="center">96.2 ± 2.1</td>
										<td align="center">0.008</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">HR</td>
										<td align="center">147 ± 16.6</td>
										<td align="center">149 ± 13.6</td>
										<td align="center">151 ± 12.8</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Systolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">153 ± 19.4</td>
										<td align="center">145 ± 13.3</td>
										<td align="center">153 ± 14.9</td>
										<td align="center">0.004</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Diastolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">78.7 ± 9.7</td>
										<td align="center">81.2 ± 8.6</td>
										<td align="center">74.9 ± 8.5</td>
										<td align="center">0.002</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left" colspan="5">Exercise stress test (recovery. 3 min) </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SpO<sub>2</sub>*</td>
										<td align="center">98.1 ± 1.2</td>
										<td align="center">97.8 ± 1.2</td>
										<td align="center">97.3 ± 1.4</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">HR</td>
										<td align="center">116 ± 15.0</td>
										<td align="center">108 ± 15.4</td>
										<td align="center">107 ± 15.1</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Systolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">129 ± 13.2</td>
										<td align="center">125 ± 14.0</td>
										<td align="center">125 ± 11.7</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Diastolic BP</td>
										<td align="center">77.0 ± 5.6</td>
										<td align="center">74.4 ± 8.9</td>
										<td align="center">73.2 ± 8.6</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.005</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Achieved METs</td>
										<td align="center">9.76 ± 1.5</td>
										<td align="center">10.0 ± 1.6</td>
										<td align="center">10.2 ± 1.42</td>
										<td align="center">0.184</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>HR, heart rate; max. maximal; METs, metabolic equivalents of O<sub>2</sub> consumption; SpO<sub>2</sub>, peripheral oxygen saturation; BP, blood pressure. </p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A similar pattern was observed in systolic BP: baseline 118.26 mmHg (95% CI 114.06-122.78) vs. confinement 112.62 mmHg (95% CI 110.37-114.97), p &lt;0.001; and in diastolic BP: baseline 76.15 mmHg. (95% CI 73.19-78.73) vs. confinement 69.84 mmHg (95% CI 66.81-70.94), p&lt;0.001. </p>
					<p>Similar findings were obtained for HR at maximal effort: baseline 176.91 bpm (95% CI 172.72-181.32) vs. confinement 168.76 bpm (95% CI 165.31-172.36), p&lt;0.001; and for systolic BP at maximal effort: baseline 163.94 mmHg (95% CI 158.00-170.34) vs. confinement 155.87 mmHg (95% CI 151.56-160.45), p&lt;0.001.</p>
					<p>In contrast, diastolic BP at maximal effort was higher during confinement: baseline 87.85 mmHg (95% CI 85.14-90.74) vs. confinement 92.38 mmHg (95% CI 90.74-94.08), p&lt;0.001. </p>
					<p>SpO<sub>2</sub> at recovery showed a non-significant decrease: baseline 98.07% (95% CI 97.60-98.55) vs. confinement 97.49% (95% CI 97.20-97.79), p=0.003.</p>
					<p>There were also significant differences in recovery values: HR: baseline 115.08 bpm (95% CI 108.68-122.27) vs. confinement 106.46 bpm (95% CI 100.95-112.61), p&lt;0.001; systolic BP: baseline 128.52 mmHg (95% CI 123.54-133.93) vs. confinement 124.36 mmHg (95% CI 120.99-127.92), p=0.035; and diastolic BP: baseline 76.88 mmHg (95% CI 74.52-79.39) vs. confinement 73.48 mmHg (95% CI 71.03-76.11), p&lt;0.001. </p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref> show the performance of these variables during the exercise stress tests at baseline and during the months of daylight and darkness.</p>
					<p>No differences were observed between the months of daylight and darkness, nor in the achieved METs. </p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Exercise stress test: resting parameters at baseline and during the months of darkness and daylight. A. Heart rate; B. Systolic blood pressure; C. Diastolic blood pressure. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf6.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Exercise stress test: maximal effort parameters at baseline and during the months of darkness and daylight. A. Heart rate; B. Systolic blood pressure; C. Diastolic blood pressure. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf7.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Exercise stress test: recovery parameters at baseline and during the months of darkness and daylight. O<sub>2</sub> saturation; B. Heart rate; C. Systolic blood pressure; D. Diastolic blood pressure. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-124-gf8.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis of Holter ECGs</title>
					<p>A decrease in minimum HR was observed during the months of darkness and daylight compared to baseline, with no significant differences between the two timepoints (p &lt;0.005).</p>
					<p>The maximum HR was recorded during the outdoor work times (snow shoveling), being significantly higher during the confinement (p &lt;0.001).</p>
					<p>A significantly greater HR variability was observed during confinement compared to baseline (p=0.005). There was no evidence of clinically relevant arrhythmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Analysis of Holter ECGs</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
										<th align="left">Holter</th>
										<th align="center">Baseline</th>
										<th align="center">Months of darkness</th>
										<th align="center">Months of daylight</th>
										<th align="center">p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Minimum heart rate</td>
										<td align="center">45.5 ± 10.3</td>
										<td align="center">42.0 ± 4.84</td>
										<td align="center">41.1 ± 4.17</td>
										<td align="center">0.012</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Time (h)</td>
										<td align="center">5.56 ± 0.76</td>
										<td align="center">5.91 ± 0.79</td>
										<td align="center">5.62±0.69</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Maximum heart rate</td>
										<td align="center">126 ± 14.3</td>
										<td align="center">129 ± 17.0</td>
										<td align="center">131 ± 17.6</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Time (h)</td>
										<td align="center">13.27 ± 1.44</td>
										<td align="center">12.84 ± 1.13</td>
