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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20878</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO BREVE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Embolización linfática de la enteropatía perdedora de proteínas en la circulación Fontan Kreutzer. Serie de casos</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Lymphatic Embolization of Protein-losing Enteropathy in the Fontan Kreutzer Circulation. Case series</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0331-3240</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PASINATO</surname>
						<given-names>CARLA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2621-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LAFUENTE</surname>
						<given-names>MARÍA V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6882-1954</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TEPLISKY</surname>
						<given-names>DARÍO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5994-5681</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SALGADO</surname>
						<given-names>GLADYS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0868-8364</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ORIBE</surname>
						<given-names>RODRIGO J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9006-4651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MOURATIAN</surname>
						<given-names>MARIELA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Cardiología y Servicio de Intervencionismo de Hospital J P Garrahan. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital de Pediatría SAMIC Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiología y Servicio de Intervencionismo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital J P Garrahan</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Cardiología y Servicio de Intervencionismo de Hospital J P Garrahan. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital de Pediatría SAMIC Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiología y Servicio de Intervencionismo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital J P Garrahan</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>carlapasinato2@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>Dirección para correspondencia:</italic></label> Carla Pasinato, dirección de mail: <email>carlapasinato2@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Este artículo resultó ganador del Premio Kreutzer en el 50 Congreso Argentino de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>Declaración de conflicto de intereses Los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses. (Ver formulario de conflicto de intereses en la web)</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>140</fpage>
			<lpage>146</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> Entre 3% y 20% de los pacientes con cirugía de Fontan-Kreutzer (CF) desarrollarán enteropatía perdedora de proteína (EPP), con alto impacto en la sobrevida. Se ha propuesto la técnica de embolización selectiva de conductos linfáticos hepatoduodenales (ESLHD) como un novedoso blanco terapéutico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> Evaluar la factibilidad, complicaciones y el resultado clínico analítico de la ESLHD en pacientes con CF y EPP.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y métodos:</title>
					<p> Serie de casos de pacientes con CF, retrospectiva, unicéntrica, que incluyó 5 pacientes con EPP, a los que se les realizó ESLHD por vía percutánea.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> Se incluyeron 5 pacientes con CF realizada a una mediana de edad de 4 años (rango: 3,5-4,3), quienes desarrollaron EPP a una mediana de tiempo postquirúrgico de 7 años (rango 2,3-15,3). Se realizaron 7 ESLHD, con linfografía por cateterismo, bajo control ecocardiográfico. En los 5 pacientes se hallaron conductos linfáticos hepatoduodenales dilatados y tortuosos que drenaban en el intestino delgado, y se logró su embolización de manera efectiva en todos los casos. Post procedimiento inmediato todos incrementaron el nivel sérico de albúmina. Durante una mediana de seguimiento de 20 meses (rango 12-43) 4 pacientes mantuvieron los niveles de albúmina, mientras que un p requirió dos nuevas embolizaciones por hipoalbuminemia persistente. Un paciente requirió intervención quirúrgica por defecto residual anatómico. En todos los pacientes se evidenció mejoría clínica. No hubo complicaciones mayores relacionadas con el procedimiento; 3 pacientes presentaron episodio autolimitado de melena.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> La ESLHD fue una herramienta segura y beneficiosa. El procedimiento permitió mejorar los niveles séricos de albúmina y sintomatología en todos nuestros pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Between 3% and 20% of Fontan-Kreutzer surgery (FS) patients will develop protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), with high impact on survival. Selective hepatoduodenal lymphatic duct embolization (SHDLE) technique has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, complications and analytical clinical outcome of SHDLE in patients with FS and PLE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> A retrospective, single-center, case series of patients with FS was carried out, including 5 patients with PLE, who underwent percutaneous SHDLE. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>Five patients who underwent FS at a median age of 4 years (range: 3.5-4.3), developed PLE at a median postoperative time of 7 years (range 2.3-15.3). Seven SHDLE were performed, with catheter lymphography, under echocardiographic control. In all 5 patients dilated and tortuous hepatoduodenal lymphatic ducts draining into the small intestine were found, and their embolization was effectively achieved in all cases. Immediately after the procedure all these patients increased their serum albumin level. During a median follow-up of 20 months (range 12-43) 4 patients maintained their albumin levels, while one patient required two new embolizations due to persistent hypoalbuminemia. One patient required surgical intervention due to residual anatomical defect. All patients showed clinical improvement. There were no major complications related to the procedure; 3 patients presented a self-limited episode of melena. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> SHDLE was a safe and beneficial tool. The procedure allowed improving serum albumin levels and symptoms in all our patients. </p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Enteropatía perdedora de proteínas</kwd>
				<kwd>cirugía de Fontan-Kreutzer</kwd>
				<kwd>embolización linfática selectiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Protein-losing enteropathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Fontan-Kreutzer surgery</kwd>
