<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sn</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Sociedade &amp; Natureza</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Soc. nat.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-4513</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-1570</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Editora da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - EDUFU</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/SN-v37-2025-73091</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Índice de Calor (HI) na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>The Heat Index (HI) in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará - Brazil</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0848-3540</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Ferreira</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">conceitualização</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">pesquisa</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">metodologia</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">redação do manuscrito original</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8817-5459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Flávia Ingrid Bezerra Paiva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">pesquisa</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">metodologia</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">redação do manuscrito original</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3475-2705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanella</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Elisa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">pesquisa</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">metodologia</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/">supervisão</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">redação do manuscrito original</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. juniorgeoufc@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>juniorgeoufc@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE, Quixadá, CE, Brasil. flavia.ingrid@ifce.edu.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Quixadá</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>flavia.ingrid@ifce.edu.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Ceará -UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. elisazv@terra.com.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Ceará -UFC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>elisazv@terra.com.br</email>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e73091</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Ao longo do tempo, as mudanças no espaço tiveram como resultado a alteração das características naturais. Nesse contexto, surgiram indicadores de conforto térmico, desenvolvidos para interpretar as condições ambientais em relação ao estresse térmico. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar o Índice de Calor (Heat Index - HI) em diferentes bairros de Fortaleza, elegidos a partir dos diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo. Foi realizada uma campanha de coleta de dados em dez pontos da cidade, utilizando sensores termohigrômetros. A equação do HI foi aplicada aos dados coletados, de acordo com os intervalos do National Weather Service e dos intervalos adaptados para o município. Os dados indicam que Fortaleza experimentou temperaturas elevadas durante todo o período analisado (mês seco e quente), tendo impacto negativo no HI (até 42°C). A comparação das classes do indicador de conforto mostrou que, no intervalo original, poucos registros indicaram condições de conforto nos diferentes bairros, enquanto o intervalo de classes considerando a aclimatação da população indicou mais situações confortáveis. As piores condições de conforto ocorreram no período vespertino, entre 12h e 14h. Os pontos mais críticos estão associados ao adensamento de edificações e à falta de infraestruturas verdes urbanas, sendo o Parque do Cocó e o Bairro de Fátima (mais arborizados) os que apresentaram maior frequência na classe de conforto. Conclui-se que todo o território da cidade enfrenta estresse térmico, no entanto, as estruturas verdes têm o potencial de atenuar os efeitos adversos do campo térmico, melhorando o conforto humano no ambiente citadino.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Over time, changes in space have resulted in changes in natural characteristics. In this context, thermal comfort indicators have emerged, as developed to interpret environmental conditions in relation to thermal stress. The objective of this study was to apply the Heat Index (HI) in different neighborhoods of the city of Fortaleza, which choice was based on the different types of land cover. We carried out data collection campaign at ten points in the city, using thermohygrometer sensors. We applied the HI equation to the data collected, according to the intervals of the National Weather Service and the intervals adapted for the municipality. The data indicate that Fortaleza experienced high temperatures throughout the analyzed period (dry and hot months), having a negative impact on the HI (up to 42°C). The comparison of the comfort indicator classes showed that, in the original interval, few records indicated comfortable conditions in the different neighborhoods, while the interval of classes considering the acclimatization of the population indicated situations that were more comfortable. The worst comfort conditions occurred in the afternoon, between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. The most critical points are associated with the density of buildings and the lack of urban green infrastructure, with neighborhoods Parque do Cocó and Bairro de Fátima (with more trees) that presented the highest frequency in the comfort class. We concluded that the entire territory of the city faces thermal stress; however, green structures have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of the thermal field, improving human comfort in the urban environment.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Clima urbano</kwd>
				<kwd>Conforto térmico</kwd>
				<kwd>Estresse térmico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Urban Climate</kwd>
				<kwd>Thermal Comfort</kwd>
				<kwd>Thermal stress</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="1"/>
				<ref-count count="50"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>As transformações espaciais que ocorreram no decorrer do tempo, principalmente intensificadas desde a Revolução Industrial, mudaram a forma como o homem interage com o meio e responde aos efeitos causados por essas alterações, principalmente em ambientes citadinos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Santos (1993</xref>) entende que a cidade pode ser compreendida como uma organização espacial primordialmente humana, o qual modifica os atributos naturais em busca de suprir as demandas geradas a partir de seu cotidiano. Dentre os elementos naturais que foram modificados pelo ser humano, especialmente nos ambientes urbanos, é possível destacar o clima, onde as condições atmosféricas locais foram consideravelmente alteradas no decorrer do tempo, ocasionando aumento significativo da temperatura do ar, anomalias na umidade relativa e velocidade dos ventos e mudança nos padrões de circulação atmosférica locais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Landsberg, 1956</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">1981</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chandler, 1965</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Oke, 1973</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Monteiro, 1976</xref>), resultantes do processo de desenvolvimento urbano desordenado e sem planejamento apropriado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gartland, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>A substituição das coberturas de solo naturalmente permeáveis por superfícies impermeáveis que absorvem calor, e alteram o equilíbrio de energia das cidades, agrava os riscos associados aos extremos de temperatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Nice <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), aumentando o número de episódios de ondas de calor e suas intensidades em todo o mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Perkins-Kirkpatrick; Lewis, 2020</xref>). Observa-se que, a exposição ao aumento da temperatura ocorre de maneira desigual na cidade, onde as condições socioeconômicas e o ambiente urbano foram significativamente determinantes para o estresse térmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arifwidodoa; Chandrasiri, 2020</xref>), onde a maior exposição está ligada a tipologias habitacionais densas e pouca vegetação nos assentamentos informais de baixa renda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Adegun; Ayoola, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>Essas condições podem ter efeito direto sobre a qualidade de vida da população. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Huang <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>) indicam que as temperaturas elevadas e níveis excessivos de umidade podem ter efeitos negativos na saúde humana e no desempenho no trabalho, especialmente quando ultrapassam os limites fisiológicos. Se a temperatura central do corpo humano ultrapassar os 37 °C por períodos extensos, pode ocorrer hipertermia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Sherwood; Huber, 2010</xref>), a partir de desequilíbrios temporários de calor que resultam no armazenamento de calor no corpo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cramer; Jay, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Antes de causar comorbidades associadas à hipertermia o organismo sofre prejuízo em seu funcionamento ótimo pela sensação de desconforto térmico. Para averiguar tais prejuízos é necessário compreender o estado da mente humana e sua satisfação em relação ao campo térmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fanger, 1970</xref>), portanto, sendo preciso utilizar métodos para avaliar a resposta dos organismos a esse fenômeno.</p>
			<p>É nesse sentido, que surgem os indicadores de conforto térmico, desenvolvidos com o propósito de tornar mais simples a delimitação das condições do ambiente em relação ao estresse eminente (Blazejczyk <italic>et al</italic>. 2012). De Freiras e Grigorieva (2015) em um estudo de revisão bibliográfica identificaram um total de 165 métodos ou índices para mensurar e avaliar as condições de conforto térmico, utilizando diferentes inputs e níveis de sofisticação. A seleção entre diferentes tipos de índices é diretamente influenciada pelas condições do ambiente, pela natureza das atividades realizadas pelo indivíduo e pela ponderação da relevância de cada aspecto específico do conforto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Annunciação, 2016</xref>), ponderando também a disponibilidades de dados de <italic>input</italic> para a aplicação do índice. Na região semiárida brasileira, por exemplo, foi identificada a aplicação de 20 índices diferentes, atentando para as fragilidades em suas aplicações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Paiva-Gomes; Zanella, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Na literatura científica, o Índice de Calor (Heat Index - HI), se destaca entre os indicadores utilizados para mensurar e analisar o conforto térmico em ambientes quentes. O HI combina valores de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, determinando um valor de sensação térmica sentida pelos indivíduos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Steadman, 1979</xref>), baseado em diversos estudos biometeorológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fanger, 1970</xref>). O HI pode ser aplicado em diferentes regiões do globo e para diferentes objetivos, desde simulações de conforto de acordo com o aquecimento global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delworth <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>), análise de casos de ondas de calor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Suparta; Yatim, 2017</xref>; Awasthi <italic>et al</italic>., 2021) e desenvolvimento de sistemas de alerta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kirtsaeng; Kirtsaeng, 2015</xref>). No Brasil também são verificados estudos aplicando o HI em diversas vertentes, principalmente para análises microclimáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nóbrega; Lemos, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Novais <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>A análise climática local é fundamental para a compreensão do conforto térmico em ambientes externos, em especial os urbanos. É notória a diversidade de modificações impostas à paisagem em curtas distâncias nas cidades, tendo diferentes faces do tecido urbano condições naturais e urbanísticas bastante distintas entre si. Tal diversidade seria suficiente para induzir diferentes condições de conforto térmico? Tendo como base o HI, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as condições de conforto térmico no município de Fortaleza capital do estado do Ceará, tendo em vista as diferentes formas urbanas e condições de uso do solo. Foi aqui analisado um período crítico em relação às condições térmicas na região, representado pelo mês de outubro do ano de 2019.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>METODOLOGIA</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudo</title>
				<p>A pesquisa foi realizada tendo como lócus o município de Fortaleza, capital do estado do Ceará, está localizada nas coordenadas centrais SIRGAS 2000 UTM Zona 24 Sul, 9581533.31 S e 552409.32 O (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mendonça e Danni-Oliveira (2007</xref>), Fortaleza está inserida no contexto de Clima Tropical Equatorial. Por estar localizada na costa da região Nordeste brasileira, banhada pelo Oceano Atlântico, a cidade apresenta condições de umidade relativa elevada e grande influência dos ventos, em diferentes escalas.</p>
				<p>De maneira geral, a temperatura do município não sofre grandes variações intra e interanuais, onde as variações de temperaturas entre os meses mais e menos quentes, não ultrapassam os 2°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Moura, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>), sendo os meses de outubro, novembro e dezembro os que alcançam as maiores temperaturas máximas médias. Portanto, o que rege a variabilidade climática no município é a precipitação pluviométrica, largamente influenciada pela Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT), esta, por sua vez, tendo sua atuação influenciada pelos Eventos El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e a Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) na bacia do Oceano Atlântico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira; Mello, 2005</xref>). Os principais sistemas atmosféricos que atuam na produção de chuva na cidade de Fortaleza, além da ZCIT, são os Vórtices Ciclônicos em Altos Níveis (VCAN), os Complexos Convectivos de Mesoescala (CCM), as Ondas de Leste (OL), entre outros, provocando precipitação concentrada majoritariamente no primeiro semestre do ano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira; Mello, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbieri, 2014</xref>), enquanto no segundo semestre predominam situações de estabilidade atmosférica sob influência da Massa Equatorial Atlântica (mEa).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Localização do município de Fortaleza e dos Pontos de Coleta de Dados (PCD).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf1.png"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Atualmente, Fortaleza é considerada uma das capitais mais importantes do país. De acordo com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">IBGE, 2023</xref>), a capital do Ceará ocupa a 11ª posição entre as cidades com maiores PIBs do país. De acordo com a prévia do censo demográfico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">IBGE, 2023</xref>), Fortaleza conta com 2.428.678 habitantes, sendo o 4° município mais povoado do país. Com densidade demográfica de 7.775,43 habitantes por quilômetro quadrado (hab/km²) é a oitava cidade mais densa e ocupa o primeiro lugar nesse quesito entre as capitais brasileiras.</p>
