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		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sn</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Sociedade &amp; Natureza</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Soc. nat.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-4513</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-1570</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Editora da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - EDUFU</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00002</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/SN-v37-2025-72862</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resiliência e Identidade de Lugar no Contexto da Emergência Climática Global: Estudo de Caso Comparativo Brasil e Portugal</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Resilience and Place Identity in the Context of the Global Climate Emergency: A Comparative Study in Brazil and Portugal</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6369-7963</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camargo</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandro Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">concepção</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">coleta de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">elaboração do manuscrito, redação</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-6176</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Basílio</surname>
						<given-names>Romário Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">elaboração do manuscrito, redação</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation/">discussão dos resultados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP, Amapá, AP, Brasil. alexandro@unifap.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Amapá</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>alexandro@unifap.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL, Lisboa, Portugal. romariobasilio.lab@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<email>romariobasilio.lab@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2025</year>
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			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e72862</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Neste estudo abrangente, foram comparados estudantes universitários portugueses com estudantes brasileiros a partir dos parâmetros identidade de lugar e traços de resiliência. Para isso, seguindo a coleta de dados via questionário, utilizou-se a psicometria aliada a métodos de análise estatística, com o objetivo central de entender como a identidade de lugar e os traços de resiliência contribuem como promotoras de resiliência. Os resultados revelam uma percepção geralmente precisa entre os participantes sobre as consequências das alterações climáticas em suas respectivas regiões, com uma consciência mais pronunciada observada em áreas previstas para experimentar maiores mudanças. Notavelmente, em Portugal, uma correlação significativa emergiu entre um risco aumentado de inundações e uma identidade local mais forte, enquanto entre os participantes brasileiros, uma correlação semelhante foi observada com condições de seca. Esta apresentação foca na análise da Identidade Local/Social e Resiliência (escala Takviriyanun). Os resultados também destacam uma conexão predominantemente positiva entre os participantes e suas comunidades locais. Destaca-se que indivíduos com uma identidade local mais acentuada demonstram maior resiliência em quatro dos cinco fatores analisados (Apoio, Determinação, Otimismo e Outros Apoios). Conclui-se, portanto, que uma identidade local fortalecida está associada a uma maior capacidade de enfrentamento frente às alterações climáticas. Dessa forma, abre-se a possibilidade de analisar a relação entre identidade de lugar e resiliência como um conceito psico-geográfico essencial para a gestão territorial, uma vez que se configura como uma ferramenta estratégica para promover e intensificar os processos de adaptação.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In this comprehensive study, Portuguese university students were compared with Brazilian counterparts on the parameters of place identity and resilience traits. To this end, following data collection via a questionnaire, psychometrics was combined with statistical analysis methods, with the primary goal of understanding how place identity and resilience contribute to fostering climate resilience. The results reveal a generally accurate perception among participants regarding the consequences of climate change in their respective regions, with a more pronounced awareness observed in areas predicted to experience greater climate changes. Notably, in Portugal, a significant correlation emerged between a heightened risk of floods and stronger local identity, whereas among Brazilian participants, a similar correlation was observed with dry conditions. This presentation focuses on the analysis of Local/Social Identity and Resilience (Takviriyanun scale). The results also highlight a predominantly positive connection between participants and their local communities. It is noteworthy that individuals with a stronger sense of local identity demonstrate greater resilience in four out of the five factors analyzed (Support, Determination, Optimism, and Other Supports). It is concluded, therefore, that a strengthened local identity is associated with an increased capacity to cope with climate change. In this way, the possibility arises to analyze the relationship between place identity and resilience as an essential psychogeographic concept for territorial management, as it emerges as a strategic tool to promote and enhance adaptation processes.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Alterações climáticas</kwd>
				<kwd>Identidade de lugar</kwd>
				<kwd>Resiliência</kwd>
				<kwd>Psicometria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Climate Change</kwd>
				<kwd>Place Identity</kwd>
				<kwd>Resilience</kwd>
				<kwd>Psychometrics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Em 2019 foi declarado, por um grupo de mais de 11 mil cientistas signatários, que o planeta passa por um estado de emergência climática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ripple<italic>, et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Esse grupo chamou a atenção ao fato de que se não refrear o consumo material, reduzir os gases com efeito estufa, proteger os ecossistemas, reduzir a poluição, e incentivar as energias renováveis, a humanidade não estará a dar os passos urgentes necessários para salvaguardar a nossa biosfera em perigo. O problema levantado neste artigo advém do fato de haver um baixo engajamento individual/social no enfrentamento das alterações climáticas, apesar de já existirem dados suficientes que demonstram que o clima está sendo alterado rapidamente por ações antrópicas. Tal engajamento muitas vezes é condicionado pela forma como os indivíduos percebem e caracterizam o risco das alterações climáticas.</p>
			<p>O objetivo central no estudo que embasa esse artigo reside também na constatação de que, embora tenham ocorrido diversas alterações climáticas de diversas magnitudes e abrangências ao longo da história, em nenhum momento anterior dispunha-se da capacidade analítica e do acervo informativo atual para antecipar tais eventos. Consequentemente, a aceitação, rejeição ou indiferença diante dessas alterações climáticas podem ser objeto de estudo por um conjunto interdisciplinar de ciências, que se dedicará à identificação dos fatores preponderantes em cada uma dessas reações.</p>
			<p>Dentro dos princípios de resiliência e adaptação às mudanças climáticas, propostos pelo Painel Intergovernamental para a Mudança de Clima (IPCC) de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">2014</xref>, elas se tornam mais eficazes, quando se leva em consideração a percepção que o indivíduo tem sobre os fenômenos climáticos. Ao considerar fatores subjetivos, deve-se levar em consideração o local específico e o seu contexto, a sua geografia psicológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Camargo, 2023</xref>). Nesse sentido, a identidade construída a partir do lugar, com seus aspectos físicos e sociais, pode ser uma ferramenta para analisar a capacidade de entendimento dos indivíduos em relação às alterações climáticas.</p>
			<p>No que diz respeito aos elementos psicossociais, os traços de resiliência demonstram um caráter singular do indivíduo. Desse modo, ele faz uma apreensão cognitiva muito particular do mundo, podendo inclusive prever seu comportamento ambiental. Portanto, nesse estudo são levadas em consideração variáveis geográficas (país, região, zonas de vulnerabilidade climática) e psicológicas (identidade de lugar e traços de resiliência) que podem influenciar a forma como os indivíduos percebem os efeitos das alterações climáticas.</p>
			<p>O objetivo central dessa investigação é verificar em que medida a identidade de lugar e os traços de resiliência contribuem como promotoras de resiliência climática. Para isso, apresenta-se os resultados e discussões de um estudo comparativo entre Portugal e Brasil, a partir de uma amostra com estudantes universitários portugueses e brasileiros, em diversos graus, tendo se utilizado psicometria, aliada a métodos de análise estatística de dados coletados em 2018. Nas próximas seções pode ser encontrado um debate sobre resiliência e identidade de lugar (i), logo a seguir caracteriza-se a área de estudo e a amostra selecionada (ii); uma discussão detalhada dos métodos utilizados é apresentada (iii), a sistematização dos dados e uma discussão dos resultados (iv), e finalmente delineia-se a conclusão central (v).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>RESILIÊNCIA E IDENTIDADE DE LUGAR: OS CONCEITOS DESTA PESQUISA</title>
			<p>O termo resiliência nasceu nas ciências exatas e foi aos poucos sendo ressignificado para o contexto das ciências sociais e psicologia, muito pautado em torno de questões de vulnerabilidade, risco e adaptação. No final da década de 1990, a resiliência fez a transição da ecologia natural para a ecologia humana (ciências sociais) graças a trabalhos de economistas e geógrafos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adger, 2000</xref>). Antes disso, ainda na década de 1950, o termo resiliência começou a ser usado em psicologia e finalmente se tornou popular nesse campo nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Flach, 1988</xref>).</p>
			<p>A interação entre as pessoas e seus ambientes é um aspecto importante ao se conceituar a resiliência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Waller, 2001</xref>). Os elementos estressores, que surgem do ambiente onde o indivíduo vive, são mediados pelos processos de percepção, avaliação e enfrentamento e, como consequência, resultam em respostas positivas ou negativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fletcher; Fletcher, 2005</xref>). Esse processo é contínuo e moderado por várias características pessoais e situacionais, incluindo afeto positivo, autoestima e autoeficácia. Tais variáveis relacionadas à resiliência influenciam o processo de estresse em vários estágios, a saber: a avaliação individual dos estressores, as metacognições em resposta às emoções sentidas e a seleção de estratégias de enfrentamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fletcher; Sarkar, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>A resiliência deve ser parte da capacidade de adaptação que toda a sociedade contemporânea precisa desenvolver para enfrentar as alterações climáticas. Embora essas alterações afetem de forma diferenciada os espaços em termos de vulnerabilidade, escala e tempo, elas demandam uma resposta coletiva. É importante lembrar que a adaptação não é uma propriedade da resiliência; ao contrário, a resiliência integra a capacidade de adaptação e mitigação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Klein <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Num estudo conduzido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cheng <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>) sobre resiliência individual em povos indígenas que sofreram com o <italic>Tufão Morakot</italic> em Taiwan (2009), os autores identificaram que os níveis de resiliência eram maiores nos indivíduos que possuíam maior identificação com o lugar. A identidade construída a partir do lugar pode contribuir no processo de resiliência à emergência climática.</p>
			<p>Conforme aponta Fátima Bernardo &amp; José Palma-Oliveira,</p>