				<kwd>Selective lymphatic embolization.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La cirugía de Fontan- Kreutzer (CF) para pacientes con fisiología univentricular consiste en la generación de un circuito “en serie”, con un único ventrículo sistémico como bomba pulsátil que mantiene el gasto cardíaco, y que conecta directamente el retorno venoso sistémico a la arteria pulmonar sin interposición de un ventrículo subpulmonar funcional. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) Con el paso del tiempo, este frágil modelo hemodinámico, caracterizado por la elevación de la presión venosa central y el estado de bajo gasto crónico, tiene efectos deletéreos sobre múltiples órganos. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</p>
			<p>Un 3% a 20% de los pacientes desarrollarán enteropatía perdedora de proteína (EPP), que tiene alto impacto en la sobrevida. La EPP se define como una pérdida grave de albúmina y otras proteínas en la luz intestinal. Se sospecha a partir de la historia del paciente y el examen físico, y se confirma con la presencia de hipoalbuminemia y un elevado nivel de alfa 1 antitripsina (AT) en la materia fecal. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) La sobrevida a los cinco años desde el diagnóstico fue descripta inicialmente tan baja como 50%; sin embargo, con los recientes avances en el diagnóstico precoz y nuevos tratamientos, actualmente la sobrevida a 5 y 10 años es del 88% y 72% respectivamente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</p>
			<p>La fisiopatología de la EPP, aunque ampliamente investigada, sigue siendo motivo de controversia y no está completamente dilucidada. Sin duda, el aumento crónico de la presión venosa sistémica sostenido en el tiempo es un factor determinante, pero por sí solo no explica completamente todos los fenómenos que conducen a la pérdida de proteínas hacia la luz intestinal. Dos observaciones clave han impulsado la búsqueda de nuevas respuestas: primero, aunque todos los pacientes con circulación de Fontan-Kreutzer presentan una presión venosa sistémica elevada, no todos desarrollan esta complicación; segundo, los estudios publicados no han mostrado una relación directa entre el valor de la presión venosa central y la severidad de la enteropatía. Se ha encontrado una mejor correlación en aquellos pacientes que, además de la presión venosa aumentada, presentan un gasto cardíaco notablemente disminuido, que determina un aumento de la resistencia periférica, con compromiso especialmente de los órganos &quot;no vitales&quot;, como el sistema gastrointestinal. En los pacientes con EPP el flujo diastólico en la arteria mesentérica se encuentra marcadamente disminuido o incluso ausente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) Este mecanismo &quot;compensador&quot; resulta en una reducción significativa del flujo de perfusión y, a nivel celular, apoptosis, lo que compromete la integridad de la barrera intestinal y facilita la pérdida de proteínas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) La EPP ocurre en enfermedades inflamatorias gastrointestinales o sistémicas (como la enfermedad de Crohn o el lupus eritematosos sistémico) y responde favorablemente a los corticoides, lo que sugiere adicionalmente un componente inflamatorio en su fisiopatología. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) De manera similar, el tratamiento con heparina ha mostrado cierta efectividad, actuando por su estructura química como una barrera para el paso de proteínas en el enterocito, dado que ambas son moléculas con carga negativa. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) Finalmente, la reducción de la presión oncótica debido a la pérdida de proteínas provoca edema generalizado, incluso en la pared intestinal, lo que dificulta aún más la absorción adecuada de nutrientes, creando un círculo vicioso que agrava el estado clínico ya existente.</p>
			<p>En los últimos años y con el advenimiento de nuevas modalidades de imágenes, como la linfografía por resonancia magnética nuclear o cateterismo, se ha demostrado también la dilatación patológica de los conductos linfáticos hepatoduodenales, linfangiectasias, colateralización del sistema linfático e inclusive la presencia el flujo linfático retrógrado hacia cavidades de menor presión, como los bronquios o el intestino. Estos hallazgos sugieren proponer la existencia de algún defecto congénito presente en el sistema linfático de los pacientes afectados, que actúe como otro factor predisponente para el desarrollo de esta entidad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) A partir de estas observaciones, se ha propuesto la técnica de embolización de estos conductos como un novedoso blanco terapéutico específico con resultados alentadores, inicialmente descripto por Itkin et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>OBJETIVO</title>
			<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la factibilidad, complicaciones y el resultado clínico-analítico de la embolización selectiva de linfáticos hepatoduodenales (ESLHD) en pacientes con circulación Fontan- Kreutzer y EPP<bold>.</bold></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Realizamos una revisión retrospectiva de la historia clínica de pacientes con CF que evolucionaron con EPP y fueron sometidos a un procedimiento de ESLHD. Definimos EPP a la presencia de signos y síntomas compatibles (edema de tejidos blandos, diarrea y ascitis) acompañada de niveles séricos de albúmina disminuidos (&lt; 3,2 gr/dL) y elevación del <italic>clearance</italic> (Cl) de alfa 1 AT en materia fecal (Cl 24 hs &gt; 20 mL). La técnica de linfografía y embolización percutánea se realizó según la descripción de Itkin et al. Evaluamos los niveles de albúmina sérica a los 10 días y a los 4 meses del procedimiento, y en el último control de cada paciente.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>En este estudio se incluyeron cinco pacientes (P1 a P5) con CF realizada a una mediana de edad de 4 (rango 3,5-4,3) años. Tres pacientes desarrollaron el cuadro clínico característico de EPP, y en dos pacientes la presentación fue subclínica, en ambos casos con hallazgos de laboratorio de rutina. Uno se presentó con hipoalbuminemia aislada, y el otro con aumento del <italic>clearance</italic> de alfa 1 AT en la materia fecal, con proteínas y albúmina normales. Este último caso se interpretó como una EPP incipiente. Los pacientes incluidos presentaron el diagnóstico de EPP a una mediana de 7 (rango 2,3-15,3) años desde la realización de la CF.</p>
			<p>Las características de los pacientes se encuentran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basales</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
								<th align="center">Pte</th>
								<th align="center">Sexo</th>
								<th align="center">Edad (años)</th>
								<th align="center">Tipo de VU</th>
								<th align="center">Cirugía</th>
								<th align="center">CF (edad en años)</th>
								<th align="center">EPP después de Fontan (años)</th>
								<th align="center">SO<sub>2</sub> (%)</th>
								<th align="center">PVC (mmHg)</th>
								<th align="center">Tiempo con síntomas de EPP</th>
								<th align="center">Tratamiento para EPP</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">P1</td>
								<td align="center">Fem</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">SVIH</td>
								<td align="center">TEC (F) F permeable</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">2,5</td>
								<td align="center">88</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">4 meses</td>
