<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20871</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>IMÁGENES EN CARDIOLOGÍA</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Enfermedad carcinoide cardíaca doble valvular valorada con imágenes multimodales</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Carcinoid Heart Disease with Double Valve Involvement Assessed by Multimodality Imaging</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8915-713X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ALUSTIZA</surname>
						<given-names>WALTER</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>BISUTTI</surname>
						<given-names>JULIO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7672-1822</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MARTURANO</surname>
						<given-names>MARÍA P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>VENTRICI</surname>
						<given-names>JAVIER</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidad Cardiovascular y de Cardio imágenes, del Sanatorio Pasteur, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina.</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Cardiovascular y de Cardio imágenes</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Sanatorio Pasteur</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Catamarca</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidad Cardiovascular y de Cardio imágenes, del Sanatorio Pasteur, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina.</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Cardiovascular y de Cardio imágenes</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Sanatorio Pasteur</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Catamarca</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
					<email>walter_alu@hotmail.com.ar</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>Dirección para correspondencia:</italic></label> Walter Alustiza. Correo electrónico: <email>walter_alu@hotmail.com.ar</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflictos de interés</label>
					<p><bold>.</bold> Los autores declaran que no poseen conflicto de intereses. </p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>151</fpage>
			<lpage>153</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 69 años con antecedentes de tumor neuroendocrino de colon con metástasis hepáticas y diarrea episódica. Cumplió tratamiento quimioterápico con everolimus y sunitinib, y en el seguimiento presentó valores de ácido 5-hidroxiindolacético (5 HIAA) en orina de 24 horas de 136 mg (VN 2-8 mg) y cromogranina plasmática de 241 ng/mL (VN 19-98 ng/mL). Se la internó por disnea CF IV, síndrome edematoso y fatigabilidad de más un mes de evolución. En el examen físico destacaban hepatomegalia palpable y ascitis.</p>
		<p>Se realizó ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) Doppler color, que informó diámetros, espesores del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) y derecho (VD) conservados. Hipoquinesia difusa del VI con fracción de eyección (FE) de 36%. Leve dilatación auricular izquierda y marcada dilatación de la aurícula derecha. Válvula mitral con insuficiencia moderada, válvula tricúspide con engrosamiento de sus valvas y acentuada refringencia de la misma, sugerente de fibrosis con reducción de su apertura, e implantación baja del plano valvular, con insuficiencia de grado moderado. Presión sistólica pulmonar estimada en 55 mmHg, insuficiencia pulmonar grave. Aneurisma del septum interauricular 2 L de la clasificación de Olivares Reyes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> A y B).</p>
		<p>En el eco Doppler transesofágico (ETE) se describió válvula tricúspide con aumento del gradiente transvalvular y engrosamiento de aparato subvalvular tricuspídeo. La válvula pulmonar estaba engrosada y retráctil, sin coaptación, <italic>flail</italic>, con aumento de velocidades e insuficiencia grave. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
		<p>En la resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) el VI presentó un volumen telediastólico (VTD) de 32mL/m<sup>2</sup>, un volumen telesistólico (VTS) de 22 mL/m<sup>2</sup> y una FE de 32%, con hipoquinesia difusa, masa 42 g/m<sup>2</sup>. El VD tenía un VTD de 34mL/m<sup>2</sup>, un VTS de 15mL/m<sup>2</sup>, FE 65%. Volumen de la aurícula izquierda 65 ml y de la aurícula derecha 75 ml. Mediante secuencia IR T2 y Triple IR se puede apreciar edema intramiocárdico en las paredes del VI. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> C). En las secuencias IR se objetivó retención de gadolinio de carácter no isquémico en el VI, con distribución intramiocárdica lineal, epicárdica septal, en la zona de inserción del VD, en ambas aurículas, en las válvulas mitral y tricúspide.</p>
		<p>Los hallazgos de los estudios de las imágenes multimodales son compatibles con enfermedad cardíaca carcinoide, con compromiso doble valvular tricuspídeo y pulmonar en una paciente con disfunción ventricular en tratamiento quimioterápico. </p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>A. Imágenes 3D de ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) de la válvula tricúspide estenótica, vista desde el ventrículo derecho. Se objetiva adhesión y engrosamiento de la valva septal al septum interventricular y fusión de la misma con la valva posterior. Acentuado engrosamiento de la valva anterior. B. Arriba: Imágenes de ecocardiograma 2D, ventana 4 cámaras (4C) apical, con engrosamiento y reducción de la apertura de la válvula tricúspide. Abajo: Imágenes de ecocardiografía 3D, ventana 4C apical con engrosamiento y reducción de apertura de válvula tricúspide. C. Imágenes de resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC).Secuencia anatómica de libre precesión (FIESTA); se puede apreciar válvula tricúspide estenótica en secuencia eje corto y