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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sn</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Sociedade &amp; Natureza</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Soc. nat.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-4513</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-1570</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Editora da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - EDUFU</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00009</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14393/SN-v37-2025-74110</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Contribuição do Modelo FPEIR/TOPSIS no Diagnóstico Ambiental da Segurança Hídrica de Áreas Atingidas pela Barragem B1, Brumadinho, MG</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>The Contribution of the FPEIR/TOPSIS Model in The Environmental Diagnosis of Water Security in Areas Affected by the B1 Dam, Brumadinho, MG</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3561-5366</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Honorato</surname>
						<given-names>Priscila Aparecida da Rocha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">concepção</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation/">coleta de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">elaboração do manuscrito, redação</role>
					<role>discussão dos resultados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7680-3131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Elmiro</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Antônio Timbó</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis/">análise de dados</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">redação</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisão</role>					
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2124-5018</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nero</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">redação</role>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisão</role>	
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4673-2915</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Temba</surname>
						<given-names>Plinio da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisão</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-1276</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jardim</surname>
						<given-names>Helder Lages</given-names>
					</name>
					<role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">revisão</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. honoratopriscila1@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>honoratopriscila1@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. timboelmiro@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>timboelmiro@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. marcelo-nero@ufmg.br</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>marcelo-nero@ufmg.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. tembamobile@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>tembamobile@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. hljardim@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>hljardim@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e74110</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba, em Minas Gerais, tem sofrido com eventos climáticos extremos e os impactos do rompimento das barragens da Vale S.A. em Brumadinho, em 2019. Destaca-se a importância da análise multicritério de decisão associada a um modelo conceitual para diagnosticar a segurança hídrica na região, com base em indicadores socioambientais. O estudo propõe e analisa indicadores socioambientais, utilizando a metodologia FPEIR, para avaliar a segurança hídrica e aprimorar o planejamento e a gestão dos recursos hídricos na Bacia do Rio Paraopeba (BHRP). A abordagem combina o modelo de análise multicritério TOPSIS com o método de pesos de entropia, utilizados para hierarquizar os municípios com melhor segurança hídrica. A análise revelou desafios críticos, como crescimento populacional, industrialização e expansão agropecuária, que intensificam a contaminação hídrica. Brumadinho e Betim foram classificados como os municípios mais vulneráveis, apresentando altos índices de doenças de veiculação hídrica e infraestrutura de tratamento de esgoto insuficiente. A intensa atividade industrial e agrícola agrava os riscos ambientais, exemplificados pelo rompimento das barragens. O estudo destacou as pressões socioambientais e a importância de abordagens integradas. Os resultados apontaram a necessidade de políticas públicas robustas, práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, gestão participativa, melhoria da infraestrutura e adaptação às mudanças climáticas para garantir a segurança hídrica e a qualidade de vida.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The Paraopeba River Basin, located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, has been severely impacted by extreme climatic events and the 2019 Vale S.A. dam failures in Brumadinho. This study underscores the importance of integrating multi-criteria decision analysis with a conceptual model to diagnose water security in the region based on socio-environmental indicators. Employing the DPSIR methodology, socio-environmental indicators are proposed and analyzed to assess water security and to support the planning and management of water resources in the Paraopeba River Basin (BHRP). The approach combines the TOPSIS multi-criteria analysis model with the entropy weight method to rank municipalities according to their levels of water security. The analysis identified critical challenges, including population growth, industrialization, and agricultural expansion, which exacerbate water contamination. Brumadinho and Betim emerged as the most vulnerable municipalities, exhibiting high rates of waterborne diseases and inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure. Intense industrial and agricultural activities have further heightened environmental risks, as exemplified by the dam failures. The study underscores socio-environmental pressures and highlights the importance of integrated approaches. The findings emphasize the need for robust public policies, sustainable agricultural practices, participatory management, infrastructure improvements, and climate change adaptation to ensure water security and improve quality of life.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Bacia Hidrográfica Indicadores</kwd>
				<kwd>Recursos hídricos</kwd>
				<kwd>Socioambientais</kwd>
				<kwd>Análise multicritério</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Hydrographic Basin</kwd>
				<kwd>Indicators</kwd>
				<kwd>Water resources</kwd>
				<kwd>Socio-environmental</kwd>
				<kwd>Multicriteria analysis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)</funding-source>
					<award-id>23072.216578/2022-51</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Número do processo: 23072.216578/2022-51.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="5"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="8"/>
				<ref-count count="29"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba (BHRP) tem sofrido eventos extremos relacionados ao clima, como longos períodos de seca e chuvas intensas, além de ter sido duramente afetada pelo rompimento da barragem B-I de rejeitos, pertencente ao complexo da Mina Córrego do Feijão da mineradora Vale S.A., que se rompeu e na sequência colapsou as barragens (B-IV e B-IV-A) atingindo o ribeirão Ferro-Carvão Feijão em direção ao Rio Paraopeba, no município de Brumadinho, em 2019, tema amplamente abordado por alguns autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Nero <italic>et al.</italic> (2024</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lima <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>). Adicionalmente, existem riscos associados ao rompimento de outras barragens na região, o que coloca o abastecimento da população e as atividades produtivas em risco iminente de escassez hídrica grave (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">ARMBH, 2021</xref>). Dentro desse cenário, a Gestão Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH) é uma possível forma de planejamento e gerenciamento da água, já que para mitigar riscos é necessário um esforço conjunto entre autoridades governamentais, instituições locais e a comunidade, visando realizar uma gestão de conflitos de planejamento e proteger os recursos hídricos.</p>
			<p>Avanços nesse entendimento da organização e funcionamento dos sistemas ambientais têm promovido pesquisas que avaliam a segurança hídrica de bacias hidrográficas por meio de indicadores ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Como podemos citar o estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. (2024</xref>) que analisaram a relação do Índice de Segurança Hídrica (ISH) com indicadores socioeconômicos em microrregiões de água e esgoto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, considerando também o método estatístico de “Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP)”, sendo que os resultados demonstraram a existência de uma relação positiva entre valores de Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e de Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Cidades (IDSC) com o ISH (os municípios apresentaram índices baixos e médios nas duas microrregiões mesmo com condições favoráveis em termos de cobertura da rede de abastecimento). No entanto, as dimensões de resiliência, ecossistêmica e econômica, incluindo investimentos e Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), mostram um sentido oposto, indicando que essas variáveis exerceram influência negativa sobre o ISH. </p>
			<p>Já <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zlat <italic>et al</italic>. (2024</xref>) quantificaram o impacto da segurança hídrica no desenvolvimento econômico e social com base em um novo modelo de equação estrutural, de modo a identificar mudanças na variável latente Índice de Segurança Hídrica no período de 2000-2022 para os 27 Estados-Membros da União Europeia. A metodologia baseou-se no uso de sistemas de equações estruturais e no Teste de Kruskal-Wallis de Amostras Independentes para identificar as influências das medidas de segurança hídrica em indicadores econômicos e sociais e avaliar disparidades regionais de desenvolvimento de políticas ambientais em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico e social. Os resultados obtidos apontaram a correlação significativa entre densidade populacional, níveis de poluição e os custos associados à manutenção da qualidade da água. Ao final concluíram que os resultados são úteis para os formuladores de políticas econômicas, ambientais e sociais otimizarem as estratégias europeias de desenvolvimento sustentável.</p>
			<p>Com base nessa premissa, a análise de indicadores permite acompanhar e avaliar o desempenho de bacias hidrográficas ao longo do tempo, identificar áreas de melhoria e implementar ações adequadas para garantir a segurança hídrica de forma equilibrada. </p>
			<p>Na presente pesquisa o objetivo geral foi analisar um conjunto de indicadores socioambientais para o diagnóstico da segurança hídrica em municípios da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba (BHRP), em Minas Gerais, sendo que o mesmo se caracteriza por uma síntese da pesquisa desenvolvida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Honorato (2024</xref>). Para tanto, selecionou-se indicadores utilizando o modelo conceitual FPEIR (Força Motriz-Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta) e os classificou de acordo com sua capacidade de alterar o estado dos recursos hídricos em termos de quantidade e qualidade. Complementarmente, a classificação da disponibilidade hídrica dos municípios, realizada pelo método TOPSIS (<italic>Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution</italic>)<italic>,</italic> o qual é aplicado inclusive em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aires e Salgado (2024</xref>), permitiu identificar quais municípios possuem melhor desempenho em segurança hídrica.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA</title>
			<p>O uso de modelos conceituais e análises multicritério é fundamental para abordar a complexidade dos sistemas ambientais e sociais, especialmente em regiões com desafios de segurança hídrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Salamé <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Araújo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Modelos conceituais, como o FPEIR, permitem a estruturação de problemas com base em relações causais e dinâmicas socioambientais, facilitando a identificação de pressões, impactos e respostas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Liu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Já as análises multicritério, como o TOPSIS, fornecem métodos robustos para a classificação e hierarquização de alternativas, incorporando múltiplos indicadores e critérios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Zhang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Modelo Força Motriz - Pressão - Impacto- Resposta (FPEIR)</title>
				<p>O modelo FPEIR (Força Motriz-Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta), também conhecido por seu acrônimo em inglês DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response), foi proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rapport e Friend (1979</xref>). </p>
