Male: a. Dorsal and lateral view. b. Terminalia, dorsal and lateral view. c. Head, frontal view. d. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. Female: e. Dorsal and lateral view. f. Terminalia, dorsal and lateral view. g. Head, frontal view. h. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. Scale= 10 mm.

The studied material came from El Mirasol (43° 20´ S, 67° 43´ W; Fig. 2) and was collected by the local Primary Health Care Center Personnel on March 25, 2024. The specimens were collected manually and preserved with 70 % alcohol. The staff of the Dirección de Salud Ambiental of Chubut Province submitted them to the IPEEC, and the GENTPAT staff proceeded to identify them using the taxonomic keys developed by Ronderos (1979) and Cigliano et al. (2014). Four males and one female of C. patagona were identified, and deposited in the IPEEC Entomological Collection (597 and 598 catalog numbers).

This new record of the genus Clarazella, and its species C. patagona, in Chubut Province represents the southernmost of the genus, extending the distribution of the species more than 350 km South (Fig. 2a). Moreover, this new record reports its presence in the biogeographical province of the Patagonian Steppe (Morrone, 2014) for the first time, specifically in its Central District (Oyarzabal et al., 2018) (Fig. 2b). So far, T. willemsei has been the only found Ommexechidae species in this province (Cigliano et al., 2024).

Central District is a two-stratum shrub steppe, where vegetation cover is 30-50 % and the tallest plants average is 1 m tall. In the upper stratum, Chuquiraga avellanedae Lorentz dominates, and there are species of Lycium L., Prosopis L., and Schinus L.; and in the lower stratum, there are Poa L., Pappostipa (Speg.) Romasch., P.M.Peterson & Soreng, among others (Oyarzabal et al., 2018). Interestingly, the habitats are among the driest in the Patagonian region, with annual rainfall less than 200 mm (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 2006). On the other hand, the C. patagona specimens were found in a riparian environment characterized by abundant ravines that collect rainwater and flow into the Arroyo Perdido, an endorheic basin of a small area. This habitat is very similar to that described by Ronderos (1973, 1979) as preferred by this species: arid environments associated with areas where there are permanent or temporary water courses. In addition, Ronderos (1 973) mentions the affinity of this species for plant species of the genera Senecio L., Baccharis L., and Tessaria Ruiz & Pav., all very common taxa in these environments.

Fig. 2.

a. Records in the different political provinces (data according to Cigliano et al., 2024 and iNaturalist, 2024). b. Detail of the records in relation to the main vegetation units (according to Oyarzabal et al., 2018).

The occurrence of C. patagona in the Central District of the Patagonian steppe may be explained by several factors. Firstly, this species may have already been present in the region but was not previously recorded due to insufficient sampling efforts. Although the Entomological Collection of the IPEEC contains nearly a hundred specimens of Orthoptera from this district of the Patagonian steppe, and this species has not been recorded to date, the prior presence of C. patagona in the region seems unlikely. Although this entomological material was collected using pitfall traps and manual techniques (methods that are not ideal for capturing Acridoidea), as noted by Castelli et al. (2023), the xerophytic conditions of the studied region, dominated by shrub steppes adapted to aridity with large spines, make the use of entomological nets virtually impossible in most habitats. Furthermore, pitfall traps have previously provided reliable estimates of entomological biodiversity in the region. In this context, using this technique, Castelli et al. (2023) observed community structures of Orthoptera similar to those found in other arid regions of South America, where using entomological nets, Acridoidea were also among the most abundant taxa. Consistent with this, the health personnel who collected the specimens of C. patagona studied here (and who have lived in the area for over twenty years) reported that they had never observed this species until now.

Alternatively, although this should be confirmed through long-term studies, this finding could be due to regional changes in environmental conditions (such as increasing mean temperatures in the region), which may impact the home ranges of several insect species. In this sense, it is known that other species of Orthoptera have managed to establish themselves in previously colder regions due to the global increase in temperatures (Poniatowski et al., 2020; Fartmann et al., 2021). Supporting this idea, the GENTPAT has recently found that there are specimens of the poisonous spider Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg) that have managed to survive the temperatures of the current Patagonian winter, arriving alive and in good condition to the next spring (Zaffaroni et al., 2024).

It is known that environmental temperature is extremely important for the development, reproduction, and dispersal in orthopterans (Willott & Hassall, 1998; Fielding, 2004), highlighting the deleterious effect that low temperatures have on the development in the egg stage (Fielding & Defoliart, 2010). To explore this idea, we compare the average and minimum temperatures of the first week of October 2022 and 2023 versus those of 2005 and 2006 (18 years ago) in El Mirasol (where we found C. patagona this year) and in General Roca (39° 01´ S, 67° 34´ W; Fig. 2) respectively. The choice of General Roca as point of comparison with the temperature at El Mirasol was based on three aspects: 1- C. patagona was first documented in the area over 60 years ago (Ronderos, 1973; Cigliano et al., 2024); 2- this locality was the southern limit of distribution of C. patagona for a long time (Ronderos, 1973); and 3- General Roca is at the same longitude as El Mirasol approximately (both are located between 67-68° W). Additionally, the temperatures from the first week of October were considered for comparison because, at that time of year, there is an increase in terrestrial arthropod activity and biodiversity in the region due to improved environmental conditions following the winter in the Southern Hemisphere (Mariottini et al., 2011; Olivera, 2018). Temperatures were taken from the database https://www.ready.noaa.gov/READYamet.php (Rolph. et al., 2017) and were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) (Crawley, 2013) using the glmmTMB function in R (R Core Team, 2024). As a result, we found that both the average (GLM: Df= 3; X₂= 103.43; p< 0.001; Fig. 3a) and the minimum (GLM: Df= 3; X₂= 73.77; p< 0.001; Fig. 3b) temperatures in El Mirasol 18 years ago were significantly lower than those present at General Roca. Meanwhile, the current average (Fig. 3a) and minimum (Fig. 3b) temperatures in El Mirasol are similar to those in General Roca between 2005 and 2006. In this way, El Mirasol temperatures 18 years ago (colder than today), could have prevented the appearance of C. patagona previously.

Fig. 3.

a. Mean Average daily temperature. b. Minimum Average daily temperature. Different letters indicate significant differences (p˂ 0.001).

Finally, we would like to emphasize the importance of citizen participation in the scientific findings presented here, as well as in other regional studies in Patagonia. Citizens in this region generally demonstrate a strong interest in nature, actively communicating their observations and engaging in various scientific research activities (Werenkraut et al., 2020; Arbetman et al., 2022; iNaturalist, 2024). Consequently, this participation has proven crucial for improving our understanding of insect biodiversity and for developing more effective public policies in Patagonia (Actis & Arza, 2023).