secuencia 4 cámaras. </title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-151-gf1.jpg"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>A. Imágenes Doppler color de ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) de la válvula pulmonar con aumento de gradiente transvalvular y insuficiencia severa. Imágenes 3D ETE, de válvula pulmonar engrosada y retráctil en sístole y diástole. B. Imagen Doppler transtorácico modo M, en ventana de grandes vasos, válvula pulmonar engrosada y retráctil. </title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-151-gf2.jpg"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Los tumores carcinoides son raros, con una incidencia de 1,2 a 2,1 por 100 000 en la población general. La cardiopatía carcinoide ocurre en aproximadamente un tercio de los pacientes afectados por tumores carcinoides (especialmente, carcinoide ileal) con metástasis hepáticas, y puede ser la manifestación inicial. La afección cardíaca se caracteriza por tejido fibroso en forma de placa endocárdica, con engrosamiento e insuficiencia valvular. Esta placa carcinoide está compuesta de células musculares, miofibroblastos, matriz extracelular y una capa de células endoteliales suprayacentes. Los depósitos ocurren más comúnmente en el endocardio de las cúspides valvulares. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) La afectación del corazón izquierdo no ocurre en estos pacientes, excepto en aquellos con carcinoides bronquiales o derivaciones derecha-izquierda. </p>
		<p>El hallazgo más común en el ETT es la afectación de la válvula tricúspide en aproximadamente el 90% de los casos, con insuficiencia grave y estenosis leve o moderada. La válvula pulmonar también se afecta comúnmente (50 a 69%) y muestra cambios similares de regurgitación o estenosis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) El ETE permite obtener imágenes de alta resolución de la válvula tricúspide, con el orificio triangular fijo y el aparato subvalvular engrosado. El uso de reconstrucción multiplanar (MPR) para la planimetría del área de la válvula tricúspide en sístole y diástole, proporciona medidas cuantitativas de insuficiencia tricúspidea y estenosis, y permite la evaluación de la gravedad y el seguimiento de la progresión de la enfermedad. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</p>
		<p>Cuando el ETT no es anatómicamente concluyente, se puede realizar un estudio de RMC y/o una tomografía computarizada cardíaca. </p>
		<p>La RMC permite evaluar al paciente en lo referente a estratificación del riesgo previo a un tratamiento, vigilancia, diagnóstico y seguimiento de cardiotoxicidad del tratamiento, efectos tardíos tamizaje después de completar el tratamiento, y evaluación y seguimiento de masas cardiacas e infiltración. Permite definir la presencia de edema miocárdico, inflamación, fibrosis difusa y focal. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
		<p>Esta paciente continúa siendo valorado en conjunto con el servicio de oncología para evaluar conducta terapéutica frente al nuevo escenario, y se plantea el tratamiento quirúrgico de doble reemplazo valvular como estrategia eficaz. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>BIBLIOGRAFÍA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>Cacciapuoti F, Agrusta MChiorazzo GMidolla AAgrusta FCacciapuoti F. Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Rare Cause of Right Ventricular Dysfunction Evaluation by Transthoracic 2D, Doppler and 3-D Echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound, 2011;19:99-101. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2011.19.2.99">https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2011.19.2.99</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cacciapuoti</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agrusta</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chiorazzo</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Midolla</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agrusta</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cacciapuoti</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Rare Cause of Right Ventricular Dysfunction Evaluation by Transthoracic 2D, Doppler and 3-D Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>J Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<fpage>99</fpage>
					<lpage>101</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2011.19.2.99">https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2011.19.2.99</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>Moerman VM, Dewilde D, Hermans K. Carcinoid heart disease: typical findings on echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Acta Cardiol, 2012;67:245-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/AC.67.2.2154218">https://doi.org/10.1080/AC.67.2.2154218</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moerman</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dewilde</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hermans</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Carcinoid heart disease: typical findings on echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance</article-title>
					<source>Acta Cardiol</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>67</volume>
					<fpage>245</fpage>
					<lpage>248</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/AC.67.2.2154218">https://doi.org/10.1080/AC.67.2.2154218</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>Miyasaka R, Mehta A, Pettersson GB, Desai MY. Carcinoid Tricuspid Valve Disease: Applications of Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2019;12:e009555.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009555">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009555</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Miyasaka</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mehta</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pettersson</surname>
