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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rac</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista argentina de cardiología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Argent Cardiol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7000</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1850-3748</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7775/rac.es.v93.i2.20884</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00014</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CARTA CIENTÍFICA</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Análisis observacional de pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa abordados multidisciplinariamente</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Observational Analysis of Patients with Infective Endocarditis Managed with a Multidisciplinary Approach</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4532-3279</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>GUTIÉRREZ</surname>
						<given-names>GUILLERMO S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>TORRES</surname>
						<given-names>NICOLÁS A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9333-4784</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MELCHIORI</surname>
						<given-names>RENZO E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>CLUSA</surname>
						<given-names>NÉSTOR M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8409-0757</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>BARATTA</surname>
						<given-names>SERGIO J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2813-4425</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>VACCARINO</surname>
						<given-names>GUILLERMO N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiología</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cardiología</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
					<email>gsgutierrez.cx@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label> Dirección para correspondencia </label><italic>:</italic> Guillermo S. Gutiérrez. Email: <email>gsgutierrez.cx@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Declaración de conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no poseen conflicto de intereses. (Véanse formularios de conflicto de intereses de los autores en la web/ Material suplementario)</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Consideraciones éticas</label>
					<p> No aplica</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Mar-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>93</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>162</fpage>
			<lpage>163</lpage>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
				<page-count count="2"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Actualmente la mortalidad de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) sigue siendo elevada, y se reporta un valor de 25,5% en nuestro país según el registro EIRA III. Este porcentaje aplica tanto a pacientes que recibieron tratamiento médico como quirúrgico. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
		<p>La indicación de cirugía en EI habitualmente se reserva para pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), sepsis refractaria, prevención de embolias o complicaciones como absceso o fístula. Todas situaciones de mayor riesgo clínico. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) El porcentaje inicial de pacientes que reciben tratamiento quirúrgico es cercano al 30%, sin embargo, un porcentaje no despreciable se intervienen durante el seguimiento de la EI. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) La cirugía temprana podría proporcionar beneficio por sobre el tratamiento médico conservador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>). Nos planteamos evaluar los resultados en nuestra población, con ambos tratamientos. Para ello determinamos las características poblacionales de los pacientes con EI activa, la tasa de complicaciones y los resultados del tratamiento aplicando un criterio integrado clínico, quirúrgico e imagenológico, considerando la cirugía temprana cuando esta se encontraba indicada.</p>
		<p>El nuestro fue un estudio unicéntrico de cohorte retrospectiva en un centro hospitalario de alta complejidad. Incluimos pacientes mayores de 15 años con diagnóstico de ingreso de EI según criterios de Duke modificados, durante el período marzo 2012 a enero 2020. Todos los pacientes fueron abordados con un equipo multidisciplinario integrado por cardiólogos, clínicos, infectólogos, especialista en imágenes y cirujanos cardiovasculares (“<italic>team</italic> de EI”). </p>
		<p>Se consideró criterio de intervención la presencia de endocarditis micótica, endocarditis asociada a catéteres implantables con diagnóstico definido de vegetación, nueva regurgitación aórtica o mitral severa aguda, IC, alto riesgo embólico puro o asociado a otro criterio, extensión perivalvular, sepsis persistente sin foco extravalvular. En aquellos pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico, la indicación quirúrgica se consensuó en “<italic>team</italic> de EI”. Se consideró cirugía temprana al procedimiento realizado dentro de la internación, antes de los 7 días posteriores al diagnóstico. Valoramos el riesgo con <italic>scores</italic> globales de riesgo quirúrgico (EUROSCORE II) y específicos para cirugía en EI (RISKE). El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética institucional del Hospital Universitario Austral.</p>
