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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20873</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO BREVE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Registro de insuficiencia cardíaca en Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Registro SEPE-HF</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Heart Failure Registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. SEPE-HF Registry</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1080-6273</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CRISTODULO</surname>
						<given-names>ROBERTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-2177-9548</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TICONA</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2385-6731</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FERNÁNDEZ</surname>
						<given-names>LIGIA M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-9707-5833</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>VACA</surname>
						<given-names>JUAN M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4887-2004</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ROJAS</surname>
						<given-names>NATHALIE D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-4291-6101</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SERRATE</surname>
						<given-names>JOHANN S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9254-5376</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>VILLAGÓMEZ</surname>
						<given-names>JOSÉ A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6666-769X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>HORNEZ</surname>
						<given-names>ERICK</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1866-4644</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LIJERÓN</surname>
						<given-names>LUIS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1251-3101</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MONTERO</surname>
						<given-names>JORGE</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6803-2605</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>BARBAGELATA</surname>
						<given-names>ALEJANDRO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6911-2770</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CRISTODULO</surname>
						<given-names>MATÍAS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<on-behalf-of>(Grupo registro SEPE-HF)</on-behalf-of>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Obrero N.º 3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Obrero N.º 3</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Caja Nacional de Salud</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Obrero N.º 3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Obrero N.º 3</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Caja Nacional de Salud</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
				<email>dr.robertocristodulo@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal Frances, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Municipal Frances</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Hernández Vera, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Universitario Hernández Vera</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Incor, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Clínica Incor</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Caja Petrolera de Salud, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Caja Petrolera de Salud</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital San Juan de Dios</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica Foianini, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Clínica Foianini</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Católica Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica Argentina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica de Bolivia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Católica de Bolivia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>Dirección para correspondencia</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Roberto Cristodulo. Hospital Obrero N.º 3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Correo electrónico: <email>dr.robertocristodulo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>134</fpage>
			<lpage>139</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción: </title>
					<p>La insuficiencia cardíaca es una verdadera pandemia, con más de 64 millones de personas con este síndrome en todo el mundo. Realizamos un registro de insuficiencia cardíaca en Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Bolivia, el REGISTRO SEPE-HF.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p> determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínica, evaluación, tratamiento y pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca en nuestra región.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p> Desde enero 2023 hasta abril 2024 fueron incluidos pacientes con historia de insuficiencia cardíaca internados por dicha causa en 7 centros participantes. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Se incluyeron 418 pacientes, el 49% hombres, con una media de edad de 67,4 ± 13,1 años. Tenía antecedentes de hipertensión arterial el 64%, de diabetes mellitus el 21%, de fibrilación auricular un 20%, de cardiopatía isquémica el 12%. La predominante fue la chagásica (37%). En el ecocardiograma transtorácico el 51% presentaba fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda menor de 40%. La incidencia de mortalidad cardiovascular fue del 5,5%. Se observaron similitudes en cuanto a nuestra incidencia en muchos factores epidemiológicos, comorbilidades, perfil clínico y ecocardiograma con el Registro argentino de internación por insuficiencia cardíaca ARGEN-IC</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión: </title>
					<p>El registro SEPE refleja las características y evolución de los pacientes internados por insuficiencia cardíaca en Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. La etiología chagásica es responsable de más de un tercio de los casos, lo que hace imprescindible avanzar en el desarrollo de medidas que favorezcan el diagnóstico precoz de la afección y la erradicación de la endemia.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Heart failure is a true pandemic affecting more than 64 million people worldwide. It is essential to know the local reality in order to implement the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic actions. We conducted a heart failure registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, the SEPE-HF registry.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of the registry was to determine the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment and outcome of heart failure in our region.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>From January 2023 to April 2024, patients admitted to seven participating centers for heart failure were included in the study. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>We included 418 patients; mean age was 67.4± 13.1 years and 49% were men. Sixty-four percent had a history of hypertension, 21% diabetes mellitus, 20% atrial fibrillation (AF), and 12% ischemic heart disease. Most patients had Chagas cardiomyopathy (37%). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed that 51% had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%. Cardiovascular mortality was 5.5%. Chagasic patients tended to be older, with less history of hypertension, and a higher prevalence of right bundle branch block, AF and pacemaker rhythm. They presented more frequently depressed ventricular function, but no significant differences in in-hospital mortality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>The SEPE-HF registry reflects the characteristics and outcome of patients hospitalized for heart failure in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Chagas disease accounts for more than one-third of the cases, making it imperative to advance the development of measures that facilitate early diagnosis and the eradication of the endemic disease.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiencia cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermedad de Chagas</kwd>