				<p>Esse modelo oferece uma estrutura para identificar problemas ambientais em uma localidade, incluindo suas causas, impactos e possíveis soluções por meio de indicadores. Como, por exemplo, no estudo desenvolvido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Shi <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), que aplicaram o modelo de forma satisfatória na avaliação da segurança hídrica em bacias na província de Jiangxi, China; também pode ser citado o estudo desenvolvido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Acostupa <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), no diagnóstico ambiental do Pantanal Lucre-Huacarpay.</p>
				<p>A estrutura circular do modelo FPEIR, capta o ciclo contínuo de influências (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), enfatizando como forças motrizes, pressões, mudanças de estado, impactos e respostas estão interconectados, orientando, em última análise, a tomada de decisão para o desenvolvimento sustentável e alocação de recursos nos sistemas hídricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pirrone <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exemplo de esquema conceitual dos indicadores FPEIR</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf1.png"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A segurança hídrica, segundo a Organização das Nações Unidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">UN, 2013</xref>), é definida como a capacidade de uma população de garantir o acesso sustentável a quantidades adequadas de água de qualidade aceitável para sustentar a saúde, o bem-estar humano, o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e a preservação dos ecossistemas. Para realizar a análise da segurança hídrica no médio curso da BHRP foram selecionados 30 indicadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), sendo sete de forças motrizes (FM), cinco indicadores de pressão (P), quatro de estado (E), dois de impacto (I) e doze de respostas (R). A seleção de indicadores baseou-se na avaliação do estado dos recursos hídricos e sua relação com os indicadores de Força Motriz, Pressão, Impacto e Resposta.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicadores de Segurança Hídrica</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Nome</th>
									<th align="center">Grandeza</th>
									<th align="center">Unidade</th>
									<th align="center">Nome</th>
									<th align="center">Grandeza</th>
									<th align="center">Unidade</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.01</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Taxa geométrica de Crescimento Anual</td>
									<td align="center">% a.a.</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>E.04</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Lâmina explotável (LE)</td>
									<td align="center">mm/ano</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.02</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Habitantes por km²</td>
									<td align="center">hab./km²</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>I.01</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Doenças de veiculação hídrica</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.03</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Estabelecimentos agropecuários</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>I.02</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Conflito de uso</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.04</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Área Cultivada</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.01</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Domicílios ligados à rede de esgoto</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.05</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Estabelecimentos industriais</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.02</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Tratamento de esgoto</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.06</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Exploração mineral</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.03</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Coleta seletiva</td>
									<td align="center">sim/não</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>FM.07</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Área urbanizada</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.04</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Aterro sanitário</td>
									<td align="center">sim/não</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>P.01</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Total de água consumida por ano</td>
									<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ano</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.05</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Fiscalizações</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>P.02</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Total de água tratada</td>
									<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ano</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.06</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Domicílios ligados à rede de abastecimento</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>P.03</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Acidentes ambientais</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.07</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Percentual da perdas de água</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>P.04</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Barragens de rejeito</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.08</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Estações de monitoramento</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>P.05</italic></td>
									<td align="center">IDH-M</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.09</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Fluviômetros</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>E.01</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Média do (IQA)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.10</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Cobertura vegetal nativa</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>E.02</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Parâmetros alterados conforme DN 08/22</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.11</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Área protegida</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>E.03</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Vazões mínimas (Q <sub>7 10</sub>)</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>R.12</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Instrumentos de gestão</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Para diagnosticar a segurança hídrica dos municípios, a abordagem avaliou 30 indicadores segmentados pelo modelo FPEIR. Indicadores qualitativos foram codificados como variáveis binárias, com &quot;SIM&quot; atribuído a 1 e &quot;NÃO&quot; a 0. A aplicação do TOPSIS e o cálculo dos pesos foram modelados usando Excel<sup>®</sup> e linguagem Python, com as bibliotecas pandas, numpy e matplotlib.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Método TOPSIS</title>
				<p>O método TOPSIS (<italic>Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution</italic>) é um recurso aplicado na análise de decisão multicritério, também conhecido como método de distância de solução ideal. </p>
				<p>O método TOPSIS é uma técnica de tomada de decisão utilizada para avaliar alternativas com base em um conjunto de critérios. Ele é amplamente aplicado em áreas como gestão ambiental, engenharia, economia e outras disciplinas onde decisões complexas precisam ser tomadas considerando múltiplos fatores. O método TOPSIS, inicialmente proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hwang e Yoon (1981</xref>), tem sido amplamente adotado em uma variedade de estudos. Por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aires e Salgado (2024</xref>) utilizaram uma abordagem multicritério baseada em R-TOPSIS para avaliar reservatórios de água no semiárido do Brasil. Outro estudo relevante é o de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>), que aplicaram o TOPSIS para analisar o desempenho da governança ecológica agrícola na província de Henan. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elshoubaky <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>) aplicaram o método na seleção de materiais de construção sustentáveis, considerando a avaliação do ciclo de vida. Além disso, a adaptação do TOPSIS a um ambiente difuso, conforme descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carnero (2020</xref>), facilita a avaliação da responsabilidade ambiental das organizações de saúde, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde pública por meio da melhoria das práticas de sustentabilidade ambiental. A sua aplicação segue os seguintes passos: </p>
				<p>Etapa 1 - <bold>Cálculo dos pesos (<italic>w</italic>)</bold> (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e1">Equação 1</xref>): Primeiramente, calcula-se a entropia para cada indicador, o &quot;Entropy Weight Method&quot;, inicialmente proposto por Shannon e Wiener em 1949. Este método tem sido aplicado em diversas áreas, como em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), que o utilizaram para decisões de engenharia, e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Luo <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), que o aplicaram na avaliação de riscos de leishmaniose visceral zoonótica. </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e1">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>w</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>E</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:munderover>
											<mml:mo stretchy="false">∑</mml:mo>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
												<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:munderover>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
											<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
											<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											<mml:msub>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>E</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:msub>
											<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(1)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>A entropia (E) é uma medida de diversidade ou incerteza nos dados, e é utilizada para determinar a importância relativa de cada indicador na tomada de decisão. Indicadores com maior entropia indicam maior variabilidade nos dados e, portanto, podem receber pesos mais baixos, enquanto critérios com menor entropia podem receber pesos mais altos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>Etapa 2 - Construção da Matriz de Decisão Normalizada (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e2">Equação 2</xref>): Uma matriz de decisão normalizada é criada, onde cada linha representa um município e cada coluna representa um indicador. Essa matriz é fundamental para calcular as distâncias das alternativas aos valores ideais.</p>
				<p>Etapa 3 - Multiplicação dos Pesos (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e3">Equação 3</xref>): Os pesos (w, <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e1">Equação 1</xref>) são então multiplicados pela matriz de decisão normalizada.</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mfenced separators="|">
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>w</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(2)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Etapa 4 - Determinação dos Valores Ideais (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e4">Equação 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e5">5</xref>): São calculados dois tipos de soluções ideais: a melhor e a pior. </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mfenced separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtable>
										<mml:mtr>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">v</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>11</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
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											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">v</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
											</mml:mtd>
										</mml:mtr>
										<mml:mtr>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:mo>⋮</mml:mo>
											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:mo>⋱</mml:mo>
											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:mo>⋮</mml:mo>
											</mml:mtd>
										</mml:mtr>
										<mml:mtr>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">v</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
														<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo>
											</mml:mtd>
											<mml:mtd>
												<mml:msub>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">v</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msub>
											</mml:mtd>
										</mml:mtr>
									</mml:mtable>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(3)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Solução Ideal Positiva A+: Contém os melhores valores para cada indicador.</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mfenced separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
							<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>…</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(4)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Solução Ideal Negativa A−: Contém os piores valores para cada indicador</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e5">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mfenced separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced close="|" separators="|">
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msub>