		<p>Incluimos un total de 64 pacientes con diagnóstico de EI aguda. El 45,3% (n=29) recibió tratamiento médico (TM) exclusivo y el 54,7% (n= 35) recibió tratamiento quirúrgico (TQ), con una tasa de cirugía temprana del 68,5%. De los 29 pacientes con TM en 23 (79%) había compromiso valvular, aórtico en 14, mitral en 8. Entre los 35 pacientes con TQ había compromiso valvular en 28 (80%), aórtico en 17 y mitral en 11. Hubo predominio en el grupo TQ de reemplazos valvulares mecánicos (47,1%). En el grupo de válvula mitral, pese a la prevalencia de reemplazos mecánicos (45,5%), hubo número considerable de reparaciones valvulares (36,4%). Un apartado especial debe considerarse para las extracciones de electrodos y dispositivos de estimulación, un total de 9 casos, 25,7% del total de los procedimientos quirúrgicos.</p>
		<p>El 48,4% del total de pacientes (n=31) presentaron algún evento clínico inicial, lo más frecuente las embolias (n=11), en su mayoría periféricas, la presencia de ICC (n=10) y la insuficiencia renal aguda (n=4). Las principales indicaciones de TQ fueron el compromiso extravalvular/sepsis persistente en 12 pacientes, la ICC en 11 y el riesgo de embolia en 7. </p>
		<p>A la población quirúrgica se les realizó EUROSCORE II y RISKE para la valoración del riesgo preoperatorio, dando con resultados globales de 18,7 y 24,3 respectivamente. </p>
		<p>De los 35 pacientes operados, 11 presentaron complicaciones postquirúrgicas, la más prevalente el shock vasopléjico en 3 de ellos. La mortalidad total fue de 4,7% (n=3, 2 pacientes con TM y 1 con TQ). </p>
		<p>Los pacientes con EI que recibieron tratamiento médico y quirúrgico no tuvieron diferencias significativas en sus características basales a excepción de la edad, con mayor incidencia de pacientes jóvenes en el grupo quirúrgico. Ello podría denotar una selección en el grupo de cirugía, que impacte directamente en los resultados. Se registró un porcentaje elevado de reemplazos valvulares mecánicos, debido a la gran cantidad de pacientes jóvenes. En relación con la técnica utilizada en cirugía mitral, un gran porcentaje de pacientes se pudo resolver mediante plástica mitral, como se recomienda actualmente en la bibliografía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>).</p>
		<p>A pesar de presentar complicaciones cercanas al 30%, los pacientes con EI en nuestro centro tratados mediante un abordaje interdisciplinario presentaron una mortalidad total de 4,7%, incluso cuando la mayoría (54%) había sido sometidas a cirugía cardiovascular.</p>
		<p>La mortalidad quirúrgica del 2,9%, se encuentra muy por debajo del promedio de mortalidad del 15 -20% publicada en la bibliografía, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) y por debajo de la valoración de riesgo de los <italic>scores</italic> actuales. </p>
		<p>Estos resultados reflejan la necesidad del abordaje multidisciplinario en pacientes con EI, considerando la cirugía temprana como alternativa factible ante pacientes con EI en equipos con baja mortalidad quirúrgica, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) replanteando la modificación de los <italic>scores</italic> en centros de alta complejidad.</p>
		<p>Hace falta ampliar el volumen de pacientes para determinar si los hallazgos son coincidentes con lo publicado en la población global.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Miembro Titular de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>SCIENTIFIC LETTER</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Observational Analysis of Patients with Infective Endocarditis Managed with a Multidisciplinary Approach</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4532-3279</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>GUTIÉRREZ</surname>
						<given-names>GUILLERMO S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>TORRES</surname>
						<given-names>NICOLÁS A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9333-4784</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>MELCHIORI</surname>
						<given-names>RENZO E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>CLUSA</surname>
						<given-names>NÉSTOR M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8409-0757</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>BARATTA</surname>
						<given-names>SERGIO J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2813-4425</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>VACCARINO</surname>
						<given-names>GUILLERMO N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>MTSAC</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario Austral</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>Correspondence</italic></label><italic>:</italic> Guillermo S. Gutiérrez. Email: <email>gsgutierrez.cx@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>Conflicts of interest</label>
					<p> None declared. (See conflicts of interest forms on the website).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<label>Ethical considerations</label>
					<p> Not applicable</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Currently, the mortality rate due to infective endocarditis (IE) remains high, with an incidence of 25.5% in our country, as reported by the EIRA III registry. This percentage applies to both medically and surgically treated patients. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</p>