										<td align="center">13.63±1.01</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">Differential heart rate</td>
										<td align="center">80.1 ± 19.1</td>
										<td align="center">86.6 ± 17.2</td>
										<td align="center">89.5 ± 16.7</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">SDNN* (milliseconds)</td>
										<td align="center">155.0 ± 37.7</td>
										<td align="center">164.0 ± 38.7</td>
										<td align="center">177.0 ± 33.3</td>
										<td align="center">0.003</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>SDNN, Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal intervals.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Most studies conducted on the White Continent have focused on sleep patterns, with limited information on the impact of complex living conditions on the cardiovascular system. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">6</xref>)</p>
				<p>Extreme environments challenge the physiological capacity of human beings to adapt to complex situations resulting from the combination of different variables, such as climate, confinement, isolation and the absence of natural light. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">7</xref>)</p>
				<p>Studying how people live under these conditions may provide valuable information, with potential benefits for health or safety. Moreover, this is one of the most accurate experimental model settings as a space analog, as it shares many specific environmental features. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">9</xref>)</p>
				<p>This study aimed to demonstrate physiological changes in BP and HR related to human adaptation to extreme environments, through the longitudinal collection of continuous data over a maximum period of eleven months, allowing accurate observations of changes over time. </p>
				<p>During the confinement, a clear decrease and a marked variability in HR were observed, along with a drop in BP. </p>
				<p>This performance reflects the activity of the autonomic nervous system on cardiac function, and suggests an increased neurovegetative pattern, predominantly vagal. </p>
				<p>Several factors influence HR variability as well as cardiac inotropism and chronotropism in general. Such is the case of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates cardiovascular parameters, such as HR, contractile force, redistribution of blood flow to areas with greater vascular demand and short-term BP control via different sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">10</xref>)</p>
				<p>It is worth exploring which physiological mechanisms might explain this performance.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Circadian rhythm disruptions</title>
					<p>The Earth rotates on its axis, resulting in two well-defined environments: daylight and darkness. Living beings have adapted by developing specific predictive mechanisms. This gave rise to the biological rhythms that repeat every 24 hours.</p>
					<p>Findings related to chronotype and circadian activity rhythms confirmed the role of light in synchronizing the sleep phase. A decrease in sleep duration was observed, along with a delayed chronotype and increased social jet lag during the polar night. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">12</xref>)</p>
					<p>In this study, the circadian cycle did not appear to influence the physiological variables analyzed, as no differences in cardiovascular behavior were detected between the periods of darkness and daylight.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Environmental pollution</title>
					<p>The environment is a major determinant of cardiovascular health. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">13</xref>) Air pollution enters the body through the alveoli and contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease by activating several mechanisms, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, autonomic dysfunction and thrombogenicity. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">14</xref>)</p>
					<p>Chronic exposure to air pollution has been associated with increased inflammation, promoting the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, among other inflammatory markers associated with a higher risk of disease. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">15</xref>)</p>
					<p>Several environmental pollutants can induce autonomic dysfunction by triggering reflex arcs that alter HR and favor the onset of arrhythmias. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">16</xref>) Most epidemiological studies have reported negative associations between different indices of heart rate variability and levels of fine airborne particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) as well as other pollutants. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">18</xref>)</p>
					<p>Lead, for instance, can replace calcium in calmodulin. This mechanism has been associated with the regulation of nitric oxide synthase, which affects nitric oxide production and plays a key role in endothelial function and the inhibition of platelet aggregation.(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">19</xref>)</p>
					<p>Air in Antarctica contains fewer atmospheric aerosols and presents a much more heterogeneous and diverse chemical composition compared to that of the continental regions, which may explain the lower health impact observed in the health of the study population. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exercise effect</title>
					<p>Physical exercise leads to a reduction in resting HR, which is also evident during physical exercise in trained individuals when performed at submaximal intensities-a phenomenon directly related to an increase in stroke volume. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">20</xref>) Among the mechanisms underlying bradycardia are the regulation of the autonomic nervous system with increased vagal tone, a decrease in the intrinsic heart rate, changes in baroreceptor sensitivity, and increased systolic volume.</p>
					<p>Regular training reduces resting sympathetic activity, lowers plasma catecholamine levels (both at rest and during submaximal exercise) and modifies renal homeostasis by decreasing renal vascular resistance-all of which contribute to BP reduction.</p>
					<p>Exercise programs with a high dynamic component lower BP in both normotensive and hypertensive adults. This effect is more marked in hypertensive individuals, with a mean reduction of 6-7 mmHg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, compared to 3 mmHg reduction in normotensive individuals. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">21</xref>)</p>