									<mml:msub>
										<mml:mrow>
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										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
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									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
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								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(5)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Etapa 5 - Cálculo das Distâncias: Calcula-se a distância euclidiana entre cada alternativa e as soluções ideais (positiva e negativa) (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e6">Equação 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e7">7</xref>). Essas distâncias são usadas para determinar o quão próximo cada alternativa está das soluções ideais.</p>
				<p>
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						<label>(6)</label>
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				<p>
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									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
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									<mml:mn>0,5</mml:mn>
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							</mml:msup>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(7)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Etapa 6 - Determinação da Proximidade Relativa (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e8">Equação 8</xref>): Com base nas distâncias calculadas, é determinada a proximidade relativa de cada alternativa em relação às soluções ideais. Quanto mais próximo de uma solução ideal positiva e mais distante da solução ideal negativa, melhor é a alternativa.</p>
				<p>Etapa 7 - Ordenar as Alternativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>): Finalmente, as alternativas são classificadas de acordo com sua proximidade relativa às soluções ideais, com as mais próximas da solução ideal positiva sendo consideradas as melhores opções.</p>
				<p>
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								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(8)</label>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pesos dos indicadores de acordo com o método Entropia</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Indicador</th>
									<th align="center">Peso (w)</th>
									<th align="center">Indicador</th>
									<th align="center">Peso (w)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.01</td>
									<td align="center">0,0198</td>
									<td align="center">E.04</td>
									<td align="center">0,0879</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.02</td>
									<td align="center">0,0216</td>
									<td align="center">I.01</td>
									<td align="center">0,0690</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.03</td>
									<td align="center">0,0234</td>
									<td align="center">I.02</td>
									<td align="center">0,0311</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.04</td>
									<td align="center">0,0149</td>
									<td align="center">R.01</td>
									<td align="center">0,0183</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.05</td>
									<td align="center">0,0219</td>
									<td align="center">R.02</td>
									<td align="center">0,0303</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.06</td>
									<td align="center">0,0418</td>
									<td align="center">R.03</td>
									<td align="center">0,0122</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FM.07</td>
									<td align="center">0,0144</td>
									<td align="center">R.04</td>
									<td align="center">0,0122</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.01</td>
									<td align="center">0,0507</td>
									<td align="center">R.05</td>
									<td align="center">0,0463</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.02</td>
									<td align="center">0,0469</td>
									<td align="center">R.06</td>
									<td align="center">0,0156</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.03</td>
									<td align="center">0,0242</td>
									<td align="center">R.07</td>
									<td align="center">0,0215</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.04</td>
									<td align="center">0,0530</td>
									<td align="center">R.08</td>
									<td align="center">0,0709</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.05</td>
									<td align="center">0,0246</td>
									<td align="center">R.09</td>
									<td align="center">0,0387</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E.01</td>
									<td align="center">0,0287</td>
									<td align="center">R.10</td>
									<td align="center">0,0293</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E.02</td>
									<td align="center">0,0531</td>
									<td align="center">R.11</td>
									<td align="center">0,0267</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E.03</td>
									<td align="center">0,0207</td>
									<td align="center">R.12</td>
									<td align="center">0,0303</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL E MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>A metodologia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) deste estudo é baseada em dois pilares principais: o relatório técnico do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">IPT, 2008</xref>) e o estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Yin e Yuan (2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percurso metodológico da pesquisa.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf2.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>O relatório do IPT diagnosticou a situação dos recursos hídricos na Bacia do Rio Grande (SP/MG) utilizando o modelo FPEIR. O estudo de Yin e Yuan avaliou o desenvolvimento verde da região de Pequim-Tianjin-Hebei, combinando FPEIR-TOPSIS com o método de pesos de entropia. Esses elementos proporcionam uma abordagem compreensiva para entender e gerir os recursos hídricos de maneira sustentável, contribuindo para estratégias de gestão sustentável e políticas de segurança hídrica na bacia do Rio Paraopeba.</p>
			<p>As etapas envolvendo a classificação dos indicadores foram modeladas utilizando planilhas eletrônicas e linguagem Python com as bibliotecas pandas, numpy e matplotlib.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterização da área de estudo</title>
				<p>A bacia do rio Paraopeba (BHRP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>), localizada na região central de Minas Gerais, cobre aproximadamente 13.640 km² e integra o Alto São Francisco, sendo estratégica para o abastecimento hídrico, mineração e atividades industriais.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mapa de localização da Bacia do Rio Paraopeba</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf3.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Ela drena para o reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Três Marias com capacidade total de geração de energia de cerca de 396 MW. É crucial para o abastecimento de água e a sustentabilidade ecológica, uma vez que fornece 53% da água para Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Apresenta relevo variado, com planaltos e depressões, e uma geologia diversificada composta por rochas do Complexo Cristalino, formações ferríferas do Grupo Minas e depósitos sedimentares, além de sistemas de falhas que influenciam a hidrologia subterrânea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). O clima predominante é tropical de altitude (Cwb), com temperaturas médias entre 18 °C e 22 °C e chuvas anuais de 1.000 a 1.400 mm, concentradas no verão, enquanto o inverno é seco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). Os solos variam entre Latossolos, Cambissolos, Argissolos e Neossolos Flúvicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). A vegetação original, composta por Cerrado e Mata Atlântica em transição, incluindo cerrado típico, mata ciliar e florestas semideciduais, foi amplamente substituída por pastagens, agricultura e mineração, restando fragmentos em áreas protegidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). Economicamente, a bacia do Rio Paraopeba é diversificada, destacando-se na mineração, siderurgia, indústria petroquímica e automobilística, produção de bebidas, serviços, geração de energia hidrelétrica, pecuária e agricultura. O parque industrial é bastante desenvolvido, com indústrias de extração de minerais metálicos e não metálicos, produtos metalúrgicos e siderúrgicos, alimentos, têxteis, vestuário, calçados, entre outros. Entre os principais impactos ambientais estão a mineração, com destaque para o rompimento de barragens, o desmatamento e a urbanização, que afetam a qualidade da água, os solos e a biodiversidade, tornando o planejamento ambiental essencial para a região.</p>
				<p>A bacia é subdividida hidrologicamente em três setores: Alto, Médio e Baixo Paraopeba. Cada um desses setores apresenta características particulares em termos de geomorfologia e uso do solo. A atividade minerária, particularmente a exploração de minérios de ferro e manganês, concentra-se na região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Médio Paraopeba) e tem impactos significativos na qualidade da água e na vida aquática.</p>
				<p>Nesse cenário, a área de estudo restringe-se a cinco municípios localizados no médio curso do Rio Paraopeba: Betim, Brumadinho, Mário Campos, Juatuba e São Joaquim de Bicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Localização da área de estudo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf4.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Esses municípios foram selecionados devido ao impacto direto ou indireto sofrido pelas consequências do rompimento das barragem B1, ocorrido em 25 de janeiro de 2019, no município de Brumadinho. Esse desastre ressaltou a vulnerabilidade da bacia em relação às atividades industriais e de mineração, destacando a necessidade urgente de adotar medidas de gestão e conservação dos recursos hídricos para prevenir futuros impactos ambientais. A seleção desses municípios permite uma análise focada nos locais mais afetados e vulneráveis, facilitando a identificação de estratégias específicas para mitigar os impactos e promover a sustentabilidade hídrica na região.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>A análise ordenou os municípios em relação à insegurança hídrica, com Brumadinho liderando, seguido por Betim, São Joaquim de Bicas, Juatuba e Mário Campos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Classificação dos municípios de acordo com o método TOPSIS</title>
					</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Município</th>
								<th align="center">Índice de Similaridade</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Brumadinho</td>
								<td align="center">0,5949</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Betim</td>
								<td align="center">0,4873</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Juatuba</td>
								<td align="center">0,2389</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">São Joaquim de Bicas</td>
								<td align="center">0,2364</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Mário Campos</td>
								<td align="center">0,2317</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Classificação dos municípios em relação a segurança hídrica</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf5.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Considerando o relacionamento dos indicadores apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> foi construída uma matriz para análise da situação da qualidade e quantidade das águas superficiais, subterrâneas e de abastecimento dos municípios em análise para entender como os indicadores atuam na porção média da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba (BHRP).</p>
			<p>Os municípios classificados com nível mais baixo na classificação apresentam maior insegurança hídrica devido a altos índices de acidentes ambientais, doenças de veiculação hídrica, perda de água e baixa taxa de tratamento de esgoto. Municípios em posições superiores mostram melhor segurança hídrica com melhores índices de tratamento de esgoto, menos acidentes ambientais e melhor cobertura vegetal nativa.</p>
			<p>Brumadinho merece grande atenção devido à alta incidência de doenças de veiculação hídrica (7.353), refletindo problemas na qualidade do saneamento e no acesso à água potável, impactando negativamente a saúde pública e a segurança hídrica. O município apresenta desempenho misto em coleta (50,6%) e tratamento de esgoto (10,7%). Além disso, lidera em parâmetros alterados conforme a DN08 de 2022, comprometendo ainda mais a segurança hídrica.</p>
			<p>A intensa exploração mineral, com 306 processos minerários ativos, exerce grande pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. As 24 barragens de rejeito representam um risco significativo, aumentando a probabilidade de desastres ambientais. O rompimento da barragem do Córrego do Feijão é um exemplo claro dos riscos de contaminação que essas estruturas podem causar. Brumadinho também possui a maior quantidade de estabelecimentos agropecuários (443) e a maior demanda total de água (643,36 milhões m<sup>3</sup>/ano), sendo o maior consumidor de água na região.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indicadores de situação da qualidade e quantidade das águas</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Indicador</th>
								<th align="center">Unidade</th>
								<th align="center">Betim</th>
								<th align="center">Brumadinho</th>
								<th align="center">Juatuba</th>
								<th align="center">Mário Campos</th>
								<th align="center">São Joaquim de Bicas</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="7">Força motriz</td>
								<td align="center">FM.01</td>