				<p>Sendo assim, o município consiste em um importante aglomerado urbano, sem a presença de áreas rurais importantes e com alto índice de modificação da paisagem, onde apenas as áreas legalmente protegidas mantêm características naturais preservadas, havendo a substituição dos materiais de cobertura do solo em praticamente todo o município.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Coleta de dados primários</title>
				<p>Este artigo analisou as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar em Fortaleza, tendo em vista diferentes bairros, que apresentam condições de uso e ocupação do solo e estrutura urbana diferenciadas. Para tanto, foi necessário realizar uma campanha de coleta de dados primários através de sensores termohigrômetros alocados em pontos estratégicos da cidade. A distribuição dos sensores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) teve como base os diferentes padrões de uso do solo e localização geográfica, objetivando obter uma representação coesa do território fortalezense. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref> apresenta as características de cada Ponto de Coleta de Dados.</p>
				<p>Foi empregado o uso de termohigrômetros do modelo HOBO MX2301A. Esses dispositivos são designados para aferir a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Balany <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). Para empregar tais instrumentos em ambientes ao ar livre, torna-se imprescindível a utilização de um abrigo. Estes abrigos, destinados aos termohigrômetros, constituem-se como dispositivos de proteção, resguardando os instrumentos de medição contra a incidência direta de radiação solar e a ação do vento. Confeccionados a partir de tubos de PVC branco, apresentam orifícios na parte superior e inferior, permitindo a circulação do ar e minimizando o impacto do aquecimento solar direto no sensor. Ademais, desempenham a função de resguardar o sensor contra as intempéries, como chuvas e ventos intensos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Quadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descrição das características dos Pontos de Coleta de Dados (PCDs) da pesquisa.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Imagem aérea</td>
									<td align="center">Descrição do Ponto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i002.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 01 (Álvaro Wayne)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 5448850E e 9589610S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, residências geminadas, construções são majoritariamente de alvenaria e a cobertura é composta por revestimentos cerâmicos. Alta densidade de edificações. Pouca arborização.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i003.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 02 (Vila Velha)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 544377E e 9589218S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, construções são majoritariamente de alvenaria e a cobertura é composta por revestimentos cerâmicos. Alta densidade de edificações. As vias possuem pavimentação asfáltica, e com exceção das avenidas principais são majoritariamente estreitas. Pouca arborização.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i004.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 03 (Bairro de Fátima)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 551997E e 9584984S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação mista, maior dimensão dos lotes e distanciamento entre as edificações. Gabarito variado, verticalização intermediária. Avenidas pavimentadas e largas. Presença de espaços abertos.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i005.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 04 (Meireles)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 555887E e 9587848S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação mista. A pavimentação das ruas e avenidas é predominantemente (quase que 100%) composta por material asfáltico, enquanto o material de construção mais utilizado nas edificações é o concreto, com estruturas de aço e revestimentos cerâmicos. Verticalização consolidada e baixa arborização.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i006.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 05 (Parque do Cocó)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 556830E e 9585795S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: unidade de conservação estadual. Cobertura vegetacional de grande porte. Ocupação mista com entorno composto por edificações acima de 10 pavimentos. O Parque do Cocó oferece áreas dedicadas a atividades de lazer, esportes, cultura e educação ambiental.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i007.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 06 (De Lourdes)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 559775E e 9586637S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial de alto padrão, lotes de maior dimensão e com recuos, respeito as diretrizes urbanísticas. Construções de alvenaria e coberturas cerâmicas. Baixo volume de edificações e lotes não construídos. Próximo à praia.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i008.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 07 (Lagoa Redonda)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 559775E e 9586637S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, construções de alvenaria e coberturas cerâmicas. Arborização consideravelmente alta. Baixa densidade de construções, considerada zona de expansão. Vias pavimentadas e não pavimentadas.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i009.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 08 (Mondubim)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 559775E e 9586637S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, construções de alvenaria e coberturas cerâmicas. Alta densidade de edificações e pouca arborização. Vias com pavimentação asfáltica.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i010.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 09 (Bom Jardim)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 543292E e 9581464S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, construções de alvenaria e coberturas cerâmicas de baixo gabarito. Alta densidade de edificações e pouca arborização. Próximo a rede hidrográfica urbana canalizada. Vias com pavimentação asfáltica.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i011.png"/>
									</td>
									<td align="left">PCD 10 (Conjunto Ceará)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coordenadas: 544376E e 9582784S</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Características: ocupação residencial, construções de alvenaria e coberturas cerâmicas de baixo gabarito. Alta densidade de edificações e pouca arborização. Próximo a rede hidrográfica urbana canalizada. Vias com pavimentação asfáltica.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O período de coleta de dados foi o mês de outubro de 2019. O mês de outubro foi escolhido pelas características de forte estabilidade da atmosfera, tendo em vista que em condições estáveis da atmosfera, as diferenças microclimáticas são intensificadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Santamouris <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Esse mês também figura entre os mais quentes no decorrer do ano. Os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados de 1 a 31 de outubro de 2019, aferindo os elementos em intervalos de 5 minutos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cálculo do Índice de Calor (Heat Index - HI)</title>
				<p>O cálculo do Índice de Calor (HI) é obtido por meio de análises estatísticas de regressão que consideram a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar. Esse método foi desenvolvido a partir da formulação inicial do Índice de Temperatura Aparente de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Steadman, datado de 1979</xref>. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kusch <italic>et al</italic>. (2004</xref>) o HI caracteriza a percepção humana diante das diversas combinações de temperatura elevada e umidade do ar. Isso ocorre devido à dificuldade crescente na perda de calor por evaporação à medida que a umidade aumenta. Os autores indicam a importância do índice para os procedimentos de alerta, tendo em vista os impactos para a saúde e segurança pública.</p>
				<p>Neste trabalho o HI foi calculado a partir de planilhas Excel, onde a fórmula foi inserida, visando otimizar o processo e executá-lo em larga escala. A equação utilizada para calcular o HI está descrita abaixo. Após o cálculo do HI em graus Fahrenheits (°F), foi realizada a conversão dos resultados para graus Celsius (°C).</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e1">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>16.923</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1.85212</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>5.37941</mml:mn>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1.00254</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>9.41695</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>7.28898</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3.45372</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>8.1497</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1.02102</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3.8646</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2.91583</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1.42721</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1.97483</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2.18429</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>8.43296</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>4.81975</mml:mn>
											<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
											<mml:msup>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													<mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msup>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(1)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Onde:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>HI é o Índice de Calor</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>UR é a umidade relativa do ar (%)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>ta é a temperatura de bulbo seco do ar (°F)</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>Conforme as informações fornecidas pelo Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia dos Estados Unidos (National Weather Service - NWS), as leituras do Índice de Calor (HI) podem ser interpretadas com base nos níveis de alerta e nas possíveis implicações para a saúde humana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Quadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Níveis de alerta do HI e suas possíveis consequências para a saúde</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Nível de alerta</th>
									<th align="center">Índice de Calor (HI)</th>
									<th align="center">Sintomas</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#8B0000">Perigo extremo</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#8B0000">≥ 54°C</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#8B0000">Insolação; risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) iminente.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF0000">Perigo</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF0000">41,1°C - &lt; 54°C</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF0000">Câimbras, insolação, esgotamento físico. Possibilidade de danos cerebrais (AVC) para exposição prolongada com atividades físicas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF8C00">Cuidado extremo</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF8C00">32,1°C - 41°C</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF8C00">Insolação, cãibras por calor ou exaustão por calor possíveis com exposição prolongada e/ou atividade física.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FFD700">Cuidado</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FFD700">27,1°C - 32°C</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#FFD700">Possível fadiga com exposição prolongada e/ou prática de atividade física.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#7FFF00">Seguro</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#7FFF00">≤ 27°C</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#7FFF00">Não há problemas</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Fonte: Adaptado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">National Weather Service (s.d.</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>) verificou em sua tese doutoral a aplicabilidade de alguns índices de conforto térmico para Fortaleza, definindo assim, novos limites de conforto para uma série de índices que pudessem ser aplicados em análises bioclimáticas de espaços abertos nesta cidade e em outras de condições climáticas e de aclimatação semelhantes. A autora, apresentou para o HI, um novo intervalo das faixas de conforto levando em consideração a aclimatação da população fortalezense (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Quadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Intervalo de conforto do HI </title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Faixa de conforto</th>
									<th align="center">Índice de Calor (HI)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Desconfortável</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 32,1°C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Confortável</td>
									<td align="center">29,3°C - 32,1°C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Não designado pela autora</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 29,3°C</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Fonte: Adaptado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Neste trabalho, a nível de comparação, os dados foram analisados levando em consideração os dois intervalos de acordo com as classes originais e adaptadas do índice. A aplicação do HI foi realizada na totalidade dos dados coletados, assim como para os valores médios horários, encontrando assim, padrões relativos ao conforto térmico da cidade no período analisado.</p>
				<p>Os valores de HI foram espacializados através do software SIG QGIS 3.28.10, utilizando o método de interpolação IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted). Esse método consiste na estimativa simples ponderada pela distância do valor na estação alvo. Esse método produz resultados precisos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Musashi et al., 2018</xref>), principalmente para regiões de baixa complexidade topográfica do terreno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">You et al., 2008</xref>), caso de Fortaleza.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>O gráfico da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> indica a distribuição temporal do HI para cada ponto de coleta de dados (PCD) em outubro de 2019. Esse período é caracterizado por temperaturas elevadas e ausência de precipitação pluviométrica, devido à influência direta da Massa Equatorial Atlântica. A figura indica também o intervalo de classes do indicador, tendo em vista a classificação original e os intervalos adaptados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>), levando em consideração a aclimatação dos residentes do município de Fortaleza.</p>
