INTRODUCTION

Anthropogenic human intervention in the landscape often leads to fragmentation of biotopes, their isolation and pollution. These interventions also have an impact on hydrological, climatic and edaphic activities and, last but not least, they also affect the spread of new species in habitats (Pompeo et al., 2017; Pazourkova et al., 2021).

These changes lead to reactions of ground beetles functioning in ecosystems. They react sensitively to changes in soil moisture, soil pH, toxic substances (pesticides and insecticides), urbanisation and associated habitat changes (Kalivoda et al., 2010;Alberti, et al., 2017;Porhajášová et al., 2018). Ground beetles have a short life cycle, which allows them to quickly respond to environmental changes, which is why they have been used for a long time as bioindicators of anthropogenic activities in ecosystems. Some species are eurytopic and are represented in forests in agrarian landscape and natural habitat (Sukhodolskaya et al., 2021; Litavský et al., 2021).

Morphometry is often used to assess changes in population structure as well as species richness. Natural selection is influenced by phenotype as well as phenotypic traits, which are manifested by changes at the morphometric level. Morphometric variability also reflects the effects of other factors such as genetic, biochemical and physiological (Bulgarella et al., 2015;Rusynov & Brygadyrenko, 2017; Luzyanin et al., 2022a,b).

The body size of ground beetles depends to a certain extent on environmental factors but also on vital functions. It is also influenced by the overall morphology and physiology of the individual, life expectancy, fertility and biotic interactions, which affects the dynamics of the population, their food and ecological networks. Changes in body size have downstream consequences for habitat function and ecosystem services (Chown & Gaston, 2010; Ohlberger, 2013). Changes in morphometric features influenced by anthropogenic activity are useful as an indicator of habitat quality for assessing the state of the ecosystem (Feliciangeli et al., 2007; Smith & Lyons, 2013; Magura & Lövei, 2020, 2021; Matečný et al., 2024).

To calculate the volume of ground beetles, the Ellipsoid Biovolume (EV) is used, which was first described and used by Braun et al. (2004). EV of ground beetles is calculated based on morphometric characters (width, height and body length). Ground beetles, due to their ellipse-like body shape and morphometric characters, are suitable for EV calculation. Using this index, we can evaluate changes in body size based on habitat changes due to anthropogenic activity (Langraf et al., 2018).

In the paper, we evaluate changes in morphometric variability (body length, body height and body width), Ellipsoid Biovolume and flight capability of species from family carabidae in forest biotopes under the conditions of Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. We investigated the following hypotheses: (1) Morphometric characters and Ellipsoid Biovolume were greater in individuals in forest biotopes in Natural Habitat in apterous and brachypterous species; (2) Apterous and brachypterous species preferred forest biotopes in Natural Habitat (Danube Alluvium); (3) Macropterous species preferred forest habitats disturbed by anthropogenic activity in Agrarian landscape.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted research over three years (2020, 2021 and 2022) in six study areas representing two types of habitats: a willow-poplar floodplain forest and a regenerating poplar forest. In each study area, five pitfall traps were placed in a line, the distance between each trap was ten m. Pitfall traps were placed throughout the year over the course of three years. We selected the material at regular monthly intervals. We used 4% formaldehyde solution as a fixative. We determined ground beetles and modified the nomenclature according to Hůrka (1996).

Study Area

Study areas one, two and three belong to forest biotopes and were placed in Agrarian landscape. Agricultural crops such as Zea mays L., Brassica napus L., Medicago sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L. were grown around these forest stands. The territory falls under intensively used agricultural land. Climatic conditions include a very dry climate with dry winters, the soil type is fluvisol cultisme carbonate. According to the geomorphological division of Slovakia, it is within the Danube Plain. The examined study areas are as follows:

1) Willow-poplar floodplain forest; 110 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°54′40′′ N 18°01′19′′ E

2) Willow-poplar floodplain forest; 111 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°55′29′′ N 17°59′42′′ E

3) Regenerated poplar forest; 109 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°55′32′′ N 17°59′52′′ E

Study areas four, five and six belong to forest biotopes and were located in the important European territory of Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. The area is 122.8 km² and the habitats belong to the "Natura 2000" list, which includes the rarest and most endangered habitats in Europe. According to climatic conditions, it belongs to a very dry climate with dry winters, the soil type is carbonate floodplain sediments or clay-loamy river soil. According to the geomorphological division of Slovakia, it is within the Danube Plain. The examined study areas are as follows:

4) Willow-poplar floodplain forest; 114 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°53′31′′ N 17°30′25′′ E

5) Willow-poplar floodplain forest; 115 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°53′29′′ N 17°28′57′′ E

6) Regenerated poplar forest; 118 metres above sea level; geographic coordinates: 47°53′52′′ N 17°27′26′′ E

Computation of the Carabidae Ellipsoid Biovolume (EV)

We measured the following morphometric features using a Koolerton (model: ADSM301, Company: Shenzhen Andonstar Technology Co., Country: China, year 2017) LCD digital microscope (accuracy 0.1 mm):

body length – dorsal length between the upper lip (labium) and the end part of the elytra;

body height – maximum dorsoventral thickness of the left side of the body

body width - dorsal length between the maximum width of the elytra

To minimize the error, we measured each morphometric character three times and the final value is their arithmetic mean. Subsequently, Ellipsoid Biovolume (EV) for each individual was calculated separately according to Braun et al. (2004). The formula for calculating Ev is as follows:

EV_{i= 1} = (π/6) × L × H × W

where L = body length, H = body height, W = body width

Statistical Analyses

We determined the connection of species to land use (Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area) using the multivariate analysis (Redundancy Analysis (RDA)). We determined statistical significance using the Monte Carlo permutation test (499 iterations) in the Canoco5 programme (Ter Braak & Šmilauer, 2012).

In the statistical program R version 4.1.3 (R Core Team, 2020), we did an analysis focused on a heatmap, which helped us discover the similarity of study areas based on Ev ground beetles. Based on the intact distribution of the data, which we tested using the Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test, we used a parametric multifactorial ANOVA to test the difference in EV, length, height, and body width based on flight ability (apterous, brachypterous, and macropterous) and land use (Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the research, we confirmed the occurrence of 1319 individuals from the Carabidae family, belonging to 29 species. The total average value of EV per individual is 221 mm³. The highest average EV value per individual (223 mm³) was recorded in the Dunajské Luhy nature reserve (study areas four, five, six). The lowest average value of EV per individual (217 mm³) was confirmed in Agrarian landscape (study areas one, two, three). The above-mentioned results confirm that in natural forests (Danube floodplains), which were not adjacent to agricultural areas, there were larger individuals of ground beetles that inhabit habitats providing the necessary food optimum for them. Forests that were adjacent to agricultural crops (Agrarian landscape) are disturbed by the influence of anthropogenic activity, there were smaller individuals of ground beetles that did not have a food optimum in these forest habitats (Table I).

A similar result was also confirmed in their research by Jelaska & Durbes (2013), Langraf et al. (2017, 2018), where they confirmed the predominance of macropterous species with lower average EV values in anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Conversely, in habitats with low anthropogenic intervention, they found a predominance of apterous species with a higher average EV value.

Using the redundancy analysis (SD= 2.2 on the first ordination axis), we determined the connection of species from the Carabidae family to land use (Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area). The values of the explained cumulative variability of species data were 32.9 % on the first ordination axis and 47.3 % on the second ordination axis. Due to the influence of land use, the variability on the 1st ordination axis increased to 69.5 % and on the second cumulative axis there was an increase to 99 %. The Monte Carlo permutation test (iteration 499) confirmed the significant influence of Agrarian landscape (p= 0.016) and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area (p= 0.0092) on the spatial dispersion of ground beetles.

On the ordination graph (Fig. 1), we show the arrangement of species in two clusters. The first cluster consists of species preferring forest stands in the conditions of the Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. The second cluster is represented by species correlated with forest biotopes in Agrarian landscape conditions. We recorded a greater number of macropterous species in the forest stands of Agrarian landscape, which points to an increased negative impact on forest habitats due to the cultivation of crops in their neighbourhood. Macropterous species inhabit habitats that are disturbed by cyclical changes or anthropic activity, they do not have enough food in the habitat and have to fly for it.

The link between flight ability and habitat stability was also confirmed in studies by Gobbi et al. (2007), Shibuya et al. (2014), Rusch et al. (2013). In the papers, they investigated the variability of flight ability and body size in the biotopes based on the strength of anthropogenic intervention. They confirmed that the type of flight ability is directly related to the stability of the ecosystem. Apterous and brachypterous species of ground beetles were found in stable habitats, on the contrary, macropterous species were found in habitats disturbed by anthropogenic activity.