								<td align="center">% a.a.</td>
								<td align="center">0,69</td>
								<td align="center">1,14</td>
								<td align="center">2,75</td>
								<td align="center">1,57</td>
								<td align="center">2,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.02</td>
								<td align="center">hab./km²</td>
								<td align="center">1197,01</td>
								<td align="center">60,86</td>
								<td align="center">316,6</td>
								<td align="center">451,76</td>
								<td align="center">478,66</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.03</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">233</td>
								<td align="center">443</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">140</td>
								<td align="center">120</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.04</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">47,64</td>
								<td align="center">43,54</td>
								<td align="center">52,76</td>
								<td align="center">53,02</td>
								<td align="center">49,82</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.05</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">48</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.06</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">123</td>
								<td align="center">306</td>
								<td align="center">32</td>
								<td align="center">35</td>
								<td align="center">66</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">FM.07</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">27,82</td>
								<td align="center">1,62</td>
								<td align="center">17,02</td>
								<td align="center">13,86</td>
								<td align="center">18,97</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="5">Pressão</td>
								<td align="center">P.01</td>
								<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ano</td>
								<td align="center">87,03 milhões</td>
								<td align="center">643,36 milhões</td>
								<td align="center">1,90 milhões</td>
								<td align="center">98,69 milhões</td>
								<td align="center">2,58 milhões</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">P.02</td>
								<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ano</td>
								<td align="center">19,16 bilhões</td>
								<td align="center">2,56 bilhões</td>
								<td align="center">2,28 bilhões</td>
								<td align="center">882,13 milhões</td>
								<td align="center">2,76 bilhões</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">P.03</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">P.04</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">24</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">P.05</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">0,735</td>
								<td align="center">0,712</td>
								<td align="center">0,705</td>
								<td align="center">0,678</td>
								<td align="center">0,674</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">Estado</td>
								<td align="center">E.01</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">61,3</td>
								<td align="center">65,3</td>
								<td align="center">48,1</td>
								<td align="center">47,4</td>
								<td align="center">53,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">E.02</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">sd</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">E.03</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">0,2085</td>
								<td align="center">0,4256</td>
								<td align="center">1,0486</td>
								<td align="center">1,6805</td>
								<td align="center">1,4739</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">E.04</td>
								<td align="center">mm/ano</td>
								<td align="center">58,75</td>
								<td align="center">58,75</td>
								<td align="center">58,75</td>
								<td align="center">58,75</td>
								<td align="center">58,75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Impacto</td>
								<td align="center">I.01</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">125838</td>
								<td align="center">7353</td>
								<td align="center">6118</td>
								<td align="center">2946</td>
								<td align="center">2001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">I.02</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">32</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="6">Resposta</td>
								<td align="center">R.01</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">76</td>
								<td align="center">50,6</td>
								<td align="center">32,39</td>
								<td align="center">13,8</td>
								<td align="center">36,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">R.02</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">76,4</td>
								<td align="center">10,7</td>
								<td align="center">29,89</td>
								<td align="center">9,9</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">R.03</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">R.04</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">R.05</td>
								<td align="center">nº</td>
								<td align="center">1721</td>
								<td align="center">833</td>
								<td align="center">226</td>
								<td align="center">169</td>
								<td align="center">192</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">R.06</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">89,0</td>
								<td align="center">82,9</td>
								<td align="center">89,6</td>
								<td align="center">97,2</td>
								<td align="center">90,9</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Os autores (2024).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Apesar de apresentar uma eficiência no abastecimento hídrico (31,8, considerada ótima, a alta demanda caracteriza um potencial problema de segurança hídrica em cenários de mudanças climáticas, podendo resultar em escassez de água. O indicador E04, que é a lâmina explotável (LE) (mm/ano), alta para todos os municípios, indica grande exploração de água subterrânea, acarretando vulnerabilidade significativa. </p>
			<p>A análise é consistente ao considerar Betim como o segundo município com o pior desempenho em segurança hídrica. Betim enfrenta alta insegurança hídrica devido a vários fatores críticos. O município experimentou uma alta taxa de crescimento populacional na década de 1990, impulsionado pela atração de novas indústrias, mas essa taxa desacelerou até 2022. Apesar dessa desaceleração, Betim possui a densidade demográfica mais alta da região, com 1.197,01 habitantes por km². A combinação de uma densidade elevada com um crescimento populacional ainda positivo sugere uma pressão contínua sobre os recursos hídricos, tanto em termos de demanda quanto de poluição potencial por efluentes urbanos e industriais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Honorato, 2024</xref>). A elevada quantidade de estabelecimentos agropecuários (233) em Betim e o fato de 47,64% do território ser área cultivada, pressionam significativamente os recursos hídricos locais. A agricultura intensiva e a agropecuária demandam grandes volumes de água para irrigação e manejo de animais, aumentando o risco de escassez hídrica e poluição das fontes de água. Essa situação compromete a segurança hídrica, afetando o abastecimento humano e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos da região.</p>
			<p>Além dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, Betim possui um número considerável de estabelecimentos industriais (48), e enfrenta intensa exploração mineral com 123 processos ativos, além de contar com três barragens. Essas atividades exercem uma pressão severa sobre os recursos hídricos locais, aumentando a demanda por água e o risco de contaminação, comprometendo a segurança hídrica e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos. A situação é agravada pelo consumo excessivo de água (87,03 milhões m<sup>3</sup>/ano) e pelo tratamento de grande volume de água (19,16 bilhões m<sup>3</sup>/ano).</p>
			<p>Betim apresentou o maior número de acidentes ambientais (50) entre 2014 e 2022, destacando a necessidade de uma fiscalização mais rigorosa em atividades potencialmente poluidoras para evitar riscos aos recursos hídricos. Mesmo com 1721 fiscalizações realizadas de 2006 a 2023, é evidente que os esforços precisam ser aprimorados para prevenir acidentes e garantir a proteção das fontes de água, essenciais para o abastecimento e para a sustentabilidade ambiental.</p>
			<p>O município lidera no número de doenças de veiculação hídrica (125.838), especialmente dengue (116.678), possivelmente devido a deficiências no saneamento básico, no manejo inadequado de resíduos sólidos e falta de infraestrutura de drenagem urbana. Embora os indicadores de coleta de efluentes sanitários (76%), tratamento (76,4%) e disposição adequada de resíduos sólidos e coleta seletiva mostrem desempenho positivo, a proliferação de mosquitos transmissores continua sendo um desafio. É necessário intensificar ações de educação ambiental e controle de vetores, além de aprimorar a infraestrutura urbana para reduzir esses casos.</p>
			<p>Betim apresenta um desempenho ruim na eficiência do abastecimento público (50,90%), com altas perdas de água durante o processo. Isso é preocupante, especialmente devido à grande demanda de água no município, levantando a necessidade urgente de melhorias na infraestrutura e na gestão dos recursos hídricos. </p>
			<p>São Joaquim de Bicas enfrenta desafios em segurança hídrica, com densidade demográfica de 478,66 hab./km² e crescimento populacional de 2,5% a.a. O município trata 2,76 bilhões m<sup>3</sup> de água por ano, mas perde 57,7%, indicando ineficiência no sistema de distribuição. A ausência de tratamento de esgoto (0%) e a baixa coleta regular (36,5%) impactam a saúde pública, refletida em 2001 casos de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Com 120 estabelecimentos agropecuários e 49,82% do território cultivado, a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos é alta. Melhorias na infraestrutura e gestão hídrica são essenciais para sustentabilidade e saúde pública.</p>
			<p>Juatuba, em quarto lugar, enfrenta desafios moderados em segurança hídrica. Com 19 acidentes ambientais e 6118 casos de doenças de veiculação hídrica, há uma clara necessidade de melhorias na gestão ambiental e saneamento básico. A baixa taxa de tratamento de esgoto (29,89%) afeta a saúde pública, e a alta perda de água (55,3%) durante a distribuição, revela ineficiências significativas na infraestrutura hídrica. A urbanização crescente (17,02%) exerce pressão adicional sobre os recursos hídricos, exigindo um planejamento urbano sustentável. Juatuba trata 2,28 bilhões m<sup>3</sup> de água por ano, com 89,6% dos domicílios conectados à rede de abastecimento, refletindo bom acesso à água potável. No entanto, é crucial aprimorar a infraestrutura para reduzir perdas, melhorar a eficiência no uso dos recursos e expandir o tratamento de esgoto para melhorar a eficiência da saúde pública e proteger o meio ambiente.</p>
			<p>Mário Campos, em quinto lugar, enfrenta desafios menores em segurança hídrica. com 2946 casos de doenças de veiculação hídrica devido a deficiências no saneamento básico e uma baixa taxa de tratamento de esgoto (9,9%). As perdas de água (34,7%) indicam ineficiências na distribuição, e o aumento da área urbanizada (13,86%) intensifica a demanda por água. Por outro lado, o município possui alta cobertura vegetal nativa (47,41%) e uma quantidade significativa de água tratada (882,13 milhões m<sup>3</sup>/ano). As áreas protegidas (33,12%) refletem um compromisso com a preservação, indicando investimentos na conservação ambiental e gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, a gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos deve ser fortalecida, envolvendo planejamento e gestão participativos, garantindo a participação de todos os stakeholders, incluindo comunidades locais, indústrias e agricultores. A utilização de dados e análises científicas para fundamentar decisões políticas assegura que as medidas adotadas sejam baseadas nas melhores práticas e evidências disponíveis. Assim como, Políticas de sustentabilidade e educação ambiental são fundamentais. Além do monitoramento e avaliação contínuos da qualidade e quantidade da água através de sistemas avançados e tecnologias de automação permitem uma gestão eficaz.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>Utilizando uma metodologia interdisciplinar, buscou-se entender as dinâmicas de pressão e resposta dentro da bacia hidrográfica, avaliando como fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais influenciam a gestão dos recursos hídricos.</p>
			<p>O trabalho demonstrou a aplicabilidade do modelo FPEIR em contextos complexos como a BHRP, oferecendo uma base para políticas públicas e estratégias de gestão com uma visão holística do ambiente. Reiterou-se a importância de abordagens integradas como o modelo FPEIR em conjunto com métodos de análise multicritério, como o TOPSIS, para o diagnóstico e gestão da segurança hídrica. A compreensão das forças motrizes e pressões sobre o ambiente e os recursos hídricos pode orientar respostas mais efetivas e sustentáveis, essenciais para proteger os recursos hídricos, vitais para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e uma boa gestão ambiental da região.</p>
			<p>Os resultados mostraram que o modelo FPEIR é eficaz para mapear interações entre atividades humanas e a saúde ambiental, identificando forças motrizes e pressões que impactam a segurança hídrica. A aplicação de indicadores específicos facilitou a análise do estado atual dos recursos hídricos, destacando áreas críticas que necessitam de intervenção para mitigar riscos de contaminação e escassez. A interpretação dos dados confirmou que pressões como o aumento da atividade industrial, mineradora e o uso intensivo da terra estão degradando a qualidade da água na região. Isso sugere que as respostas atuais são insuficientes e requerem políticas públicas mais robustas e engajamento comunitário efetivo.</p>