			<p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“a identidade de lugar é [...] uma subestrutura da identidade social do EU, consistindo em aspectos de autoconceitos baseados na ideia de pertencer a grupos geograficamente definidos. Assim, os lugares podem ser vistos como categorias sociais, com um significado social compartilhado como resultado da interação entre os elementos de um grupo, e não apenas como um cenário em que a interação ocorre” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bernardo; Palma-Oliveira, 2012</xref>, p. 37, tradução dos autores).</p>
			</disp-quote>
		</p>
			<p>Essa identidade é elaborada a partir de um processo cognitivo que se utiliza das percepções, emoções, valores e sentimentos atribuídos individual e socialmente ao espaço. Termos como vínculo, pertença, senso e apego, apesar de possuírem diversas raízes teóricas, contribuíram para a construção do conceito de identidade de lugar.</p>
			<p>Um dos geógrafos que mais destacou essa ligação do homem com o lugar foi Y. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tuan (2013</xref>), por uma leitura fenomenológica que envolve elementos de memória e vivência. Para ele, o vínculo está numa rua onde se brincava na infância, uma praça onde os jovens marcavam encontro para conversar, a casa de campo para os adultos interagirem com a natureza e fugir da cidade grande. São espaços que através das relações sociais de brincar, conversar, interagir, possuem como base física, uma geografia, uma afetividade, uma lembrança, uma vivência, um vínculo. Nesses locais de interação do eu, do social, do ambiental, constroem-se símbolos e significados, que se traduzirão ao longo do tempo de forma dinâmica, a forma como percebemos a geografia que nos cerca. Os valores geográficos apreendidos nesses lugares relacionam-se com nossas percepções e atitudes frente ao ambiente.</p>
			<p>A construção da própria identidade, da identidade social e da identidade do lugar convergem para o mesmo componente geográfico: o lugar. E o lugar é, segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fresque‐Baxter e Armitage (2012</xref>), onde os impactos das alterações climática são sentidos mais profundamente pelos indivíduos. Numa revisão do conceito de identidade de lugar como elemento da adaptação às alterações climáticas, os autores entendem que ele é construído através de um processo dinâmico socioespacial, que atribui valor aos elementos do ambiente, influenciando sua percepção e atitudes, ao ponto de capacitar os indivíduos a identificar e distinguir diferentes níveis de vulnerabilidade.</p>
			<p>Conforme <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yongrui <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), à medida que aumenta a identificação das pessoas com o lugar, sua capacidade de perceber e trabalhar com os riscos e mudanças ambientais se fortalece. Uma forte conexão identitária e emocional com o lugar incentiva os residentes a adquirir conhecimento local e contribuir para uma melhor adaptação. Além de promover uma maior coesão social, fomenta a ação coletiva, aumentando as chances de resiliência das populações diante das alterações climáticas. Este debate pautou o desenho desta pesquisa e os critérios adotados para a seleção de área de estudo, coleta e análise de dados.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudo, cenários e percepção das alterações climáticas para Portugal e Brasil</title>
				<p>Definiu-se como área de estudo Portugal e Brasil, pois os níveis de risco climático diferem um do outro. De acordo com o <italic>Risk Global Climate Risk Index</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Eckstein <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), Portugal ocupa a 11ª posição de risco climático num ranking com outros 183 países, o que indica o nível de exposição e vulnerabilidade a eventos climáticos extremos. Nesse mesmo ranking o Brasil ocupa a 79ª posição. Tais graus diferenciados de vulnerabilidade climática podem nos proporcionar a verificação da correlação de percepções diferentes para cada nível de gravidade, assim como outros diferenciados nacionalmente.</p>
				<p>Nesta investigação, considerou-se Portugal continental dividido em duas regiões, tendo o rio Tejo como elemento de referência: a parte que fica ao sul do Tejo, denominamos Região Sul e a norte do rio, a Região Norte. Essa regionalização tem como base as características físicas da parte continental do país, na qual também se evidenciam níveis diferenciados de ocupação, cultura e vulnerabilidade climática. A parte insular do país não foi considerada para esse estudo por se tratar de regiões autônomas, incluindo o sistema de ensino, o que dificultaria a divulgação do questionário.</p>
				<p>No Brasil utilizou-se a regionalização proposta pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">IBGE, 2017</xref>) com as suas cinco grandes regiões político-administrativa: Região Norte; Região Nordeste; Região Centro-Oeste; Região Sudeste e Região Sul.</p>
				<p>No cenário das alterações climáticas em Portugal, de acordo com o <italic>Risk Global Climate Risk Index</italic> (CRI), Portugal ocupa a 11ª posição de risco climático num ranking com outros 183 países, o que denuncia o grau de exposição e vulnerabilidade a eventos climáticos extremos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Eckstein <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Para a indexação são considerados os números de perdas totais causadas por eventos climáticos, o número de mortes, os danos assegurados (soma das perdas em US$ na paridade do poder de compra - PPC) e os danos econômicos totais (perdas por unidade de Produto Interno Bruto - PIB).</p>
				<p>O Sul de Portugal continental é a área mais suscetível do país em relação às alterações climáticas. Houve tanto um aumento da temperatura quanto uma diminuição da precipitação, resultando em secas. A precipitação sofreu alterações significativas nas últimas décadas, em particular nessa área, sendo que as séries mensais revelam que os episódios de seca foram mais frequentes e mais severos a partir de 1980 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">IPMA, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Conforme o Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera - IPMA (2010), a Região Norte de Portugal, na parte chamada de Zona Norte, teve um aumento de temperatura na ordem de 0.57°C por década (40% acima da taxa de aquecimento observada para a temperatura média do país). A precipitação foi superior à média (na região ao norte do rio Douro em 17 dos últimos 30 anos). A Zona Centro do país teve aumento da temperatura média, por década, no valor de 0.29°C (30% inferior à taxa média de aquecimento do país) e a precipitação foi inferior à média em 20 dos últimos 30 anos. Na Região Sul de Portugal, especificamente na zona do Alentejo, houve aumento de temperatura média de 0.44°C por década e diminuição da precipitação ao longo de 30 anos. Na zona do Algarve, observou-se um aumento das temperaturas médias em 0.37°C por década e, em termos pluviométricos, registrou-se redução sistemática da precipitação na primavera, que esteve acima da média no outono.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mourato <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>), numa pesquisa sobre a disponibilidade de água no sul de Portugal para diferentes cenários de alterações climáticas (2071 - 2100), preveem diminuição da porcentagem dos valores de precipitação média anual entre -12% (no interior) e - 84% (perto da costa), e aumento de temperatura entre + 0,3ºC (próximo da costa sul) e + 3,3ºC (norte interior), tendo como referência o período entre 1961 a 1990. Para o mesmo período de análise, a diminuição da precipitação anual em Portugal também foi objeto de estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Soares <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>), que prevê uma redução irregular de precipitação na ordem de 15% no norte do país e de mais de 30% no Sul.</p>
				<p>Um importante indicador da avaliação do desempenho dos países no combate às alterações climáticas consiste no <italic>Climate Change Perfomance Index 2019</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Nesse ranking, Portugal melhorou sua posição, ficando em 2019 na 17ª posição. No mesmo índice o Brasil ocupa a 79ª posição de risco climático, num agrupamento com outros 183 países, o que indica o nível de exposição e vulnerabilidade a eventos climáticos extremos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>De acordo com o Painel Brasileiro de Mudanças Climáticas - PBMC (2014), o Brasil já registrou um aumento da temperatura média de aproximadamente 0,75°C até o final do século XX, em comparação com o período entre 1961 e 1990 (considerando a média anual de 24,9°C). O mesmo PBMC aponta que o país terá um aumento de temperatura entre 1° e 6 °C até 2100, em comparação à registrada no fim do século XX. Como consequência, deverá diminuir significativamente a ocorrência de chuvas em grande parte das Regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste do país. Nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste, por outro lado, haverá um aumento da precipitação.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Salati <italic>et al.</italic> (2007</xref>), que analisaram as diferenças médias de temperatura e precipitação no período de 1991 a 2004, em referência ao período de 1961 a 1990, indicam um diagnóstico de alterações climáticas por regiões no Brasil. Segundo o relatório, houve um aumento de temperatura na ordem de 0,6º C no Norte, Nordeste e Sudeste. Com um valor sensivelmente maior, a região Centro-Oeste teve um aumento de temperatura de 0,7°C. A região onde a temperatura menos aumentou foi na região Sul, com 0,3ºC. Em termos de precipitação houve um aumento nas Regiões Norte (2,9%), Sudeste (4,8%) e Sul com o maior incremento (17, 8%), e diminuição nas Regiões Nordeste (11,6%) e Centro-Oeste (0,4%).</p>
				<p>Um importante indicador de performance das políticas públicas é o já citado <italic>Climate Change Perfomance Index</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) que avalia o desempenho dos países no combate às alterações climáticas. Nesse ranking o Brasil teve um retrocesso, ficando em 2019 na 22ª posição (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Nesta investigação definiu-se como amostra os estudantes universitários portugueses e brasileiros, em diversos graus (tecnólogo/CTeSP, graduação/licenciatura, mestrado, doutorado e pós-doutorado).</p>
			<p>A técnica utilizada foi a Psicometria na qual se busca construir e aplicar instrumentos para mensuração de constructos e variáveis de ordem psicológica, aliada a métodos de análise estatística, pelas quais são possíveis mensurar e analisar a estrutura de processos mentais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pasquali, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>O instrumento utilizado é a avaliação psicométrica através de questionário, na qual foi solicitado que o inquirido classificasse os níveis de concordância com determinadas afirmações e/ou indicasse com que frequência se sentia ou se comportava diante de certas situações.</p>
			<p>O questionário <bold>“</bold>Percepção de Impacto das Alterações Climáticas Locais” teve como objetivo captar a percepção das alterações climáticas no contexto do lugar, ou seja, na residência do inquirido, no sentido de avaliar especificamente os impactos das alterações climáticas em sua vivência. Para a análise, foram listados os principais impactos das alterações climáticas relatadas na bibliografia de Portugal e do Brasil.</p>
			<p>Sobre identidade de lugar foi utilizado como referência o trabalho de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bernardo e Palma-Oliveira (2011</xref>), intitulado <italic>Place identity or the place of identity: contribution to a theory of social identity of place</italic>, que serviu de base para o questionário de avaliação psicométrica, com objetivo de mensurar a medida de identificação com o lugar.</p>
			<p>Empregou-se o questionário de avaliação psicológica produzido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vilelas <italic>et al.</italic> (2013</xref>), intitulado “Escala de Fatores de Resiliência de Takviriyanun: Propriedades Psicométricas da Versão Portuguesa”, com objetivo de identificar os traços de resiliência dos inquiridos e as possíveis correlações preditoras.</p>