				<kwd>Fracción de eyección</kwd>
				<kwd>Santa Cruz de la Sierra</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiología</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Chagas disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Ejection fraction</kwd>
				<kwd>Santa Cruz de la Sierra</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un síndrome clínico con signos y síntomas, causado por daño cardíaco estructural y/o funcional, aumento de los péptidos natriuréticos y/o evidencia objetiva de congestión pulmonar o sistémica. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) La IC se clasifica de acuerdo con la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI), en IC con FEVI reducida (FEVI ≤ 40%), levemente reducida (FEVI 41%-49%) y preservada (FEVI ≥50%). Entre los pacientes con IC y FEVI levemente reducida y preservada se señala como un grupo a considerar a aquellos pacientes con FEVI recuperada, aquellos que partieron de una FEVI ≤40% y alcanzan una FEVI &gt; 40%, con 10 o más puntos de incremento de la FEVI respecto de la inicial. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
			<p>La IC es una pandemia a nivel mundial, con más de 64 millones de personas afectadas y más de 1 millón de internaciones anuales en Estados Unidos y Europa. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) Se estima que los costos directos de la IC suponen 1-2% del presupuesto sanitario de los países desarrollados. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) Describir la IC de una región es una necesidad desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y sanitario. En Bolivia fue realizado en la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra el registro PRICNASA, que observó características particulares en la población, como alta prevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas (ECH), la principal etología de IC en la región. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) Con estos resultados vimos la necesidad de realizar un registro con la participación de varios centros hospitalarios, que representara adecuadamente la epidemiologia regional de la IC. Santa Cruz de la Sierra es una ciudad localizada en los llanos orientales de Bolivia; es actualmente la ciudad más poblada del país, con un total aproximado de 1,6 millones de habitantes en 2024 y más de 3 millones en todo el departamento de Santa Cruz. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
			<p>El registro <bold>SEPE-HF</bold> (<italic>Santa Cruz epidemiology and research on heart failure</italic>) es un registro multicéntrico, propuesto por la Sociedad Cruceña de Cardiología y un grupo de cardiólogos investigadores, para evaluar la epidemiologia de la IC en Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Bolivia. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El REGISTRO SEPE es un estudio prospectivo, transversal, multicéntrico, con la participación de 7 centros de salud de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Participaron hospitales de 3er nivel (Hospital Obrero nº3 Caja Nacional de Salud, la Caja Petrolera de Salud y hospital San Juan de Dios), hospitales de 2do nivel (Hospital Municipal Francés y Hospital Universitario Hernández Vera) y centros privados (Clínica Incor y la Clínica Foianini). Fueron incluidos pacientes internados desde enero de 2023 hasta abril de 2024, que ingresaron con diagnóstico de IC, signos y síntomas más valores aumentados de NT-pro BNP (fragmento aminoterminal del péptido B). Los pacientes que cumplían criterios de inclusión firmaron el consentimiento informado aprobado por los diferentes comités de Ética de cada centro. Los criterios de exclusión fueron diagnóstico de shock séptico, infarto agudo miocardio con elevación del segmento ST de menos de 40 días, expectativa de vida menor a los tres meses y alguna enfermedad psiquiátrica. El objetivo del registro fue determinar las características epidemiológicas, presentación clínica, evaluación, tratamiento y variables pronósticas de la insuficiencia cardíaca en la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se empleó para el análisis el software Stata 18.0. Las variables cuantitativas se presentan como media y desviación estándar o mediana y rango intercuartílico. Las medias se compararon con test de t o ANOVA, las medianas con test de Wilcoxon o Kruskal Wallis. Las variables cualitativas se presentan como porcentajes y se compararon con test de chi cuadrado o Fisher. La asociación de cada variable con la evolución se expresa como hazard ratio (HR) con su correspondiente intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). En todos los casos la asociación independiente de cada variable con la variable dependiente se determinó mediante análisis multivariado. Se consideró significación estadística un valor de p &lt;0,05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Entre enero 2023 y abril 2024 se incluyeron 418 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 67,4 ±13,1 años. El 51% era de sexo femenino. El promedio de edad fue de 64,9 ± 13,1 años en los hombres y 69,9 ± 12,7 años en las mujeres (p &lt;0,001). Las características basales de la población se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basales de los pacientes.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left">Características</th>
								<th align="center">(N=418)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad (años)</td>
								<td align="center">67,4 ± 13,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo femenino </td>
								<td align="center">213 (51)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Comorbilidades </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">268 (64)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">DM tipo2</td>
								<td align="center">88 (21)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Fibrilación auricular</td>
								<td align="center">84 (20)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Enfermedad renal crónica</td>
								<td align="center">54 (13)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Cardiopatía isquémica</td>
								<td align="center">50 (12)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">EPOC</td>
								<td align="center">42 (10)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tabaquismo</td>
								<td align="center">21 (5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">17 (4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Hospitalización previa por IC</td>
								<td align="center">109 (26)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Clase funcional NYHA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">II</td>
								<td align="center">62 (14,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">III</td>
								<td align="center">223 (53,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">IV</td>
								<td align="center">133 (31,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Signos y síntomas </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edema en MI</td>
								<td align="center">309 (73,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Cardiomegalia</td>
								<td align="center">233 (55,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Disnea</td>
								<td align="center">327 (78,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Crepitantes</td>
								<td align="center">279 (66,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">EAP</td>
								<td align="center">22 (5,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ingurgitación yugular</td>
								<td align="center">244 (58,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Derrame pleural</td>
								<td align="center">87 (21,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Nicturia</td>
								<td align="center">84 (20,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Tos nocturna</td>
								<td align="center">77 (18,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Taquicardia</td>