			<p>Os municípios de Brumadinho, Betim, Juatuba, São Joaquim de Bicas e Mário Campos foram avaliados quanto à segurança hídrica utilizando o método TOPSIS, considerando indicadores críticos e a presença de planos de gestão. </p>
			<p>Os planos de gestão (Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos - PMGIRS, Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico - PMSB, Plano de Segurança Hídrica da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte - PSH-RMBH, Plano Diretor - PD, Plano Nacional de Recursos Hídricos - PNRH) e PDDMA (Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Municipal), reforçam o compromisso dos municípios com a segurança hídrica. Esses planos proporcionam um quadro estruturado para abordar questões críticas de gestão de água, saneamento e resíduos, essencial para a sustentabilidade a longo prazo e a mitigação dos problemas enfrentados por cada município.</p>
			<p>O estudo enfrentou limitações relacionadas à acessibilidade de dados de longo prazo e à falta de indicadores específicos sobre as dinâmicas locais, como o fornecimento de água mineral e por caminhão-pipa pela Vale S.A., após o rompimento da barragem. Até 2022, a Vale S.A havia fornecido cerca de 3,9 bilhões de litros de água para a população ribeirinha, com 100 caminhões-pipa transitando diariamente para entrega emergencial de água (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Vale S.A., 2022</xref>). Apesar de ser uma prática conhecida nos territórios atingidos, esses dados não são disponibilizados por município. Outro indicador que agregaria valor à análise seria o número de ribeirinhos e pescadores que abandonaram suas atividades devido à proibição do uso da água bruta do Rio Paraopeba.</p>
			<p>Essas lacunas dificultaram uma avaliação mais precisa de algumas respostas e estratégias de gestão adotadas na região. Pesquisas futuras poderiam se aprofundar nas dinâmicas locais e coletar dados primários sobre indicadores que tratem mais detalhadamente o contexto da segurança hídrica para a população atingida nos municípios da Bacia do Rio Paraopeba. Além disso, seria valioso desenvolver metodologias que integrem melhor a variabilidade climática e os impactos antropogênicos de longo prazo.</p>
			<p>Para enfrentar os desafios identificados na segurança hídrica da bacia do Rio Paraopeba, é essencial implementar estratégias de resposta robustas e inovadoras. Primordialmente, é crucial aprimorar a infraestrutura de captação e tratamento de água. Adotar tecnologias avançadas de tratamento e expandir os sistemas de reuso de água tratada para irrigação agrícola e processos industriais pode reduzir a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos naturais.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERÊNCIAS</title>
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			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. tembamobile@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Belo Horizonte</city>
					<state>MG</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>tembamobile@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. hljardim@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Belo Horizonte</city>
					<state>MG</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>hljardim@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The Paraopeba River Basin, located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, has been severely impacted by extreme climatic events and the 2019 Vale S.A. dam failures in Brumadinho. This study underscores the importance of integrating multi-criteria decision analysis with a conceptual model to diagnose water security in the region based on socio-environmental indicators. Employing the DPSIR methodology, socio-environmental indicators are proposed and analyzed to assess water security and to support the planning and management of water resources in the Paraopeba River Basin (BHRP). The approach combines the TOPSIS multi-criteria analysis model with the entropy weight method to rank municipalities according to their levels of water security. The analysis identified critical challenges, including population growth, industrialization, and agricultural expansion, which exacerbate water contamination. Brumadinho and Betim emerged as the most vulnerable municipalities, exhibiting high rates of waterborne diseases and inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure. Intense industrial and agricultural activities have further heightened environmental risks, as exemplified by the dam failures. The study underscores socio-environmental pressures and highlights the importance of integrated approaches. The findings emphasize the need for robust public policies, sustainable agricultural practices, participatory management, infrastructure improvements, and climate change adaptation to ensure water security and improve quality of life.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Hydrographic Basin</kwd>
				<kwd>Indicators</kwd>
				<kwd>Water resources</kwd>
				<kwd>Socio-environmental</kwd>
				<kwd>Multicriteria analysis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The Paraopeba River Basin (BHRP) has suffered extreme climate-related events, including prolonged periods of drought and intense rainfall, in addition to being severely impacted by the 2019 rupture of the B-I tailings dam, part of the Córrego do Feijão mining complex, which belonged to the company Vale S.A. This was immediately followed by the collapse of the B-IV and B-IV-A dams which then reached the Ferro-Carvão Feijão stream and its flow into the Paraopeba River, in the municipality of Brumadinho. This has been extensively documented by several authors, such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Nero et al. (2024</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lima et al. (2021</xref>). Furthermore, the region remains at risk of additional dam failures, thereby threatening the population's water supply and productive activities with the potential for serious water shortages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">ARMBH, 2021</xref>). Within this scenario, integrated water resources management (IWRM) emerges as a viable approach to water planning and management. Addressing these risks requires collaborative efforts among government authorities, local institutions and the community, to facilitate the planning of conflict management and for the protection of water resources.</p>
				<p>Advances in understanding the organization and functioning of environmental systems have driven research projects that assess the water security of river basins through environmental, economic and social indicators. For example, a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves et al. (2024</xref>) analyzed the relationship between the water security index (WSI) and socioeconomic indicators in water and sewage microregions in the Brazilian Northeastern state of Paraíba. Their study employed the statistical method of principal component analysis (PCA) and demonstrated a positive correlation between the scores of the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Sustainable Cities Development Index (SCDI) with the WSI. Despite favorable conditions in terms of supply network coverage, the municipalities exhibited low to medium WSI rates in both microregions. Conversely, the resilience, ecosystem and economic dimensions, including investments and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), demonstrated a negative correlation with the WSI, indicating that these variables rendered a negative influence on the WSI. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zlat et al. (2024</xref>) quantified the impact of water security on economic and social development using a new structural equation model to identify changes in the latent variable WSI during the period 2000-2022 for the 27 Member States of the European Union. The methodology combined structural equation systems with the Kruskal-Wallis independent samples test to assess the influence of water security measures on economic and social indicators along with the regional disparities in the development of environmental policies in relation to economic and social development. The results revealed a significant correlation between population density, pollution levels and the costs associated with maintaining water quality. They ultimately concluded that the findings provide valuable insights for economic, environmental and social policy makers to optimize sustainable development strategies across Europe. </p>
				<p>Building on this premise, the analysis of indicators enables the monitoring and assessment of the performance of river basins over time, identifies areas requiring improvement, and the implementation of appropriate actions to ensure water security in a balanced manner. </p>
				<p>The present study aimed to analyze a set of socio-environmental indicators for diagnosing water security in municipalities in the Paraopeba River basin (BHRP), in Minas Gerais, and is based on a synthesis of the research developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Honorato (2024</xref>). Thus, indicators were selected using the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) conceptual framework, (and were classified according to their potential to affect the state of water resources in terms of quantity and quality. In addition, the classification of municipal water availability, undertaken using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, as applied by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aires and Salgado (2024</xref>), made it possible to identify the municipalities with the best performances in water security.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Theoretical Foundation</title>
					<p>The use of conceptual models and multi-criteria analyzes is essential for addressing the complexity of environmental and social systems, especially in regions facing water security challenges (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Salamé et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Araújo et al., 2019</xref>). Conceptual models, such as the DPSIR, enable the structuring of problems based on causal relationships and socio-environmental dynamics, thereby facilitating the identification of pressures, impacts and responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Liu et al., 2018</xref>). Multi-criteria analyses, such as TOPSIS, offer robust methods for classifying and prioritizing alternatives, incorporating multiple indicators and criteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Zhang et al., 2023</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The Driving Forces - Pressure - State - Impact - Response (DPSIR) Framework</title>
					<p>The Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) was proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rapport and Friend (1979</xref>). </p>
					<p>This framework offers a structure for identifying environmental problems in a given location, including their causes, impacts and possible solutions through indicators. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Shi et al. (2021</xref>) successfully applied the model to assess water security in river basins in the Jiangxi province, China. Similarly, a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Acostupa et al. (2018</xref>) employed the model in the environmental diagnosis of the Lucre-Huacarpay Pantanal.</p>
					<p>The circular structure of the DPSIR model captures the continuous cycle of influences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), emphasizing the interconnectedness of driving forces, pressures, state changes, impacts and responses. This interrelationship ultimately guides decision-making for sustainable development and for the allocation of resources in water systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pirrone et al., 2005</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Example of the conceptual scheme of DPSIR indicators</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf6.png"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Water security, as defined by the United Nations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">UN, 2013</xref>), refers to the ability of a population to ensure sustainable access to adequate quantities of water of an acceptable quality, in order to sustain health, human well-being, socioeconomic development and the preservation of ecosystems. In order to carry out the water security analysis in the middle course of the BHRP, 30 indicators were selected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>), including seven driving forces (D), five pressure indicators (P), four status indicators (S), two impact indicators (I) and twelve responses (R). The selection of indicators was based on an assessment of the state of water resources and their relationships with the Driving Force, Pressure, Impact and Response indicators.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Water Security Indicators</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Name</th>
										<th align="center">Magnitude</th>
										<th align="center">Unit</th>
										<th align="center">Name</th>
										<th align="center">Magnitude</th>
										<th align="center">Unit</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.01</td>
										<td align="center">Geometric Annual Growth Rate</td>
										<td align="center">% p.a.</td>
										<td align="center">S.04</td>
										<td align="center">Exploitable water depth </td>
										<td align="center">mm/year</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.02</td>
										<td align="center">Inhabitants per km²</td>
										<td align="center">hab./km²</td>