			<p>Para a recolha de dados optou-se pela forma virtual, através de uma plataforma de gerenciamento de pesquisas (Formulários <italic>Google</italic>). Entrou-se formalmente em contato com as instituições de ensino superior (IES) em Portugal e no Brasil, através de <italic>e-mail</italic> e redes sociais, por onde apresentamos a investigação, e solicitando a divulgação do <italic>link</italic> com o questionário. O índice de respostas foi considerado dentro da média de estudos conduzidos virtualmente, especialmente em pesquisas comparativas. A escolha da metodologia de coleta de dados por meio de questionários online é respaldada por diversas evidências na literatura acadêmica que demonstram sua eficácia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Shih; Fan, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dillman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em Portugal, foram contatadas universidades e institutos politécnicos, totalizando 8 instituições. No Brasil, o contato se deu com as universidades federais e institutos federais de educação, ciência e tecnologia, totalizando 94 instituições. As IES foram selecionadas com base em sua importância acadêmica e cobertura geográfica, para refletir a diversidade de cenários climáticos em cada país. No caso de Portugal, foram incluídas instituições localizadas em regiões com diferentes níveis de exposição a mudanças climáticas. Já no Brasil, optou-se por incluir IES de diferentes regiões para garantir uma amostragem representativa. Optou-se por instituições públicas porque elas têm uma presença nacional abrangente, além de possuírem tradição em pesquisa e uma estrutura consolidada para divulgar e participar de estudos científicos.</p>
			<p>O tratamento dos dados psicométricos recolhidos na investigação foi realizado através de análise estatística efetuada com o software SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) versão 25.0 para Windows, licenciado para a Universidade Nova de Lisboa. A análise estatística envolveu medidas de estatística e estatística inferencial.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES</title>
			<p>A caracterização sociodemográfica da amostra, constituída por 1261 sujeitos, dos quais 11.3% (n = 143) são portugueses e 88.7% (n = 1118) são brasileiros. A maioria é do sexo feminino (60.4%), e com habilitações acadêmicas ao nível da graduação (78.2%). A média de idades é de 26.8 anos, DP = 8.8 anos, variando entre os 18 e os 74 anos e com uma média de residência no concelho/município atual de 15.2 anos. A amostra é equivalente estatisticamente em termos de sexo, idade e tempo de residência no município. No que se refere às habilitações acadêmicas, há uma proporção significativamente mais elevada de portugueses com mestrado e doutorado.</p>
			<p>Analisar a percepção que os inquiridos têm sobre os impactos das alterações climáticas no concelho/município de residência através da identidade de lugar é um dos elementos mais importantes desta investigação, como também os traços de resiliência. Num primeiro momento serão apresentados os resultados que apontam que os universitários, de forma geral, identificam-se com o concelho/município onde residem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>), e posteriormente identificar os seus traços de resiliência.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Identificação com o concelho/município de residência (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">1</th>
								<th align="center">2</th>
								<th align="center">3</th>
								<th align="center">4</th>
								<th align="center">5</th>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Identifico-me com este município</td>
								<td align="center">6.9%</td>
								<td align="center">13.4%</td>
								<td align="center">31.0%</td>
								<td align="center">28.6%</td>
								<td align="center">20.2%</td>
								<td align="center">3.42</td>
								<td align="center">1.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Eu sinto que pertenço a este município</td>
								<td align="center">9.7%</td>
								<td align="center">19.2%</td>
								<td align="center">26.1%</td>
								<td align="center">23.2%</td>
								<td align="center">21.8%</td>
								<td align="center">3.28</td>
								<td align="center">1.26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Penso que os residentes deste município são um importante reflexo de quem eu sou.</td>
								<td align="center">25.9%</td>
								<td align="center">28.7%</td>
								<td align="center">28.6%</td>
								<td align="center">10.4%</td>
								<td align="center">6.5%</td>
								<td align="center">2.43</td>
								<td align="center">1.16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Eu atuo como uma pessoa típica deste município</td>
								<td align="center">16.4%</td>
								<td align="center">26.8%</td>
								<td align="center">32.5%</td>
								<td align="center">15.9%</td>
								<td align="center">8.3%</td>
								<td align="center">2.73</td>
								<td align="center">1.16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Não me sinto como membro deste município, só venho para cá dormir/estudar</td>
								<td align="center">54.0%</td>
								<td align="center">15.7%</td>
								<td align="center">14.5%</td>
								<td align="center">7.6%</td>
								<td align="center">8.2%</td>
								<td align="center">2.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Se pudesse mudava do município sem hesitar</td>
								<td align="center">30.7%</td>
								<td align="center">18.2%</td>
								<td align="center">23.9%</td>
								<td align="center">12.0%</td>
								<td align="center">15.2%</td>
								<td align="center">2.63</td>
								<td align="center">1.41</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Legenda: 1 - Nada; 2 - Pouco; 3 - Mais ou menos; 4 - Muito; 5 - Bastante; M: Média; DP: Desvio padrão.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A identificação com o concelho/município é significativamente superior ao ponto médio da escala (3), t(1218) = 7.556, <italic>p</italic> = .001, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estatística descritiva (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Mínimo</th>
								<th align="center">Máximo</th>
								<th align="center">Média</th>
								<th align="center">Desvio padrão</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Identificação com o município</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.20</td>
								<td align="center">.95</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Outro fator importante é analisar a percepção que os inquiridos têm sobre os impactos das alterações climáticas através dos seus traços resilientes. Cinco dimensões foram identificadas através da adaptação para nosso estudo da Escala de resiliência de Takviriyanun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Takviriyanun, 2008</xref>), a saber: Suporte individual, Determinação e Competências para resolver problemas, Pensamento otimista, Outros tipos de apoio e Assertividade, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise fatorial exploratória sobre as dimensões da resiliência (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="6"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6">Componentes</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">1</th>
								<th align="center">2</th>
								<th align="center">3</th>
								<th align="center">4</th>
								<th align="center">5</th>
								<th align="center">6</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_10 Tenho pessoas que me apoiam.</td>
								<td align="center">.758</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_09 Tenho pessoas na família em quem posso confiar.</td>
								<td align="center">.709</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_08 Tenho pessoas fora da família em quem posso confiar.</td>
								<td align="center">.694</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_13 Tenho pessoas que me encorajam a ser independente.</td>
								<td align="center">.613</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_07 Sou responsável pelos meus comportamentos.</td>
								<td align="center">.604</td>
								<td align="center">.412</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_12 Tenho pessoas que me servem de modelo.</td>
								<td align="center">.496</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_06 Sou honesto, mesmo quando isso possa aborrecer os meus pais.</td>
								<td align="center">.412</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_03 Sou uma pessoa que planeia bem as coisas.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.747</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_01 Preparo-me para lidar com o que pode interferir com a obtenção dos meus objetivos.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.723</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_02 Resolvo problemas em diversos contextos.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.657</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_05 Não desisto duma tarefa até terminá-la.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.525</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.452</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_25 Faço a gestão e o controlo dos meus comportamentos.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.448</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_21 Crio novas ideias e novas formas de fazer as coisas.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.501</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_17 Sou, geralmente calmo e paciente.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.765</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_19 Encaro os acontecimentos com humor.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.760</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_18 Sou confiante, otimista e tenho esperança.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.693</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_20 Respeito-me e aos outros.</td>
								<td align="center">.412</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.456</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_22 Expresso os meus pensamentos e sentimentos sem constrangimento.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.756</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_23 Peço ajuda, sem que isso me faça sentir uma pessoa fraca.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.751</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_24 Face a coisas inapropriadas, negoceio ou recuso-me a fazê-las.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.528</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_15 Tenho recursos disponíveis, com que posso contar.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.724</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_14 Tenho uma família e comunidade, que são estáveis.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.639</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_16 Tenho pessoas que reconhecem quando faço coisas corretas.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.570</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_11 Sinto-me limitado quando procuro apoio.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">-.435</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Q4_04 Tenho fortes crenças sobre fé.</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">.844</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Variância explicada</td>
								<td align="center">29.13</td>
								<td align="center">7.5</td>
								<td align="center">5.6</td>
								<td align="center">5.1</td>
								<td align="center">4.7</td>
								<td align="center">4.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consistência interna</td>
								<td align="center">.796</td>
								<td align="center">.712</td>
								<td align="center">.746</td>
								<td align="center">.375</td>
								<td align="center">.704</td>
								<td align="center">---</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os sujeitos obtiveram valores mais elevados na dimensão “Suporte individual” (4.19) e mais baixos na dimensão “Outros tipos de apoios” (3.68), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estatística descritiva das dimensões da resiliência (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Mínimo</th>
								<th align="center">Máximo</th>
								<th align="center">Média</th>
								<th align="center">Desvio padrão</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suporte individual</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">4.19</td>
								<td align="center">.68</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Determinação e competências para resolver problemas</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.78</td>
								<td align="center">.64</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pensamento otimista</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.77</td>
								<td align="center">.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Outros tipos de apoios</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.68</td>