							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Desai</surname>
							<given-names>MY</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Carcinoid Tricuspid Valve Disease: Applications of Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<elocation-id>e009555</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009555">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009555</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>Bhattacharyya S, Toumpanakis C, Burke M, Taylor AM, Caplin ME, Davar J. Features of carcinoid heart disease identified by 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2010;3:103-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.886846">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.886846</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bhattacharyya</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Toumpanakis</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burke</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taylor</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caplin</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davar</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Features of carcinoid heart disease identified by 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac MRI</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<fpage>103</fpage>
					<lpage>111</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.886846">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.886846</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>Saunderson CED, Plein S, Manisty CH. Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in cardio-oncology. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021;22:383-96. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa345">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa345</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Saunderson</surname>
							<given-names>CED</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Plein</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Manisty</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in cardio-oncology</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<fpage>383</fpage>
					<lpage>396</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa345">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa345</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>Møller JE, Pellikka PA, Bernheim AM, Schaff HV, Rubin J, Connolly HM. Prognosis of carcinoid heart disease: analysis of 200 cases over two decades. Circulation, 2005;112:3320-7. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553750">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553750</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Møller</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pellikka</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bernheim</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schaff</surname>
							<given-names>HV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rubin</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Connolly</surname>
							<given-names>HM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognosis of carcinoid heart disease: analysis of 200 cases over two decades</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<fpage>3320</fpage>
					<lpage>3327</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553750">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553750</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Consideraciones éticas</label>
				<p> No aplican. </p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>IMAGES IN CARDIOLOGY</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Carcinoid Heart Disease with Double Valve Involvement Assessed by Multimodality Imaging</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8915-713X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ALUSTIZA</surname>
						<given-names>WALTER</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>BISUTTI</surname>
						<given-names>JULIO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7672-1822</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MARTURANO</surname>
						<given-names>MARÍA P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>VENTRICI</surname>
						<given-names>JAVIER</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1 </label>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular and Cardiac Imaging Unit, Sanatorio Pasteur, Catamarca, Argentina. </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular and Cardiac Imaging Unit</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Sanatorio Pasteur</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<state>Catamarca</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<label>Conflicts of interest </label>
					<p> None declared. (See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>We report the case of a 69-year-old female patient with a history of neuroendocrine tumor of the colon with liver metastases and episodic diarrhea. She completed chemotherapy with everolimus and sunitinib. During follow-up, she presented with 24-hour urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels of 136 mg (normal value: 2-8 mg) and plasma chromogranin levels of 241 ng/mL (normal value: 19-98 ng/mL). The patient was admitted due to FC IV dyspnea, edematous syndrome and fatigue lasting more than one month. On physical examination the liver was enlarged, and ascites was present.</p>
