INTRODUCTION

In Spain, the actual legal framework, aimed to ensure the respect of rights of person with disability (PwD) andtheir full integration in the society, descend from both nationally and supranationally general norms and declarations of principles which have led to a temporally progressive promulgation, adaptation and improvement of specific policies at national and local level. Although reflecting on the medical conception of disability, the article 49of Spanish Constitutional Charter is the national highest legal reference that states the rights of PwD. Hence,already in its act constitutive dated 1978, Spain explicitly acknowledges the protection, cure and integration ofPwD and delegates to public power the role of legislate for these purposes. The article 49 of SpanishConstitutional Charter implements the indications of the Declaration of the Rights of People with Mental Delay (1971) and the Declaration of the Rights of Disabled People (1975) both states by United Nations. Therefore, atsupranational level, the sources inspiring Spanish legislation for PwD must be sought in the provisions of theUnited Nations and, subsequently, of the European Union.

HISTORICAL SPANISH LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATED TO PWD

The first specific policy on disability matter ascend to 7 April 1982 with the Law of Social Integration ofDisabled, known as LISMI in Spain. This law is a regulatory measure that applies the constitutional provision andat the same time according with the Action Program of United Nations adopted in the same year (Jiménez &Huete, 2010). LISMI may be considered as a pioneer reference obliged for the subsequent legislation acknowl-edging a number of social rights for PwD and establishing criteria in order to qualify them (Verdugo, Vicent,Campo & Jordán de Urríes, 2001). However, LISMI focused our actions on the provision of a number of economicand assistances services for PwD considered individually needed of protection due to disability and, therefore,acting yet within of rehabilitation paradigm and it does not contemplate interventions aimed to change generalsocial conditions which hinder integration for PwD in Spanish society (Toboso-Martín, 2013).

The subsequent specific general Law of Equality of Equal Opportunity, non-Discrimination and Universal Opportunity (LIONDAU in Spain) - promulgated in 2003- fits the disability European policy framework emergingin the 90s. In this regard, Hvinden and Halvorsen (2003) noted: “Since the mid-90s EU has developed a newbroader disability strategy, together with a stronger ambition to influence the policies and practices of memberstates.” (p. 204). Accordingly, LIONDAU transposed in the Spanish legal system the provision of AmsterdamTreaty of 1997 (specifically article 13) and of the Council Directive of November 2000 establishing principles ofnon-discrimination and equal opportunities for integration in the society. The core of these European initiatives isrepresented by the affirmation, volition and intentionality in combating strongly all forms of discrimination inorder to consent to all people with diversity and disability to fully enjoy of the rights guaranteed by European cit-izenship. Should be noted that both Amsterdam Treaty and the Directive of November 2000 were two legal instru-ments which show a more effective legal competence of European Union (Waldschmidt, 2009) - in this caseapplied to the matters of social policies and equal rights. Acknowledging EU measures, LIONDAU marked the ini-tial overcoming of medical prospective of disability and it opens the progressive implementation of actions rootedwithin the social model of disability. Indeed, several measures are introduced in which the passage toward socialmodel are clearly evident. Among these, LIONDAU establishes that public powers are obliged to lead a numberof actions aimed to eliminate all forms of discrimination and the government is obliged to gradually and progres-sively eliminate all barriers in terms of environments, products and services that can be an obstacle to the fullrights of citizenship for disabled persons. In addition, public administrations are obliged to promote initiativesin order to raise awareness towards PwD, as well as formative actions to develop new technology for PwD and ensuring them equal opportunity in the society (Garcia & Palacios, 2005). In order to implement these norms, theII Plan of actions for Disabled People has been activated, and based on the following several principles: (1) rightspromotion; (2) autonomy and independent life; (3) integration and normalization; universal accessibility anddesign for all; (4) diversity respect and gender perspective; (5) quality life; (6) participation and civic dialogue(Egido, 2006). Finally, the application of LIONDAU has determined the transposition in the Spanish legal systemof the Employment Equality Directive 2000/78CE with which European Union prohibits discrimination of PwD inthe workplace.