								<td align="left">aspirina,,sildenafil, bosentan, enalapril, espironolactona, carvedilol, furosemida, anticoagulación, budesonide, albúmina, dieta</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">P2</td>
								<td align="center">Masc</td>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">DEVI tipo criss cross</td>
								<td align="center">TEC (F) F cerrada por cateterismo</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">7 años</td>
								<td align="left">aspirina, sildenafil, bosentan, enalapril, eplerenona, atenolol, furosemida, anticoagulación, budesonide, albúmina, dieta</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">P3</td>
								<td align="center">Fem</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">DEVI tipo criss cross</td>
								<td align="center">TEC (NF)</td>
								<td align="center">3,5</td>
								<td align="center">15,3</td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">12</td>
								<td align="center">subclínica</td>
								<td align="left">aspirina, anticoagulación, sildenafil, furosemida, espironolactona, dieta</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">P4</td>
								<td align="center">Masc</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">SVIH</td>
								<td align="center">TEC (F) F cerrada espontanea (luego requirió re F quirúrgica)</td>
								<td align="center">4,3</td>
								<td align="center">2,3</td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">2 años</td>
								<td align="left">aspirina, sildenafil, enalapril, espironolactona, furosemida, anticoagulación, budesonide, albúmina, dieta. Angioplastia RPI- Septectomia y fenestración del sistema.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
								<td align="center">P5</td>
								<td align="center">Fem</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">SVIH</td>
								<td align="center">TEC (F) F cerrada por cateterismo</td>
								<td align="center">3,9</td>
								<td align="center">14,9</td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">no se cateterizó</td>
								<td align="center">subclínica</td>
								<td align="left">aspirina, furosemida, espironolactona, enalapril, carvedilol, dieta</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>CF: Cirugía de Fontan- Kreutzer; DEVI: Doble entrada de ventrículo izquierdo; EPP: enteropatía perdedora de proteínas; F: fenestración; Fem: femenino; F ; M: masculino; NF: No fenestrado; Pte: paciente; PVC: presión venosa central; RPI: Rama pulmonar izquierda. SO2: Saturación arterial de O2; SVIH: Sindrome de corazón izquierdo hipoplásico; TEC: Tubo extracardíaco, VU: Ventrículo único</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Presentación clínica y manejo inicial</title>
				<p>Tres pacientes tenían signos clínicos evidentes de disfunción del sistema Fontan- Kreutzer, con edemas generalizados, incluyendo ascitis, y uno de ellos edema escrotal invalidante. Dos pacientes se presentaron con formas subclínicas, el paciente P3 con leves edemas en miembros inferiores y el paciente P5 con deposiciones desligadas y edemas intermitentes en miembros inferiores. En todos los pacientes fue insuficiente el tratamiento médico instaurado para la reversión del cuadro. Los pacientes con presentación clínica más grave requirieron régimen transfusional con albúmina.</p>
				<p>Cuatro pacientes fueron cateterizados previamente a la realización de la linfografía, para evaluar el funcionamiento del sistema Fontan. En el paciente P5, a quien solo se le objetivó aumento del <italic>clearance</italic> de alfa 1 AT, sin hipoalbuminemia, no se realizó cateterismo previo. Solamente en un paciente con restricción al flujo a nivel interauricular, el cateterismo demostró sustrato hemodinámico subyacente tratable. Este paciente requirió septectomia y fenestración del sistema. El resto de los pacientes no necesitaron procedimientos intervencionistas o quirúrgicos para optimizar el cuadro. La presión venosa central (PVC) se encontró elevada en todos los pacientes, con una mediana de 15 (rango 12-19) mmHg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Linfografía y embolización</title>
				<p>Se realizaron un total de 7 procedimientos en 5 pacientes. Se logró en los cinco hallar los conductos linfáticos hepatoduodenales dilatados y tortuosos drenando en el intestino delgado. En solo un paciente se realizó además previamente linfografía por resonancia magnética, en el resto de los pacientes se realizó linfografía por cateterismo. En todos se logró la realización de la ESLHD de manera efectiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>FIGURA 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A. Linfografía por resonancia magnética, la flecha señala la red linfática hepatoduodenal tortuosa y dilatada. B. Linfografía por cateterismo. C. Linfáticos hepatoduodenales embolizados.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-140-gf1.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Técnica quirúrgica</title>
				<p>En sala de intervencionismo, bajo anestesia general se realiza la linfografía por cateterismo. Con control y guía ecográfica se accede al parénquima hepático, se coloca una aguja Chiba de 10 cm y calibre de 22 G y se la ubica cerca de la vena porta. Se asume que por anatomía los vasos linfáticos están en contigüidad a la misma. Bajo guía radioscópica se inyecta suavemente material de contraste yodado soluble en agua, mientras se retrae la aguja hasta lograr la visualización de los conductos linfáticos hepáticos que drenan a la luz del duodeno. Cuando se logra opacificar adecuadamente los linfáticos, y con la aguja en el parénquima hepático, se realiza inyección de material de contraste para confirmar cómo los linfáticos drenan gran cantidad de volumen de linfa a la luz intestinal. Luego se procede a la embolización de los linfáticos inyectando 1 a 2 mL de pegamento de n-butilcianoacrilato (n-BCA) diluido en aceite etilado (1/6) a través del mismo acceso hepático, para sellar las ramas linfáticas que van desde el hígado al duodeno.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Evolución</title>
				<p>Luego de la primera embolización todos los pacientes demostraron buena respuesta inmediata, con incremento en los valores de albúmina, en controles de laboratorio realizados dentro de los primeros diez días del procedimiento. Los pacientes P1, P3 y P5 permanecieron en su evolución con valores de albúmina dentro del rango normal, hasta el último control de cada uno respectivamente, con un seguimiento medio de 27,4 (rango 12-43) meses. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>resultados</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="left">Paciente</th>
									<th align="center">Cl alfa 1 AT pre procedimiento (mL/24 h)</th>
									<th align="center">Alb. pre embolización (g/dL)</th>
									<th align="center">Alb. a los 10 días (g/dL)</th>
									<th align="center">Alb. a los 4 meses (g/dL)</th>
									<th align="center">Alb. al último control (g/dL)</th>
									<th align="center">Tiempo de seguimiento (meses)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">P1</td>
									<td align="center">123</td>
									<td align="center">2,6</td>
									<td align="center">3,7</td>