								<td align="center">66 (15,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Frecuencia cardíaca (lpm)</td>
								<td align="center">85 (± 26,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">126,7 ± 29,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">75,8 ± 16,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Saturación O<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
								<td align="center">94 ± 4,7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Electrocardiograma </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Fibrilación auricular</td>
								<td align="center">124 (29,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ritmo de marcapaso</td>
								<td align="center">44 (10,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BRD</td>
								<td align="center">53 (12,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BRI</td>
								<td align="center">47 (11,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HAI</td>
								<td align="center">54 (12,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Laboratorio </td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">1,29 (1-1,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">NT, proBNP (pg./mL)</td>
								<td align="center">700 (200-3142</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Características basales de los pacientes ingresados al registro. </p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>BRI: bloqueo completo de rama izquierda; BRD: bloqueo de rama derecha; DM: diabetes mellitus, EPOC: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; HAI: hemibloqueo anterior izquierdo; HTA: hipertensión arterial; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; MI: miembros inferiores; NT - proBNP: fragmento amino terminal del péptido B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAD: presión arterial diastólica; PAS: presión arterial sistólica</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Las variables cualitativas se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje, las cuantitativas como media y desviación estándar o mediana y rango intercuartílico.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El promedio de la frecuencia cardíaca al ingreso fue de 84 (± 26,5) latidos por minuto, el de presión arterial sistólica de 126,6 ±29,6 mmHg y el de presión arterial diastólica de 75,3 ± 16,2 mmHg. La mayor cantidad de los pacientes se encontraban en clase funcional III y IV. Los signos y síntomas predominantes fueron disnea, ingurgitación yugular, rales crepitantes en ambos campos pulmonares y edemas en ambos miembros inferiores. En el laboratorio de ingreso se constató ligero deterioro de la función renal y un valor de NT-proBNP promedio de 3400 pg./mL . El ECG presentó ritmo sinusal en 57,8% de los pacientes y fibrilación auricular en 29,8%. El promedio del ancho del complejo QRS fue 110 ms. </p>
			<p>El ecocardiograma transtorácico fue realizado en el 75% de los pacientes. Se observó que el 51% presentaba FEVI ≤ 40%. Entre los pacientes con FEVI ≤ 40%, el 62,4% correspondía al sexo masculino; en cambio en aquellos con FEVI mayor la cifra correspondiente fue 43%, con diferencia significativa (p&lt;0,001). Como causa de descompensación de IC observamos infección en un 33%, suspensión de medicación en 31,3%, crisis hipertensiva en 10,5%, arritmias cardíacas 7,1% y síndrome coronario agudo en un 4%.</p>
			<p>La etiología principal de la IC fue la enfermedad de Chagas (36,7%), seguida por la hipertensiva (29,9%), isquémica (19,2%), valvulopatía mitral grave (16%), arritmia (8,6%) y valvular aórtica grave (6,9%). La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> presenta las etiologías prevalentes según el rango etario (&lt; 50 años, 50-70 años, &gt; 70años) </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Etiología de la IC </title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Etiología </th>
								<th align="center">Menor de 50 años </th>
								<th align="center">De 50 a 70 años</th>
								<th align="center">Mayor de 75 años </th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">p </th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="center">n = 42 </th>
								<th align="center">n =243 </th>
								<th align="center">n = 133 </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Cardiopatía isquémica </td>
								<td align="center">4 (10,2)</td>
								<td align="center">43 (17,8)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (19,2)</td>
								<td align="center">0,400</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Valvulopatía mitral grave</td>
								<td align="center">13 (33,3)</td>
								<td align="center">56 (23,2)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (9,9)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Valvulopatía aortica grave</td>
								<td align="center">3 (7,6)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (9,9)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (6,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,490</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Miocardiopatía hipertrófica</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (1,2)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (5,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,050</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Miocardiopatía dilatada idiopática </td>
								<td align="center">3 (7,6)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (2,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,020</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA</td>
								<td align="center">4 (10,2)</td>
								<td align="center">78 (32,3)</td>
								<td align="center">47 (36,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,005</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Inducida por arritmias</td>
								<td align="center">1 (2,5)</td>
								<td align="center">27 (11,2)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (12,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,190</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Miocardiopatía chagásica</td>
								<td align="center">11 (28,2)</td>
								<td align="center">86 (35,6)</td>
								<td align="center">58 (43)</td>
								<td align="center">0,100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Congénita</td>
								<td align="center">5 (12,8)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
								<td align="center">1,000</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Etiología de la insuficiencia cardíaca agrupada por grupo etario </p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>HTA: hipertensión arterial; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Las variables cualitativas se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Comparando algunas características entre los pacientes con ECH y los que no presentan esta enfermedad, los pacientes con ECH tendieron a ser más añosos, con menos antecedente de HTA, y mayor prevalencia de bloqueo de rama derecha, FA y ritmo de marcapasos. Fue más frecuente la presencia de FEVI deprimida. Hubo en ellos mayor utilización previa de diuréticos, antagonistas de los receptores mineralocorticoides y gliflozinas, pero menos empleo de inhibidores/antagonistas del sistema renina angiotensina. Podemos observar las características de ambos grupos en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparación de los pacientes con o sin enfermedad de Chagas </title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> 
 </th>
								<th align="center">Etiología Chagas </th>
								<th align="center">Etiología no Chagas</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="center">153 (36,6%)</th>
								<th align="center">265 (63,4%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Edad, años </td>
								<td align="center">68,8 ± 11,9</td>
								<td align="center">66,5 ± 13,7</td>
								<td align="center">0,083</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Sexo femenino </td>
								<td align="center">72 (47,1)</td>
								<td align="center">131 (49,4)</td>
								<td align="center">0,714</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">HTA </td>