								<td align="center">.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Assertividade</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.83</td>
								<td align="center">.89</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Na identificação das dimensões da resiliência por nacionalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>), portugueses e brasileiros têm valores respectivamente elevados em “Suporte Individual” (4.16 <italic>vs</italic> 4.19). Em comparação, estatisticamente os portugueses obtêm valores significativamente mais elevados do que os brasileiros (3.92 vs 3.65) na dimensão “Outro tipo de apoios”, t(1228) = -3.709, p = .001.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Traços de resiliência e nacionalidade (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Brasileiros</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Portugueses</th>
								<th align="center">Sig</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suporte individual</td>
								<td align="center">4.19</td>
								<td align="center">.69</td>
								<td align="center">4.16</td>
								<td align="center">.65</td>
								<td align="center">.611</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Determinação e competências para resolver problemas</td>
								<td align="center">3.78</td>
								<td align="center">.64</td>
								<td align="center">3.82</td>
								<td align="center">.61</td>
								<td align="center">.524</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pensamento otimista</td>
								<td align="center">3.77</td>
								<td align="center">.75</td>
								<td align="center">3.75</td>
								<td align="center">.73</td>
								<td align="center">.705</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Outros tipos de apoios</td>
								<td align="center">3.65</td>
								<td align="center">.81</td>
								<td align="center">3.92</td>
								<td align="center">.75</td>
								<td align="center"> .001***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Assertividade</td>
								<td align="center">3.83</td>
								<td align="center">.90</td>
								<td align="center">3.89</td>
								<td align="center">.80</td>
								<td align="center">.389</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p><italic>* p &lt;</italic> .05 *<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .01 **<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .001</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>M: Média; DP: Desvio padrão; Sig: Nível de significância; p: Nível de significância estatística.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>O “Suporte individual” é o traço mais presente em nossos inquiridos portugueses e brasileiros. Esse traço se caracteriza por pessoas que, através das relações familiares e sociais, tornaram-se confiantes, independentes, responsáveis, honestas na medida em que lhe permitiram ter um suporte resiliente. Os universitários portugueses possuem valores mais elevados no traço resiliente “Outros tipos de apoios” do que os brasileiros. Tal traço baseia sua resiliência em apoios externos como a família e a comunidade, que o reconhecem e estão disponíveis a ajudá-lo. Alias, esses dois traços são os que mais se correlacionam, demostrando assim a importância da interação social e familiar na construção de indivíduos mais resilientes.</p>
			<p>Por isso mesmo, é importante destacar o fato de que os universitários que possuem alta identificação com o concelho/município também possuem elevados valores em quase todos os traços resilientes (Suporte individual, determinação, otimismo, autorregulação e outros apoios), demostrando assim, a importância da construção socioespacial da identidade que lhe atribui resiliência (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 6</xref>). Ou seja, quanto mais elevada for a identificação com o município/concelho, mais resiliente são os inquiridos frente a emergência climática.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Níveis de identificação com o concelho/município de residência por dimensões de resiliência (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Baixa identificação</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Elevada identificação</th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center">Sig.</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suporte individual</td>
								<td align="center">4.12</td>
								<td align="center">.74</td>
								<td align="center">4.37</td>
								<td align="center">.61</td>
								<td align="center">.001***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Determinação</td>
								<td align="center">3.75</td>
								<td align="center">.74</td>
								<td align="center">4.02</td>
								<td align="center">.59</td>
								<td align="center">.001***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Otimismo</td>
								<td align="center">3.62</td>
								<td align="center">.89</td>
								<td align="center">4.05</td>
								<td align="center">.71</td>
								<td align="center">.000***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Autorregulação</td>
								<td align="center">3.45</td>
								<td align="center">.94</td>
								<td align="center">3.78</td>
								<td align="center">.87</td>
								<td align="center">.000***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Outros apoios</td>
								<td align="center">3.37</td>
								<td align="center">.84</td>
								<td align="center">3.93</td>
								<td align="center">.73</td>
								<td align="center">.000***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Assertividade</td>
								<td align="center">3.81</td>
								<td align="center">.87</td>
								<td align="center">4.05</td>
								<td align="center">.88</td>
								<td align="center">.065</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>* <italic>p</italic> &lt; .05 ** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .1 *** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<p>M: Média; DP: Desvio padrão; Sig: Nível de significância; p: Nível de significância estatística.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN11">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os impactos das alterações climáticas reconhecidas nos concelhos/municípios onde residem nossos inquiridos, são percebidos através de duas grandes dimensões. A primeira engloba os itens “Aumento das temperaturas”, “Ondas de Calor” “Verões mais quentes e secos” e “Danos para vegetação e alterações na biodiversidade”. Como se pode notar, o elemento dessa dimensão está relacionado com a temperatura e suas consequências, que se nomeou “Aumento de temperatura”. A segunda dimensão engloba os itens “Aumento dos eventos climáticos extremos”, “Eventos de precipitação intensa”, “Subida do nível médio dos mares” e “Aumento dos incêndios”. Como se pode notar, o elemento dessa dimensão está relacionado com a precipitação e suas consequências, que se chamou de “Precipitação/subida do nível das águas”.</p>
			<p>Dentre esses, os que possuem alta identificação com o lugar, percebem os impactos das alterações climáticas em seu concelho/município através da dimensão “Eventos de precipitação intensa.” Ou seja, os universitários que possuem alta identificação com o seu lugar de residência, percebem as alterações no clima através da irregularidade das chuvas e as consequências advindas desta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 7</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relação entre Percepção dos impactos das alterações climáticas locais e níveis de Identificação com o lugar (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Baixa identificação</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Elevada identificação</th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center">M</th>
								<th align="center">DP</th>
								<th align="center">Sig.</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Aumento das temperaturas</td>
								<td align="center">3.58</td>
								<td align="center">.87</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
								<td align="center">.85</td>
								<td align="center">.590</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Eventos de precipitação intensa</td>
								<td align="center">2.52</td>
								<td align="center">.92</td>
								<td align="center">2.83</td>
								<td align="center">.92</td>
								<td align="center">.005**</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN12">
							<p>* <italic>p</italic> &lt; .05 ** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .1 *** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN13">
							<p>M: Média; DP: Desvio padrão; Sig: Nível de significância; p: Nível de significância estatística.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN14">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Nos inquiridos portugueses, quanto mais elevados são os níveis do traço resiliente “Suporte individual,” mais elevada é a percepção dos impactos das alterações climáticas no contexto do concelho de residência. Nos inquiridos brasileiros quanto mais elevados são os níveis dos traços de resiliência “Suporte individual,” “Determinação,” “Competências para resolver problemas” e “Assertividade,” mais elevada é a percepção do impacto das alterações climáticas no contexto do município de residência (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 8</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Tabela 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlação entre os Traços de Resiliência e o Impacto das alterações climáticas percebidos localmente (Portugal e Brasil, 2018)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Traços de Resiliência por nacionalidade</th>
								<th align="center">Impacto das alterações climáticas percebido localmente</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Portugueses</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suporte individual</td>
								<td align="center">.262<sup>**</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Determinação e competências para resolver problemas</td>
								<td align="center">.052</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pensamento otimista</td>
								<td align="center">.151</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Outros tipos de apoios</td>
								<td align="center">.133</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Assertividade</td>
								<td align="center">.018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Brasileiros</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suporte individual</td>
								<td align="center">.127<sup>**</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Determinação e competências para resolver problemas</td>
								<td align="center">.184<sup>**</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pensamento otimista</td>
								<td align="center">.042</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Outros tipos de apoios</td>
								<td align="center">.013</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Assertividade</td>
								<td align="center">.122<sup>**</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN15">
							<p><italic>* p &lt;</italic> .05 *<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .01 **<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .001</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN16">
							<p>p: Nível de significância estatística.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN17">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2022).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Em síntese, o aumento das temperaturas é percebido como uma das características mais marcantes das alterações climáticas, principalmente entre os residentes em zonas de vulnerabilidade grave, o que inclui dizer os portugueses que residem na Região Sul e os brasileiros que moram na Região Norte. A dimensão “Eventos de precipitação intensa” é percebida como uma das características mais marcantes das alterações climáticas por aqueles que possuem uma alta identificação com o lugar onde residem.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>No detalhamento realizado nas seções anteriores, apontou-se que a resiliência é fortemente relacionada com a identidade construída a partir do lugar onde reside o sujeito. Dessa forma, fica claro que os traços de resiliência influenciam a percepção das alterações climáticas na amostragem coletada e analisada.</p>