									<td align="center">4,8</td>
									<td align="center">4,16</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">P2</td>
									<td align="center">1069</td>
									<td align="center">1,8</td>
									<td align="center">2,2</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2,3</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">P3</td>
									<td align="center">171,3</td>
									<td align="center">2,5</td>
									<td align="center">2,69</td>
									<td align="center">4,85</td>
									<td align="center">5,12</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">P4</td>
									<td align="center">217</td>
									<td align="center">2,2</td>
									<td align="center">2,79</td>
									<td align="center">3,17</td>
									<td align="center">3,07</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="left">P5</td>
									<td align="center">272,2</td>
									<td align="center">4,04</td>
									<td align="center">4,26</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">4,2</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Alb: albúmina; Cl alfa 1 AT:<italic>clearance</italic> de alfa 1 antitripsina; P: paciente.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>*Valores normales de referencia: albúmina: 3,2-5,3 g/dL;, Cl alfa 1 AT: hasta 20 mL/24 hs</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>FIGURA 2 </label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Valores de albúmina durante el seguimiento</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-140-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>El paciente P2 requirió 2 nuevas embolizaciones por no alcanzar valores deseables de albuminemia y persistir con edemas y ascitis. Estos se realizaron a los 29 y 39 meses posteriores al primer procedimiento respectivamente. Este paciente no alcanzó valores normales de albúmina en su evolución, pero sí logró disminuir los edemas.</p>
				<p>Al paciente P4 se le indicó septectomía auricular con fenestración del sistema concomitantemente con la ESLHD. En la actualidad permanece con valores de albúmina sérica levemente disminuidos, cercanos a la normalidad.</p>
				<p>Clínicamente todos los pacientes demostraron mejoría franca en la calidad de vida, con disminución de los edemas, inclusive el paciente con hipoalbuminemia persistente y los dos casos subclínicos, quienes refirieron mejoría en la autopercepción de la piel, y calce de sus ropas.</p>
				<p>Todos continúan con el mismo esquema farmacológico previo a la embolización, con suspensión de corticoides a partir del tercer mes de iniciado.</p>
				<p>No se observaron complicaciones mayores intra o periprocedimiento. En cuanto a complicaciones menores, 3 pacientes presentaron episodio de melena leve autolimitada post procedimiento inmediato.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La EPP es una complicación grave en los pacientes con circulación Fontan, con gran impacto en la supervivencia; inicialmente se reportó 50% de sobrevida a los cinco años tras el diagnóstico. Sin embargo, gracias a los avances en diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de la última década, la tasa de mortalidad ha disminuido significativamente; la sobrevida reportada a 5 años del diagnóstico asciende al 88%, prolongando el momento para la indicación final de trasplante cardíaco. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</p>
			<p>La incidencia de EPP en la CF descripta en la bibliografía varía entre el 3% y el 20%. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>) En nuestra casuística fue del 5%. El mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente a esta condición es complejo y multifactorial. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) En su serie inicial, en 2017, Itkin et al. demostraron en 8 pacientes que factores como la alta presión venosa central, la dilatación y la anatomía predisponente de las conexiones linfáticas hepatoduodenales, juegan un papel crucial en su desarrollo. Estas observaciones han dado lugar a un nuevo enfoque sobre la importancia de la circulación linfática, ofreciendo un nuevo paradigma para el manejo de esta complicación de difícil tratamiento. Obliterar estas conexiones linfáticas resultó en una reducción efectiva de la fuga de proteínas en el intestino, mejorando así el estado clínico del paciente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) En nuestro servicio iniciamos la experiencia en 2019, con resultados inicialmente favorables, si bien el número de pacientes tratados ha sido limitado, similar a lo que se observa en cohortes internacionales.</p>
			<p>Según la literatura disponible, esta complicación puede manifestarse tanto en el período postquirúrgico inmediato como después de muchos años. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) En nuestra serie de pacientes, la EPP se presentó con una mediana de 7 años tras la realización de la CF. Clínicamente, dos pacientes diagnosticados de forma temprana mostraron formas leves o subclínicas de la enfermedad, mientras que los otros tres presentaron síntomas evidentes con afectación grave en su clase funcional y calidad de vida. La gravedad de la hipoalbuminemia coincidió con la de los síntomas clínicos, aunque no se observó una correlación similar con los niveles de <italic>clearance</italic> de alfa 1 AT; los pacientes más graves no mostraron niveles más elevados de esta proteína en las heces. Esto podría deberse a una disminución en la síntesis de proteínas hepáticas en los casos más graves. Cabe destacar que ninguno de nuestros pacientes presentó alteraciones en el hepatograma durante la evolución. Estas observaciones subrayan la necesidad indispensable de una detección precoz de esta complicación en todos los pacientes con CF, mediante un interrogatorio detallado y controles analíticos seriados de albúmina sérica y alfa 1 AT en heces.</p>
			<p>Al igual que Itkin et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) y Maleux et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>) quienes han publicado las series de casos más extensas (con 8 y 7 pacientes respectivamente), en nuestra serie también logramos demostrar, mediante linfografía por resonancia magnética o linfografía por cateterismo, la presencia de flujo linfático retrógrado desde el hígado hacia una red linfática dilatada peri intestinal en los 5 pacientes que se presentaron con EPP. Coincidentemente con esos grupos, en la mayoría de los pacientes intervenidos se lograron niveles adecuados de albúmina sérica tras la primera embolización. Sin embargo y al igual que en los grupos mencionados, en ocasiones fueron necesarios procedimientos adicionales. En nuestra experiencia un paciente requirió dos nuevas embolizaciones durante el seguimiento debido a hipoalbuminemia persistente, lo que reveló desarrollo de nuevas conexiones linfáticas. Las potenciales complicaciones más graves descriptas incluyen la progresión del material utilizado para la embolización hacia la arteria o vena hepática, las vías biliares, las venas o arterias sistémicas, o la arteria pulmonar. Además, se podría esperar el desarrollo de hipertensión portal durante la evolución y se podrían presentar sangrados locales graves. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) Ninguna de estas complicaciones se evidenció en nuestros pacientes. Los eventos adversos luego de los procedimientos fueron todos menores, en su mayoría sangrado intestinal, manifestado como melena leve y autolimitada. Ningún paciente falleció en el seguimiento.</p>