			<p>On transthoracic color-Doppler echocardiography (TTE), the left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) diameters and wall thickness were preserved. There was global LV hypokinesia and the ejection fraction (EF) was 36%. The left atrium was mildly dilated and the right atrium exhibited marked dilatation. The mitral valve had moderate regurgitation. The tricuspid valve leaflets were thickened, presented increased refringence suggestive of fibrosis with reduced opening and there was low implantation of the valvular plane with moderate regurgitation. The estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 55 mm Hg and there was severe pulmonary valve regurgitation and an atrial septal aneurysm 2 L of the Olivares Reyes classification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref> A and B).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A. Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) images of the stenotic tricuspid valve from the right ventricular view. The septal leaflet is thickened, adhered to the interventricular septum and fused with the posterior leaflet. The anterior leaflet is significantly thickened. B. Top: Two-dimensional echocardiography images in the apical 4-chamber (4C) view showing thickened tricuspid valve with reduced valve opening. Bottom: Three-dimensional echocardiography images in the apical 4C view showing thickened tricuspid valve with reduced valve opening. C. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA). Tricuspid valve stenosis is observed in the short-axis sequence and four-chamber sequence.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-151-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed increased transvalvular gradient across the tricuspid valve and thickening of the tricuspid subvalvular apparatus. The pulmonary valve was thickened, flail and retracted, lacking valve leaflet coaptation, and had increased velocities with severe regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with color-Doppler imaging of the pulmonary valve with increased transvalvular gradient and severe regurgitation. Three-dimensional TEE images showing a thickened and retracted pulmonary valve in systole and diastole. B. M-mode image of the pulmonary valve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at the level of the great vessels. The pulmonary valve is thickened and retracted.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-151-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>On cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) was 32mL/m<sup>2</sup>, end-systolic volume (ESV) was 22 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and the EF was 32%, with global hypokinesia and LV mass of 42 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Right ventricular EDV was 34ml/m<sup>2</sup>, ESV was 15 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and the EF was 65%. The left atrial volume was 65 mL and the right atrial volume was 75 mL. The LV walls presented intramyocardial edema in IR T2 and Triple IR sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> C). The IR sequences showed non-ischemic gadolinium enhancement in the LV, with linear septal intramyocardial and epicardial distribution, and in the RV insertion zone, both atria, mitral valve and tricuspid valve.</p>
			<p>Multimodality imaging exhibited findings suggestive of carcinoid heart disease, with involvement of both the tricuspid and pulmonary valves in a patient with ventricular dysfunction undergoing chemotherapy. </p>
			<p>Carcinoid tumors are rare, with an incidence between 1.2 to 2.1 per 100 000 in the general population. Carcinoid heart disease occurs in about one third of patients with carcinoid tumors (particularly ileal carcinoid) with liver metastases and may be the initial manifestation. Cardiac involvement is characterized by the presence of an endocardial plaque comprised of fibrous tissue, resulting in valvular thickening and regurgitation. This carcinoid plaque is composed of muscle cells, myofibroblasts, extracellular matrix and an overlying endothelial cell layer. These deposits occur most commonly in the endocardium of the valve cusps. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) Left-sided heart involvement does not occur in these patients, except in those with bronchial carcinoid or right-to-left shunts. </p>
			<p>The most common finding on TTE is tricuspid valve involvement in approximately 90% of cases, with severe regurgitation and mild or moderate stenosis. The pulmonary valve is also commonly affected (50 to 69%) and shows similar changes in valve regurgitation or stenosis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) TEE allows for high-resolution images of the tricuspid valve with the fixed triangular orifice and thickened subvalvular apparatus. The use of multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) for planimetry of the tricuspid valve area in systole and diastole provides a quantitative measure of tricuspid regurgitation and tricuspid stenosis, presenting opportunities for the evaluation and monitoring of disease severity and progression. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</p>
			<p>When TTE is anatomically inconclusive, cardiac MRI and/or CT scan may be performed. </p>
			<p>Cardiac MRI is useful for risk stratification prior to treatment, surveillance, diagnosis and follow-up of cardiotoxic therapy, long-term effects, screening after treatment completion, and evaluation and follow-up of cardiac masses and infiltration. It also identifies the presence of myocardial edema, inflammation, and global and focal fibrosis. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
			<p>This patient is currently under joint evaluation with the Department of Oncology to assess the therapeutic course of action in the new scenario where double valve replacement surgery has been proposed as an effective strategy. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<label>4</label>
					<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Ethical considerations </label>
					<p> Not applicable</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>