			<p>É notório que, de acordo com as classes originais (NWS), todos os pontos apresentam HI acima dos níveis de conforto, tendo em vista o limiar de 27°C, onde dois pontos (PCD 02 e PCD 06) registraram valores acima do limiar de perigo. Esses pontos representam características distintas de ocupação do solo urbano, onde o PCD 02 é caracterizado por grande adensamento horizontal de edificações, lotes totalmente edificados e pouca vegetação, aquecendo mais no período vespertino. Já o PCD 06 está situado em uma área de duna, com lotes maiores e residências de alto padrão, onde as áreas não edificadas são cobertas por vegetação herbácea e rasteira, que no período seco dá lugar ao solo exposto, fazendo com que haja um aquecimento elevado e rápido da superfície, aumento a temperatura e HI no período matutino (até 11h).</p>
			<p>O gráfico revela, ainda, a grande amplitude dos valores do HI, onde a curva segue a radiação solar direta incidindo na superfície terrestre. No final do mês é possível visualizar a ocorrência de uma onda de calor, onde há o aumento significativo do HI em todos os pontos analisados.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variação e evolução do HI dos PCDs durante o mês de outubro de 2019.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf2.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>As ondas de calor são eventos meteorológicos irregulares, porém frequentes, que impactam globalmente, manifestando-se através de períodos prolongados de temperaturas elevadas e intensas ao longo de vários dias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Marto, 2005</xref>). No mês analisado, entre os dias 22 e 27, verifica-se a ocorrência de intensidades mais acentuadas de temperatura, sendo o período que registrou HI superior ao limiar de perigo, nos bairros Vila Velha e de Lourdes (PCD 02 e PCD 06).</p>
			<p>Mesmo durante o período de onda de calor, o PCD 03 e PCD 05 mantiveram os valores do indicador distantes do limiar de perigo. O diferencial desses bairros está na característica de uso e ocupação do solo atribuído. O PCD 03, localizado no bairro de Fátima, apresenta espaços abertos arborizados, lotes de tamanhos variados, vias de acesso mais largas e verticalização intermediária com uso residencial, essas características promovem uma maior amenização das condições térmicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>), o que reflete sobre o resultado do HI aplicado para os dados locais.</p>
			<p>De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior (2023</xref>) a amplitude térmica na cidade de Fortaleza pode chegar a uma média de 4°C, onde o Parque do Cocó caracteriza-se como o ponto mais fresco do ambiente urbano. Essa característica reflete também no resultado do HI para a área do Parque (PCD 05), uma vez que este registrou os menores valores associados, inclusive durante o episódio de onda de calor.</p>
			<p>Ao analisar a distribuição dos dados nas diferentes classes de conforto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>), é possível identificar a influência da aclimatação para a interpretação do HI, tendo em vista as classes indicadas pelo NWS e por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Na classificação original (NWS), o ponto que apresentou maior porcentagem de dados dentro da classe segura, de conforto, foi o PCD 08, localizado no bairro Mondubim (4%), enquanto o PCD 04 (Meireles) não registrou temperaturas dentro do intervalo de conforto estabelecido. Como em Fortaleza no período analisado a condição de conforto é verificada sempre no período noturno, essa ausência de condições de HI consideradas confortáveis no Meireles expõe uma conjuntura de menor arrefecimento noturno dos materiais, o que é perfeitamente plausível em uma área onde o concreto é o material construtivo mais comum, enquanto em diversos outros bairros da cidade, como o supracitado Mondubim, é a alvenaria que predomina.</p>
			<p>O ponto Álvaro Wayne, Vila Velha e de Lourdes (PCD 01, PCD 02 e PCD 06, respectivamente) registraram os maiores percentuais de dados enquadrados na classe de cuidado extremo (30%, 31% e 34%, respectivamente), ressaltando que nos pontos de Vila Velha e De Lourdes (PCD 02 e PCD 03) foram constatadas medições acima do nível de perigo.</p>
			<p>Tendo em vista a aclimatação da população fortalezense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>) estabeleceu um novo intervalo para os limiares de conforto e desconforto a partir do resultado do HI, considerando que indivíduos que permanecem por períodos prolongados de tempo em ambientes de clima quente apresentam uma maior capacidade de tolerância às elevadas temperaturas em comparação com aquelas provenientes de regiões mais frias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andreasi, 2009</xref>). Sendo assim, o limiar superior de conforto do HI, ou seja, de início do desconforto, que era de 27°C passou a ser 32,1°C.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Distribuição dos dados coletados nas classes de conforto do HI.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf3.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Quando avaliada a distribuição dos dados coletados, tendo como perspectiva a aclimatação da população, aumentam as porcentagens que se enquadram dentro do limiar de conforto. Os pontos localizados no bairro de Fátima e Parque do Cocó (PCD 03 e PCD 05, respectivamente) foram os que obtiveram a maior porcentagem de dados considerados não-desconfortáveis (88%). Percebe-se uma diferença entre a classificação do NWS, tanto no valor da porcentagem quanto nos pontos representativos.</p>
			<p>Já os pontos que registraram os menores percentuais considerados não-desconfortáveis, foram os situados no Álvaro Wayne, De Lourdes e Vila Velha (PCD 01, PCD 02 e PCD 06) com 64%, 64% e 65%, respectivamente. Apesar da discrepância em relação às porcentagens verificadas em ambos os intervalos de classes do HI, os mesmos bairros foram os mais problemáticos em relação à situação do desconforto térmico.</p>
			<p>É necessário destrinchar os dados em escala horária, uma vez que o comportamento das condições térmicas da cidade, estão diretamente relacionadas à incidência da radiação solar e ao meio físico do ambiente citadino. Os estudos de clima urbano em Fortaleza, na perspectiva do campo térmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Moura, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Moura et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lima Júnior, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>) indicam que as manifestações mais intensas da ilha de calor urbana na cidade ocorrem no período diurno (entre 7h e 15h). A análise do resultado das médias horárias do HI vai de encontro ao que é relatado na literatura para o município.</p>
			<p>A análise da distribuição horária do resultado do HI durante o mês de outubro de 2019, auxilia na compreensão do conforto térmico na cidade de Fortaleza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Assim como a amplitude da ilha de calor, a intensidade do resultado do HI é mais acentuada durante o período diurno, onde a partir das 7h há uma variação significativa nos valores coletados, persistindo nesse padrão até às 16h.</p>
			<p>Nessa faixa horária, em decorrência da insolação direta da radiação solar, são registrados valores mais elevados de temperatura. Outro importante a fator a ser considerado na análise é a condição sinótica predominante da mEa, que provoca estabilidade para o tempo e, portanto, uma maior acentuação da influência das condições locais no campo térmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Santamouris et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os maiores valores horários do HI foram registrados de 11h às 14h, período de incidência direta da radiação solar sobre a superfície terrestre. Já os menores registros ocorreram entre 4h e 5h, em concordância com a literatura científica local, que aponta esses horários com os registros mais baixos de temperatura do ar e menor intensidade da ilha de calor urbana.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Gráfico de caixa da distribuição horária do HI para o mês de outubro de 2019.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf4.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Foram analisados os PCDs que registraram os maiores e menores valores de HI em cada período horário (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>), com o objetivo de compreender como a dinâmica de uso e cobertura do solo interfere no comportamento do conforto térmico da cidade.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Identificação dos pontos com maior e menor registro de valor para cada média horária do HI.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf5.png"/>
					<attrib>A variação de tons em azul representa os menores valores e a variação de tons em vermelho, os maiores valores registrados para aquela hora.</attrib>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Os pontos localizados em Álvaro Wayne, Vila Velha, De Lourdes e Bom Jardim (PCD 01, 02, 06 e 09, respectivamente), foram os que registraram as maiores médias horárias no período diurno (entre 6h e 17h). O bairro Meireles (PCD 04) foi o que registrou os maiores registros de HI durante a noite e madrugada, devido ao a já exposta diferença nos materiais construtivos e ao processo de verticalização consolidado verificado no bairro. Durante o dia, o sombreamento dos prédios proporciona um efeito positivo sobre as condições térmicas, uma vez que protege a superfície da incidência de radiação solar direta, no entanto, os processos de múltiplas refletâncias e prolongamento no armazenamento de calor produzido durante o dia, faz com que a temperatura do ar seja mais elevada durante essas faixas horárias.</p>
			<p>Durante o período de maior insolação, entre 9h e 17h, os pontos localizados no bairro de Fátima e no Parque do Cocó, indicam condições mais amenas em relação ao valore de temperatura do ar e consequentemente de HI, chegando a quase a mais de 6°C de diferença entre o ponto mais fresco (Cocó) e o mais quente (Vila Velha), durante o período vespertino (entre 12h e 14h). Essa diferença está diretamente associada às características de uso e ocupação do solo nesses bairros.</p>
			<p>As médias horárias do HI foram espacializadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>) indicando as áreas da cidade com condições de conforto e desconforto térmico no território fortalezense.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Espacialização das médias horárias do HI durante o mês de outubro de 2019.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf6.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Para melhor visualização das diferenças horárias foram atribuídas as mesmas classes de temperatura, com um intervalo de 0,5°C.</p>
			<p>É notório, através da análise dos cartogramas, que a periferia do município de Fortaleza sofre com a intensidade do desconforto térmico, sendo os setores noroeste, oeste e sudoeste, os que apresentam e mantem os maiores valores de HI durante o dia. Essas áreas compreendem grande densidade populacional, e, consequentemente elevada densidade de edificações, contribuindo para condições térmicas desfavoráveis. </p>
			<p>Essa mesma região é também onde vive, em maior porcentagem, uma população de menor poder aquisitivo e mais vulnerável às variações climáticas, o que pode levar a reflexões associadas à desigualdade socioambiental e à injustiça climática, como no trabalho de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Paiva (2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>Outro setor que apresentou condições de HI desfavoráveis foi o setor nordeste da cidade, no entorno no bairro de Lourdes, no entanto, com menor intensidade no período vespertino e maior intensidade durante o início da manhã, devido as características naturais já citadas do entorno do PCD 06.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>A cidade de Fortaleza, encontra-se em uma região de alta incidência de radiação solar, contribuindo para temperaturas elevadas durante todo o ano. As características heterogêneas de uso e ocupação da superfície urbana do município, contribuem para com que haja diferenças significativas na manifestação da temperatura do ar, contribuindo para a disparidade na sensação térmica dos citadinos.</p>
			<p>A cidade não possui um sistema eficiente de monitoramento das variáveis termo higrométricas, havendo poucos pontos fixos de medição dessas variáveis em seu território e sendo necessário, para trabalhos como o que aqui se expõe, a instalação de pontos temporários de medição. É necessário o investimento em soluções (aumento da rede de monitoramento e modelagem) para que o campo térmico seja compreendido em suas condições e manifestações reais.</p>
			<p>Com os sensores instalados e coletando dados precisos, foi possível compreender o conforto térmico da cidade em um contexto de um período quente e seco. O Índice de Calor (HI), nos limiares da NWS, indica uma situação de desconforto em todos os bairros avaliados, enquanto, na classificação que leva em consideração a aclimatação dos habitantes, as condições de conforto foram significativamente mais elevadas. </p>
			<p>Mesmo nos horários mais críticos nos dias em que o episódio de uma onda de calor foi verificado, as áreas com mais infraestruturas verdes conseguem amenizar as condições de desconforto térmico a nível local. Nesta conjuntura o Parque do Cocó compreende um importante instrumento urbanístico para o conforto térmico na cidade de Fortaleza, manifestando os menores valores de HI nos horários já definidos pela literatura como de maior intensidade de Ilha de Calor.</p>
			<p>Esta pesquisa apresentou um arcabouço de informações sobre o campo térmico da cidade em um período crítico. É importante destacar a necessidade de abranger as análises para outros períodos o ano e pontos do município, levando em consideração mais tipos de tempo atmosféricos e mais condições de uso do solo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERÊNCIAS</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>ABDEL-GHANY, A. M.; AL-HELAL, I. M.; SHADY, M. R. Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A Case Study. Advances in Meteorology, v. 2013, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/693541</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ABDEL-GHANY</surname>
							<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>AL-HELAL</surname>
							<given-names>I. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SHADY</surname>
							<given-names>M. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A Case Study</article-title>
					<source>Advances in Meteorology</source>
					<volume>2013</volume>
					<year>2013</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/693541</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>ADEGUN, O. B.; AYOOLA, H. A. Between the rich and poor: exposure and adaptation to heat stress across two urban neighborhoods in Nigeria. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 24, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01924-w</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ADEGUN</surname>
							<given-names>O. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>AYOOLA</surname>