			<p>Dentro dos levantamentos relativos aos condicionantes de resiliência, verificou-se que quanto maior a identificação com o lugar maiores são os valores em quase todos os traços resilientes: “Suporte Individual,” “Determinação,” “Otimismo,” “Autoregulação” e “Outros Apoios”. Este dado é central para a compreensão de que a identidade de lugar é condicionante da capacidade de reposta e adaptação às mudanças do meio. Este achado denuncia uma centralidade significativa da identidade como um meio precípuo do capital resiliente que pode ser usado no enfrentamento das alterações climáticas. Abre-se assim a possibilidade de pensar a relação identidade de lugar e resiliência como um fator psico-geográfico de gestão do território, na medida em que ser torna uma ferramenta para promover e impulsionar a adaptação.</p>
			<p>A experiência vivida, que engloba a percepção dos aspectos ambientais ao seu redor, como também os processos cognitivos sociais de apreensão sobre um determinado fenômeno, devem ser coerentes com as especificidades do perfil geográfico onde um indivíduo se situa, inclusive a identidade formada a partir do lugar. O que os dados desta pesquisa revelam é que neste cenário esse tipo de identidade aumenta níveis de resiliência frente à emergência climática.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERÊNCIAS</title>
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				<mixed-citation>ADGER, W. Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related? Progress in Human Geography, v. 24, n. 3, p. 347-364, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540465.</mixed-citation>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/SN-v37-2025-72862x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Papers</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resilience and Place Identity in the Context of the Global Climate Emergency: A Comparative Study in Brazil and Portugal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6369-7963</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camargo</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandro Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">conception</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">data collection</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">data analysis</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">manuscript preparation, writing</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-6176</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Basílio</surname>
						<given-names>Romário Sampaio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">data analysis</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">manuscript preparation, writing</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation/">discussion of the results</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP, Amapá, AP, Brazil. alexandro@unifap.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Amapá</city>
					<state>AP</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<country country="BR">alexandro@unifap.br</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL, Lisboa, Portugal. romariobasilio.lab@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Lisboa</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<email>romariobasilio.lab@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In this comprehensive study, Portuguese university students were compared with Brazilian counterparts on the parameters of place identity and resilience traits. To this end, following data collection via a questionnaire, psychometrics was combined with statistical analysis methods, with the primary goal of understanding how place identity and resilience contribute to fostering climate resilience. The results reveal a generally accurate perception among participants regarding the consequences of climate change in their respective regions, with a more pronounced awareness observed in areas predicted to experience greater climate changes. Notably, in Portugal, a significant correlation emerged between a heightened risk of floods and stronger local identity, whereas among Brazilian participants, a similar correlation was observed with dry conditions. This presentation focuses on the analysis of Local/Social Identity and Resilience (Takviriyanun scale). The results also highlight a predominantly positive connection between participants and their local communities. It is noteworthy that individuals with a stronger sense of local identity demonstrate greater resilience in four out of the five factors analyzed (Support, Determination, Optimism, and Other Supports). It is concluded, therefore, that a strengthened local identity is associated with an increased capacity to cope with climate change. In this way, the possibility arises to analyze the relationship between place identity and resilience as an essential psychogeographic concept for territorial management, as it emerges as a strategic tool to promote and enhance adaptation processes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Climate Change</kwd>
				<kwd>Place Identity</kwd>
				<kwd>Resilience</kwd>
				<kwd>Psychometrics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In 2019, a group of over 11,000 scientists declared that the planet is facing a climate emergency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ripple <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). This group drew attention to the fact that if we do not curb material consumption, reduce greenhouse gases, protect ecosystems, reduce pollution, and encourage renewable energy, humanity will not be taking the urgent steps necessary to safeguard our endangered biosphere. The issue raised in this article stems from the fact that there is low individual/social engagement in addressing climate change, despite the existence of sufficient data demonstrating that the climate is being rapidly altered by anthropogenic actions. Such engagement is often influenced by the way individuals perceive and characterize the risk of climate change.</p>
				<p>The central objective of the study underpinning this article also lies in the observation that, although there have been various climate changes of different magnitudes and scopes throughout history, at no previous time there were both the analytical capacity and the current body of information to anticipate such events. Consequently, the acceptance, rejection, or indifference towards these climate changes can be studied by an interdisciplinary set of sciences, which will be dedicated to identifying the predominant factors in each of these reactions.</p>
				<p>Within the principles of resilience and adaptation to climate change, as proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">2014</xref>, these strategies become more effective when considering individuals' perceptions of climate phenomena. By taking into account subjective factors, it is essential to consider the specific location and its context, as well as its psychological geography (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Camargo, 2023</xref>). In this sense, the identity constructed from place, with its physical and social aspects, can be a tool for analyzing individuals' capacity to understand climate change.</p>
				<p>Regarding psychosocial elements, resilience traits demonstrate a unique individual character. Thus, individuals develop a very particular cognitive apprehension of the world, which may even predict their environmental behavior. Therefore, this study considers geographic variables (country, region, climate vulnerability zones) and psychological variables (place identity and resilience traits) that may influence how individuals perceive the effects of climate change.</p>
				<p>The central objective of this research is to verify to what extent place identity and resilience traits contribute as promoters of climate resilience. For this purpose, the results and discussions of a comparative study between Portugal and Brazil are presented, based on a sample of Portuguese and Brazilian university students, at various levels, having used psychometrics, combined with statistical analysis methods of data collected in 2018. In the next sections, a debate on resilience and place identity can be found (i), followed by a characterization of the study area and the selected sample (ii); a detailed discussion of the methods used is presented (iii), the systematization of the data and a discussion of the results (iv), and finally, the central conclusion is outlined (v).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>RESILIENCE AND PLACE IDENTITY: THE CONCEPTS OF THIS RESEARCH</title>
				<p>Originally coined in the exact sciences, the concept of resilience gradually evolved to encompass the social sciences and psychology, with a particular focus on vulnerability, risk, and adaptation. In the late 1990s, resilience transitioned from natural ecology to human ecology (social sciences), driven by research from economists and geographers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adger, 2000</xref>). Before that, still in the 1950s, the term resilience began to be used in psychology and finally became popular in this field in the 1980s and 1990s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Flach, 1988</xref>).</p>
				<p>The interplay between people and their environments is an important aspect when conceptualizing resilience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Waller, 2001</xref>). The stressors, which arise from the environment where the individual lives, are mediated by the processes of perception, evaluation, and coping, and consequently result in positive or negative responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fletcher; Fletcher, 2005</xref>). This process is continuous and moderated by various personal and situational characteristics, including positive affect, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Such variables related to resilience influence the stress process at various stages, namely: the individual's assessment of stressors, metacognitions in response to emotions felt, and the selection of coping strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fletcher; Sarkar, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Resilience is essential for the adaptive capacity that contemporary society must cultivate to address climate change. Although these changes affect spaces in a differentiated way in terms of vulnerability, scale, and time, they demand a collective response. It is important to remember that adaptation is not a property of resilience; on the contrary, resilience integrates the capacity for adaptation and mitigation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Klein, <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cheng <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>) on individual resilience among indigenous peoples who suffered from Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan (2009), the authors identified that resilience levels were higher in individuals who had a greater identification with the place. The identity constructed from the place can contribute to the process of resilience to climate emergencies.</p>
				<p>As Fátima Bernardo and José Palma-Oliveira point out, </p>
				<p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>&quot;place identity is [...] a substructure of the social identity of the SELF, consisting of aspects of self-concepts based on the idea of belonging to geographically defined groups. Thus, places can be seen as social categories, with a shared social meaning as a result of the interaction between the elements of a group, and not only as a scenario in which the interaction occurs&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bernardo; Palma-Oliveira, 2012</xref>, p. 37, authors' translation).</p>
				</disp-quote>
				</p>
				<p>This identity is shaped by a cognitive process that draws on the perceptions, emotions, values, and feelings attributed to space, both individually and collectively. Terms such as bond, belonging, sense, and attachment, despite having diverse theoretical roots, have contributed to the construction of the concept of place identity.</p>
				<p>One of the geographers who most highlighted this connection between man and place was Y. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tuan (2013</xref>), through a phenomenological reading that involves elements of memory and experience. For him, the bond lies in a street where one played in childhood, a square where young people met to talk, the country house for adults to interact with nature and escape the big city. These are spaces that, through the social relations of playing, talking, and interacting, have as a physical basis, a geography, an affectivity, a memory, an experience, and a bond. In these places of interaction of the self, the social, the environmental, symbols and meanings are constructed, which will be translated over time in a dynamic way, the way we perceive the geography that surrounds us. The geographical values acquired in these places are related to our perceptions and attitudes towards the environment.</p>