					<p>The population included in our study was composed of individuals with a high level of physical training-an essential requirement for admission to the Antarctic program. Among many other reasons, candidates were selected for their strong adaptive capacity to exercise.</p>
					<p>Furthermore, when body parameters (weight, abdominal waist circumference and body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance) were analyzed, no differences were observed between baseline values and those recorded during the Antarctic stay. Therefore, it is unlikely that the results are influenced by the exercise effect. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Isolation and continuous stress</title>
					<p>Antarctica is one of the most challenging environments to work in. In addition to extreme temperatures and photoperiods, Antarctic bases are remote and isolated locations usually inhabited by very few people, creating a context of limited interpersonal relationships and hostile conditions of confinement and isolation. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">23</xref>)</p>
					<p>During the 12-month period, the study group remained isolated, with no possibility of contact with the mainland, even in the event of an emergency. Both uncertainty and generalized fear have been described as negative factors in terms of psychological consequences. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">24</xref>) Isolation lasting more than ten days has been identified as a significant risk factor for post-traumatic stress, fear, frustration, boredom and symptoms of anxiety and depression-conditions that may lead to cardiovascular alterations, such as increased HR and BP. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">25</xref>)</p>
					<p>Contrary to expectations, the mentioned cardiovascular variables tended to decrease. Positive psychological functioning was likely to act as a potential protective factor through the implementation of healthy mechanisms to cope with adversity. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">26</xref>)</p>
					<p>The military personnel voluntarily chose to participate in the expedition and undergo this experience, fully aware of the risks involved-a situation very different from imposed isolation, such as that experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">27</xref>)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Study Implications </title>
					<p>The implications of this study extend to numerous areas related to healthcare, occupational health, and space exploration. Indeed, reduced HR and low BP were observed in astronauts on space shuttle missions. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">28</xref>) The cardiovascular deconditioning that occurs during spaceflight includes a decrease in circulating blood volume and blood pressure-patterns very similar to our findings. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">29</xref>)</p>
					<p>In this regard, having scenarios that can rigorously replicate some of the conditions astronauts are expected to face is extremely valuable, as they offer useful contexts for advancing in space science.</p>
					<p>New challenges in this field involve establishing permanent bases on the Moon and Mars, along with the possibility of incorporating tourist travel for untrained civilians. Therefore, the new challenges of space exploration require a deeper understanding of adaptation mechanisms in different populations. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">30</xref>)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>Conclusions are limited by several factors. The sample size is small, although it worth noting that studies conducted in the Arctic or Antarctica typically involve small populations. A control group was not available, as it is almost impossible to find individuals living under the same temperature conditions and at sea level.</p>
					<p>Another limitation is the absence of physiological parameters, such as the melatonin, cortisol and noradrenaline measurements. These assessments are planned for implementation in a future expedition. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION </title>
				<p>The Belgrano II Base served as a model to explore the impact of extreme photoperiods and isolation in an environment free from atmospheric pollution on cardiovascular physiological variables. The findings suggest that under these conditions, neurovegetative activity increases. Future research is required to confirm these findings.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ref-list>
				<title>REFERENCES</title>
				<ref id="B31">
					<label>1</label>
					<mixed-citation>rendt J, Middleton B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75 degrees S). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018;258:250-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Arendt</surname>
								<given-names>J</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Middleton</surname>
								<given-names>B</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75 degrees S)</article-title>
						<source>Gen Comp Endocrinol</source>
						<year>2018</year>
						<volume>258</volume>
						<fpage>250</fpage>
						<lpage>258</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B32">
					<label>2</label>
					<mixed-citation>2. Kelly RM, Healy U, Sreenan S, McDermott JH, Coogan AN. Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease. Postgrad Med J 2018;94:653-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719">https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Kelly</surname>
								<given-names>RM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Healy</surname>
								<given-names>U</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Sreenan</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>McDermott</surname>
								<given-names>JH</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Coogan</surname>
								<given-names>AN</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease</article-title>
						<source>Postgrad Med J</source>
						<year>2018</year>
						<volume>94</volume>
						<fpage>653</fpage>
						<lpage>658</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719">https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B33">
					<label>3</label>
