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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20875</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CARTAS CIENTÍFICAS</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Infarto agudo de miocardio recurrente en una paciente con cáncer de riñón tratada con pembrolizumab</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Recurrent Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Pembrolizumab</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5730-5946</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FEIGELSON</surname>
						<given-names>ESTELA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0090-372X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CURRAO</surname>
						<given-names>FLORENCIA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1823-9059</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SOMMI</surname>
						<given-names>ALAN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1730-492X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CAFARO</surname>
						<given-names>GERMÁN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1006-9170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TEPPER</surname>
						<given-names>RITA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3076-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARBAJALES</surname>
						<given-names>JUSTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Cardiología, Hospital José María Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">División Cardiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital José María Ramos Mejía</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Hemodinamia, Sanatorio Dr. Julio Méndez, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Hemodinamia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Sanatorio Dr. Julio Méndez</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Cardiología, Hospital José María Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">División Cardiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital José María Ramos Mejía</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>estelafeigelson@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>Dirección para correspondencia</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Estela Feigelson. Correo electrónico: <email>estelafeigelson@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>Declaración de conflicto de intereses Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses. (Véase formularios de conflictos de interés de los autores en la Web).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p>Consideraciones éticas No aplica</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>154</fpage>
			<lpage>156</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>El sistema inmunitario desempeña un papel crucial en la defensa del organismo contra patógenos y células cancerosas. Una de las estrategias que emplea para prevenir una respuesta inmunológica excesiva y dañina para los tejidos sanos es la regulación a través de los puntos de control inmunitarios. La introducción de los inhibidores de los puntos de control inmunitario (ICI, por sus siglas en inglés <italic>immune checkpoint inhibitor</italic>) ha logrado un importante avance terapéutico contra el cáncer. Estas drogas son anticuerpos monoclonales que bloquean los receptores inhibitorios expresados ​​en los linfocitos T, como el antígeno 4 asociado con los linfocitos T citotóxicos (CTLA-4), la proteína de muerte celular programada 1 (PD-1) o su ligando (PDL-1), logrando así restaurar la inmunidad antitumoral. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) Los ICI en monoterapia y su combinación con otras drogas como quimioterapia, tratamientos dirigidos e incluso combinación ICI-ICI, han cambiado el paradigma de tratamiento en un gran número de tumores y permiten alcanzar beneficios que no se habían logrado en pacientes con tumores avanzados y refractarios a otros tratamientos.</p>
		<p>Estos fármacos pueden causar efectos adversos inmunomediados en cualquier órgano del cuerpo. La miocarditis es la complicación cardiovascular más temida por su alta mortalidad, pero se han reportado además casos de disfunción ventricular no inflamatoria, síndrome de Takotsubo, pericarditis, trastornos de la conducción y arritmias. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) Otra complicación menos frecuente es el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) por oclusión trombótica de un vaso epicárdico (1%-3%).</p>
		<p>Presentamos una paciente de 58 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, obesidad mórbida, síndrome metabólico, nefrectomía y adrenalectomía izquierda por carcinoma renal de células claras y metástasis pulmonares, que inició tratamiento oncológico combinado con axitinib (antiangiogénico) 5 mg dos veces al día y pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) cada 21 días. </p>
		<p>Cinco horas después de haber recibido la séptima dosis de pembrolizumab presentó un episodio de ángor de 15 minutos de duración, que repitió a las 24 y 72 horas. Concurrió a la consulta cardiológica 12 días después del primer episodio, asintomática y normotensa, sin alteraciones del segmento ST ni cambios con respecto al electrocardiograma registrado un año antes. El ecocardiograma mostró una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo de 70% sin alteraciones regionales de la motilidad. El valor de la troponina T ultrasensible fue de 45,5 ng/L (VN hasta 14 ng/L), por lo que se decidió su internación.</p>
		<p>Quince horas después de su ingreso, la paciente presentó ángor y elevación del segmento ST en las caras inferior y anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> A). La coronariografía reveló una suboclusión en el tercio medio de la arteria descendente anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> A), y una lesión no significativa en el tercio proximal de la arteria circunfleja (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> B). Se realizó angioplastia (ATC) de la arteria descendente anterior con implante de un <italic>stent</italic> liberador de fármacos con flujo final TIMI 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> C). Evolucionó sin complicaciones y fue dada de alta con doble antiagregación plaquetaria (aspirina y clopidogrel), carvedilol, valsartán, hidorclorotiazida, amlodipina y rosuvastatina. </p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Registros electrocardiográficos SCA: síndrome coronario agudo</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-154-gf1.jpg"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Coronariografía en cada episodio antes y después del implante de <italic>stents</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-154-gf2.jpg"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>El equipo médico de oncología decidió suspender la terapia con axitinib y continuar con pembrolizumab. Recibió la octava dosis 35 días después del síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). Diez días después presentó un episodio de ángor con infradesnivel del segmento ST en DI y de V3 a V6 y aumento de troponina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> B). La coronariografía evidenció una lesión severa en el segmento proximal de la arteria circunfleja (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> D); el <italic>stent</italic> de la arteria descendente anterior se encontraba permeable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> E). Se realizó ATC exitosa de la arteria circunfleja con implante de dos <italic>stents</italic> liberadores de fármacos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> F). La evolución fue favorable y fue dada de alta medicada con aspirina, clopidogrel, bisoprolol, valsartán, rosuvastatina y ezetimibe.</p>