				<p>The construction of personal identity, social identity, and place identity converge on the same geographic component: place. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fresque-Baxter and Armitage (2012</xref>) argue that place is where individuals experience the most profound impacts of climate change. In a review of the concept of place identity as an element of adaptation to climate change, the authors understand that it is constructed through a dynamic socio-spatial process that assigns value to elements of the environment, influencing their perception and attitudes, to the point of enabling individuals to identify and distinguish different levels of vulnerability.</p>
				<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yongrui <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), as people's identification with a place increases, so does their ability to perceive and address environmental risks and changes. A strong identity and emotional connection to a place encourages residents to acquire local knowledge and contribute to better adaptation. Beyond fostering social cohesion, it also promotes collective action, enhancing community resilience in the face of climate change. This debate guided the design of this research and the criteria adopted for the selection of the study area, data collection, and analysis.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area, scenarios, and perception of climate change for Portugal and Brazil</title>
					<p>Portugal and Brazil were defined as study areas due to their differing levels of climate risk. According to the Global Climate Risk Index (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Eckstein <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), Portugal ranks 11th in terms of climate risk among 183 countries, indicating a high level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme weather events. Brazil, on the other hand, ranks 79th. These different degrees of climate vulnerability allow us to verify the correlation between different perceptions for each level of severity, as well as other nationally differentiated factors. To calculate the index, the following data are considered: the total number of losses caused by climate events, the number of deaths, insured losses (sum of losses in US dollars in purchasing power parity - PPP), and total economic losses (losses per unit of Gross Domestic Product - GDP).</p>
					<p>Continental Portugal was divided into two regions for this study, using the Tagus River as a boundary: the Southern Region, south of the Tagus, and the Northern Region, to the north. This regionalization reflects the physical, cultural, and socioeconomic differences between the two areas, as well as their varying levels of climate vulnerability. The autonomous regions of mainland Portugal were excluded due to their unique educational systems and the challenges associated with distributing the questionnaire.</p>
					<p>In Brazil, following the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2017</xref>) (IBGE, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, in English, the government institute responsible for collecting statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic, and environmental information in Brazil), this study employed the country's official five-region political-administrative division: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South.</p>
					<p>In the context of climate change in Portugal, according to the <italic>Risk Global Climate Risk Index</italic> (CRI), Portugal ranks 11th in climate risk in a ranking with 183 other countries, which highlights the degree of exposure and vulnerability to extreme climate events (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Eckstein <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). For indexing, the total losses caused by climatic events, the number of deaths, insured damages (sum of losses in USD at purchasing power parity - PPP), and total economic damages (losses per unit of Gross Domestic Product - GDP) are considered.</p>
					<p>The southern continental region of Portugal is the most susceptible area in the country to climate change. There has been both an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation, resulting in droughts. Precipitation has undergone significant changes in recent decades, particularly in this area, with monthly series revealing that drought episodes have been more frequent and more severe since 1980 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">IPMA, 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>According to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (2010</xref>) (IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, in English, Portugal's national meteorological, seismic, and oceanographic service), the Northern Region of Portugal, specifically the North Zone, experienced a temperature increase of approximately 0.57°C per decade (40% higher than the average warming rate observed for the country's mean temperature). Precipitation was above average (in the region north of the Douro River in 17 of the last 30 years). The Center region of the country experienced a mean temperature increase of 0.29°C per decade (30% lower than the average warming rate for the country) and precipitation was below average in 20 of the last 30 years. In the Southern Region of Portugal, specifically in the Alentejo region, there was a mean temperature increase of 0.44°C per decade and a decrease in precipitation over 30 years. In the Algarve region, there was an increase in mean temperatures of 0.37°C per decade, and in terms of rainfall, there was a systematic reduction in spring precipitation, which was above average in autumn.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mourato <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>), in a study on water availability in southern Portugal under different climate change scenarios (2071-2100), predict a decrease in the percentage of annual average precipitation values between -12% (inland) and -84% (near the coast), and an increase in temperature between +0.3°C (near the southern coast) and +3.3°C (northern interior), taking as a reference the period between 1961 and 1990. For the same analysis period, the decrease in annual precipitation in Portugal was also the subject of a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Soares <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>), who predicted an irregular reduction in precipitation of the order of 15% in the north of the country and more than 30% in the south.</p>
					<p>An important indicator for assessing countries' performance in combating climate change is the Climate Change Performance Index 2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). In this ranking, Portugal improved its position, reaching the 17th place in 2019. In the same index, Brazil occupies the 79th position in terms of climate risk, in a group with 183 other countries, which indicates the level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme weather events (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>According to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Painel Brasileiro de Mudanças Climáticas (2014</xref>) (PBMC, Brazilian Panel on Climate Change, in English), Brazil has already recorded an increase in the average temperature of approximately 0.75°C by the end of the 20th century, compared to the period between 1961 and 1990 (considering the annual average of 24.9°C). The same PBMC points out that the country will have a temperature increase between 1° and 6°C by 2100, compared to that recorded at the end of the 20th century. As a consequence, there will be a significant decrease in rainfall in much of the Central-Western, Northern, and Northeastern regions of the country. In the Southern and Southeastern regions, on the other hand, there will be an increase in precipitation.</p>
					<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Salati <italic>et al</italic>. (2007</xref>), analyzing the average temperature and precipitation differences between 1991 and 2004, compared to the period from 1961 to 1990, indicate a diagnosis of climate change by regions in Brazil. According to the report, there was a temperature increase of 0.6°C in the North, Northeast, and Southeast. With a significantly higher value, the Central-West region had a temperature increase of 0.7°C. The region where the temperature increased the least was the South, with 0.3°C. In terms of precipitation, there was an increase in the North (2.9%), Southeast (4.8%) and South regions with the greatest increase (17.8%), and a decrease in the Northeast (11.6%) and Central-West (0.4%) regions.</p>
					<p>An important indicator of public policy performance is the Climate Change Performance Index (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which evaluates countries' performance in combating climate change. In this ranking, Brazil experienced a setback, ranking 22nd in 2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burck <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<p>In this research, Portuguese and Brazilian university students were defined as the sample, encompassing various levels (technologist, undergraduate, master, doctorate, and post-doctorate).</p>
				<p>The technique used was Psychometrics, which seeks to construct and apply instruments for measuring psychological constructs and variables, combined with statistical analysis methods, through which it is possible to measure and analyze the structure of mental processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pasquali, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>The instrument used was a psychometric assessment through a questionnaire, in which respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with certain statements and/or indicate how often they felt or behaved in certain situations.</p>
				<p>The Local Climate Change Impact Perception questionnaire aimed to capture the perception of climate change in the context of the place, that is, at the respondent's residence, in order to specifically assess the impacts of climate change on their lives. For the analysis, the main impacts of climate change reported in the bibliography of Portugal and Brazil were listed.</p>
				<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bernardo and Palma-Oliveira's 2011</xref> work, entitled “Place identity or the place of identity: contribution to a theory of social identity of place<italic>”</italic>, served as the foundation for our study. Their work, which explored the concept of place identity, informed the development of a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure individuals' identification with a particular place.</p>
				<p>The psychometric questionnaire developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vilelas <italic>et al</italic>. (2013</xref>), titled <italic>“</italic>Takviriyanun Resilience Factors Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version<italic>”,</italic> was employed to assess participants' resilience traits and explore potential predictive correlations.</p>
				<p>Data was collected virtually using an online survey platform (Google Forms). Portuguese and Brazilian higher education institutions (HEIs) were formally contacted via email and social media. The research was presented, and the link to the questionnaire was requested to be disseminated. The response rate was considered to be within the average for studies conducted virtually, especially in comparative research. The choice of online data collection through questionnaires is supported by substantial evidence in the academic literature demonstrating its effectiveness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Shih; Fan, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dillman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Portugal, 8 universities and polytechnics were contacted. In Brazil, 94 federal universities and federal institutes of education, science, and technology were approached. Institutions were selected based on their academic prominence and geographic coverage to reflect the diversity of climate scenarios in each country. In Portugal, institutions located in regions with varying levels of climate change exposure were included. In Brazil, institutions from different regions were selected to ensure a representative sample. Public institutions were chosen due to their extensive national presence, research tradition, and established structure for disseminating and participating in scientific studies.</p>