					<mixed-citation>3. Wang M. Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Statistics. 2024 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728">https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Wang</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments</article-title>
						<source>Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Statistics</source>
						<year>2024</year>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728">https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/303728</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B34">
					<label>4</label>
					<mixed-citation>4. Cui J. QIC program and model selection in GEE analyses. The Stata Journal 2007;7:209-20. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205">https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Cui</surname>
								<given-names>J</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>QIC program and model selection in GEE analyses</article-title>
						<source>The Stata Journal</source>
						<year>2007</year>
						<volume>7</volume>
						<fpage>209</fpage>
						<lpage>220</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205">https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700205</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B35">
					<label>5</label>
					<mixed-citation>5. Pekár S, Brabec M. Generalized estimating equations: A pragmatic and flexible approach to the marginal GLM modelling of correlated data in the behavioural sciences. Wiley Ethology 2018;124:86-93. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713">https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Pekár</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Brabec</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Generalized estimating equations: A pragmatic and flexible approach to the marginal GLM modelling of correlated data in the behavioural sciences</article-title>
						<source>Wiley Ethology</source>
						<year>2018</year>
						<volume>124</volume>
						<fpage>86</fpage>
						<lpage>93</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713">https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12713</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B36">
					<label>6</label>
					<mixed-citation>6. Riede SJ, van der Vinne V, Hut RA. The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep-wake timing. J Exp Biol 2017;220( Pt 5):738-49. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Riede</surname>
								<given-names>SJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>van der Vinne</surname>
								<given-names>V</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hut</surname>
								<given-names>RA</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>The flexible clock: predictive and reactive homeostasis, energy balance and the circadian regulation of sleep-wake timing</article-title>
						<source>J Exp Biol</source>
						<year>2017</year>
						<volume>220</volume>
						<issue/>
						<issue-part>Pt 5</issue-part>
						<fpage>738</fpage>
						<lpage>749</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130757</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B37">
					<label>7</label>
					<mixed-citation>7. Maruff P, Snyder P, McStephen M, Collie A, Darby D. Cognitive deterioration associated with an expedition in an extreme desert environment. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:556-60. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204">https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Maruff</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Snyder</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>McStephen</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Collie</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Darby</surname>
								<given-names>D</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Cognitive deterioration associated with an expedition in an extreme desert environment</article-title>
						<source>Br J Sports Med</source>
						<year>2006</year>
						<volume>40</volume>
						<fpage>556</fpage>
						<lpage>560</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204">https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016204</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B38">
					<label>8</label>
					<mixed-citation>8. Mairesse O, MacDonald-Nethercott E, Neu D, Tellez HF, Dessy E, Neyt X, . Preparing for Mars: human sleep and performance during a 13 month stay in Antarctica. Sleep 2019;42. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206">https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Mairesse</surname>
								<given-names>O</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>MacDonald-Nethercott</surname>
								<given-names>E</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Neu</surname>
								<given-names>D</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Tellez</surname>
								<given-names>HF</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Dessy</surname>
								<given-names>E</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Neyt</surname>
								<given-names>X</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Preparing for Mars: human sleep and performance during a 13 month stay in Antarctica</article-title>
						<source>Sleep</source>
						<year>2019</year>
						<volume>42</volume>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206">https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy206</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B39">
					<label>9</label>
					<mixed-citation>9. Nicolas M, Bishop SL, Weiss K, Gaudino M. Social, Occupational, and Cultural Adaptation During a 12-Month Wintering in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2016;87:781-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Nicolas</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Bishop</surname>
								<given-names>SL</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Weiss</surname>
								<given-names>K</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Gaudino</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Social, Occupational, and Cultural Adaptation During a 12-Month Wintering in Antarctica</article-title>
						<source>Aerosp Med Hum Perform</source>
						<year>2016</year>
						<volume>87</volume>
						<fpage>781</fpage>
						<lpage>789</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4395.2016</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B40">
					<label>10</label>