								<td align="center">76 (49,6)</td>
								<td align="center">186 (70,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">DM </td>
								<td align="center">27 (17,6)</td>
								<td align="center">58 (21,8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,362</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FAC </td>
								<td align="center">32 (20,9)</td>
								<td align="center">49(18,4)</td>
								<td align="center">0,634</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TBQ </td>
								<td align="center">8 (5,2)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (5,2)</td>
								<td align="center">1,000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ACV </td>
								<td align="center">8 (5,2)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,384</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Cardiop. isquémica </td>
								<td align="center">5 (3,2)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (16,6)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Marcapaso </td>
								<td align="center">40 (26,1)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (3,7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">TRC </td>
								<td align="center">3 (1,9)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
								<td align="center">0,280</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">CDI </td>
								<td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
								<td align="center">1,000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ritmo sinusal </td>
								<td align="center">61 (39,8)</td>
								<td align="center">176 (76,4)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ritmo FA/Flutter </td>
								<td align="center">58 (37,9)</td>
								<td align="center">61 (23)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Ritmo MCP </td>
								<td align="center">34 (22,2)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (3,7)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BRD </td>
								<td align="center">27 (17,6)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (9)</td>
								<td align="center">0,015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BRI </td>
								<td align="center">19 (12,4)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (10,5)</td>
								<td align="center">0,676</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ISRAA</td>
								<td align="center">92 (60,1)</td>
								<td align="center">209 (78,8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">BB </td>
								<td align="center">77 (50,3)</td>
								<td align="center">132 (49,8)</td>
								<td align="center">1,000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ARM </td>
								<td align="center">90 (58,8)</td>
								<td align="center">132 (49,8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,093</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">ISGLT2 </td>
								<td align="center">78 (50,9)</td>
								<td align="center">80 (30,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Diuréticos </td>
								<td align="center">99 (64,7)</td>
								<td align="center">141 (53,2)</td>
								<td align="center">0,028</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI &lt; 40% </td>
								<td align="center">91 (59,4)</td>
								<td align="center">72 (27,1)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI 41-49% </td>
								<td align="center">17 (11,1)</td>
								<td align="center">41 (12)</td>
								<td align="center">0,273</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">FEVI &gt; 50% </td>
								<td align="center">16 (10,4)</td>
								<td align="center">79 (29,8)</td>
								<td align="center">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="left">Muerte CV </td>
								<td align="center">13 (8,4)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (5,2)</td>
								<td align="center">0,279</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>Comparación de características de acuerdo a la presencia o no en la etiología de Chagas en los pacientes con IC.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>ACV: accidente cerebro vascular; ARAII: antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II; ARM: antagonistas de los receptores mineralocorticoides; ARNI: antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina e inhibidores de la neprilisina; BB: betabloqueantes; BRI: bloqueo de rama izquierda; BRD: bloqueo de rama derecha; Cardiop: Cardiopatía; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador; CV: cardiovascular; DM: diabetes mellitus; FAC: fibrilación auricular crónica; FA/Flutter: Fibrilación auricular; FEVI: Fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda; HTA: hipertensión arterial ; IC: insuficiencia cardíaca; IECA: inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina; ISGLT2: inhibidores del cotransporte sodio glucosa 2 ; ISRAA: inhibidores del sistema renina angiotensina; MCP: Marcapaso; TBQ: tabaquismo; TRC/MCP: terapia de resincronización cardíaca.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>Las variables cualitativas se presentan como frecuencia y porcentaje, las cuantitativas como media y desviación estándar o mediana y rango intercuartílico.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El uso de noradrenalina fue de 9,5%, dobutamina en 8,8%, nitroglicerina en 5,5% y dopamina en 2,3%. La mortalidad de causa cardiovascular fue de 5,5% (7,3% en los pacientes con FEVI reducida). En dichos pacientes la incidencia de shock cardiogénico fue de 11,5%. La mortalidad cardiovascular fue mayor en los pacientes con ECH.</p>
			<p>Para el total de los pacientes del registro la estadía hospitalaria fue en promedio de 14 días. La medicación para IC fue optimizada al egreso hospitalario: inhibidores de la enzima convertidora (IECA) de 8% a 28%, antagonistas de la angiotensina II de 39% a 68%, sacubitril valsartán de 4% a 15,8%, betabloqueantes de 39% a 53%, antagonistas de los receptores mineralocorticoides de 47% a 67% y dapagliflozina de 16% a 58% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Optimización de la medicación al egreso hospitalario en pacientes del registro. ARA II: antagonistas de receptores de angiotensina II; ARNI: antagonista del receptor de angiotensina e inhibidor de la neprilisina; ARM: antagonistas de los receptores mineralocorticoides; IECA: inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-134-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSION</title>
			<p>El registro SEPE incluyó a 418 pacientes en la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Observamos una población heterogénea con una edad media avanzada principalmente en el sexo femenino, concordante con otras cohortes. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) Las características basales de los pacientes y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, comparados con un registro importante y reciente como el registro argentino de insuficiencia cardíaca ARGEN IC, refleja muchas características comparables. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) Sin embargo la prevalencia de tabaquismo en nuestra población fue mucho más baja, pero mayor la prevalencia de antecedentes de ECH en nuestra población. La etiología de la IC principalmente es la isquémico necrótica en diferentes publicaciones, pero en nuestro registro fue tan solo 19,2%, un porcentaje bajo comparado con el registro ARGEN IC donde se presenta en un 26%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) En menores de 50 años fueron la valvulopatía reumática y las cardiopatías congénitas la causa principal. Debemos destacar la ECH como principal etiología en nuestro registro en un 36,7%, alta comparada con otros registros de países con presencia de ECH. En el registro PRICNASA no demostró una gran prevalencia de pacientes con ECH confirmando esta etiología en nuestro registro. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) La ECH afecta a unos 10-12 millones de personas en el mundo, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>). En la evolución natural de la ECH, las alteraciones cardíacas aparecen de forma progresiva a los 20-30 años de la infección. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) En Bolivia, históricamente, la ECH ha sido endémica aproximadamente en el 60% del territorio nacional. El índice de infestación de viviendas en Bolivia registrado en 1999 era de 55%, disminuyendo a 1,5% en este último tiempo; mientras que el índice de infestación dentro de los domicilios disminuyó de 24,2% a 0,4%, en los mismos años. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) A pesar de la alta carga de morbimortalidad de la ECH y los altos costos para los sistemas nacionales de salud, se registra que entre el 70 y el 90% de las personas que padecen la enfermedad desconocen su diagnóstico y solo el 1% realmente reciben tratamiento etiológico adecuado. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>). Sin embargo, una vez que la enfermedad ha progresado a una fase clínica más avanzada, con afectación cardíaca grave, el tratamiento etiológico no parece aportar beneficios clínicos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