				<p>The psychometric data collected in this study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS), version 25.0 for Windows, licensed to Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Nova University of Lisbon). Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS</title>
				<p>The sociodemographic characterization of the sample, consisting of 1261 individuals, of which 11.3% (n = 143) are Portuguese and 88.7% (n = 1118) are Brazilian. The majority are female (60.4%) and have undergraduate degrees (78.2%). The average age is 26.8 years, with a standard deviation of 8.8 years, ranging from 18 to 74 years, and an average of 15.2 years of residence in the current municipality. The sample is statistically equivalent in terms of gender, age, and length of residence in the municipality. Regarding academic qualifications, there is a significantly higher proportion of Portuguese individuals with master's and doctoral degrees.</p>
				<p>Analyzing the respondents' perception of the impacts of climate change on their municipality through the lens of place identity is one of the most important elements of this research, as well as the traits of resilience. Initially, the results will be presented, indicating that university students, in general, identify with the municipality where they reside (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 1</xref>), and subsequently, their resilience traits will be identified.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Identification with the local council/municipality of residence (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">1</th>
									<th align="center">2</th>
									<th align="center">3</th>
									<th align="center">4</th>
									<th align="center">5</th>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">I identify with this municipality</td>
									<td align="center">6.9%</td>
									<td align="center">13.4%</td>
									<td align="center">31.0%</td>
									<td align="center">28.6%</td>
									<td align="center">20.2%</td>
									<td align="center">3.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">I feel like I belong to this municipality.</td>
									<td align="center">9.7%</td>
									<td align="center">19.2%</td>
									<td align="center">26.1%</td>
									<td align="center">23.2%</td>
									<td align="center">21.8%</td>
									<td align="center">3.28</td>
									<td align="center">1.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">I think the residents of this municipality are an important reflection of who I am.</td>
									<td align="center">25.9%</td>
									<td align="center">28.7%</td>
									<td align="center">28.6%</td>
									<td align="center">10.4%</td>
									<td align="center">6.5%</td>
									<td align="center">2.43</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">I act like a typical person from this town.</td>
									<td align="center">16.4%</td>
									<td align="center">26.8%</td>
									<td align="center">32.5%</td>
									<td align="center">15.9%</td>
									<td align="center">8.3%</td>
									<td align="center">2.73</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">I don't feel like I belong in this town; I only come here to sleep/study.</td>
									<td align="center">54.0%</td>
									<td align="center">15.7%</td>
									<td align="center">14.5%</td>
									<td align="center">7.6%</td>
									<td align="center">8.2%</td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">If I could, I would move out of this town without hesitation.</td>
									<td align="center">30.7%</td>
									<td align="center">18.2%</td>
									<td align="center">23.9%</td>
									<td align="center">12.0%</td>
									<td align="center">15.2%</td>
									<td align="center">2.63</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<p><italic>Key</italic>: 1 - Nothing; 2 - Few; 3 - Average; 4 - Much; 5 - Very Much; M: Median; SD: Standard Deviation.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN19">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Identification with the council/municipality is significantly higher than the scale midpoint (3), t(1218) = 7.556, p = .001, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive statistics (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Minimum</th>
									<th align="center">Maximum</th>
									<th align="center">Mean</th>
									<th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Identification with the municipality</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.20</td>
									<td align="center">.95</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN20">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Another crucial factor is to analyze the respondents' perception of the impacts of climate change through their resilience traits. Five dimensions were identified through the adaptation of Takviriyanun's Resilience Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Takviriyanun, 2008</xref>) for our study, namely: Individual support, Determination and problem-solving skills, Optimistic thinking, Other types of support, and Assertiveness, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exploratory factor analysis on the dimensions of resilience (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="6"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6">Components</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">1</th>
									<th align="center">2</th>
									<th align="center">3</th>
									<th align="center">4</th>
									<th align="center">5</th>
									<th align="center">6</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_10 I have people who support me.</td>
									<td align="center">.758</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_09 I have people in my family that I can trust.</td>
									<td align="center">.709</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_08 I have people outside of my family that I can trust.</td>
									<td align="center">.694</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_13 I have people who encourage me to be independent. </td>
									<td align="center">.613</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_07 I am responsible for my behaviors.</td>
									<td align="center">.604</td>
									<td align="center">.412</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_12 I have people who serve as role models for me.</td>
									<td align="center">.496</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_06 I am honest, even when it might upset my parents.</td>
									<td align="center">.412</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_03 I am a well-organized person.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.747</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_01 I prepare myself to deal with things that might interfere with my goals.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.723</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_02 I solve problems in various contexts.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.657</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_05 I don't give up on a task until it's finished.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.525</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.452</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_25 I manage and control my behaviors.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.448</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_21 I come up with new ideas and new ways of doing things.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.501</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_17 I am generally calm and patient.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.765</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_19 I face events with humor.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.760</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_18 I am confident, optimistic, and hopeful.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.693</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_20 I respect myself and others.</td>
									<td align="center">.412</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.456</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_22 I express my thoughts and feelings without hesitation.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.756</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_23 I ask for help without feeling weak.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.751</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_24 Faced with inappropriate things, I negotiate or refuse to do them.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.528</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_15 I have available resources that I can rely on.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.724</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_14 I have a stable family and community.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.639</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_16 I have people who recognize when I do things right.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.570</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_11 I feel limited when I seek support.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-.435</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q4_04 I have strong beliefs about faith.</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">.844</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Explained variance</italic></td>
									<td align="center">29.13</td>
									<td align="center">7.5</td>
									<td align="center">5.6</td>
									<td align="center">5.1</td>
									<td align="center">4.7</td>
									<td align="center">4.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Internal consistency</td>
									<td align="center">.796</td>
									<td align="center">.712</td>
									<td align="center">.746</td>
									<td align="center">.375</td>
									<td align="center">.704</td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN21">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Participants obtained higher scores on the dimension &quot;Individual support&quot; (4.19) and lower scores on the dimension &quot;Other types of support&quot; (3.68), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive Statistics of Resilience Dimensions (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Minimum</th>
									<th align="center">Maximum</th>
									<th align="center">Mean</th>
									<th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Individual support</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.19</td>
									<td align="center">.68</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Determination and problem-solving skills</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.78</td>
									<td align="center">.64</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Optimistic thinking</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.77</td>
									<td align="center">.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Other types of support</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.68</td>
									<td align="center">.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Assertiveness</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.83</td>
									<td align="center">.89</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN22">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>When identifying resilience dimensions by nationality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 5</xref>), both Portuguese and Brazilian participants reported higher levels of &quot;<italic>Individual support</italic>&quot; (4.16 vs 4.19). In comparison, Portuguese participants obtained significantly higher values than Brazilians (3.92 vs 3.65) in the dimension &quot;<italic>Other types of support</italic>&quot;, t(1228) = -3.709, p = .001.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t13">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resilience Traits and Nationality (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Brazilians </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Portuguese </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">Sig</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Individual support</td>
									<td align="center">4.19</td>
									<td align="center">.69</td>
									<td align="center">4.16</td>
									<td align="center">.65</td>
									<td align="center">.611</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Determination and problem-solving skills</td>
									<td align="center">3.78</td>
									<td align="center">.64</td>