Using a heatmap, we found out the grouping of the similarity of the study areas and the preference of species to individual study areas. From the results, we highlight the similarity between study areas six and four (Willow-poplar floodplain forest) belonging to the Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. Another similarity is between study areas two and three (Willow-poplar floodplain forest and Regenerated poplar forest) belonging to Agrarian landscape. Study area one (Willow-poplar floodplain forest) belonging to the Agrarian landscape and study area five (Regenerated poplar forest) belonging to the Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area were measured separately. Based on the EV species, we can see that the largest individuals occurred in study area five (with low anthropogenic interference) and the smallest individuals in study area two (with high anthropogenic interference) (Fig. 2).

Ground beetles quickly respond to changes in the environment with the variability of morphometric features, which makes them suitable as bioindicators of environmental changes. The value of ground beetles as environmental bioindicators using morphometric variability was also pointed out by Sukhodolskaya & Eremeeva (2013), Brygadyrenko & Komlyk (2015), Teofilova et al. (2022).

The Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test confirmed the normal distribution of data for all morphometric characteristics, the results were as follows: EV (p= 0.0614), body length (p= 0.0814), body width (p= 0.1042) and body height (p= 0.0984). As a result of the intact normality of the data distribution, we used the parametric test multifactorial ANOVA. We confirmed a significant difference between flight ability (apterous, brachypterous and macropterous) and land use (Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area) in the morphometric characteristics of EV (p= 0.0216) (Fig. 3), body length (p= 0.0308) (Fig. 4), body width (p= 0.0002) (Fig. 5) and body

height (p= 0.0003) (Fig. 6). From the results of the analysis, we found larger individuals of apterous and brachypterous in the Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. We did not confirm this phenomenon for macropterous species, and the results were similar between the Agrarian landscape and Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area. From the above findings, we can say that in the undisturbed environment of forest biotopes (Dunajské Luhy Protected Landscape Area), there were larger individuals that had their food optimum there. We confirmed smaller individuals in forest biotopes disturbed by anthropogenic activity (Agrarian landscape), where individuals found their optimum food. We did not confirm this fact for macropterous species, which may be due to the fact that these species are small and fly. With a significant increase in body size, their movement between habitats in the form of flying can become worse.

The variability of morphometric characters is influenced by the conditions of the environmental variables of the environment. It also depends on the length of life of the larva and imago, i.e. different types of habitats have an effect on the body size of ground beetles (Kozak et al., 2020). The morphometric variability of the body and its changes in individuals indicate environmental stress caused by anthropogenic activity. Food availability and environmental pollution are related to this (Niemelä et al., 2002).

CONCLUSION

From the results of our study, we confirmed the change in body size in the same types of forest stands (willow-poplar floodplain forest and regenerated poplar forest), located in different environmental conditions. Between the years 2020 and 2022, we conducted research on ground beetles on six study areas located in the conditions of the Dunajská Luhy Protected Landscape Area (important European territory) and agrarian landscape. We collected ground beetles using pitfall traps, with which we caught 1319 individuals belonging to 29 species. Using RDA analysis, we confirmed the connection of apterous and brachypterous species of ground beetles in forest stands in the Dunajské Luhy PLA (an important European territory). These species have a larger EV and inhabit ecosystems that are ecologically stable, without interference or with only low interference from anthropogenic activity. In forest stands located in agrarian landscape conditions, we confirmed the predominance of macropterous species, which have smaller EVs and prefer ecosystems with strong anthropogenic intervention. We also confirmed morphometric variability among the individuals, we confirmed larger individuals belonging to the group of apterous and brachypterous species in the forests of Dunajské Luhy (PLA). On the contrary, we confirmed larger macropterous individuals in forest stands in an agrarian landscape. For the long-term functioning of important European forest biotopes (Danube floodplains) it is important to understand the relationships between ground beetles and biotopes. Ground beetles play a role in the cycle of substances in the soil, thereby contributing to the ecological stability of habitats.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the grant KEGA No. 037SPU-4/2024 Data integrity in biological and ecological databases.

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Notas de autor

langrafvladimir@gmail.com

Información adicional

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