			<p>Algunos interrogantes que surgen en nuestro equipo de trabajo a partir de la implementación de este nuevo tratamiento incluyen:</p>
			<p>¿Por cuánto tiempo se mantendrán los beneficios de la embolización en cada paciente, teniendo en cuenta que las mismas condiciones hemodinámicas se mantendrán en el tiempo?</p>
			<p>¿Cuándo es el momento adecuado para suspender el tratamiento médico instaurado desde el diagnóstico de la EPP?</p>
			<p>¿Cuándo es el momento óptimo para realizar la embolización? ¿Serán mejores los resultados cuanto más precoz la intervención?</p>
			<p>¿Es necesario implementar linfografías adicionales de rutina durante el seguimiento para evaluar conexiones linfáticas persistentes o de nuevo establecimiento?</p>
			<p>¿Cuándo es el momento preciso para evaluar al paciente como candidato para un trasplante cardíaco?</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitaciones</title>
				<p>Debido al bajo porcentaje de incidencia de la EPP en la CF y a lo novedoso de la técnica propuesta, el número de pacientes tratados en nuestra serie fue limitado quedando inconclusas las respuestas a esos interrogantes.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES:</title>
			<p>La EPP es una complicación devastadora en los pacientes con circulación Fontan con gran impacto en la calidad de vida y sobrevida. El mapeo por resonancia y/o la linfografía por cateterismo fueron claves para delinear la anatomía linfática, el patrón de flujo linfático y planificar un abordaje intervencionista para su embolización.</p>
			<p>Si bien se trata de una pequeña muestra, los resultados obtenidos tanto en aumento de los niveles séricos de albúmina, mejoría clínica y seguridad del procedimiento, resultaron promisorios para los pacientes con esta complicación. Estudios de mayor escala serán necesarios para definir la evolución a largo plazo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>BRIEF ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Lymphatic Embolization of Protein-losing Enteropathy in the Fontan Kreutzer Circulation. Case series</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0331-3240</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PASINATO</surname>
						<given-names>CARLA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2621-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>LAFUENTE</surname>
						<given-names>MARÍA V.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6882-1954</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TEPLISKY</surname>
						<given-names>DARÍO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5994-5681</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SALGADO</surname>
						<given-names>GLADYS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0868-8364</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ORIBE</surname>
						<given-names>RODRIGO J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9006-4651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MOURATIAN</surname>
						<given-names>MARIELA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardiology Service and Interventional Service of Hospital J P Garrahan. Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital de Pediatría SAMIC Prof. Dr. Juan Pedro Garrahan</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Service and Interventional Service</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital J P Garrahan</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence</italic>: </label>Carla Pasinato, E-mail address: <email>carlapasinato2@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>This article was the winner of the Kreutzer Award at the 50th Argentine Congress of Cardiology</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<p>Conflicts of interest None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background: </title>
					<p>Between 3% and 20% of Fontan-Kreutzer surgery (FS) patients will develop protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), with high impact on survival. Selective hepatoduodenal lymphatic duct embolization (SHDLE) technique has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, complications and analytical clinical outcome of SHDLE in patients with FS and PLE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> A retrospective, single-center, case series of patients with FS was carried out, including 5 patients with PLE, who underwent percutaneous SHDLE. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>Five patients who underwent FS at a median age of 4 years (range: 3.5-4.3), developed PLE at a median postoperative time of 7 years (range 2.3-15.3). Seven SHDLE were performed, with catheter lymphography, under echocardiographic control. In all 5 patients dilated and tortuous hepatoduodenal lymphatic ducts draining into the small intestine were found, and their embolization was effectively achieved in all cases. Immediately after the procedure all these patients increased their serum albumin level. During a median follow-up of 20 months (range 12-43) 4 patients maintained their albumin levels, while one patient required two new embolizations due to persistent hypoalbuminemia. One patient required surgical intervention due to residual anatomical defect. All patients showed clinical improvement. There were no major complications related to the procedure; 3 patients presented a self-limited episode of melena. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> SHDLE was a safe and beneficial tool. The procedure allowed improving serum albumin levels and symptoms in all our patients. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Protein-losing enteropathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Fontan-Kreutzer surgery</kwd>
				<kwd>Selective lymphatic embolization.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Fontan-Kreutzer surgery (FS) for patients with univentricular physiology consists in the generation of a &quot;serial&quot; circuit, with a single systemic ventricle as a pulsatile pump that maintains cardiac output, and directly connects the systemic venous return to the pulmonary artery without interposition of a functional subpulmonary ventricle. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) Over time, this fragile hemodynamic model, characterized by elevated central venous pressure and chronic low output state, has deleterious effects on multiple organs. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) </p>
				<p>About 3% to 20% of patients will develop protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), defined as a severe loss of albumin and other proteins in the intestinal lumen, with a high impact on survival. It is suspected from the patient's history and physical examination, and is confirmed by the presence of hypoalbuminemia and elevated level of alpha 1 antitrypsin (AT) in the stools. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) Survival at five years from diagnosis was initially described as low as 50%; however, with recent advances in early diagnosis and new treatments, survival at 5 and 10 years is currently 88% and 72%, respectively. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</p>