			<p>Dada la complejidad de las características fisiopatológicas y clínicas de la ECH, este grupo de pacientes no se encuentra representado en ninguno de los estudios sobre IC. Existe poca evidencia sobre el manejo de estos pacientes. Es importante realizar registros y estudios que sigan evaluando el comportamiento de la IC en pacientes con ECH, incluyendo el tratamiento. El ensayo PARACHUTE HF busca evaluar el efecto de sacubitril valsartán vs. inhibidores de la enzima convertidora (IECA) en pacientes con FEVI &lt; 40% y ECH, y brindar evidencia aleatoria y contemporánea para guiar las decisiones médicas en estos pacientes. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</p>
			<p>Los pacientes en el registro SEPE tenían internación previa por IC en un 26%. Cerca del 84,9% se encontraban con disnea CF III - IV. El perfil clínico de ingreso fue similar a lo observado en el registro ARGEN IC. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) Se realizaron ecocardiogramas en el 75 % de los pacientes. No todos los pacientes fueron evaluados, tal vez por falta de recursos. En el registro ARGEN IC el 90% de pacientes se realizó ecocardiograma, con FEVI promedio de 41% . Los pacientes con FEVI reducida fueron el 49%, similar a los datos en nuestro registro. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</p>
			<p>En relación con el tratamiento agudo, la administración en bolo endovenoso de diurético de asa fue del 90%, con una dosis promedio de 68 mg/día. La baja utilización de vasodilatadores endovenosos fue similar a lo que se advierte en el resto de los registros. El tratamiento farmacológico, con respecto a la evidencia científica disponible, se pudo optimizar al egreso hospitalario. Si bien se realizó optimización del tratamiento, el seguimiento de estos pacientes es muy importante para continuar la titulación y optimización de los pilares en el tratamiento de la IC. El registro SEPE mostró la falta de inmunización en nuestros pacientes, sugiriéndonos tener más presente la necesidad de protocolizarla. </p>
			<p>La mortalidad intrahospitalaria (5,5%) está en el rango de lo observado en otros registros: 7,9% en ARGEN IC, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) 4% en ADHERE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) y 6,7% en Euro Heart Failure Survey II. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) Esta cohorte nos permite obtener información actual sobre la población con IC en Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Bolivia y diseñar crear nuevas estrategias y abordaje en nuestros pacientes internados por IC. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El registro SEPE es una representación de IC en nuestra población. Observamos similitudes en cuanto a nuestra incidencia en muchos factores epidemiológicos, comorbilidades y perfil clínico con el registro ARGEN IC. Continúa siendo importante la ECH como principal etiología de IC en nuestra población, una enfermedad para tener en cuenta para próximos trabajos, estrategias y políticas de salud. La mortalidad de nuestro registro es comparable con otras realidades a nivel mundial.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Heart Failure Registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. SEPE-HF Registry</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence:</italic></label> Roberto Cristodulo. Hospital Obrero N.º 3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Santa Cruz, Bolivia E-mail: <email>dr.robertocristodulo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Conflicts of interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Heart failure is a true pandemic affecting more than 64 million people worldwide. It is essential to know the local reality in order to implement the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic actions. We conducted a heart failure registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, the SEPE-HF registry.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of the registry was to determine the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment and outcome of heart failure in our region.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>From January 2023 to April 2024, patients admitted to seven participating centers for heart failure were included in the study. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>We included 418 patients; mean age was 67.4± 13.1 years and 49% were men. Sixty-four percent had a history of hypertension, 21% diabetes mellitus, 20% atrial fibrillation (AF), and 12% ischemic heart disease. Most patients had Chagas cardiomyopathy (37%). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed that 51% had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%. Cardiovascular mortality was 5.5%. Chagasic patients tended to be older, with less history of hypertension, and a higher prevalence of right bundle branch block, AF and pacemaker rhythm. They presented more frequently depressed ventricular function, but no significant differences in in-hospital mortality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>The SEPE-HF registry reflects the characteristics and outcome of patients hospitalized for heart failure in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Chagas disease accounts for more than one-third of the cases, making it imperative to advance the development of measures that facilitate early diagnosis and the eradication of the endemic disease.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Chagas disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Ejection fraction</kwd>
				<kwd>Santa Cruz de la Sierra</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with symptoms and signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) According to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), heart failure (HF) is classified in: HF with reduced LVEF (LVEF ≤ 40%), mildly reduced LVEF (LVEF 41%-49%), and preserved LVEF (LVEF ≥ 50%). Among patients with HF with mildly reduced and preserved LVEF, patients with recovered LVEF, those with a baseline LVEF ≤ 40% and with improvement to LVEF &gt; 40% and at least a ≥ 10% increase should be considered as a particular group. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</p>
				<p>Heart failure is a global pandemic, affecting more than 64 million individuals worldwide and resulting in over 1 million hospitalizations per year in the United States and Europe. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) It is estimated that the direct costs of HF account for 1-2% of the health budget in developed countries. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) It is necessary to describe the characteristics of HF in a region from an epidemiologic and public health perspective. The PRICNASA registry, carried out in Bolivia in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, observed particular characteristics in the population, such as high prevalence of Chagas disease (CD), the most common ethology of HF in the region. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) In light of these findings, it became apparent that conducting a registry with the participation of multiple hospitals was essential to accurately reflect the regional epidemiology of HF. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, a city in the eastern plains of Bolivia, is currently the most populated city in the country, with a total population of approximately 1.6 million in 2024 and more than 3 million in the entire department of Santa Cruz. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</p>