SPANISH LAW IN FORCE FOR ACCESSIBILITY OF PWD TO HEALTH, EDUCATION AND OTHERRELEVANT SERVICES

The latest general Spanish policy specifically dedicated to PwD was promulgated in 2013. The General Lawon the Rights of Persons with Disability (LGD in Spain) contains several improvements with respect to LIONDAUand incorporates in the Spanish legal system the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights ofPersons with Disability (CRPD) promulged in the 2008. CRPD is the highest document that states internationallythe rights of PwD. Lord and Stein (2008) analyzed the CRPD with regard of its incorporation at national level.

Firstof all, they claimed that nations ratifying the Convention have a number of several general obligations aimed toensure the rights of persons with disability in their countries. States are required to adopt measures to promoteand implement the concept of inclusivity in their legal framework for disability. Moreover, national legal systemsmust incorporate the general principles and framing of disability of Convention in which categorically is affirmedthe social model of disability. In the incorporation of obligations and general principles a special attention mustbe nationally paid to adopt measure to ensure the contrast to disability-based attitudes toward discrimination and,importantly, for women and children. Conversely, alongside the historically well-established freedoms for PwD,the Convention provides indications for the adoptions of measures at national level that ensure new freedoms asthe rights to independent life, mobility etc. A very important provision consists in the monitoring at national levelof implementation of Convention in which disabled people and their representative organisms have the right toparticipate. Finally, in order to facilitate the international monitoring of Convention, states must also organize asystem of collecting of longitudinal data and statistics. In all of their activities, nations will be assisted by supra-national entities and they will favor a climate of collaborations among them (e.g. trough international meeting orconference aimed to change opinions and shared good practices).

As above mentioned, the General Law on the Rights of Persons with Disability (LGD in Spain) is the specificpolicy that Spain adopted to adequate national legal system to new provisions of Convention. It is composed bythree main sections (Títulos in Spanish), with addition of one preliminary part where PwD are identified and theareas of interventions indicated. For the purpose of this study we deep only the first íitulo concerning the rightsof PwD and the obligations for public powers in order to guarantee these rights. PwD are guaranteed in regard oftheir rights to health, education, employment, independent life, integral attention, social protection and participa-tion to public affairs.

The law prescribes Spanish health system to provide a variety of services for guaranteeing to PwD health assistance. A multidisciplinary specialized equip takes charge of PwD and provides assistance with aim to permitthe basic service for a full integration and inclusion in the society. This equip is composed by professionals inspecific medical fields related to the disability of the person requiring assistance and by a variety of socio-psychological professionals both having received specific education and training in the field of disability and they arerequested to continue their learning according to scientific advances. For this purpose, public administrations willestablish programs of lifelong learning for all professional that operate in the health system.

The right of education is guaranteed in Spain keeping into account of the internationally attention dedicatedto inclusive education. Haug (2017) noted that “since the Salamanca Statement in 1994, most European countrieshave acknowledged that inclusive education is an important premise to secure equal education rights for all persons with varied special educational needs”. In this regard, the article 18 of LGD, in subsection 2, claims that“appertain to educational administrations assuring an inclusive educational system at all level of education […]”(p.206). For this purpose, the subsection 3 of the same article specifies that schooling for PwD must be assuredprincipally in ordinary schools and only exceptionally in special schools. Anyway, in the latter case, parents canexpress their opinion concerning the choice of entrusting their son or daughter to teachers operating in specialschools. The law guarantees also adequate education for disabled youth hospitalized and for youth enrolled inuniversity courses. As for health professionals, public administrations will carry out a number of programs of sen-sibilization, information and training aimed to enrich the competence in the field of disability and special needsof teachers and other educational professionals – included managers – that operate in the Spanish educationalsystem.

LGD prescribes that disabled persons are beneficiaries of the same rights to employment provided to peoplewithout disability. In this regard, one is stressed in the importance to prevent direct and indirect discriminationand fight against all forms of bullying and mobbing in the workplace. A number of measures are established tofavor the access to employment for disabled people. The more effective are surely the legal reservation of jobs fordisabled people in public and private companies. Alongside the occupation of disabled people in ordinary jobs,the law prescribes the opportunity to take advantage of protected work in special companies that associate thepursuit of economic profit to the inclusion of PwD.