										<td align="center">I.01</td>
										<td align="center">Waterborne diseases</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.03</td>
										<td align="center">Agricultural establishments</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">I.02</td>
										<td align="center">Conflict of use</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.04</td>
										<td align="center">Cultivated Area</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
										<td align="center">R.01</td>
										<td align="center">Households connected to the sewage network</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.05</td>
										<td align="center">Industrial establishments</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.02</td>
										<td align="center">Sewage treatment</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.06</td>
										<td align="center">Mineral exploration</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.03</td>
										<td align="center">Selective collection</td>
										<td align="center">yes/no</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.07</td>
										<td align="center">Urbanized area</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
										<td align="center">R.04</td>
										<td align="center">Landfill</td>
										<td align="center">yes/no</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.01</td>
										<td align="center">Total water consumed per year</td>
										<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/year</td>
										<td align="center">R.05</td>
										<td align="center">Inspections</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.02</td>
										<td align="center">Total water treated</td>
										<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/year</td>
										<td align="center">R.06</td>
										<td align="center">Households connected to the supply network</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.03</td>
										<td align="center">Environmental accidents</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.07</td>
										<td align="center">Percentage of water losses</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.04</td>
										<td align="center">Tailings dams</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.08</td>
										<td align="center">Monitoring Stations</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.05</td>
										<td align="center">municipal human development index</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">R.09</td>
										<td align="center">Fluviometers</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.01</td>
										<td align="center">average water quality index</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">R.10</td>
										<td align="center">Native vegetation cover</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.02</td>
										<td align="center">Parameters changed as per DN 08/22</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.11</td>
										<td align="center">Protected area</td>
										<td align="center">%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.03</td>
										<td align="center">Minimum flow rates (Q <sub>7 10</sub>)</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
										<td align="center">R.12</td>
										<td align="center">Management instruments</td>
										<td align="center">nº</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Source: The authors (2024).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>To diagnose the water security of municipalities, the approach assessed 30 indicators segmented by the DPSIR model. Qualitative indicators were coded as binary variables, with &quot;YES&quot; assigned to 1 and &quot;NO&quot; to 0. The application of TOPSIS and the calculation of weights were modeled using Excel<sup>®</sup> and Python language, with the pandas, numpy and matplotlib libraries.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The TOPSIS Method</title>
					<p>The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is a widely used resource in multi-criteria decision analysis, also known as the method for determining the shortest distance to the ideal solution.</p>
					<p>It is a decision-making technique that assesses alternatives based on a set of criteria and is widely applied in areas such as environmental management, engineering, economics and other disciplines that require complex decision-making involving multiple factors. Initially proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hwang and Yoon (1981</xref>), TOPSIS has been extensively adopted in various studies. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aires and Salgado (2024</xref>) used a multi-criteria approach based on R-TOPSIS to assess water reservoirs in semi-arid Brazil. Another relevant study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Zhang et al. (2023</xref>) applied TOPSIS to analyze the performance of agricultural ecological governance in Henan Province, China. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elshoubaky et al. (2023</xref>) applied the method to select sustainable construction materials, considering life cycle assessment. Furthermore, the adaptation of TOPSIS to a diffuse environment, as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carnero (2020</xref>), enables the assessment of the environmental responsibility of healthcare organizations, contributing to the promotion of public health through improved environmental sustainability practices. The application of the method follows the outlined steps below:</p>
					<p>Step 1 - Calculate the weights (w) (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">Equation 1</xref>): First, the entropy for each indicator is calculated using the entropy weight method, initially proposed by Shannon and Wiener in 1949. This method has found widespread application across several fields, as in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Yang et al. (2022</xref>), who used it in engineering decision-making, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Luo et al. (2022</xref>) applied it to assess the risks associated with zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.</p>
					<p>
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							<label>(1)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Entropy (E) is a measure of diversity or uncertainty in data, used to determine the relative importance of each indicator in decision-making. Indicators with a higher entropy reflect greater variability in the data and are therefore assigned lower weights, while criteria with lower entropy receive higher weights (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>Step 2 - Construct the normalized decision matrix (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e10">Equation 2</xref>): A normalized decision matrix is created, where each line represents a municipality, and each column represents an indicator. This matrix is essential for calculating the distances between alternatives and ideal values.</p>
					<p>Step 3 - Multiply the weights (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e11">Equation 3</xref>): The weights (w, <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e9">Equation 1</xref>) are then multiplied by the normalized decision matrix.</p>
					<p>
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					<p>Step 4 - Determine the ideal values (Equations <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e12">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e13">5</xref>): Two types of ideal solutions are calculated: the best and the worst.</p>
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														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
															<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:msub>
												</mml:mtd>
												<mml:mtd>
													<mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo>
												</mml:mtd>
												<mml:mtd>
													<mml:msub>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">v</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:msub>
												</mml:mtd>
											</mml:mtr>
										</mml:mtable>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(3)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Positive Ideal Solution A+: Contains the best values for each indicator</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e12">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mfenced separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>…</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(4)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Negative Ideal Solution A−: Contains the worst values for each indicator</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e13">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mfenced separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="|" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>|</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced close="%#93;" open="[" separators="|">
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>…</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(5)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Step 5 - Calculate the distances: Calculate the Euclidean distance between each alternative and the ideal solutions (positive and negative) (Equations <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e14">6</xref> and <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e15">7</xref>). These distances are used to determine how close each alternative is to the ideal solutions.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e14">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced close="⌋" open="⌊" separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:munderover>
														<mml:mo stretchy="false">∑</mml:mo>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
															<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
															<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:munderover>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
														<mml:msub>
															<mml:mrow>
																<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
															</mml:mrow>
															<mml:mrow>
																<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
															</mml:mrow>
														</mml:msub>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
												<mml:mo>²</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>0,5</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(6)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e15">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:msubsup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msubsup>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mfenced close="⌋" open="⌊" separators="|">
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:munderover>
														<mml:mo stretchy="false">∑</mml:mo>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
															<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
															<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:munderover>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
														<mml:msub>
															<mml:mrow>
																<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
															</mml:mrow>
															<mml:mrow>
																<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
															</mml:mrow>
														</mml:msub>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												<mml:msubsup>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:msubsup>
												<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
												<mml:mo>²</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mn>0,5</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(7)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Step 6 - Determine the relative proximity (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e16">Equation 8</xref>): Based on the calculated distances, the relative proximity of each alternative to the ideal solutions is determined. The closer to a positive ideal solution and further from the negative ideal solution, the better the alternative.</p>
					<p>Step 7 - Rank the alternatives (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>): Finally, the alternatives are classified according to their relative proximity to the ideal solutions, with those closest to the positive ideal solution being considered the best options.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e16">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
										<mml:msubsup>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msubsup>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(8)</label>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weights of the indicators according to the entropy method</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Indicator</th>
										<th align="center">Weight (w)</th>
										<th align="center">Indicator</th>
										<th align="center">Weight (w)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.0198</td>
										<td align="center">S.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.0879</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.0216</td>
										<td align="center">I.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.0690</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.0234</td>
										<td align="center">I.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.0311</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.0149</td>
										<td align="center">R.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.0183</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.0219</td>