				<p>The SEPE-HF registry (Santa Cruz epidemiology and research on heart failure) is a multicenter registry, proposed by the <italic>Sociedad Cruceña de Cardiología</italic> and a group of research cardiologists, to evaluate the epidemiology of HF in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>The SEPE-HF REGISTRY is a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study with the participation of 7 healthcare centers in Santa Cruz de la Sierra that included tertiary health care hospitals (<italic>Hospital Obrero nº3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Caja Petrolera de Salud</italic> and <italic>Hospital San Juan de Dios</italic>), secondary health care hospitals (<italic>Hospital Municipal Francés</italic> and <italic>Hospital Universitario Hernández Vera</italic>) and private centers (<italic>Clínica Incor</italic> and <italic>Clínica Foianini</italic>). Patients hospitalized from January 2023 to April 2024 who were admitted with a diagnosis of HF due to signs and symptoms plus increased NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) values, were included. Patients who met the inclusion criteria signed the informed consent form approved by the corresponding institutional review boards. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis of septic shock, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the last 40 days, a life expectancy of less than three months, and any psychiatric disease. The aim of the registry was to determine the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment and outcome of heart failure in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>All the statistical calculations were performed using Stata 18.0 software package. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to their distribution. Means were compared using the t test or ANOVA, and the Wilcoxon test or Kruskal Wallis test were used to compare medians. Qualitative variables are presented as percentages and were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's test. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Between January 2023 and April 2024, 418 patients were included. Mean age was 67.4 ± 13.1 years and 51% were women. Mean age was 64.9 ± 13.1 years in men and 69.9 ± 12.7 years in women (p &lt; 0.001). The baseline characteristics of the population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics of the patients</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
									<th align="center">(N=418)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">67.4 ± 13.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Female sex</td>
									<td align="center">213 (51)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Comorbidities</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">268 (64)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Type 2 DM</td>
									<td align="center">88 (21)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
									<td align="center">54 (13)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
									<td align="center">50 (12)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">COPD</td>
									<td align="center">42 (10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Tobacco use</td>
									<td align="center">21 (5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Dyslipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">17 (4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Previous hospitalization due to HF</td>
									<td align="center">109 (26)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="2"><bold>Functional class (NYHA)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">II</td>
									<td align="center">62 (14.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">III</td>
									<td align="center">223 (53.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">IV</td>
									<td align="center">133 (31.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="2"><bold>Signs and symptoms</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Lower limb edema</td>
									<td align="center">309 (73.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Cardiac enlargement</td>
									<td align="center">233 (55.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Dyspnea</td>
									<td align="center">327 (78.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Crackles</td>
									<td align="center">279 (66.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">APE</td>
									<td align="center">22 (5.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Jugular venous distension</td>
									<td align="center">244 (58.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pleural effusion</td>
									<td align="center">87 (21.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Nicturia</td>
									<td align="center">84 (20.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Nocturnal cough</td>
									<td align="center">77 (18.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Tachycardia</td>
									<td align="center">66 (15.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
									<td align="center">85 (± 26.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">126.7 ± 29.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
									<td align="center">75.8 ± 16.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="2"><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Oxygen saturation (%)</td>
									<td align="center">94 ± 4.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
									<td align="center">124 (29.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pacemaker rhythm</td>
									<td align="center">44 (10.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">RBBB</td>
									<td align="center">53 (12.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LBBB</td>
									<td align="center">47 (11.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LAH</td>
									<td align="center">54 (12.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left" colspan="2"><bold>Laboratory</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">1.29 (1-1.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
									<td align="center">700 (200-3142)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Baseline characteristics of the patients included in the registry. </p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>APE: acute pulmonary edema; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension; LAH: left anterior hemiblock; LBBB: left bundle branch block; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RBBB: right bundle branch block; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>Qualitative variables are presented as frequency and percentage, and quantitative variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Mean heart rate on admission was 84 ± 26.5 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure was 126.6 ± 29.6 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure was 75.3 ± 16.2 mm Hg. Most patients were in functional class III and IV. The predominant signs and symptoms were dyspnea, jugular venous distension, bibasilar crackles and bilateral lower extremity edema. The admission laboratory showed slightly impaired renal function and a median NT-proBNP of 700 pg./mL (200-3142). The ECG showed sinus rhythm in 57.8% of patients and atrial fibrillation in 29.8%. Average QRS complex width was 110 ms. </p>