		<p>Existen evidencias que sugieren que los ICI pueden agravar enfermedades inflamatorias preexistentes. La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad vascular crónica con un importante componente inflamatorio y los linfocitos T desempeñan un papel fundamental en su inicio y progresión. Los puntos de control inmunitarios tienen un rol mayor como reguladores negativos del proceso aterosclerótico por lo que su inhibición podría acelerar su desarrollo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) Se ha demostrado en estudios experimentales que el tratamiento con ICI acelera la progresión de la aterosclerosis y la formación de placas con núcleos necróticos más grandes. Un metaanálisis de 63 estudios con 32 518 pacientes tratados con ICI mostró un aumento significativo del riesgo de IAM, 1,51 veces mayor, y de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico 1,56 veces mayor comparado con el grupo control. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) Los eventos adversos aterotrombóticos relacionados con el uso de ICI ocurren más frecuentemente durante los primeros 6 meses de tratamiento lo que sugiere una posible desestabilización de placas ateroscleróticas preexistentes.</p>
		<p>Se han descrito casos clínicos aislados de SCA asociados al uso de ICI, si bien es difícil establecer una relación de causa-efecto. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) Los pacientes con cáncer activo tienen un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar trombosis arterial y eventos isquémicos, mayor durante el primer año luego del diagnóstico, en los casos de cáncer avanzado y en el período de tratamiento oncológico activo, y relacionado con la coexistencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el efecto protrombótico e inflamatorio de la neoplasia y los efectos tóxicos vasculares de los tratamientos oncológicos. </p>
		<p>En nuestra paciente, el primer SCA fue atribuido al uso de axitinib ya que las complicaciones tromboembólicas son más comunes que con los ICI. Sin embargo, la rápida recurrencia del SCA con afectación de una arteria coronaria que previamente tenía una lesión no significativa y la relación temporal con la administración del pembrolizumab sugieren una vinculación causal entre la administración del ICI y el SCA, una complicación poco frecuente que obliga a suspender el tratamiento definitivamente.</p>
		<p>No existe evidencia sobre el uso de altas dosis de corticoides (metilprednisolona 1 g/día por 3-5 días y luego disminución de la dosis durante 6 semanas) como se recomienda en otros eventos adversos grado 3-4 (miocarditis, diarrea o hepatitis), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) aunque su uso empírico fue comunicado en algunas publicaciones de casos con SCA asociado al tratamiento con ICI. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) En nuestro caso, no utilizamos corticoides.</p>
		<p>Este efecto adverso poco frecuente debe ser sospechado en pacientes con cáncer tratados con ICI.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<mixed-citation>Grünwald V, Voss MH, Rini BI, Powles T, Albiges L, Giles RH, . Axitinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitor: evidence- and expert-based consensus recommendation for treatment optimisation and management of related adverse events. Br J Cancer 2020;123:898-904. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0949-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0949-9</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Grünwald</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Voss</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rini</surname>
							<given-names>BI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Powles</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albiges</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giles</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Axitinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitor: evidence- and expert-based consensus recommendation for treatment optimisation and management of related adverse events</article-title>
					<source>Br J Cancer</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>123</volume>
					<fpage>898</fpage>
					<lpage>904</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0949-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0949-9</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>SCIENTIFIC LETTERS</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Recurrent Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Pembrolizumab</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5730-5946</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>FEIGELSON</surname>
						<given-names>ESTELA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0090-372X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CURRAO</surname>
						<given-names>FLORENCIA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1823-9059</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SOMMI</surname>
						<given-names>ALAN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1730-492X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CAFARO</surname>
						<given-names>GERMÁN</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1006-9170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>TEPPER</surname>
						<given-names>RITA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3076-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>CARBAJALES</surname>
						<given-names>JUSTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiology Division, Hospital José María Ramos Mejía, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Division</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital José María Ramos Mejía</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Autonomous City of Buenos Aires</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hemodynamics Service, Dr. Julio Méndez Sanatorium, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hemodynamics Service</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Dr. Julio Méndez Sanatorium</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Buenos Aires</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Estela Feigelson. E-mail: <email>estelafeigelson@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<p>Conflicts of interest None declared. (See conflicts of interest forms on the website).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<p>Ethical considerations Not applicable</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The immune system plays an essential role in defending the body against pathogens and cancer cells. One of the strategies that are employed in order to prevent an excessive and harmful immune response to healthy tissues is regulation through immune checkpoints. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has resulted in a significant therapeutic breakthrough against cancer. These drugs are monoclonal antibodies that block inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PDL-1). As a result of this blocking, antitumor immunity is restored. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the therapeutic paradigm for numerous tumors. These agents, whether administered as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs, including chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and ICI-ICI combinations, have yielded benefits that were previously unattainable for patients with advanced tumors that were resistant to other treatments.</p>