										<td align="center">R.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.0303</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.06</td>
										<td align="center">0.0418</td>
										<td align="center">R.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.0122</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.0144</td>
										<td align="center">R.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.0122</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.0507</td>
										<td align="center">R.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.0463</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.0469</td>
										<td align="center">R.06</td>
										<td align="center">0.0156</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.0242</td>
										<td align="center">R.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.0215</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.0530</td>
										<td align="center">R.08</td>
										<td align="center">0.0709</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">P.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.0246</td>
										<td align="center">R.09</td>
										<td align="center">0.0387</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.0287</td>
										<td align="center">R.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.0293</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.0531</td>
										<td align="center">R.11</td>
										<td align="center">0.0267</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">S.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.0207</td>
										<td align="center">R.12</td>
										<td align="center">0.0303</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Source: The authors (2024).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The methodology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>) of this study is based on two main pillars: the technical report from the Institute for Technological Research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">IPT, 2008</xref>) and the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Yin and Yuan (2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Methodological pathway of the research.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf7.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The IPT report diagnosed the state of water resources in the Rio Grande Basin (SP/MG) using the DPSIR model. The study by Yin and Yuan assessed the green development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by combining the DPSIR -TOPSIS frameworks with the entropy weights method. Together, these elements provide a robust approach to understanding and managing water resources sustainably, contributing to sustainable management strategies and water security policies in the Paraopeba River basin.</p>
				<p>The steps involved in the classification of indicators were modeled using spreadsheets and Python language with the pandas, numpy and matplotlib libraries.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Characterization of the study area</title>
					<p>The Paraopeba River Basin (BHRP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>), located in the central region of the state of Minas Gerais, spans approximately 13,640 km² and forms part of the Alto São Francisco region. It is strategically significant for water supply, mining and industrial activities.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Location map of the Paraopeba River Basin</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf8.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The river drains into the reservoir of the Três Marias Hydroelectric Plant, which has a total power generation capacity of around 396 MW. It is crucial for water supply and ecological sustainability, since it provides 53% of the water for the state capital, Belo Horizonte. Its varied topography includes plateaus and depressions, while a diverse geology features rocks in the Crystalline Complex, iron formations in the Minas Group and sedimentary deposits, in addition to fault systems that influence underground hydrology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). The predominant climate is tropical high altitude (Cwb), with average temperatures between 18°C and 22°C and an annual rainfall of 1,000 to 1,400 mm, primarily concentrated in the summer, while winters are dry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). The soils in the region vary between Oxisols, Cambisols, Argisols and Fluvic Neossolos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). The original vegetation, composed of a transition between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, including typical Cerrado, riparian forests, and semi-deciduous forests. However, much of this vegetation has been largely replaced by pastures, agriculture and mining, with only fragments remaining in protected areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">COBRAPE, 2020</xref>). Economically, the Paraopeba River Basin is highly diverse, with significant activities in mining, steel, petrochemicals and automobile industries, beverage production, services, hydroelectric power generation, livestock and agriculture. The region hosts a well-developed industrial sector, with metallic and non-metallic mineral extraction, metallurgy, steel production, and the manufacturing of food, textiles, clothing, and footwear. Key environmental impacts include mining - particularly dam failures - deforestation and urbanization, all of which affect water quality, soil health and biodiversity. These issues underscore the need for making robust environmental planning essential for the region.</p>
					<p>The basin is hydrologically subdivided into three sectors: Upper, Middle and Lower Paraopeba. Each sector exhibits distinct characteristics in terms of geomorphology and land use. Mining activities, particularly the exploration of iron and manganese ores, are concentrated in the “iron quadrangle”, in the middle Paraopeba region, significantly affecting the water quality and aquatic life.</p>
					<p>The present study focuses on five municipalities located in the middle course of the Paraopeba River: Betim, Brumadinho, Mário Campos, Juatuba and São Joaquim de Bicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Location of the study area.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf9.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>These municipalities were selected due to their direct or indirect exposure to the impacts of the B1 dam collapse on January 25, 2019, in the municipality of Brumadinho. This disaster underscored the basin’s vulnerability in relation to industrial and mining activities, highlighting the urgent need for effective water resource management and conservation measures to prevent future environmental crises. By focusing on these municipalities, the study enables an in-depth analysis of the most affected and vulnerable areas, facilitating the development of targeted strategies to mitigate impacts and promote water sustainability across the region.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The analysis ranked the municipalities according to their levels of water insecurity, placing Brumadinho at the top, followed by Betim, São Joaquim de Bicas, Juatuba and Mário Campos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classification of municipalities according to the TOPSIS method</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Municipality</th>
									<th align="center">Similarity Index</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Brumadinho</td>
									<td align="center">0.5949</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Betim</td>
									<td align="center">0.4873</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Juatuba</td>
									<td align="center">0.2389</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">São Joaquim de Bicas</td>
									<td align="center">0.2364</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mário Campos</td>
									<td align="center">0.2317</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Source: The authors (2024).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classification of municipalities in relation to water security</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-4513-sn-37-e74110-gf10.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: The authors (2024).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Based on the relationship between the indicators presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, a matrix was constructed to analyze the quality and quantity of surface and underground water supplies in the municipalities under analysis, aiming to understand how these indicators function in the middle portion of the Paraopeba River Basin (BHRP).</p>
				<p>Municipalities classified at the highest level in the classification face greater water insecurity due to high rates of environmental accidents, water-borne diseases, water loss and low rates of sewage treatment. Municipalities in lower positions demonstrate better water security, with higher rates of sewage treatment, fewer environmental accidents and better native vegetation cover.</p>
				<p>Brumadinho requires significant attention due to the high incidence of waterborne diseases (7,353), which reflects problems in the quality of sanitation and access to drinking water, negatively impacting public health and water security. The municipality presents a mixed performance in sewage collection (50.6%) and treatment (10.7%). Additionally, it leads in changed parameters according to the DN08 normative resolution of 2022, thereby further compromising water security.</p>
				<p>Intense mineral exploration, with 306 active mining processes, places considerable pressure on water resources. The 24 tailings dams pose a significant risk, increasing the likelihood of environmental disasters. The collapse of the Córrego do Feijão dam is a clear example of the contamination risks that these structures can pose. Brumadinho also has the largest number of agricultural establishments (443) and the highest total water demand (643.36 million m<sup>3</sup>/year), making it the largest water consumer in the region.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicators of the status of water quality and quantity</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Indicator</th>
									<th align="center">Unit</th>
									<th align="center">Betim</th>
									<th align="center">Brumadinho</th>
									<th align="center">Juatuba</th>
									<th align="center">Mário Campos</th>
									<th align="center">São Joaquim de Bicas</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="7">Driving force</td>
									<td align="center">D.01</td>
									<td align="center">% a.a.</td>
									<td align="center">0.69</td>
									<td align="center">1.14</td>
									<td align="center">2.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.57</td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.02</td>
									<td align="center">inhab/km²</td>
									<td align="center">1197.01</td>
									<td align="center">60.86</td>
									<td align="center">316.6</td>
									<td align="center">451.76</td>
									<td align="center">478.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.03</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">233</td>
									<td align="center">443</td>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">140</td>
									<td align="center">120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.04</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">47.64</td>
									<td align="center">43.54</td>
									<td align="center">52.76</td>
									<td align="center">53.02</td>
									<td align="center">49.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.05</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">48</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.06</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">123</td>
									<td align="center">306</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D.07</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">27.82</td>
									<td align="center">1.62</td>
									<td align="center">17.02</td>
									<td align="center">13.86</td>
									<td align="center">18.97</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="5"> Pressure</td>
									<td align="center">P.01</td>
									<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ year</td>
									<td align="center">87.03 million</td>
									<td align="center">643.36 million</td>
									<td align="center">1.90 million</td>
									<td align="center">98.69 million</td>
									<td align="center">2.58 million</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.02</td>
									<td align="center">m<sup>3</sup>/ year</td>
									<td align="center">19.16 billion</td>
									<td align="center">2.56 billion</td>
									<td align="center">2.28 billion</td>
									<td align="center">882.13 million</td>
									<td align="center">2.76 billion</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.03</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.04</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">P.05</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0.735</td>
									<td align="center">0.712</td>
									<td align="center">0.705</td>
									<td align="center">0.678</td>
									<td align="center">0.674</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4"> State</td>
									<td align="center">S.01</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">61.3</td>
									<td align="center">65.3</td>
									<td align="center">48.1</td>
									<td align="center">47.4</td>