							<given-names>H. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Between the rich and poor: exposure and adaptation to heat stress across two urban neighborhoods in Nigeria</article-title>
					<source>Environment, Development and Sustainability</source>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<year>2022</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10668-021-01924-w</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>ANDREASI, W. A. Método de avaliação de conforto térmico em região de clima quente e úmido do Brasil. 2009. Tese (doutorado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 204 p. 2009.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ANDREASI</surname>
							<given-names>W. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Método de avaliação de conforto térmico em região de clima quente e úmido do Brasil</source><bold>.</bold><year>2009</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Tese (doutorado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Florianópolis</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>ANNUNCIAÇÂO, L. Instrumentação, modelagem e validação de procedimento a partir de gradientes de temperatura e umidade relativa. 2016. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física Ambiental) - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 2016.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ANNUNCIAÇÂO</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Instrumentação, modelagem e validação de procedimento a partir de gradientes de temperatura e umidade relativa</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física Ambiental)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Cuiabá</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>ARIFWIDODOA, S. D.; CHANDRASIRI, O. Urban heat stress and human health in Bangkok, Thailand. Environmental Research, v. 185, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109398</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ARIFWIDODOA</surname>
							<given-names>S. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CHANDRASIRI</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Urban heat stress and human health in Bangkok, Thailand</article-title>
					<source>Environmental Research</source>
					<volume>185</volume>
					<year>2020</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2020.109398</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>AWASTHI, A.; VISHWAKARMA, K.; PATTNAYAK, K. C. Retrospection of heatwave and heat index. Theoretical and Applied Climatology v. 147, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03854-z</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>AWASTHI</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>VISHWAKARMA</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PATTNAYAK</surname>
							<given-names>K. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Retrospection of heatwave and heat index</article-title>
					<source>Theoretical and Applied Climatology</source>
					<volume>147</volume>
					<year>2022</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00704-021-03854-z</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>BALANY, F., MUTTIL, N., MUTHUKUMARAN, S., WONG, M.S., NG, A.W. M. Studying the Effect of Blue-Green Infrastructure on Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort in Melbourne’s Central Business District. Sustainability, v. 14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159057</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BALANY</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MUTTIL</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MUTHUKUMARAN</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WONG</surname>
							<given-names>M.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>NG</surname>
							<given-names>A.W. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Studying the Effect of Blue-Green Infrastructure on Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort in Melbourne’s Central Business District</article-title>
					<source>Sustainability</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<year>2022</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/su14159057</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>BARBIERI, G. M. L. Eventos de chuva extrema associados a sistemas atmosféricos de escala sinótica e escala local no estado do Ceará. 2014. Tese (Doutorado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal de Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BARBIERI</surname>
							<given-names>G. M. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Eventos de chuva extrema associados a sistemas atmosféricos de escala sinótica e escala local no estado do Ceará</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Tese (Doutorado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal de Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>BLAZEJCZYK, K.; EPSTEIN, Y.; JENDRITZKY, G.; STAIGER, H.; TINZ, B. Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. International Journal of Biometeorology, v. 56, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0453-2</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BLAZEJCZYK</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>EPSTEIN</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JENDRITZKY</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>STAIGER</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TINZ</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Biometeorology</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<year>2011</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00484-011-0453-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>CHANDLER, T. J. The climate of London. Hutchinson: London, 1965.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHANDLER</surname>
							<given-names>T. J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The climate of London</source>
					<publisher-loc>Hutchinson</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>London</publisher-name>
					<year>1965</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>CRAMER, M. N.; JAY, O. Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, v. 196, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2016.03.001</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CRAMER</surname>
							<given-names>M. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JAY</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress</article-title>
					<source>Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical</source>
					<volume>196</volume>
					<year>2016</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.autneu.2016.03.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>DE FREITAS, C. R.; GRIGORIEVA, E. A. A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. International Journal of Biometeorology, v. 59, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DE FREITAS</surname>
							<given-names>C. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GRIGORIEVA</surname>
							<given-names>E. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Biometeorology</source>
					<volume>59</volume>
					<year>2014</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>DELWORTH, T. L.; MAHLMAN, J. D.; KNUTSON, T. R. Changes in Heat Index associated with CO2-induced Global Warming. Climatic Change, v. 43, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005463917086</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DELWORTH</surname>
							<given-names>T. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MAHLMAN</surname>
							<given-names>J. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KNUTSON</surname>
							<given-names>T. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Changes in Heat Index associated with CO2-induced Global Warming</article-title>
					<source>Climatic Change</source>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<year>1999</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/A:1005463917086</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>FANGER, P. O. Thermal Comfort - Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, 1970.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FANGER</surname>
							<given-names>P. O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Thermal Comfort - Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering</source>
					<publisher-loc>Danish Technical Press</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Copenhagen</publisher-name>
					<year>1970</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>FERREIRA, A. G.; MELLO, N. G. da S. Principais Sistemas Atmosféricos atuantes sobre a região Nordeste do Brasil e a influência dos oceanos pacífico e atlântico no clima da região. Revista Brasileira de Climatologia, v. 1, n. 1, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/abclima.v1i1.25215</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FERREIRA</surname>
							<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MELLO</surname>
							<given-names>N. G. da S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Principais Sistemas Atmosféricos atuantes sobre a região Nordeste do Brasil e a influência dos oceanos pacífico e atlântico no clima da região</article-title>
					<source>Revista Brasileira de Climatologia</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<year>2005</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5380/abclima.v1i1.25215</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>GARTLAND, L. Ilhas de Calor: como mitigar zonas de calor em áreas urbanas. São Paulo, Ed. Oficina de Textos, 2010. 248p.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GARTLAND</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Ilhas de Calor: como mitigar zonas de calor em áreas urbanas</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Ed. Oficina de Textos</publisher-name>
					<year>2010</year>
					<fpage>248</fpage>
					<lpage>248</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>HUANG, C.; BARNETT, A. G.; WANG, X.; VANECKOVA, P.; FITZGERALD, G.; TONG, S. Projecting future heat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: a systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives. v. 119, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103456</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HUANG</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BARNETT</surname>
							<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WANG</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>VANECKOVA</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FITZGERALD</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TONG</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Projecting future heat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: a systematic review</article-title>
					<source>Environmental Health Perspectives</source>
					<volume>119</volume>
					<year>2011</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1103456</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo Demográfico 2022: resultados preliminares. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2023. Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/22827-censo-demografico-2022.html">https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/22827-censo-demografico-2022.html</ext-link>. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2024</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Censo Demográfico 2022: resultados preliminares</source>
					<publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>IBGE</publisher-name>
					<year>2023</year>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/22827-censo-demografico-2022.html">https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/22827-censo-demografico-2022.html</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15">15 jan. 2024</date-in-citation>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Malhas territoriais. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2022. Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html">https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html</ext-link>. Acesso em: 06 jan. 2024.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</collab>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>IBGE</publisher-name>
					<year>2022</year>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html">https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2024-01-06">06 jan. 2024</date-in-citation>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>IPECE - Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará. Portal de Mapas e Dados do IPECE, Fortaleza, 2021. Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://mapas.ipece.ce.gov.br/i3geo/ogc/index.php">http://mapas.ipece.ce.gov.br/i3geo/ogc/index.php</ext-link>. Acesso em: 5 jan. 2024.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>IPECE - Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Portal de Mapas e Dados do IPECE</source>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
					<year>2021</year>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://mapas.ipece.ce.gov.br/i3geo/ogc/index.php">http://mapas.ipece.ce.gov.br/i3geo/ogc/index.php</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2024-01-05">5 jan. 2024</date-in-citation>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>KIRTSAENG, S.; KIRTSAENG, P. Analysis and simulation of heat index for developing a heat alert system over Thailand. 2015 Asian Conference on Defense Technology (ACDT), 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/acdt.2015.7111585</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KIRTSAENG</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KIRTSAENG</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Analysis and simulation of heat index for developing a heat alert system over Thailand</source>
					<conf-date>2015</conf-date>
					<conf-name>Asian Conference on Defense Technology (ACDT)</conf-name>
					<year>2015</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1109/acdt.2015.7111585</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>KUSCH, W.; FONG, H. Y.; JENDRITZKY, G.; JACOBSEN, I. Guidelines on biometeorology and air quality forecasts. PWS-10, WMO/TD 1184. Geneva: WMO, 2004.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KUSCH</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FONG</surname>
							<given-names>H. Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JENDRITZKY</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JACOBSEN</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Guidelines on biometeorology and air quality forecasts</source>
					<issue>1184</issue>
					<publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>WMO</publisher-name>
					<year>2004</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>LANDSBERG, H. E. The climate of towns. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. W. L. Thomas, Ed., University of Chicago Press, 1956.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LANDSBERG</surname>
							<given-names>H. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The climate of towns. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth</source>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Thomas</surname>
							<given-names>W. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-name>Ed., University of Chicago Press</publisher-name>
					<year>1956</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>LANDSBERG, H. E. The Urban Climate. Academic Press, New York, 1981.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LANDSBERG</surname>