									<td align="center">3.82</td>
									<td align="center">.61</td>
									<td align="center">.524</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Optimistic thinking</td>
									<td align="center">3.77</td>
									<td align="center">.75</td>
									<td align="center">3.75</td>
									<td align="center">.73</td>
									<td align="center">.705</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Other types of support</td>
									<td align="center">3.65</td>
									<td align="center">.81</td>
									<td align="center">3.92</td>
									<td align="center">.75</td>
									<td align="center"> .001***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Assertiveness</td>
									<td align="center">3.83</td>
									<td align="center">.90</td>
									<td align="center">3.89</td>
									<td align="center">.80</td>
									<td align="center">.389</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN23">
								<p><italic>* p &lt;</italic> .05 *<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .01 **<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .001</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN24">
								<p>M: Median; SD: Standard Deviation; Sig: Significance Level; p: Level of statistical significance.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN25">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>&quot;Individual support&quot; is the most prevalent trait among our Portuguese and Brazilian respondents. This trait is characterized by individuals who, through family and social relationships, have become confident, independent, responsible, and honest, as these relationships have provided them with resilient support. Portuguese university students have higher values in the resilience trait &quot;Other types of support&quot; compared to Brazilian students. This trait bases its resilience on external supports such as family and community, which recognize the individual and are available to help. In fact, these two traits are the most highly correlated, demonstrating the importance of social and family interaction in building more resilient individuals.</p>
				<p>Therefore, it is important to highlight that university students who exhibit a high level of identification with their city/municipality also demonstrate high values in almost all resilience traits (Individual support, Determination, Optimism, Self-regulation, and Other supports), thus demonstrating the importance of the socio-spatial construction of identity in fostering resilience (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 6</xref>). In other words, the higher the identification with the city/municipality, the more resilient the respondents are in the face of the climate emergency.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t14">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Levels of Identification with Municipality of Residence by Resilience Dimensions (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Low identification</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">High identification</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">Sig.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Individual support</td>
									<td align="center">4.12</td>
									<td align="center">.74</td>
									<td align="center">4.37</td>
									<td align="center">.61</td>
									<td align="center">.001***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Determination</td>
									<td align="center">3.75</td>
									<td align="center">.74</td>
									<td align="center">4.02</td>
									<td align="center">.59</td>
									<td align="center">.001***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Optimism</td>
									<td align="center">3.62</td>
									<td align="center">.89</td>
									<td align="center">4.05</td>
									<td align="center">.71</td>
									<td align="center">.000***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Self-regulation</td>
									<td align="center">3.45</td>
									<td align="center">.94</td>
									<td align="center">3.78</td>
									<td align="center">.87</td>
									<td align="center">.000***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Other supports</td>
									<td align="center">3.37</td>
									<td align="center">.84</td>
									<td align="center">3.93</td>
									<td align="center">.73</td>
									<td align="center">.000***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Assertiveness</td>
									<td align="center">3.81</td>
									<td align="center">.87</td>
									<td align="center">4.05</td>
									<td align="center">.88</td>
									<td align="center">.065</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN26">
								<p>* <italic>p</italic> &lt; .05 ** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .1 *** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN27">
								<p>M: Median; SD: Standard Deviation; Sig: Significance Level; p: Level of statistical significance.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN28">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The impacts of climate change recognized in the municipalities where our respondents reside are perceived through two main dimensions. The first dimension encompasses the items &quot;Increased temperatures&quot;, &quot;Heat waves&quot;, &quot;Hotter and drier summers&quot;, and &quot;Damage to vegetation and changes in biodiversity&quot;. As can be seen, the elements of this dimension are related to temperature and its consequences, which we have named &quot;Increased temperature&quot;. The second dimension includes the items &quot;Increase in extreme weather events&quot;, &quot;Intense precipitation events&quot;, &quot;Sea level rise&quot;, and &quot;Increase in fires&quot;. As can be seen, the elements of this dimension are related to precipitation and its consequences, which we have named &quot;Precipitation/sea level rise&quot;.</p>
				<p>Among those who have a high identification with the place, the impacts of climate change in their council/municipality are perceived through the dimension &quot;Intense precipitation events&quot;. In other words, university students who have a high identification with their place of residence perceive climate change through the irregularity of rainfall and its consequences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Table 7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t15">
						<label>Table 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlation between Locally Perceived Climate Change Impacts and Place Identity (Portugal and Brazil, 2018)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Low identification</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">High identification</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">M</th>
									<th align="center">SD</th>
									<th align="center">Sig.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Increased temperature</td>
									<td align="center">3.58</td>
									<td align="center">.87</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
									<td align="center">.85</td>
									<td align="center">.590</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Intense precipitation events</td>
									<td align="center">2.52</td>
									<td align="center">.92</td>
									<td align="center">2.83</td>
									<td align="center">.92</td>
									<td align="center">.005**</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN29">
								<p>* <italic>p</italic> &lt; .05 ** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .1 *** <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN30">
								<p>M: Median; SD: Standard Deviation; Sig: Significance Level; p: Level of statistical significance.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN31">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Among Portuguese respondents, higher levels of the resilience trait &quot;Individual Support&quot; are associated with a greater perception of the impacts of climate change in their local council. For Brazilian respondents, higher levels of the resilience traits &quot;Individual Support&quot;, &quot;Determination&quot;, &quot;Problem-solving skills&quot;, and &quot;Assertiveness&quot; are associated with a greater perception of the impacts of climate change in their municipality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Table 8</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t16">
						<label>Table 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlation between Resilience Traits and Locally Perceived Climate Change Impacts (Portugal and Brazil, 2018) </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Resilience traits by nationality</th>
									<th align="center">Locally perceived climate change impacts</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Portuguese</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Individual support</td>
									<td align="center">.262<sup>**</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Determination and problem-solving skills</td>
									<td align="center">.052</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Optimistic thinking</td>
									<td align="center">.151</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Other types of support</td>
									<td align="center">.133</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Assertiveness</td>
									<td align="center">.018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Brazilians</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Individual support</td>
									<td align="center">.127<sup>**</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Determination and problem-solving skills</td>
									<td align="center">.184<sup>**</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Optimistic thinking</td>
									<td align="center">.042</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Other types of support</td>
									<td align="center">.013</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Assertiveness</td>
									<td align="center">.122<sup>**</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN32">
								<p><italic>* p &lt;</italic> .05 *<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .01 **<italic>* p &lt;</italic> .001</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN33">
								<p>p : Level of statistical significance.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN34">
								<p>Source: The authors (2022).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In summary, rising temperatures are perceived as one of the most striking characteristics of climate change, particularly among residents of highly vulnerable areas, including Portuguese people living in the Southern Region and Brazilians living in the Northern Region. The dimension of &quot;Intense precipitation events&quot; is perceived as one of the most striking characteristics of climate change by those who have a high identification with the place where they live.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CONCLUDING REMARKS</title>
				<p>The detailed analysis in the previous sections showed that resilience is strongly linked to the identity constructed from the place where the individual resides. Thus, it is clear that resilience traits influence the perception of climate change in the collected and analyzed sample. </p>
				<p>Within the surveys related to the determinants of resilience, it was verified that the greater the identification with the place, the higher the values in almost all resilience traits: &quot;Individual Support&quot;, &quot;Determination&quot;, &quot;Optimism&quot;, &quot;Self-regulation&quot;, and &quot;Other Supports&quot;. This data is central to understanding that place identity is a condition for the capacity to respond and adapt to environmental changes. This finding reveals a significant centrality of identity as a primary means of resilient capital that can be used to address climate change. This opens up the possibility of thinking about the relationship between place identity and resilience as a psycho-geographical factor in territorial management, insofar as it becomes a tool to promote and drive adaptation. </p>
				<p>The lived experience, which encompasses the perception of the environmental aspects around it, as well as the social cognitive processes of apprehension about a given phenomenon, must be coherent with the specificities of the geographical profile where an individual is located, including the identity formed from the place. What the data from this research reveals is that in this scenario this type of identity increases levels of resilience in the face of the climate emergency. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>