					<mixed-citation>10. Veloza L, Jiménez C, Quinones D, Polanía P, Pachón-Valero L, Rodríguez-Trivino C. Heart rate variability as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Rev Colomb Cardiol 2019;26:205-10. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Veloza</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Jiménez</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Quinones</surname>
								<given-names>D</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Polanía</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Pachón-Valero</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Rodríguez-Trivino</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Heart rate variability as a predictor of cardiovascular disease</article-title>
						<source>Rev Colomb Cardiol</source>
						<year>2019</year>
						<volume>26</volume>
						<fpage>205</fpage>
						<lpage>210</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2019.01.006</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B41">
					<label>11</label>
					<mixed-citation>11. Collet G, Mairesse O, Cortoos A, Tellez HF, Neyt X, Peigneux P, . Altitude and seasonality impact on sleep in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2015;86:392-6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Collet</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Mairesse</surname>
								<given-names>O</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cortoos</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Tellez</surname>
								<given-names>HF</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Neyt</surname>
								<given-names>X</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Peigneux</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Altitude and seasonality impact on sleep in Antarctica</article-title>
						<source>Aerosp Med Hum Perform</source>
						<year>2015</year>
						<volume>86</volume>
						<fpage>392</fpage>
						<lpage>396</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015">https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4159.2015</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B42">
					<label>12</label>
					<mixed-citation>12. Cambras T, Castejón L, Díez-Noguera A. Social interaction with a rhythmic rat enhances the circadian pattern of the motor activity and temperature of LL-induced arrhythmic rats. Physiol Behav 2012;105:835-40. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Cambras</surname>
								<given-names>T</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Castejón</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Díez-Noguera</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Social interaction with a rhythmic rat enhances the circadian pattern of the motor activity and temperature of LL-induced arrhythmic rats</article-title>
						<source>Physiol Behav</source>
						<year>2012</year>
						<volume>105</volume>
						<fpage>835</fpage>
						<lpage>840</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.027</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B43">
					<label>13</label>
					<mixed-citation>13. Bañeras J, Iglesies-Grau J, Téllez-Plaza M, Arrarte V, Báez-Ferrer N, Benito B, . Medio ambiente y salud cardiovascular: causas, consecuencias y oportunidades en prevención y tratamiento [Environment and cardiovascular health: causes, consequences and opportunities in prevention and treatment]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022;75:1050-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Bañeras</surname>
								<given-names>J</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Iglesies-Grau</surname>
								<given-names>J</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Téllez-Plaza</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Arrarte</surname>
								<given-names>V</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Báez-Ferrer</surname>
								<given-names>N</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Benito</surname>
								<given-names>B</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Medio ambiente y salud cardiovascular: causas, consecuencias y oportunidades en prevención y tratamiento [Environment and cardiovascular health: causes, consequences and opportunities in prevention and treatment]</article-title>
						<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
						<year>2022</year>
						<volume>75</volume>
						<fpage>1050</fpage>
						<lpage>1058</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2022.05.022</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B44">
					<label>14</label>
					<mixed-citation>14. Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2054-70. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Al-Kindi</surname>
								<given-names>SG</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Brook</surname>
								<given-names>RD</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
						<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
						<year>2018</year>
						<volume>72</volume>
						<fpage>2054</fpage>
						<lpage>2070</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B45">
					<label>15</label>
					<mixed-citation>15. Rückerl R, Greven S, Ljungman P, Aalto P, Antoniades C, Bellander T, ; AIRGENE Study Group. Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1072-80. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Rückerl</surname>
								<given-names>R</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Greven</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Ljungman</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Aalto</surname>
								<given-names>P</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Antoniades</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Bellander</surname>
								<given-names>T</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<collab>AIRGENE Study Group</collab>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors</article-title>
						<source>Environ Health Perspect</source>
						<year>2007</year>
						<volume>115</volume>
						<fpage>1072</fpage>
						<lpage>1080</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021">https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10021</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B46">
					<label>16</label>
					<mixed-citation>16. Perez CM, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Role of autonomic reflex arcs in cardiovascular responses to air pollution exposure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2015;15:69-78. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Perez</surname>