									<td align="center">53.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">S.02</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">sd</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">S.03</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">0.2085</td>
									<td align="center">0.4256</td>
									<td align="center">1.0486</td>
									<td align="center">1.6805</td>
									<td align="center">1.4739</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">S.04</td>
									<td align="center">mm/ year</td>
									<td align="center">58.75</td>
									<td align="center">58.75</td>
									<td align="center">58.75</td>
									<td align="center">58.75</td>
									<td align="center">58.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2"> Impact</td>
									<td align="center">I.01</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">125838</td>
									<td align="center">7353</td>
									<td align="center">6118</td>
									<td align="center">2946</td>
									<td align="center">2001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">I.02</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6"> Response</td>
									<td align="center">R.01</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">76</td>
									<td align="center">50.6</td>
									<td align="center">32.39</td>
									<td align="center">13.8</td>
									<td align="center">36.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">R.02</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">76.4</td>
									<td align="center">10.7</td>
									<td align="center">29.89</td>
									<td align="center">9.9</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">R.03</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">R.04</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">R.05</td>
									<td align="center">nº</td>
									<td align="center">1721</td>
									<td align="center">833</td>
									<td align="center">226</td>
									<td align="center">169</td>
									<td align="center">192</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">R.06</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">89.0</td>
									<td align="center">82.9</td>
									<td align="center">89.6</td>
									<td align="center">97.2</td>
									<td align="center">90.9</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Source: The authors (2024).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Despite exhibiting high efficiency in water supply (31.8, considered excellent), the high-water demand characterizes a potential water security problem in the context of climate change, which could lead to water shortages. The indicator S04, which is the exploitable water depth (mm/year), is high across all municipalities, signaling extensive groundwater exploitation, contributing to significant vulnerability.</p>
				<p>The analysis consistently ranks Betim as the second municipality with the poorest water security performance. Betim faces high water insecurity due to several critical factors. During the 1990s, it experienced rapid population growth, driven by the influx of new industries, although by 2022, this rate had slowed down. However, despite this slowdown, Betim has remained the most densely populated municipality in the region, with 1,197.01 inhabitants per km². The combination of high population density with ongoing population growth indicates continued pressure on water resources, both in terms of demand and potential pollution from urban and industrial effluents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Honorato, P., 2024</xref>). With the high number of agricultural establishments (233) in Betim, plus the fact that 47.64% of the territory is dedicated to cultivated land, the municipality faces a significant strain on local water resources. Intensive agriculture and livestock farming require large volumes of water for irrigation and animal management, thereby heightening the risk of water security and pollution of water sources. This situation compromises water security, affecting both human water supply and the sustainability of the region's aquatic ecosystems. In addition to agricultural establishments, Betim has a considerable number of industrial establishments (48), and faces intense mineral exploration with 123 active mining processes, in addition to three dams. These activities place severe pressure on local water resources, increasing the water demand and the risk of contamination, thus compromising water security and the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. The situation is further exacerbated by excessive water consumption (87.03 million m<sup>3</sup>/year) and the treatment of large volumes of water (19.16 billion m<sup>3</sup>/year).</p>
				<p>Between 2014 and 2022, Betim recorded the highest number of environmental accidents (50), highlighting the need for more stringent supervision of potentially polluting activities to mitigate risks to water resources. Even with 1,721 inspections conducted from 2006 to 2023, it is clear that efforts need to be intensified to prevent accidents and safeguard water sources, which are crucial for both water supply and environmental sustainability.</p>
				<p>Betim also presents the highest number of waterborne diseases (125,838), especially dengue (116,678), likely due to deficiencies in basic sanitation, inadequate solid waste management and insufficient urban drainage infrastructure. Although the indicators for sanitary effluent collection (76%), treatment (76.4%) and proper disposal of solid waste and selective collection have revealed positive results, the proliferation of disease-transmitting mosquitoes remains a significant challenge. There is a pressing need to intensify environmental education, and vector control efforts, and improve urban infrastructure to reduce these cases.</p>
				<p>Betim has also presented poor efficiency in public water supply (50.90%), with significant water losses during the process. This is particularly concerning given the high demand for water in the municipality, emphasizing the urgent need for improvements in infrastructure and water resource management.</p>
				<p>São Joaquim de Bicas faces significant challenges in water security, with a demographic density of 478.66 inhabitants/km² and a population growth of 2.5% p.a. The municipality treats 2.76 billion m<sup>3</sup> of water per year, but loses 57.7%, indicating inefficiency in the distribution system. The lack of sewage treatment (0%) and low regular collection rates (36.5%) negatively impact public health, as reflected in 2,001 cases of waterborne diseases. With 120 agricultural establishments and 49.82% of the territory under cultivation, the pressure on water resources is substantial. Improvements in infrastructure and water management are essential to ensure sustainability and to protect public health.</p>
				<p>Juatuba, ranked fourth, faces moderate challenges in water security. With 19 environmental accidents and 6,118 cases of waterborne diseases, there is a clear need for improvements in environmental management and basic sanitation. The low sewage treatment rate (29.89%) affects public health, while the high rate of water loss (55.3%) during distribution reveals significant inefficiencies in the water infrastructure. The growing urbanization (17.02%) is a further strain on water resources, underscoring the need for sustainable urban planning. Juatuba treats 2.28 billion m<sup>3</sup> of water per year, with 89.6% of households connected to the supply network, reflecting good access to drinking water. However, improving infrastructure to reduce losses, making more efficient use of resources, and expanding sewage treatment are crucial to improve the efficiency of public healthcare and protect the environment.</p>
				<p>Mário Campos, ranked in fifth place, faces lesser challenges in water security, with 2,946 cases of waterborne diseases attributed to deficiencies in basic sanitation and a low rate of sewage treatment (9.9%). Water losses (34.7%) indicate inefficiencies in the distribution system, and the increase in urbanized areas (13.86%) intensifies the demand for water. However, the municipality benefits from a high level of native vegetation cover (47.41%) and a significant amount of treated water (882.13 million m<sup>3</sup>/year). Protected areas (33.12%) reflect a commitment to preservation, demonstrating investments in environmental conservation and in the efficient management of water resources.</p>
				<p>Thus, the integrated management of water resources must be strengthened, through participatory planning and management, ensuring the involvement of all stakeholders, including local communities, industries and farmers. The use of scientific data and analysis to inform policy decisions ensures that the measures adopted are grounded in the best practices and available evidence. Similarly, sustainability policies and environmental education are fundamental. The continuous monitoring and assessment of water quality and quantity, supported by advanced systems and automation technologies, are crucial for effective management.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>Using an interdisciplinary methodology, we have aimed to understand the dynamics of pressure and response within a river basin, assessing how socioeconomic and environmental factors influence the management of water resources.</p>
				<p>The study has demonstrated the applicability of the DPSIR model in complex contexts, such as that of the BHRP, providing a foundation for public policies and management strategies that offer a holistic view of the environment. The importance was reiterated of integrated approaches, such as the DPSIR model, alongside multi-criteria analysis methods, such as TOPSIS, for diagnosing and managing water security. Understanding the driving forces and pressures on the environment and water resources can guide more effective and sustainable responses, which are essential for protecting water resources that are vital for socioeconomic development and sound environmental management in the region. </p>
				<p>The results have demonstrated that the DPSIR model is effective in mapping interactions between human activities and environmental health, identifying the driving forces and pressures that impact water security. The application of specific indicators facilitated the analysis of the current state of water resources, highlighting critical areas that require intervention to mitigate risks of contamination and scarcity. Interpretation of the data has confirmed that pressures, such as increased industrial and mining activities and intensive land use are degrading the water quality of the region. This suggests that current responses have been insufficient and require more robust public policies and effective community engagement. </p>
				<p>The municipalities of Brumadinho, Betim, Juatuba, São Joaquim de Bicas and Mário Campos were assessed for water security using the TOPSIS method, considering critical indicators and the existence of management plans. </p>
				<p>The management plans (Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos - PMGIRS - Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan; Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico - PMSB - Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan; Plano de Segurança Hídrica da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte - PSH-RMBH - Water Security Plan for the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte; Plano Diretor- PD - Master Plan, Plano Nacional de Recursos Hídricos - PNRH - National Water Resources Plan and Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Municipal - PDDMA - Municipal Development Master Plan), reinforce the commitment of the municipalities to water security. These plans provide a structured framework to address critical issues related to water, sanitation and waste management, essential for long-term sustainability and for mitigating the problems faced by each municipality. </p>
				<p>The study faced limitations related to the accessibility of long-term data and the lack of specific indicators on local dynamics, such as the supply of mineral water and tanker water by Vale S.A., following the dam collapse. By 2022, Vale S.A had supplied around 3.9 billion liters of water to the riverside population, with 100 tanker trucks making daily emergency water deliveries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Vale S.A. 2022</xref>). Although this practice is well-known in the affected territories, this data is unavailable per municipality. Another valuable indicator for the analysis would be the number of riverside dwellers and fishermen who had to abandon their activities due to the ban on the use of raw water from the Paraopeba River. </p>
				<p>These gaps have hindered a more accurate assessment of some responses and management strategies adopted in the region. Future research could provide a more in-depth study into local dynamics and gather primary data on indicators that describe in more detail the context of water security for the populations affected in the municipalities of the Paraopeba River Basin. Furthermore, it would also be of great value to develop methodologies that more effectively integrate climate variability and long-term anthropogenic impacts. </p>
				<p>To address the challenges identified in water security in the Paraopeba River basin, it is essential to implement robust, innovative response strategies. Primarily, it is crucial to improve water collection and treatment infrastructure. Adopting advanced treatment technologies and expanding treated water reuse systems for agricultural irrigation and industrial processes can help to alleviate the pressure on natural water resources.</p>
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					<p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Process number: 23072.216578/2022-51.</p>
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