			<p>The indication for surgery in IE is usually reserved for patients with heart failure (HF), refractory sepsis, embolism prevention or complications such as abscess or fistula. All these situations are associated with high clinical risk. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) The percentage of patients undergoing surgical treatment in the acute phase is close to 30%; however, a non-negligible percentage undergo surgery during follow-up. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) Early surgical intervention may offer benefits that surpass those of conservative medical treatment. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>) We decided to evaluate the results in our population with both treatments. For this purpose, we used a comprehensive criterion based on the clinical, surgical and imaging findings to determine the characteristics of the population of patients with active IE, the rate of complications and treatment outcomes, considering early surgery when it was indicated.</p>
			<p>We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study in a high-complexity hospital center. We included patients &gt; 18 years admitted with a diagnosis of IE according to modified Duke criteria between March 2012 and January 2020. All patients were managed by a multidisciplinary team made up of cardiologists, internists, infectious disease specialists, imaging specialists, and cardiovascular surgeons (&quot;IE team&quot;). </p>
			<p>The following criteria were considered an indication for surgery: fungal endocarditis, endocarditis associated with implantable catheters with a definite diagnosis of vegetation, new acute severe aortic or mitral regurgitation, HF, high pure embolic risk or associated with another criterion, perivalvular extension or persistent sepsis without extravalvular focus. For patients with high surgical risk, the indication for surgery was determined by the &quot;IE team.&quot; Early surgery was defined as a procedure that was performed during hospitalization with &lt; 7 days after the diagnosis was made. The risk was assessed using global surgical risk scores (EUROSCORE II) and specific scores for IE surgery (RISKE). The study was approved by the institutional review board of Hospital Universitario Austral.</p>
			<p>A total of 64 patients with a diagnosis of acute IE were included. In total, 45.3% (n = 29) of the subjects received exclusive medical treatment (MT), while 54.7% (n = 35) received surgical treatment (ST). The early surgery rate was 68.5%. Of the 29 patients with MT, 23 (79%) presented valve involvement: 14 in the aortic valve and 9 in the mitral valve. Among the 35 patients with ST, 28 (80%) had valve involvement: 17 in the aortic valve and 11 in the mitral valve. Valve replacement with mechanical prostheses was more common (47.1%) in the ST group. In the mitral valve group, while mechanical valve replacements were prevalent (45.5%), a significant number of valve repairs (36.4%) were also performed. A special section should be considered for the removal of leads and stimulation devices, which accounted for a total of 9 cases, representing 25.7% of the total number of surgical procedures. </p>
			<p>Thirty-one patients (48.4%) exhibited a clinical event on initial presentation. The most common complications were embolism (n = 11), predominantly peripheral, HF (n = 10) and acute renal failure (n = 4). The main indications for ST were extravalvular involvement/persistent sepsis in 12 patients, HF in 11 and risk of embolism in 7. </p>
			<p>In patients undergoing surgery, the overall results of EUROSCORE II and RISKE preformed for preoperative risk assessment were 18.7 and 24.3, respectively. </p>
			<p>Of the 35 patients who underwent surgery, 11 developed postoperative complications; of these, vasoplegic shock was the most common, occurring in 3 patients. Total mortality was 4.7% (n = 3, 2 patients with MT and 1 with ST). </p>
			<p>There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between patients with IE in the MT group and those in the ST group, except for age, with a higher incidence of young patients in the ST group. This could indicate a selection in the ST group, with a direct impact on the results. The percentage of mechanical valve replacements was high due to the significant number of young patients. Regarding the surgical approach employed in mitral valve surgery, a significant proportion of patients underwent mitral valve repair, as is currently recommended in the literature. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</p>
			<p>Despite the rate of complications was around 30%, total mortality rate among patients diagnosed with IE and treated at our institution using an interdisciplinary approach was 4.7%, even when most patients (54%) underwent cardiovascular surgery.</p>
			<p>The operative mortality of 2.9% is well below the average mortality of 15-20% published in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) and below the predicted mortality assessed by the current risk scores. </p>
			<p>These results reflect the need for a multidisciplinary approach in patients with IE, considering early surgery as a feasible alternative in patients with IE in teams with low operative mortality. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) Additionally, the study calls for a modification of scores in high complexity centers.</p>
			<p>It is necessary to increase the number of patients in order to determine whether the findings are consistent with those published for the overall population.</p>
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