							<given-names>H. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The Urban Climate</source>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
					<year>1981</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>LIMA JÚNIOR, A. F. Análise espaço-temporal da dengue em Fortaleza e sua relação com o clima urbano e variáveis socioambientais. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2018.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LIMA</surname>
							<given-names>A. F</given-names>
							<suffix>JÚNIOR</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Análise espaço-temporal da dengue em Fortaleza e sua relação com o clima urbano e variáveis socioambientais</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Dissertação (Mestrado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>LIMA JÚNIOR, A. F. Clima Urbano: análise do campo térmico e sugestão de áreas prioritárias para implementação de medidas mitigadoras. 2023. Tese (Doutorado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2023.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LIMA</surname>
							<given-names>A. F</given-names>
							<suffix>JÚNIOR</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Clima Urbano: análise do campo térmico e sugestão de áreas prioritárias para implementação de medidas mitigadoras</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Tese (Doutorado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>MA, D., WANG, Y., ZHOU, D., ZHU, Z. Cooling effect of the pocket park in the built-up block of a city: a case study in Xi’an, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23809-9</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MA</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WANG</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ZHOU</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ZHU</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cooling effect of the pocket park in the built-up block of a city: a case study in Xi’an, China</article-title>
					<source>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</source><bold>,</bold><volume>30</volume>
					<year>2023</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11356-022-23809-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>MALLICK, F. H. Thermal comfort and building design in the tropical climates. Energy and Building, v. 23, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(95)00940-X</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MALLICK</surname>
							<given-names>F. H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Thermal comfort and building design in the tropical climates</article-title>
					<source>Energy and Building</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<year>1996</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0378-7788(95)00940-X</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>MARTO, N. Heat waves: health impacts. Acta Medica Portuguesa, v. 18, n. 6, 2005. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.1063</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MARTO</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heat waves: health impacts</article-title>
					<source>Acta Medica Portuguesa</source><bold>, v.</bold><volume>18</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<year>2005</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20344/amp.1063</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>MENDONÇA, F.; DANNI-OLIVEIRA, I. M. Climatologia: noções básicas e climas do Brasil. São Paulo: Oficina de Texto, 2007.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MENDONÇA</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DANNI-OLIVEIRA</surname>
							<given-names>I. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Climatologia: noções básicas e climas do Brasil</source><bold>.</bold><publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Oficina de Texto</publisher-name>
					<year>2007</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>MONTEIRO, C. A. de F. Teoria e Clima Urbano. São Paulo: IGEOG/Universidade de São Paulo, 181p. (Série Teses e Monografias, 25), 1976.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MONTEIRO</surname>
							<given-names>C. A. de F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Teoria e Clima Urbano</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>IGEOG/Universidade de São Paulo</publisher-name>
					<size units="pages">181</size>
					<series>Teses e Monografias</series>
					<volume>25</volume>
					<year>1976</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>MOREIRA, P. H. O.; COSTA, A. C. L. da; SILVA JÚNIOR, J. de A.; CUNHA, A. C. da. Variações sazonais do Índice de Temperatura Efetiva (ITE) E Índice de Calor (IC) com o uso do solo em Zona Urbana na Amazônia Oriental. Caminhos de Geografia, Uberlândia, v. 24, n. 93, p. 01-17, 2023. http://doi.org/10.14393/RCG249365649</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOREIRA</surname>
							<given-names>P. H. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>COSTA</surname>
							<given-names>A. C. L. da</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SILVA</surname>
							<given-names>J. de A.</given-names>
							<suffix>JÚNIOR</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CUNHA</surname>
							<given-names>A. C. da</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Variações sazonais do Índice de Temperatura Efetiva (ITE) E Índice de Calor (IC) com o uso do solo em Zona Urbana na Amazônia Oriental</article-title>
					<source>Caminhos de Geografia</source>
					<publisher-loc>Uberlândia</publisher-loc>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>93</issue>
					<fpage>01</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<year>2023</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/RCG249365649</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>MOURA, M. O. O clima urbano sob o nível do conforto térmico. 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2008.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOURA</surname>
							<given-names>M. O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>O clima urbano sob o nível do conforto térmico</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Dissertação (Mestrado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>MOURA, M. O.; ZANELLA, M. E.; SALES, M. C. L. Ilhas Térmicas na cidade de Fortaleza/CE. Boletim Goiano de Geografia. v. 28, n. 2, p. 33-44, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5216/bgg.v28i2.5718</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOURA</surname>
							<given-names>M. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ZANELLA</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SALES</surname>
							<given-names>M. C. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Ilhas Térmicas na cidade de Fortaleza/CE</article-title>
					<source>Boletim Goiano de Geografia</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>44</lpage>
					<year>2008</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5216/bgg.v28i2.5718</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>MUSASHI, J. P.; PRAMOEDYO, H.; FITRIANI, R. Comparison of Inverse Distance Weighted and Natural Neighbor Interpolation Method at Air Temperature Data in Malang Region. CAUCHY - Journal Matematika Murni Dan Aplikasi, v. 5, n. 2, 2018. https://doi.org/10.18860/ca.v5i2.4722.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MUSASHI</surname>
							<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PRAMOEDYO</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FITRIANI</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Comparison of Inverse Distance Weighted and Natural Neighbor Interpolation Method at Air Temperature Data in Malang Region</article-title>
					<source>CAUCHY - Journal Matematika Murni Dan Aplikasi</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<year>2018</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18860/ca.v5i2.4722</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE. Heat Index. Amarillo, Texas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), [s.d.]. Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex">https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex</ext-link>. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2024.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Heat Index. Amarillo, Texas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</source>
					<comment>[s.d.]</comment>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex">https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2024-01-16">16 jan. 2024</date-in-citation>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>NICE, K. A.; NAZARIAN, N.; LIPSON, M. J.; HART, M. A.; SENEVIRATNE, S.; THOMPSON, J.; NASERIKIA, M.; GODIC, B.; STEVENSON, M. Isolating the impacts of urban form and fabric from geography on urban heat and human thermal comfort, Building and Environment, v. 224, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109502.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NICE</surname>
							<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>NAZARIAN</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LIPSON</surname>
							<given-names>M. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HART</surname>
							<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SENEVIRATNE</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>THOMPSON</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>NASERIKIA</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GODIC</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>STEVENSON</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Isolating the impacts of urban form and fabric from geography on urban heat and human thermal comfort</article-title>
					<source>Building and Environment</source>
					<volume>224</volume>
					<year>2022</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109502</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>NÓBREGA, R. S.; LEMOS, T. V. da S. O Microclima e o (Des)Conforto Térmico em ambientes abertos na cidade do Recife. Revista de Geografia (UFPE), v. 28, n. 1, 2011.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NÓBREGA</surname>
							<given-names>R. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LEMOS</surname>
							<given-names>T. V. da S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>O Microclima e o (Des)Conforto Térmico em ambientes abertos na cidade do Recife</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Geografia (UFPE)</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<year>2011</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>NOVAIS, J. W. Z.; BATISTA, D. S.; FERREIRA, R. L.; SOUZA, R. D.; FERNANDES, T.; MUSIS, C. R. Influence of Leaf Area Index on the Heat Index of a Tropic Urban Park. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, v. 21, 2021. https://doi.org/10.34257/GJHSSBVOL21IS3PG67</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NOVAIS</surname>
							<given-names>J. W. Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BATISTA</surname>
							<given-names>D. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FERREIRA</surname>
							<given-names>R. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SOUZA</surname>
							<given-names>R. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FERNANDES</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MUSIS</surname>
							<given-names>C. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Influence of Leaf Area Index on the Heat Index of a Tropic Urban Park</article-title>
					<source>Global Journal of Human-Social Science</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<year>2021</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34257/GJHSSBVOL21IS3PG67</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>OKE, T. R. City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment, v. 7, n. 8, 1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>OKE</surname>
							<given-names>T. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>City size and the urban heat island</article-title>
					<source>Atmospheric Environment</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<year>1973</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>PAIVA, F. I. B. Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental em Fortaleza: uma perspectiva a partir do conforto térmico. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PAIVA</surname>
							<given-names>F. I. B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental em Fortaleza: uma perspectiva a partir do conforto térmico</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Dissertação (Mestrado)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>PAIVA-GOMES, F. I. B.; ZANELLA, M. E. Análise sobre os índices de conforto térmico humano mais utilizados no semiárido brasileiro. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE CLIMATOLOGIA GEOGRÁFICA, 15., 2023, Brasília. Anais... Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Climatologia (ABCLIMA), 2023. v. 1, p. 1175.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PAIVA-GOMES</surname>
							<given-names>F. I. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ZANELLA</surname>
							<given-names>M. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Análise sobre os índices de conforto térmico humano mais utilizados no semiárido brasileiro</source>
					<conf-name>SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE CLIMATOLOGIA GEOGRÁFICA, 15</conf-name>
					<conf-date>2023</conf-date>
					<conf-loc>Brasília</conf-loc>
					<comment>Anais...</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Brasília</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Associação Brasileira de Climatologia (ABCLIMA)</publisher-name>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<fpage>1175</fpage>
					<lpage>1175</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>PERKINS-KIRKPATRICK, S. E.; LEWIS, S. C. Increasing trends in regional heatwaves. Nature Communications, v. 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16970-7</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PERKINS-KIRKPATRICK</surname>
							<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LEWIS</surname>
							<given-names>S. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Increasing trends in regional heatwaves</article-title>
					<source>Nature Communications</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<year>2020</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-020-16970-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>PETALAS, K. V. Estudo da sensação térmica e definição de limites de conforto para espaços abertos na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. 2015. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil: Saneamento Ambiental) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11385">https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11385</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PETALAS</surname>
							<given-names>K. V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Estudo da sensação térmica e definição de limites de conforto para espaços abertos na cidade de Fortaleza, CE</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<comment content-type="degree">Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil: Saneamento Ambiental)</comment>
					<publisher-name>Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11385">https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11385</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>SANTAMOURIS, M.; PARAPONIARIS, K.; MIHALAKAKOU, G. Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens, Greece. Climatic Change, v. 80, n. 3-4, p. 265-276, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9128-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SANTAMOURIS</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PARAPONIARIS</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MIHALAKAKOU</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens, Greece</article-title>