Health, education and employment all work together to ensure the independence of life for disabled peoplethat represents the goal of policies for these individuals as specified in the Convention transposed in Spanish LGD. Therefore, an integral attention and social protection is guaranteed to PwD for all aspects of life, includingpolitical and civic participation.

In order to make concretely independence life for disabled people through the effective exercise of aforementioned rights, the law splits other important issues. Firstly, a central focus has surely the provision of obligationsfor public and private sectors to adequate their environmental spaces to allow mobility and use of them for peoplewith disability. Second, a variety of economic benefits are provided to PwD -including pensions- to facilitate theirparticipation into society life. Finally, the law prescribes a series of fines to punish public and private companiesand citizens that do not respect the legal prerogative of PwD.

In order to define and coordinate public policies for PwD, LGD has established a National Council forDisability. This organ collaborates with a number of several associations operating in Spain with aim to promotethe rights of disabled persons.

Another important national organ is represented by the State Disability Observatory (OED in Spanish) whichhas a technical function of compilation, systematization, updating, generation of information and disseminationrelated to the field of disability. Every year the State Disability Observatory realizes a general report concerningthe situation and evolution of disability in Spain. This report also includes statistical data, with special attentionto gender, and it is sent to National Council for Disability for knowledge and debate.

In this regard, we will conclude our excursus on Spanish disability legal framework briefly getting a look tothe latest report, namely the OED Olivenza Report 2019. This report it is very important because offers the more recent evolution of Spanish policies and jurisprudence in which, importantly, we can find a proposal of change ofthe article 49 of Spanish Constitution dedicated to disabled persons. Hence, Spain is getting ready to completeits national legal course and incorporation of UN Convention for disability making the social model of disabilitya constitutional prerogative and fully considering rights for disabled people as fundamental rights. In this regard,an important function is assuming the People Defensor, a constitutional organ used as controlling respect of fun-damental rights in Spain. We can find in its 2018 report some important decisions of People Defensor regardingdisabled people.

STAKEHOLDERS

The access to services for disabled people in Spain is therefore configured as priority administrated by publica uthorities and based on international and Constitutional principles. Hence, the main stakeholders that facilitate the access to protection and integration services are represented by a number of public actors operating in health,education and other several sectors. However, cannot be underestimated the crucial role of directly related asso-ciations of disabled people. These are coordinate by the Spanish Committee of Representative of Disabled People(CERMI). It is a representative platform established to defend rights and interests of disabled people, officiallydesigned by Spanish State in order to independently operate for the actuation of UN Convention (OED, 2019).Many associations directly or indirectly promote a number of several community-based projects- also promotedby European Union- to improve the life condition of disabled people in Spain. For example, INFAD is participatingto an Erasmus project denominated PREG-EQUAL and concerning the reproductive health linked to maternity forwomen with disability. PREG-EQUAL project has the following objectives:

-Through specific training programmes, improve the knowledge and the self-awareness that women with disability and their families have on reproductive choices, sexual health, voluntary interruption of pregnancy (VIP)and maternal health

-Through specific training programmes, improve the psychological and emotional support and the qualityof the information for women with disability, promoting empowerment actions towards their families and theirhusbands/partners

-Improve the access and the quality of the health services for women with disability through specific trainingaddressing pre-natal and maternal health professionals

-Through institutional partnerships, conduct a qualitative and quantitative research in each partner countryon the access and the quality of prenatal and maternity services for women with disability

This is an example of special attention dedicated to the association of two important rights: disability andgender. Indeed, women with disability are often interested by multi-discrimination and therefore disability legis-lation -at national and supranational level- has even more integrated the rights of PwD with women rights.

In addition to official organs and associations, it cannot be forgotten that disability in Spain – as in allMediterranean countries – family is the other fundamental stakeholder for the integration of disabled people inthe society and for decision-making related to the guidance that disabled persons receive (Huete, Huete & Martín,2015). In this regard, we believe important concluding this paper reporting the incipit of the preface of AlbertoDurán – General Secretary of CERMI - to the book “Fundamental Rights and Disability” (Martínez-Pujalte, 2016).