								<given-names>CM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Hazari</surname>
								<given-names>MS</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Farraj</surname>
								<given-names>AK</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Role of autonomic reflex arcs in cardiovascular responses to air pollution exposure</article-title>
						<source>Cardiovasc Toxicol</source>
						<year>2015</year>
						<volume>15</volume>
						<fpage>69</fpage>
						<lpage>78</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B47">
					<label>17</label>
					<mixed-citation>17. Buteau S, Goldberg MS. A structured review of panel studies used to investigate associations between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability. Environ Res 2016;148:207-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Buteau</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Goldberg</surname>
								<given-names>MS</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>A structured review of panel studies used to investigate associations between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability</article-title>
						<source>Environ Res</source>
						<year>2016</year>
						<volume>148</volume>
						<fpage>207</fpage>
						<lpage>247</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B48">
					<label>18</label>
					<mixed-citation>18. Riojas-Rodriguez H, Holguin F, Gonzalez-Hermosillo A, Romieu I. Use of heart rate variability as a marker of cardiovascular effects associated with air pollution. Salud Publica Mex 2006;48:348-57. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Riojas-Rodriguez</surname>
								<given-names>H</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Holguin</surname>
								<given-names>F</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Gonzalez-Hermosillo</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Romieu</surname>
								<given-names>I</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Use of heart rate variability as a marker of cardiovascular effects associated with air pollution</article-title>
						<source>Salud Publica Mex</source>
						<year>2006</year>
						<volume>48</volume>
						<fpage>348</fpage>
						<lpage>357</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000400010</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B49">
					<label>19</label>
					<mixed-citation>19. Kim JB, Kim C, Choi E, . Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;259:66-73. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Kim</surname>
								<given-names>JB</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Kim</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Choi</surname>
								<given-names>E</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation</article-title>
						<source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
						<year>2012</year>
						<volume>259</volume>
						<fpage>66</fpage>
						<lpage>73</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B50">
					<label>20</label>
					<mixed-citation>20. Corderoa A, Masia M, Galveb E. Physical exercise and health. Rev Esp Cardiol 2014;67:748-53. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Corderoa</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Masia</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Galveb</surname>
								<given-names>E</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Physical exercise and health</article-title>
						<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
						<year>2014</year>
						<volume>67</volume>
						<fpage>748</fpage>
						<lpage>753</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2014.04.007</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B51">
					<label>21</label>
					<mixed-citation>21. Prior DL, La Gerche A. The athlete's heart. Heart. 2012;98:947-55. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329">https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Prior</surname>
								<given-names>DL</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>La Gerche</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>The athlete's heart</article-title>
						<source>Heart</source>
						<year>2012</year>
						<volume>98</volume>
						<fpage>947</fpage>
						<lpage>955</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329">https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301329</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B52">
					<label>22</label>
					<mixed-citation>22. Tortello C, Agostino PV, Folgueira A, Barbarito M, Cuiuli JM, Coll M, . Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task. Neurosci Lett 2020;725:134893. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Tortello</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Agostino</surname>
								<given-names>PV</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Folgueira</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Barbarito</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cuiuli</surname>
								<given-names>JM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Coll</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task</article-title>
						<source>Neurosci Lett</source>
						<year>2020</year>
						<volume>725</volume>
						<elocation-id>134893</elocation-id>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B53">
					<label>23</label>
					<mixed-citation>23. Tortello C, Folgueira A, Nicolas M, Cuiuli JM, Cairoli G, Crippa V, . Coping with Antarctic demands: Psychological implications of isolation and confinement. Stress Health 2021;37:431-41. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006">https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Tortello</surname>
								<given-names>C</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Folgueira</surname>
								<given-names>A</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Nicolas</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cuiuli</surname>
								<given-names>JM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Cairoli</surname>
								<given-names>G</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Crippa</surname>
								<given-names>V</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Coping with Antarctic demands: Psychological implications of isolation and confinement</article-title>
						<source>Stress Health</source>
						<year>2021</year>
						<volume>37</volume>
						<fpage>431</fpage>