					<source>Climatic Change</source>
					<volume>80</volume>
					<issue>3-4</issue>
					<fpage>265</fpage>
					<lpage>276</lpage>
					<year>2007</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10584-006-9128-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>SANTOS, M. A urbanização brasileira. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1993.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SANTOS</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>A urbanização brasileira</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Hucitec</publisher-name>
					<year>1993</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<mixed-citation>SHERWOOD, S. C.; HUBER, M. An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress. PNAS, v. 107, n. 21, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913352107.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SHERWOOD</surname>
							<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HUBER</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress</article-title>
					<source>PNAS</source>
					<volume>107</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<year>2010</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0913352107</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B48">
				<mixed-citation>STEADMAN, R. G. The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. Journal of applied meteorology, v. 18, n. 7, p. 861-873, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018&lt;0861:TAOSPI&gt;2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>STEADMAN</surname>
							<given-names>R. G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science</article-title>
					<source>Journal of applied meteorology</source>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>861</fpage>
					<lpage>873</lpage>
					<year>1979</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018&lt;0861:TAOSPI&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B49">
				<mixed-citation>SUPARTA, W.; YATIM, A. N. M. An analysis of heat wave trends using heat index in East Malaysia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, v. 852, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/852/1/012005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SUPARTA</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>YATIM</surname>
							<given-names>A. N. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>An analysis of heat wave trends using heat index in East Malaysia</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</source>
					<volume>852</volume>
					<year>2017</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/1742-6596/852/1/012005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B50">
				<mixed-citation>YOU, J.; HUBBARD, K. G.; GODDARD, S. Comparison of methods for spatially estimating station temperatures in a quality control system. International Journal of Climatology, v. 28, n. 6, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1571</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>YOU</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HUBBARD</surname>
							<given-names>K. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GODDARD</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Comparison of methods for spatially estimating station temperatures in a quality control system</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Climatology</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<year>2008</year>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/joc.1571</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/SN-v37-2025-73091x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Papers</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Heat Index (HI) in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará - Brazil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0848-3540</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Ferreira</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">conceptualization</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">formal analysis</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">investigation</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">methodology</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">writing - original draft</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8817-5459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Flávia Ingrid Bezerra Paiva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">formal analysis</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">investigation</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">methodology</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">writing - original draft</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3475-2705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanella</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Elisa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/investigation/">investigation</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology/">methodology</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision/">supervision</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">writing - original draft</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. juniorgeoufc@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Fortaleza</city>
					<state>CE</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>juniorgeoufc@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE, Quixadá, CE, Brasil. flavia.ingrid@ifce.edu.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Quixadá</city>
					<state>CE</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>flavia.ingrid@ifce.edu.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Ceará -UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. elisazv@terra.com.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Ceará -UFC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Fortaleza</city>
					<state>CE</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>elisazv@terra.com.br</email>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Over time, changes in space have resulted in changes in natural characteristics. In this context, thermal comfort indicators have emerged, as developed to interpret environmental conditions in relation to thermal stress. The objective of this study was to apply the Heat Index (HI) in different neighborhoods of the city of Fortaleza, which choice was based on the different types of land cover. We carried out data collection campaign at ten points in the city, using thermohygrometer sensors. We applied the HI equation to the data collected, according to the intervals of the National Weather Service and the intervals adapted for the municipality. The data indicate that Fortaleza experienced high temperatures throughout the analyzed period (dry and hot months), having a negative impact on the HI (up to 42°C). The comparison of the comfort indicator classes showed that, in the original interval, few records indicated comfortable conditions in the different neighborhoods, while the interval of classes considering the acclimatization of the population indicated situations that were more comfortable. The worst comfort conditions occurred in the afternoon, between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. The most critical points are associated with the density of buildings and the lack of urban green infrastructure, with neighborhoods Parque do Cocó and Bairro de Fátima (with more trees) that presented the highest frequency in the comfort class. We concluded that the entire territory of the city faces thermal stress; however, green structures have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of the thermal field, improving human comfort in the urban environment.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Urban Climate</kwd>
				<kwd>Thermal Comfort</kwd>
				<kwd>Thermal stress</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The spatial transformations that have occurred over time, especially intensified since the Industrial Revolution, have changed the way humans interact with the environment and respond to the effects caused by these changes, especially in urban environments. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Santos (1993</xref>) understands that the city can be understood as a primarily human spatial organization, which modifies natural attributes in order to fulfill the demands generated by daily life. Among the natural elements that humans have been modified, especially in urban environments, it is possible to highlight the climate, where local atmospheric conditions have changed considerably over time, causing a significant increase in air temperature, anomalies in relative humidity and wind speed, and changes in local atmospheric circulation patterns (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Landsberg, 1956</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">1981</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chandler, 1965</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Oke, 1973</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Monteiro, 1976</xref>). These are resulted from the process of disorderly urban development without an appropriate planning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gartland, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The replacement of naturally permeable soil covers, by impermeable surfaces that absorb heat and alter the energy balance of cities, aggravates the risks associated with temperature extremes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Nice et al., 2022</xref>), increasing the number of heat wave episodes and their intensities worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Perkins-Kirkpatrick; Lewis, 2020</xref>). It is observed that exposure to rising temperatures occurs unevenly across the city, where socioeconomic conditions and the urban environment were significant determinants of heat stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arifwidodoa; Chandrasiri, 2020</xref>), where the greatest exposure is linked to dense housing typologies and little vegetation in low-income informal settlements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Adegun; Ayoola, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>These conditions can have a direct effect on the population's quality of life. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Huang et al. (2011</xref>) indicate that high temperatures and excessive humidity levels can have negative effects on human health and work performance, especially when they exceed physiological limits. If the core temperature of the human body exceeds 37°C for extended periods, hyperthermia may occur (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Sherwood; Huber, 2010</xref>), from temporary heat imbalances that result in heat storage in the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cramer; Jay, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Before causing comorbidities associated with hyperthermia, the organism suffers damage to its optimal functioning due to the sensation of thermal discomfort. To ascertain such damage, it is necessary to understand the state of the human mind and its satisfaction in relation to the thermal field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fanger, 1970</xref>); therefore, it is necessary to use methods to evaluate the response of organisms to this phenomenon.</p>
				<p>Thermal comfort indicators emerge in this sense, developed with the purpose of simplifying the delimitation of environmental conditions in relation to imminent stress (Blazejczyk et al. 2012). De Freiras and Grigorieva (2015), in a literature review study, identified a total of 165 methods or indexes to measure and evaluate thermal comfort conditions, using different inputs and levels of sophistication. The selection between different types of indexes is directly influenced by environmental conditions, the nature of the activities performed by the individual and the weighting of the relevance of each specific aspect of comfort (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Annunciação, 2016</xref>), also considering the availability of input data for the application of the index. In the Brazilian semiarid region, for example, it was identified the application of 20 different indexes, drawing attention to the weaknesses in their applications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Paiva-Gomes; Zanella, 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the scientific literature, the Heat Index (HI) stands out among the indicators used to measure and analyze thermal comfort in hot environments. The HI combines values of temperature and relative humidity, determining the value of thermal sensation felt by individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Steadman, 1979</xref>), based on several biological and meteorological studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fanger, 1970</xref>). The HI can be applied in different regions of the globe and for different objectives, from comfort simulations according to global warming (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delworth et al., 1999</xref>), analysis of heat wave cases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Suparta; Yatim, 2017</xref>; Awasthi et al., 2021) and development of alert systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kirtsaeng; Kirtsaeng, 2015</xref>). In Brazil, studies applying HI in different areas have also been verified, mainly for microclimatic analyses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nóbrega; Lemos, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Novais et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moreira et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Local climate analysis is essential for understanding thermal comfort in outdoor environments, especially urban ones. The diversity of changes imposed on the landscape over short distances in cities is notorious, with different sides of the urban fabric having quite different natural and urban conditions. Would such diversity be enough to induce different thermal comfort conditions? Based on the HI, this study aimed to analyze the thermal comfort conditions in the municipality of Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará (Brazil), considering the different urban forms and land use conditions. It was analyzed a critical period in relation to thermal conditions in this region, represented by the month of October 2019.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODOLOGY</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>The research was carried out using the city of Fortaleza, the capital of the state of Ceará, as its locus. This city is located at the central coordinates SIRGAS 2000 UTM Zone 24 South, 9581533.31 S and 552409.32 W (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mendonça and Danni-Oliveira (2007</xref>), Fortaleza is inserted in the context of the Tropical Equatorial Climate. Because it is located on the coast of the Brazilian Northeast region and bathed by the Atlantic Ocean, the city presents conditions of high relative humidity and great influence of the winds, on different scales.</p>