				<p>Seventy-five percent of patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography; 51% presented LVEF ≤ 40%. Among patients with LVEF ≤ 40%, 62.4% were male versus 43% in those with higher LVEF; this difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). The causes of HF decompensation included infection in 33%, treatment discontinuation in 31.3%, hypertensive emergency in 10.5%, cardiac arrhythmias in 7.1% and acute coronary syndrome in 4%.</p>
				<p>The primary etiology of HF was CD (36.7%), followed by hypertension (29.9%), ischemic heart disease (19.2%), severe mitral valve disease (16%), arrhythmia (8.6%) and severe aortic valve disease (6.9%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> presents the prevalent etiologies according to age range (&lt; 50 years, 50-70 years, &gt; 70 years). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Etiology of heart failure</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Etiology</th>
									<th align="center">&lt; 50 years</th>
									<th align="center">50-70 years</th>
									<th align="center">&gt; 75 years</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="center">n = 42</th>
									<th align="center">n =243</th>
									<th align="center">n = 133</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
									<td align="center">4 (10.2)</td>
									<td align="center">43 (17.8)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (19.2)</td>
									<td align="center">0.400</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Severe mitral valve disease</td>
									<td align="center">13 (33.3)</td>
									<td align="center">56 (23.2)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (9.9)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Severe aortic valve disease</td>
									<td align="center">3 (7.6)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (9.9)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (6.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.490</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (1.2)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (5.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.050</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td align="center">3 (7.6)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (2.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">4 (10.2)</td>
									<td align="center">78 (32.3)</td>
									<td align="center">47 (36.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Induced by arrhythmias</td>
									<td align="center">1 (2.5)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (11.2)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (12.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.190</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Chagas cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td align="center">11 (28.2)</td>
									<td align="center">86 (35.6)</td>
									<td align="center">58 (43)</td>
									<td align="center">0.100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Congenital heart disease</td>
									<td align="center">5 (12.8)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center">1.000</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>Etiology of heart failure by age group </p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN14">
								<p>HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<p>Qualitative variables are presented as frequency tables and percentages.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A comparison of the characteristics of patients with CD and those without CD revealed that patients with CD tended to be older, had a lower prevalence of hypertension, and higher prevalence of right bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation (AF), and pacemaker rhythm. Patients with CD had higher prevalence of reduced LVEF. Prior use of diuretics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and gliflozins was greater in these patients but the use of renin angiotensin system inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was lower. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the characteristics of both groups. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of patients with and without Chagas diseas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center">With Chagas</th>
									<th align="center">Without Chagas</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="center">153 (36.6%)</th>
									<th align="center">265 (63.4%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left"> Age, years</td>
									<td align="center">68.8 ± 11.9</td>
									<td align="center">66.5 ± 13.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.083</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Female sex</td>
									<td align="center">72 (47.1)</td>
									<td align="center">131 (49.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.714</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">HTN</td>
									<td align="center">76 (49.6)</td>
									<td align="center">186 (70.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">DM</td>
									<td align="center">27 (17.6)</td>
									<td align="center">58 (21.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.362</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Tobacco use</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5.2)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (5.2)</td>
									<td align="center">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Stroke</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5.2)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.384</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
									<td align="center">5 (3.2)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (16.6)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pacemaker</td>
									<td align="center">40 (26.1)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (3.7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CRT</td>
									<td align="center">3 (1.9)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.280</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">ICD</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
									<td align="center">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Sinus rhythm</td>
									<td align="center">61 (39.8)</td>
									<td align="center">176 (76.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">AF/atrial flutter</td>
									<td align="center">58 (37.9)</td>
									<td align="center">61 (23)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Pacemaker rhythm</td>
									<td align="center">34 (22.2)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (3.7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">RBBB</td>
									<td align="center">27 (17.6)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (9)</td>
									<td align="center">0.015</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LBBB</td>
									<td align="center">19 (12.4)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (10.5)</td>
									<td align="center">0.676</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">1.30 (0.91-1.62)</td>
									<td align="center">1.29 (1.02-1.65)</td>
									<td align="center">0.155</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">NT-proBNP</td>
									<td align="center">500 (107-2555)</td>
									<td align="center">805 (237-3612)</td>
									<td align="center">0.162</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">RASi</td>
									<td align="center">92 (60.1)</td>
									<td align="center">209 (78.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">BB</td>
									<td align="center">77 (50.3)</td>
									<td align="center">132 (49.8)</td>
									<td align="center">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">MRA</td>
									<td align="center">90 (58.8)</td>
									<td align="center">132 (49.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.093</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">SGLT2i</td>
									<td align="center">78 (50.9)</td>
									<td align="center">80 (30.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Diuretics</td>
									<td align="center">99 (64.7)</td>
									<td align="center">141 (53.2)</td>