						<lpage>441</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006">https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3006</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B54">
					<label>24</label>
					<mixed-citation>24. Huarcaya V. Mental health considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Peru Med Exp Public Health [online]. 2020;37:327-34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419">https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Huarcaya</surname>
								<given-names>V</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Mental health considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic</article-title>
						<source>Rev Peru Med Exp Public Health</source>
						<year>2020</year>
						<volume>37</volume>
						<fpage>327</fpage>
						<lpage>334</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419">https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5419</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B55">
					<label>25</label>
					<mixed-citation>25. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, . The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395:912-20. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Brooks</surname>
								<given-names>SK</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Webster</surname>
								<given-names>RK</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Smith</surname>
								<given-names>LE</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Woodland</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Wessely</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Greenberg</surname>
								<given-names>N</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence</article-title>
						<source>Lancet</source>
						<year>2020</year>
						<volume>395</volume>
						<fpage>912</fpage>
						<lpage>920</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B56">
					<label>26</label>
					<mixed-citation>26. Portela M, Machado M. Psychological consequences of social isolation and its link to positive psychological functioning. Act Psicol 2022;36:72-87. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584">https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Portela</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Machado</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Psychological consequences of social isolation and its link to positive psychological functioning</article-title>
						<source>Act Psicol</source>
						<year>2022</year>
						<volume>36</volume>
						<fpage>72</fpage>
						<lpage>87</lpage>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584">https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i132.49584</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B57">
					<label>27</label>
					<mixed-citation>27. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ. 2020;368:m313. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Rubin</surname>
								<given-names>GJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Wessely</surname>
								<given-names>S</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>The psychological effects of quarantining a city</article-title>
						<source>BMJ</source>
						<year>2020</year>
						<volume>368</volume>
						<elocation-id>m313</elocation-id>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B58">
					<label>28</label>
					<mixed-citation>28. Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, ; The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019;364(6436):eaau8650. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650</ext-link>
					</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Garrett-Bakelman</surname>
								<given-names>FE</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Darshi</surname>
								<given-names>M</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Green</surname>
								<given-names>SJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Gur</surname>
								<given-names>RC</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Lin</surname>
								<given-names>L</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Macias</surname>
								<given-names>BR</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<collab>The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight</collab>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Science</article-title>
						<year>2019</year>
						<volume>364</volume>
						<issue>6436</issue>
						<elocation-id>eaau8650</elocation-id>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8650</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B59">
					<label>29</label>
					<mixed-citation>29. Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Charvat JM, Barstow TJ. Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e005564. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Ade</surname>
								<given-names>CJ</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Broxterman</surname>
								<given-names>RM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Charvat</surname>
								<given-names>JM</given-names>
							</name>
							<name>
								<surname>Barstow</surname>
								<given-names>TJ</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps</article-title>
						<source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
						<year>2017</year>
						<volume>6</volume>
						<elocation-id>e005564</elocation-id>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
				<ref id="B60">
					<label>30</label>
					<mixed-citation>30. Carl JA. Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps. Journal of the American Heart Association [Internet]. AHA Journals Org 2017;6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
					<element-citation publication-type="journal">
						<person-group person-group-type="author">
							<name>
								<surname>Carl</surname>
								<given-names>JA</given-names>
							</name>
						</person-group>
						<article-title>Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps</article-title>
						<source>Journal of the American Heart Association</source>
						<publisher-name>AHA Journals Org</publisher-name>
						<year>2017</year>
						<volume>6</volume>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564">https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005564</ext-link>
					</element-citation>
				</ref>
			</ref-list>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
					<label>Funding (equipment support):</label>
					<p> Elea Laboratory</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>