					<p>In general, the temperature of the municipality does not suffer great intra- and inter-annual variations, where the temperature variations between the hottest and coldest months do not exceed 2°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Moura, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>), with the months of October, November and December reaching the highest average maximum temperatures. Therefore, what governs the climate variability in the municipality is rainfall, largely influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which, in turn, has its action influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events and the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Atlantic Ocean basin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira; Mello, 2005</xref>). In addition to the ITCZ, the main atmospheric systems that act in the production of rain in the city of Fortaleza are the Upper Level Cyclonic Vortices (VCAN), the Mesoscale Convective Complexes (CCM), the Easterly Waves (OL), among others, causing precipitation concentrated mainly in the first half of the year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira; Mello, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barbieri, 2014</xref>). In the second half of the year, situations of atmospheric stability predominate under the influence of the Atlantic Equatorial Mass (mEa).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Location of the municipality of Fortaleza and Data Collection Points (PCD).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf7.png"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Currently, Fortaleza is considered one of the most important capitals in the country. According to data from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE - public institute of the Brazilian federal administration, with responsibilities related to geosciences, social, demographic, and economic statistics) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">IBGE, 2023</xref>), the capital of Ceará ranks 11<sup>th</sup> among the cities with the highest GDPs in the country. According to the preliminary demographic census (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">IBGE, 2023</xref>), Fortaleza has 2,428,678 inhabitants, making it the fourth most populated municipality in the country. With a population density of 7,775.43 inhabitants per square kilometer (inhabit/km²), it is the eighth densest city and ranks first in this regard among Brazilian capitals.</p>
					<p>Therefore, the municipality consists of an important urban agglomeration, without the presence of important rural areas and with a high rate of landscape modification, where only the legally protected areas maintain preserved natural characteristics, with the replacement of soil cover materials in practically the entire municipality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Primary data collection</title>
					<p>This article analyzed the temperature and relative humidity conditions in Fortaleza, considering different neighborhoods, which have different land use and occupation conditions and urban structure. To this end, it was necessary to carry out a primary data collection campaign using thermohygrometer sensors located at strategic points in the city. The distribution of the sensors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>) was based on the different land use patterns and geographic location, aiming to obtain a cohesive representation of the territory of Fortaleza. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Chart1</xref> presents the characteristics of each Data Collection Point.</p>
					<p>We used HOBO MX2301A thermo hygrometers. These devices are designed to measure the temperature and relative humidity of the air (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Balany et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ma et al., 2023</xref>). To use such instruments in outdoor environments, the use of a shelter is essential. These shelters, intended for thermo hygrometers, constitute protective devices, protecting the measuring instruments against the direct incidence of solar radiation and the action of the wind. Made from white PVC tubes, they have holes in the upper and lower parts, allowing air circulation and minimizing the impact of direct solar heating on the sensor. In addition, they perform the function of protecting the sensor against inclement weather, such as rain and intense winds.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Chart 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Description of the characteristics of the research Data Collection Points (PCDs).</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Aerial image</td>
										<td align="center">Point Description</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i002.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 01 (Alvaro Weyne)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 5448850E and 9589610S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, semi-detached residences, buildings are mostly made of masonry and the roof is composed of ceramic coverings. High density of buildings. Little afforestation.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i003.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 02 (Vila Velha)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 544377E and 9589218S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, buildings are mostly made of masonry and the roof is made of ceramic tiles. High density of buildings. The roads are paved with asphalt and, except the main avenues, are mostly narrow. Little afforestation.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i004.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 03 (Bairro de Fatima)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 551997E and 9584984S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Features: mixed occupancy, larger lot size and distance between buildings. Varied template, intermediate verticalization. Paved and wide avenues. Presence of open spaces.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i005.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 04 (Meireles)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 555887E and 9587848S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: mixed occupation. The paving of streets and avenues is predominantly (almost 100%) composed of asphalt material, while the most commonly used construction material in buildings is concrete, with steel structures and ceramic coatings. Consolidated verticalization and low tree cover.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i006.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 05 (Parque do Cocó)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 556830E and 9585795S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Features: State conservation unit. Large vegetation cover. Mixed occupation with surroundings consisting of buildings over 10 stories high. Parque do Cocó offers dedicated areas for leisure, sports, culture and environmental education activities.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i007.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 06 (De Lourdes)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 559775E and 9586637S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Features: high-standard residential occupation, larger lots with setbacks, in compliance with urban planning guidelines. Masonry constructions and ceramic roofs. Low volume of buildings and unbuilt lots. Close to the beach.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i008.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 07 (Lagoa Redonda)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 559775E and 9586637S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, masonry constructions and ceramic roofs. Considerably high afforestation. Low density of buildings, considered an expansion zone. Paved and unpaved roads.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i009.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 08 (Mondubim)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 559775E and 9586637S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, masonry constructions and ceramic roofs. High building density and few trees. Roads with asphalt paving.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i010.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 09 (Bom Jardim)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 543292E and 9581464S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, masonry constructions and low-rise ceramic roofs. High building density and few trees. Close to the urban water supply network. Roads with asphalt paving.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-i011.png"/>
										</td>
										<td align="left">PCD 10 (Conjunto Ceará)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coordinates: 544376E and 9582784S</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Characteristics: residential occupation, masonry constructions and low-rise ceramic roofs. High building density and few trees. Close to the urban water supply network. Roads with asphalt paving.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>Source: The authors (2024).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The data collection period was October 2019. The month of October was chosen due to the characteristics of strong atmospheric stability, considering that in stable atmospheric conditions, microclimatic differences are intensified (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Santamouris et al., 2007</xref>). This month is also among the hottest throughout the year. We recorded temperature and relative humidity data from October 1<sup>st</sup> to 31<sup>st</sup>, 2019, measuring the elements at 5-minute intervals.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Calculation of Heat Index (HI)</title>
					<p>The Heat Index (HI) is calculated through statistical regression analyses that consider temperature and relative humidity. This method was developed based on the initial formulation of the Steadman Apparent Temperature Index, dated 1979. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kusch et al. (2004</xref>), the HI characterizes human perception when faced with various combinations of high temperature and air humidity. This occurs due to the increasing difficulty in losing heat through evaporation as humidity increases. The authors indicate the importance of the index for warning procedures, given the impacts on public health and safety.</p>
					<p>In this work, the HI was calculated from Excel spreadsheets, where the <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e2">formula</xref> was inserted, aiming to optimize the process and execute it on a large scale. The equation used to calculate the HI is described below. After calculating the HI in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), the results were converted to degrees Celsius (°C).</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e2">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>16,923</mml:mn>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1,85212</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>5,37941</mml:mn>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1,00254</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>9,41695</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>7,28898</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3,45372</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>8,1497</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1,02102</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3,8646</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2,91583</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1,42721</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1,97483</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2,18429</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>8,43296</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>4,81975</mml:mn>
												<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
												<mml:msup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
														<mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msup>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(1)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Where:</p>
					<p>
						<list list-type="simple">
							<list-item>
								<p>HI is the Heat Index</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>UR is the relative humidity (%)</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>t<sub>a</sub> is the dry bulb temperature of the air (°F)</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>According to information provided by the National Weather Service of the United States (NWS), Heat Index (HI) readings can be interpreted based on alert levels and potential implications for human health (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Chart2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Chart 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>HI alert levels and their possible health consequences</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Alert level</th>
										<th align="left">Heat Index (HI)</th>
										<th align="center">Symptoms</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#8B0000">Extreme danger</td>
										<td align="left" style="background-color:#8B0000">≥ 54 ° C</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#8B0000">Heat stroke; risk of imminent CVA (Cerebral Vascular Accident).</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF0000">Danger</td>
										<td align="left" style="background-color:#FF0000">41.1°C - &lt; 54°C</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF0000">Cramps, heat stroke, physical exhaustion. Possibility of brain damage (CVA) for prolonged exposure to physical activities</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF8C00">Extreme care</td>
										<td align="left" style="background-color:#FF8C00">32.1°C - 41°C</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FF8C00">Heat stroke, heat cramps or heat exhaustion possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FFD700">Careful</td>
										<td align="left" style="background-color:#FFD700">27.1°C - 32°C</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#FFD700">Possible fatigue with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#7FFF00">Safe</td>
										<td align="left" style="background-color:#7FFF00">≤ 27 ° C</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#7FFF00">No problem</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Source: Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">National Weather Service (n.d.</xref>).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>) verified in her doctoral thesis the applicability of some thermal comfort indices for Fortaleza, defining new comfort limits for a series of indices that could be applied in bioclimatic analyses of open spaces in this city and in others with similar climatic and acclimatization conditions. The author presented to the HI a new range of comfort bands taking into account the acclimatization of the population of Fortaleza <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Chart 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>HI comfort range </title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Comfort range</th>
										<th align="center">Heat Index (HI)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Uncomfortable</td>
										<td align="center">&gt; 32.1°C</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Comfortable</td>