									<td align="center">0.028</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF &lt; 40%</td>
									<td align="center">91 (59.4)</td>
									<td align="center">72 (27.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF 41-49%</td>
									<td align="center">17 (11.1)</td>
									<td align="center">41 (12)</td>
									<td align="center">0.273</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">LVEF &gt;50%</td>
									<td align="center">16 (10.4)</td>
									<td align="center">79 (29.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">Length of stay (days)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (3-12)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (2-12)</td>
									<td align="center">0.982</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">CV mortality</td>
									<td align="center">13 (8.4)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (5.2)</td>
									<td align="center">0.279</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<p>Comparison of HF patients' characteristics according to the presence or absence of Chagas disease</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<p>AF: atrial fibrillation; BB: beta-blockers; CAF: chronic atrial fibrillation; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PM: pacemaker; RASi: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors; RBBB: right bundle branch block; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<p>Qualitative variables are presented as frequency and percentage, and quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Treatment in the acute setting included the administration of intravenous bolus of loop diuretics in 90% of cases with an average dose of 68 mg/day. The use of noradrenaline was 9.5%, dobutamine 8.8%, nitroglycerin 5.5%, and dopamine 2.3%. Cardiovascular mortality was 5.5% (7.3% in patients with reduced LVEF). In these patients the incidence of cardiogenic shock was 11.5%. Cardiovascular mortality was not significantly higher in patients with CD. </p>
				<p>The mean length of hospital stay was 14 days for all the patients in the registry. Heart failure treatment was optimized at hospital discharge, with indications for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors increasing from 8% to 28%, angiotensin II receptor blockers from 39% to 68%, sacubitril-valsartan from 4% to 15.8%, beta-blockers from 39% to 53%, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists from 47% to 67%, and dapagliflozin from 16% to 58% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Optimization of medical treatment at hospital discharge ACEI inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-134-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The SEPE-HF registry included 418 patients in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. We observed a heterogeneous population with advanced mean age and predominantly female, consistent with other cohorts. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) The baseline characteristics of the patients and their cardiovascular risk factors reflect similar characteristics to the population of an important and recent registry such as the Argentine Registry of Heart Failure ARGEN-IC. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) However, in our population the prevalence of tobacco use was much lower, and the history of CD was higher. The most common etiology of HF in various publications is mainly ischemic heart disease, but was only 19.2% in our registry, a low percentage compared to the ARGEN-IC registry where it was 26%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) In the population &lt;50 years, the main causes were rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease. We should highlight that CD is the most common etiology in our registry (36.7%), which is high compared to other registries in countries where CD is present. The PRICNASA registry had already demonstrated a high prevalence of patients with CD in our region, confirmed by the SEPE-HF registry. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) Chagas disease affects about 10-12 million people worldwide. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) In the natural history of CD, cardiac impairment progressively develops 20-30 years after the initial infection. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) In Bolivia, CD has been historically endemic in approximately 60% of the national territory. In 1999, the domestic infestation rate in Bolivia was 55% and decreased to 1.5% in recent years, while the rate of houses intra-domestically infested decreased from 24.2% to 0.4% in the same years. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) Despite the high burden of morbidity and mortality associated with CD and the high cost to national healthcare systems, 70-90% of people with the disease are unaware of their diagnosis and only 1% receive adequate etiologic treatment. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>) However, once the disease progresses to more advanced clinical stages with severe cardiac involvement, etiologic treatment does not appear to provide clinical benefit. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) </p>
				<p>Because of the complexity of the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of CD, this group of patients is not represented in any of the HF studies. There is little evidence on the management of these patients. It is imperative that registries and studies are conducted that continue to evaluate the outcome of HF in patients with CD, including treatment. The PARACHUTE HF trial will evaluate the effect of sacubitril-valsartan vs. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in patients with LVEF &lt; 40% and CD, to provide randomized and contemporary evidence to guide medical decisions in these patients. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</p>
				<p>Twenty-six percent of patients in the SEPE-HF registry had previous hospitalization for HF. About 84.9% had FC III-IV dyspnea. The clinical profile on admission was similar to the one observed in the ARGEN-IC registry. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) Echocardiograms were conducted in 75% of patients. Not all patients were tested, perhaps due to lack of resources. In the ARGEN-IC registry, 90% of patients underwent echocardiography, with an average LVEF of 41%. Forty-nine percent of patients had reduced LVEF, a figure similar to the one in our registry. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</p>
				<p>The low use of intravenous vasodilators was similar to that observed in the rest of the registries. Pharmacological treatment could be optimized at hospital discharge, in line with the scientific evidence available. Although treatment was optimized, it is imperative to closely monitor these patients to ensure continuous optimization of the mainstays of HF treatment. The SEPE-HF registry showed a deficit of influenza vaccination in our patients, suggesting that we should be more aware of the need for protocolisation. </p>
				<p>In-hospital mortality (5.5%) is in the range of that observed in other registries: 7.9% in ARGEN-IC, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) 4% in ADHERE, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) and 6.7% in Euro Heart Failure Survey II. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) This cohort provides us with the opportunity to obtain current information on the HF population in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, and to design new strategies and approaches for our patients hospitalized for HF. </p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The SEPE-HF registry is a representation of HF in our population. We observed similarities in terms of our incidence in many epidemiological factors, comorbidities, and clinical profile with the ARGEN-IC registry. Chagas disease remains a significant etiology of HF in our population, a factor that should be considered in future studies, strategies, and health policies. The mortality rate in our registry is consistent with global standards.</p>
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