				<p>The pathophysiology of PLE, although extensively studied, remains controversial and is not fully elucidated. Undoubtedly, the chronic increase in systemic venous pressure sustained over time is a determining factor, but it alone does not fully explain all the phenomena leading to protein leakage into the intestinal lumen. Two key observations have prompted the search for new answers: first, although all patients with Fontan-Kreutzer circulation have elevated systemic venous pressure, not all develop this complication; second, published studies have not shown a direct relationship between the value of central venous pressure and the severity of enteropathy. A better correlation has been found in those patients who, in addition to increased venous pressure, present a clearly decreased cardiac output, establishing increased peripheral resistance specially involving &quot;non-vital&quot; organs, such as the gastrointestinal system. In patients with PLE, diastolic flow in the mesenteric artery is markedly decreased or even absent. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>) This &quot;compensatory&quot; mechanism results in a significant reduction of perfusion flow and, at the cellular level, apoptosis, which compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier and facilitates protein loss. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>) Protein-losing enteropathy occurs in gastrointestinal or systemic inflammatory diseases (such as Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus) and responds favorably to corticosteroids, further suggesting an inflammatory component in its pathophysiology. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>) Similarly, treatment with heparin has shown some effectiveness, acting by its chemical structure as a barrier for the passage of proteins into the enterocyte, given that both are negatively charged molecules. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>) Finally, the reduction of oncotic pressure due to protein loss causes generalized edema, even in the intestinal wall, which further hinders the adequate absorption of nutrients, creating a vicious circle that aggravates the already existing clinical condition.</p>
				<p>In recent years and with the advent of new imaging modalities, such as nuclear magnetic resonance lymphography or catheterization, pathological dilatation of the hepatoduodenal lymphatic ducts, lymphangiectasias, collateralization of the lymphatic system and even the presence of retrograde lymphatic flow into cavities of lower pressure, such as the bronchi or intestine, have also been demonstrated</p>
				<p>These findings suggest the existence of a congenital defect present in the lymphatic system of affected patients, which acts as another predisposing factor for the development of this entity. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>) Based on these observations, the technique of lymphatic duct embolization has been proposed as a novel specific therapeutic target with encouraging results, initially described by Itkin et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>OBJECTIVE</title>
				<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, complications and clinical-analytical outcome of selective hepatoduodenal lymphatic embolization (SHDLE) in patients with Fontan-Kreutzer circulation and PLE<bold>.</bold></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p> A retrospective review was carried out of the clinical history of patients with FS who evolved with PLE and underwent an SHDLE procedure. We defined PLE as the presence of compatible signs and symptoms (soft tissue edema, diarrhea and ascites) accompanied by decreased serum albumin levels (&lt; 3.2 g/dL) and elevated alpha 1 AT clearance (Cl) in the stools (Cl 24 hs &gt; 20 mL). The lymphography and percutaneous embolization technique was performed as described by Itkin et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>) We evaluated serum albumin levels 10 days and 4 months after the procedure, and at the last control of each patient.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS </title>
				<p>Five patients (P1 to P5) with FS performed at a median age of 4 years (range 3.5-4.3) were included in this study. Three patients developed the characteristic clinical condition of PLE, and in two patients the presentation was subclinical, both by routine laboratory findings: one presented with isolated hypoalbuminemia, and the other with increased alpha 1 AT clearance in the stools and normal protein and albumin. The latter case was interpreted as incipient PLE. The patients included presented the diagnosis of PLE at a median time of 7 years (range 2.3-15.3) from the performance of the FS. </p>
				<p>Patient characteristics are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
									<th align="center">Pt</th>
									<th align="center">Sex</th>
									<th align="center">Age (years)</th>
									<th align="center">Type of SV</th>
									<th align="center">Surgery</th>
									<th align="center">FS (age in years)</th>
									<th align="center">PLE after Fontan (years)</th>
									<th align="center">SO<sub>2</sub> (%)</th>
									<th align="center">CVP (mmHg)</th>
									<th align="center">Time with PLE symptoms</th>
									<th align="center">Treatment for PLE</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">P1</td>
									<td align="center">Fem</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">HLVS</td>
									<td align="center">ECT (F) F permeable</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">4 months</td>
									<td align="left">aspirin, sildenafil, bosentan, enalapril, spironolactone, carvedilol, furosemide, anticoagulation. budesonide, albumin, diet</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">P2</td>
									<td align="center">Male</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
									<td align="center">DILV criss cross type</td>
									<td align="center">ECT (F) F closed by catheterization</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">7 years</td>
									<td align="left">aspirin, sildenafil, bosentan, enalapril, eplerenone, atenolol, furosemide, anticoagulation, budesonide, albumin, diet</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">P3</td>
									<td align="center">Fem</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">DILV criss cross type</td>
									<td align="center">ECT (NF)</td>
									<td align="center">3.5</td>
									<td align="center">15.3</td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">subclinical</td>
									<td align="left">aspirin, anticoagulation, sildenafil, furosemide, spironolactone, diet</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">P4</td>
									<td align="center">Male</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">HLVS</td>
									<td align="center">ECT (F) Spontaneous closed F (later required surgical re F)</td>
									<td align="center">4.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.3</td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">2 years</td>