										<td align="center">29.3°C - 32.1°C</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Not designated by the author</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 29.3°C</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Source: Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In this work, at the comparison level, we analyzed the data taking into account the two intervals according to the original and adapted classes of the index. The application of the HI was carried out on all the data collected, as well as for the hourly average values, finding patterns related to the thermal comfort of the city in the analyzed period.</p>
					<p>The HI values were spatialized using the GIS software QGIS 3.28.10, using the IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) interpolation method. This method consists of a simple estimate weighted by the distance of the value at the target station. This method produces accurate results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Musashi et al., 2018</xref>), especially for regions with low topographic complexity of the terrain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">You et al., 2008</xref>), such as Fortaleza.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The graph in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref> indicates the temporal distribution of HI for each data collection point (PCD) in October 2019. This period is characterized by high temperatures and absence of rainfall, due to the direct influence of the Atlantic Equatorial Mass. The figure also indicates the range of classes of the indicator, considering the original classification and the ranges adapted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>), taking into account the acclimatization of the residents of the municipality of Fortaleza.</p>
				<p>It is clear that, according to the original classes (NWS), all points present HI above comfort levels, considering the threshold of 27°C, where two points (PCD 02 and PCD 06) registered values above the danger threshold. These points represent distinct characteristics of urban land occupation, where PCD 02 is characterized by a high horizontal density of buildings, fully built-up lots and little vegetation, heating up more in the afternoon. PCD 06 is located in a dune area, with larger lots and high-end residences, where the non-built-up areas are covered by herbaceous and low vegetation, which in the dry season gives way to exposed soil, causing high and rapid heating of the surface, increasing the temperature and HI in the morning period (up to 11 am).</p>
				<p>The graph also reveals the wide range of HI values, where the curve follows the direct solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface. At the end of the month, it is possible to see the occurrence of a heat wave, where there is a significant increase in HI at all analyzed points.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Variation and evolution of the HI of PCDs during the month of October 2019.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf8.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Heat waves are irregular but frequent meteorological events that have a global impact, manifesting themselves through prolonged periods of high and intense temperatures over several days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Marto, 2005</xref>). In the month analyzed, between the 22<sup>nd</sup> and 27<sup>th</sup>, the occurrence of stronger temperature intensities was observed, with the period that recorded HI above the danger threshold, in Vila Velha and De Lourdes neighborhoods (PCD 02 and PCD 06).</p>
				<p>Even during the heat wave period, PCD 03 and PCD 05 maintained the indicator values far from the danger threshold. The difference between these neighborhoods lies in the characteristics of land use and occupation assigned. PCD 03, located in the Bairro de Fátima neighborhood, has open wooded spaces, varying lot sizes, wider access roads, and intermediate verticalization with residential use. These characteristics promote greater mitigation of thermal conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>), which reflects on the result of the HI applied to local data.</p>
				<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior (2023</xref>), the thermal amplitude in the city of Fortaleza can reach an average of 4°C, where Parque do Cocó neighborhood is characterized as the coolest point in the urban environment. This characteristic is also reflected in the HI result for the park area (PCD 05), since it recorded the lowest associated values, including during the heat wave episode.</p>
				<p>By analyzing the distribution of data in the different comfort classes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>), it is possible to identify the influence of acclimatization on the interpretation of HI, taking into account the classes indicated by the NWS and by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the original classification (NWS), the point that presented the highest percentage of data within the safe comfort class was PCD 08, located in the Mondubim neighborhood (4%), while PCD 04 (Meireles) did not register temperatures within the established comfort range. Considering that, in Fortaleza, the comfort condition is always verified at night during the analyzed period, this absence of HI conditions considered comfortable in Meireles neighborhood exposes a situation of less nocturnal cooling of the materials. This is perfectly plausible in an area where concrete is the most common construction material, while in several other neighborhoods of the city, such as the aforementioned Mondubim, masonry is the predominant material.</p>
				<p>The points Álvaro Weyne, Vila Velha and Lourdes (PCD 01, PCD 02 and PCD 06, respectively) recorded the highest percentages of data classified in the extreme care class (30%, 31% and 34%, respectively). This highlights that at the Vila Velha and De Lourdes points (PCD 02 and PCD 03) measurements were found above the danger level.</p>
				<p>Taking into account the acclimatization of the population of Fortaleza, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Petalas (2015</xref>) established a new range for the comfort and discomfort thresholds based on the HI result, considering that individuals who remain for prolonged periods of time in hot climates have a greater capacity to tolerate high temperatures compared to those from colder regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andreasi, 2009</xref>). Therefore, the upper HI comfort threshold, that is, the onset of discomfort, which was 27°C, became 32.1°C.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Distribution of collected data in HI comfort classes.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf9.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>When evaluating the distribution of the collected data, taking into account the population's acclimatization, the percentages that fall within the comfort threshold increase. The points located in the neighborhoods Bairro de Fátima and Parque do Cocó (PCD 03 and PCD 05, respectively) were those that obtained the highest percentage of data considered non-uncomfortable (88%). It is possible to see a difference between the NWS classification, both in the percentage value and in the representative points.</p>
				<p>The points that recorded the lowest percentages considered non-uncomfortable were those located in Álvaro Weyne, De Lourdes and Vila Velha neighborhoods (PCD 01, PCD 02 and PCD 06) with 64%, 64% and 65%, respectively. Despite the discrepancy in the percentages verified in both HI class intervals, the same neighborhoods were the most problematic in relation to the situation of thermal discomfort.</p>
				<p>It is necessary to unravel the data into hourly scales, since the behavior of the city's thermal conditions is directly related to the incidence of solar radiation and the physical environment of the city. Studies of urban climate in Fortaleza, from the perspective of the thermal field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Moura, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Moura; Zanella; Sales, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lima Júnior, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lima Júnior, 2023</xref>) indicate that the most intense manifestations of the urban heat island in the city occurred during the daytime (between 7 am and 3 pm). The analysis of the result of the hourly averages of the HI is in line with what the literature for the municipality reported.</p>
				<p>The analysis of the hourly distribution of the HI result during the month of October 2019 helps to understand the thermal comfort in the city of Fortaleza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>). As with the amplitude of the heat island, the intensity of the HI result is more pronounced during the daytime period, where from 7 am there is a significant variation in the collected values, persisting in this pattern until 4 pm.</p>
				<p>In this time slot, due to direct insolation from solar radiation, higher temperature values are recorded. Another important factor to be considered in the analysis is the predominant synoptic condition of Atlantic Equatorial Mass (mEa), which causes climate stability and, therefore, a greater accentuation of the influence of local conditions on the thermal field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Santamouris et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>The highest hourly HI values were recorded from 11 am to 2 pm, the period of direct incidence of solar radiation on the Earth's surface. The lowest records occurred between 4 am and 5 am, in agreement with local scientific literature, which indicates that these times have the lowest air temperature records and the lowest intensity of the urban heat island.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Box plot of the hourly distribution of HI for the month of October 2019.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf10.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The Data Collection Points (PCDs) that recorded the highest and lowest HI values in each hourly period were analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>), with the aim of understanding how the dynamics of land use and coverage interfere with the city's thermal comfort behavior.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Identification of the points with the highest and lowest value records for each hourly average of the HI.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf11.png"/>
						<attrib>The variation in shades of blue represents the lowest values and the variation in shades of red represents the highest values recorded for that time.</attrib>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The points located in Álvaro Weyne, Vila Velha, De Lourdes and Bom Jardim neighborhoods (PCD 01, 02, 06 and 09, respectively), were those that recorded the highest hourly averages during the daytime period (between 6 am and 5 pm). The Meireles neighborhood (PCD 04) was the one that recorded the highest HI records during the night and early morning, due to the already mentioned difference in construction materials and the consolidated verticalization process observed in the neighborhood. During the day, the shading of the buildings provides a positive effect on thermal conditions, since it protects the surface from the incidence of direct solar radiation. However, the processes of multiple reflectances and prolonged heat storage produced during the day cause the higher air temperature during these periods.</p>
				<p>During the period of greatest sunlight, between 9 am and 5 pm, the points located in Bairro de Fátima and Parque do Cocó neighborhoods show milder conditions in terms of air temperature and, consequently, HI as well. There is almost a difference of more than 6°C between the coolest point (Cocó) and the hottest point (Vila Velha), during the afternoon (between 12 pm and 2 pm). This difference is directly associated with the characteristics of land use and occupation in these neighborhoods.</p>
				<p>The hourly averages of the HI were spatialized (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>) indicating the areas of the city with thermal comfort and discomfort conditions in the Fortaleza territory.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Spatialization of the hourly averages of the HI during the month of October 2019.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e73091-gf12.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For better visualization of time differences, we assigned the same temperature classes, with an interval of 0.5°C.</p>
				<p>It is clear from the analysis of the cartograms that the outskirts of the city of Fortaleza suffer from the intensity of thermal discomfort, with the northwest, west and southwest sectors presenting and maintaining the highest HI values during the day. These areas have a high population density and, consequently, a high density of buildings, contributing to unfavorable thermal conditions.</p>
				<p>This same region is also where a larger percentage of the population with lower purchasing power and more vulnerable to climate variations lives, which can lead to reflections associated with socio-environmental inequality and climate injustice, as in the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Paiva (2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Another sector that presented unfavorable HI conditions was the northeast sector of the city, around De Lourdes neighborhood, however, with less intensity in the afternoon and greater intensity during the early morning, due to the aforementioned natural characteristics of the surroundings of PCD 06.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>The city of Fortaleza is located in a region with a high incidence of solar radiation, contributing to high temperatures throughout the year. The heterogeneous characteristics of use and occupation of the urban surface of the municipality contribute to significant differences in the manifestation of air temperature, contributing to the disparity in the thermal sensation of city dwellers.</p>
				<p>The city does not have an efficient system for monitoring thermo-hygrometric variables, with few fixed points for measuring these variables in its territory, and for work such as the one described here, it is necessary to install temporary measuring points. Investment in solutions (increasing the monitoring and modeling network) is necessary for an understanding of the thermal field in its real conditions and manifestations.</p>
				<p>With the sensors installed and accurate data collected, it was possible to understand the city's thermal comfort in the context of a hot and dry period. The Heat Index (HI), at the NWS thresholds, indicates a situation of discomfort in all the evaluated neighborhoods, while, in the classification that takes into account the acclimatization of the inhabitants, the comfort conditions were significantly higher.</p>
				<p>Even at the most critical times on days when a heat wave episode occurred, areas with more green infrastructures can alleviate thermal discomfort conditions at a local level. In this context, Parque do Cocó neighborhood is an important urban instrument for thermal comfort in the city of Fortaleza, showing the lowest HI values at times already defined by the literature as having the highest intensity of Heat Island.</p>
				<p>This research presented a framework of information about the city's thermal field during a critical period. It is important to highlight the need to include analyses for other periods of the year and locations in the municipality, taking into account more types of atmospheric weather and more land use conditions.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>