			<p>These drugs can cause immune-mediated adverse effects in any organ of the body. Myocarditis is the most feared cardiovascular complication due to its high mortality; however, cases of non-inflammatory ventricular dysfunction, Takotsubo syndrome, pericarditis, conduction disorders and arrhythmias have also been reported. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) A less common complication is acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to thrombotic occlusion of an epicardial vessel (1%-3%).</p>
			<p>We report the case of a 58-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension, morbid obesity, metabolic syndrome, nephrectomy and left adrenalectomy due to clear cell renal cell carcinoma and pulmonary metastases, who initiated a combination chemotherapy regimen with axitinib (an antiangiogenic drug) 5 mg twice daily and pembrolizumab (an anti-PD-1) every 21 days. </p>
			<p>Five hours after receiving the seventh dose of pembrolizumab, the patients experienced a 15-minute episode of angina, which recurred at 24 and 72 hours. She presented to the cardiology clinic 12 days after the first episode, asymptomatic and with normal blood pressure, with no ST-segment abnormalities or changes relative to the electrocardiogram recorded one year earlier. On echocardiogram, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 70% and regional wall motion was normal. Hospitalization was decided because high-sensitivity troponin T level was 45.5 ng/L (VN up to 14 ng/L).</p>
			<p>Fifteen hours after admission, the patient reported symptoms of angina and presented ST-segment elevation in the inferior and anterior leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref> A). The coronary angiography revealed a sub-occlusion in the mid left anterior descending LAD coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> A), and a non-significant stenosis in the proximal left circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> B). A drug-eluting stent was implanted in the LAD with final TIMI 3 flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> C). The patient's progression was free from complications and she was discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel), carvedilol, valsartan, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine and rosuvastatin. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>12-lead electrocardiograms ACS: Acute coronary syndrome.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-154-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Coronary angiography before and after stent implantation</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1850-3748-rac-93-02-154-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The oncologists decided to discontinue axitinib therapy and continue with pembrolizumab. The eighth dose was administered 35 days after the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Ten days later, the patient exhibited an episode of angina with ST-segment depression in DI and from V3 to V6, accompanied by increased troponin levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>B). Coronary angiography showed a severe stenosis in the proximal left circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> D) and the stent of the LAD was found to be patent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> E). Two drug-eluting stents were successfully implanted in the left circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> F). The patient evolved with favorable outcome and was discharged with aspirin, clopidogrel, bisoprolol, valsartan, rosuvastatin and ezetimibe.</p>
			<p>There is evidence suggesting that ICIs can aggravate pre-existing inflammatory diseases. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease with an important inflammatory component and T cells play a key role in its initiation and progression. Immune checkpoints play a key role as negative regulators of the atherosclerotic process so their inhibition could accelerate its development. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) Experimental studies have demonstrated that ICI treatment accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis and the formation of plaques with larger necrotic cores. A meta-analysis of 63 studies with 32 518 patients treated with ICIs showed a significant 1.51-fold increased risk of AMI and a 1.56-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke compared to the control group. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) Atherothrombotic adverse events related to the use of ICIs occur more frequently during the first 6 months of treatment suggesting a potential destabilization of pre-existing atherosclerotic plaques.</p>
			<p>There have been isolated case reports of an association between ICIs and ACS. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) Patients with active cancer have higher risk of developing arterial thrombosis and ischemic events particularly during the first year after diagnosis, in cases of advanced cancer and during active cancer treatment, and associated with coexistent cardiovascular risk factors, prothrombotic and inflammatory effect of the neoplasm and vascular toxic effects of cancer treatments. </p>
			<p>In our patient, the first ACS was attributed to the use of axitinib because thromboembolic complications are more common than with ICIs. However, the rapid recurrence of ACS, involving a coronary artery that previously had a non-significant stenosis, and the temporal relationship with the administration of pembrolizumab suggest a causal link between ICI administration and ACS, a rare complication that necessitates the definitive discontinuation of treatment.</p>
			<p>There is no evidence on the use of high doses of corticosteroids (methylprednisolone 1 g/day for 3-5 days followed by a dose reduction over 6 weeks) as recommended for other grade 3-4 adverse events (myocarditis, diarrhea or hepatitis), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) although its empirical use has been reported in some publications on cases with ACS associated with treatment with ICIs. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>) In our case, we did not use corticosteroids.</p>
			<p>This rare adverse effect should be suspected in cancer patients treated with ICIs.</p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>