									<td align="left">aspirin, sildenafil, enalapril, spironolactone, furosemide, anticoagulation, budesonide, albumin, diet. LPB angioplasty - Septectomy and fenestration of the system.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
									<td align="center">P5</td>
									<td align="center">Fem</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">HLVS ¿</td>
									<td align="center">ECT (F) F closed by catheterization</td>
									<td align="center">3.9</td>
									<td align="center">14.9</td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">not catheterized</td>
									<td align="center">subclinical</td>
									<td align="left">aspirin, furosemide, spironolactone, enalapril, carvedilol, diet</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>CVP: central venous pressure; DILV: double inlet left ventricle; ECT: extracardiac tube; Fem: female; F: fenestration; FS: Fontan-Kreutzer surgery; HLVS: Hypoplastic left ventricle syndrome; LPB: Left pulmonary branch; NF: not fenestrated; PLE: protein-losing enteropathy; Pt: patient; SO2: arterial O2 saturation; SV: single ventricle.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Clinical presentation and initial management</title>
					<p>Three patients had evident clinical signs of Fontan-Kreutzer system dysfunction, with generalized edema, including ascites, and one of them with disabling scrotal edema. Two patients presented with subclinical forms: patient P3 with mild lower limb edema and patient P5 with loose stools and intermittent lower limb edema. In all patients, medical treatment was insufficient for the reversal of the condition. Patients with a more severe clinical presentation required a transfusion regimen with albumin.</p>
					<p>Four patients were catheterized prior to lymphography to evaluate Fontan system functioning. In patient P5, who only had increased alpha 1 AT clearance, without hypoalbuminemia, no prior catheterization was performed. Only in one patient with flow restriction at the interatrial level, the catheterization showed an underlying treatable hemodynamic substrate. This patient required septectomy and fenestration of the system. The rest of the patients did not require interventional or surgical procedures to optimize their condition. Central venous pressure (CVP) was elevated in all patients, with a median of 15 mmHg (range 12-19) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Lymphography and embolization</title>
					<p>A total of 7 procedures were performed in 5 patients. In all five patients dilated and tortuous hepatoduodenal lymphatic ducts draining into the small intestine were found. In only one patient, magnetic resonance lymphography was also performed previously, and in the rest of the patients, catheterization lymphography was executed. In all patients, SHDLE was effectively accomplished (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Fig. 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>A. Magnetic resonance lymphography, the arrow points to the tortuous and dilated hepatoduodenal lymphatic network. B. Lymphography by catheterization. C. Embolized hepatoduodenal lymphatic ducts.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-140-gf3.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Surgical technique</title>
					<p>Catheterization lymphography is performed in the interventional room under general anesthesia. The hepatic parenchyma is accessed under ultrasound control and guidance and a 22 G gauge 10 cm Chiba needle is placed near the portal vein. It is assumed that by anatomy the lymphatic ducts are contiguous to it. Under radioscopic guidance, water-soluble iodinated contrast material is gently injected while the needle is retracted until the hepatic lymphatic ducts draining into the duodenal lumen are visualized. When the lymphatic ducts are adequately opacified, and with the needle in the hepatic parenchyma, injection of contrast material is performed to confirm how the lymphatic ducts drain a large amount of lymph volume into the intestinal lumen. Then, they are embolized by injecting 1 to 2 mL of n-butylcyanoacrylate (n-BCA) glue diluted in ethylated oil (1/6) through the same hepatic access, to seal the lymphatic branches that go from the liver to the duodenum.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Outcome</title>
					<p>After the first embolization, all patients showed good immediate response, with an increase in albumin values in laboratory controls performed within the first ten days of the procedure. Patients P1, P3 and P5 remained with albumin values within the normal range during their evolution, until the last control, with a median follow-up of 20 months (range 12-43) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Results</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr style="border: 0; background-color:#ab0534;color:#ffffff;">
										<th align="left">Pt</th>
										<th align="center">alpha 1 AT Cl pre procedure (mL/24 h)</th>
										<th align="center">Alb. pre embolization (g/dL)</th>
										<th align="center">Alb. at 10 days (g/dL)</th>
										<th align="center">Alb. at 4 months (g/dL)</th>
										<th align="center">Alb. at last control (g/dL)</th>
										<th align="center">Follow-up time (months)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">P1</td>
										<td align="center">123</td>
										<td align="center">2.6</td>
										<td align="center">3.7</td>
										<td align="center">4.8</td>
										<td align="center">4.16</td>
										<td align="center">23 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">P2</td>
										<td align="center">1069</td>
										<td align="center">1.8</td>
										<td align="center">2.2</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">2.3</td>
										<td align="center">39 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">P3</td>
										<td align="center">171.3</td>
										<td align="center">2.5</td>
										<td align="center">2.69</td>
										<td align="center">4.85</td>
										<td align="center">5.12</td>
										<td align="center">43</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">P4</td>
										<td align="center">217</td>
										<td align="center">2.2</td>
										<td align="center">2.79</td>
										<td align="center">3.17</td>
										<td align="center">3.07</td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
									</tr>
									<tr style="background-color: #e3aea9;">
										<td align="left">P5</td>
										<td align="center">272.2</td>
										<td align="center">4.04</td>
										<td align="center">4.26</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">4.2</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Alb: albumin; Alpha 1 AT Cl: alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance; Pt: patient. </p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>*Normal reference values: albumin: 3.2-5.3 g/dL; alpha 1 AT Cl: up to 20 mL//24 h</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Fig. 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Albumin values during follow up </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-140-gf4.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p> Patient P2 required 2 new embolizations due to failure to achieve desirable albuminemia values and persistent edema and ascites. These were performed 29 and 39 months after the first procedure, respectively. This patient did not reach normal albumin values during his evolution, but he did manage to reduce edema. </p>
					<p> Patient P4 underwent atrial septectomy with fenestration of the system concomitant with SHDLE. At present he remains with slightly decreased serum albumin values, close to normal.</p>
					<p> Clinically, all patients showed marked improvement in quality of life, with reduction of edema, including the patient with persistent hypoalbuminemia and the two subclinical cases, who reported improvement in self-perception of the skin and fit of their clothes. </p>
					<p> All patients continue with the same pharmacological scheme prior to embolization, with interruption of corticosteroids at three months from the procedure. </p>
					<p> No major intra- or periprocedural complications were observed. Regarding minor complications, 3 patients presented episode of mild self-limited melena immediately after the procedure.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Protein-losing enteropathy is a serious complication in patients with Fontan circulation. It has great impact on survival, with initially, 50% survival at five years after diagnosis. However, thanks to advances in early diagnosis and treatment in the last decade, the mortality rate has decreased significantly, and reported survival at 5 years after diagnosis is 88%, prolonging the time for the final indication of cardiac transplantation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>). </p>
				<p>The incidence of PLE in FS described in the literature varies between 3% and 20% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>). In our case it was 5%. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this condition is complex and multifactorial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>). In their initial series in 2017, Itkin et al. demonstrated in 8 patients that factors such as high central venous pressure, dilation and predisposing anatomy of the hepatoduodenal lymphatic connections play a crucial role in its development. These observations have led to a new approach on the importance of lymphatic circulation, offering a new paradigm for the management of this difficult-to-treat complication. Obliterating these lymphatic connections resulted in an effective reduction of protein leakage into the intestine, thus improving the patient's clinical status. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) In our service we initiated the experience in 2019, with initially favorable results, although the number of patients treated has been limited, similar to what is observed in international cohorts.</p>
				<p>According to the available literature, this complication can manifest itself both in the immediate post-surgical period as after many years. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>) In our series of patients, PLE presented at a median of 7 years after the performance of FS. Clinically, two patients diagnosed early showed mild or subclinical forms of the disease, while the other three had overt symptoms with severe impairment in their functional class and quality of life. The severity of hypoalbuminemia coincided with that of clinical symptoms, although no similar correlation was observed with alpha 1 AT clearance levels, and the more severe patients did not show higher levels of this protein in the stools. This could be due to a decrease in hepatic protein synthesis in the more severe cases. It is noteworthy that none of our patients presented alterations in the hepatogram during evolution. These observations underline the essential need for early detection of this complication in all patients with FS, by means of a detailed interrogation and serial analytical controls of serum albumin and alpha 1 AT in the stools.</p>
				<p>Similary to Itkin et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>), and Maleux et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>) who have published the largest case series (with 8 and 7 patients, respectively), in our series we were also able to demonstrate, by magnetic resonance lymphography or catheterization lymphography, the presence of retrograde lymphatic flow from the liver to a dilated peri intestinal lymphatic network in the 5 patients presenting with PLE. Coincidentally with the aforementioned groups, adequate serum albumin levels were achieved in most of the treated patients after the first embolization. However, as in their case, additional procedures were sometimes necessary. In our experience one patient required two new embolizations during follow-up due to persistent hypoalbuminemia, which revealed the development of new lymphatic connections. The most serious potential complications described include progression of the material used for embolization into the hepatic artery or vein, biliary tract, systemic veins or arteries, or the pulmonary artery. In addition, portal hypertension could be expected to develop during evolution and severe local bleeding could occur. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>) None of these complications were evident in our patients. Adverse events after the procedures were all minor, mostly intestinal bleeding, manifested as mild and self-limited melena. No patient died during follow-up.</p>
				<p>Some questions that arise in our work team from the implementation of this new treatment include:</p>
				<p>How long will the benefits of embolization last in each patient, taking into account that the same hemodynamic conditions will be maintained over time?</p>
				<p>When is the right time to discontinue medical treatment instituted since the diagnosis of PLE? </p>
				<p>When is the optimal time to perform embolization, and will the earlier the procedure is performed, the better the results?</p>
				<p>Is it necessary to implement additional routine lymphography during follow-up to evaluate persistent or newly established lymphatic connections?</p>
				<p>When is the right time to evaluate a patient as a candidate for cardiac transplantation?</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>Due to the low incidence rate of PLE in FS and the novelty of the proposed technique, the number of patients treated in our series was limited, leaving the answers to these questions unanswered.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Protein-losing enteropathy is a devastating complication in patients with Fontan circulation with great impact on quality of life and survival. Magnetic resonance imaging mapping and/or catheterization lymphography were key to delineate the lymphatic anatomy, lymphatic flow pattern and plan an interventional approach for embolization. </p>
				<p>Although sample size was small, the results obtained in terms of increased serum albumin levels, clinical improvement and safety of the procedure were promising for patients with this complication. Larger scale studies will be necessary to define the long-term outcome. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>