He claims:

The history of disability in Spain is built on the work and commitment of representative organi-zations of people with disabilities and their families. This is a story of effort, unity, commitment andalso solidarity, which could be considered an exceptional example of civil society organization out-side our borders.

LIST OF SPECIFIC HEALTH AND EDUCATIONAL AND OTHER RELEVANT SERVICES FOR PWD

Technical Aids and Assistive Devices offered to PwDs in Spain They try to facilitate the development and personal autonomy of people with disabilities at home (adaptationsin the house), on the street (adaptations in the means of transport) and in their socio-environmental environment.More information about these grants on the website of the Institute for the Elderly and Social Services (IMSERSO),where you can find information on the State Center for Personal Autonomy and Technical Aids (CEAPAT), whichhas a catalog of technical grants. Website addresses: IMSERSO: www.imserso.es CEAPAT: www.ceapat.org

Care Centers for people with disability There are establishments where the rehabilitation and/or mental and/or physical recovery of people withsome type of disability is sought.Centers for people with physical disabilities:Centers for care for people with physical disabilities (CAMFS): their scope is national, so they can be accessed by people with disabilities from anywhere in Spain.The IMSERSO manages the CAMFS with a total of 608 places, 560 internships and 48 half-board, they are locatedin Alcuéscar (Cáceres), Ferrol (A Coruña), Guadalajara, Leganés (Madrid) and Pozoblanco (Córdoba).- Recovery centers for people with physical disabilities (CRMF).They are state-level centers that, starting from an integrated approach to rehabilitation, provide a set of recov-ery services with medical-functional, psycho-social content and vocational guidance and training for people withphysical or sensory disabilities of working age. These services are offered in boarding school, half board or out-patient, according to the personal circumstances and needs and interests of the users. The IMSERSO manages 6CRMFs, with a total of 613 places, of which 456 are boarding schools and 157 are half board or ambulatory, andare located in Albacete, Bergondo (A Coruña), Lardero (La Rioja), Madrid, Salamanca and San Fernando (Cádiz)

Telephone intermediation center The telephone intermediation center, belonging to the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, pro-vides its service by facilitating telephone communication between deaf or deaf people with hearing and / or speechdisabilities, who are users of text telephones, mobile phones, fax or videoconference, with listeners who use con-ventional telephones uninterruptedly, 24 hours a day and 365 days a year.

The cost of calls to the center is treated as a local rate, for calls made from anywhere in the country. The com-munication telephone numbers are as follows:

-Listener: 901 558 855

-Text telephone (DTS): 901 551 010

-Text telephone (DTS-URGENCIAS): 900 211 112

-Text telephone (AMPER): 901 568 866

-SMS: 610 444 991

-FAX: 901 515 011

-Videoconference: 913 750 498

-Email: cii@sertel.es

Education Individual and direct aid for special education, exemption from fees in some universities, personal supportfor class attendance at some universities, aid for transportation and dining. Aid in the field of the General StateAdministration, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport:

1.-Non-University: Call for individual aid aimed at students with a specific need for educational support toattend to ADHD cases, any disability and conduct disorders, as well as subsidies to large families with some ofthe above, always within economic thresholds for income and wealth.

2.-University: Call for general and mobility scholarships in each academic year, for university students, andwithin them there is an article dedicated to special scholarships for students affected by a disability, with the following characteristics:

-Students affected by a legally qualified degree of disability equal to or more than 65 percent may reduce the teaching load and increase the number of years to complete the studies.

-When the reduced enrollment is not used and the student formalizes the enrollment in all the credits, the amounts of the scholarships that correspond to them will increase by 50 percent, with the exception of the enrollment scholarship.

-To calculate the income, deductions will be applied depending on whether the student and / or member ofthe family unit is a person with disability, as well as the degree of disability and in different amounts.

In the case of Public Universities, additional exemption from public fees and prices in studies leading toobtaining a university degree is established in Organic Law 6/2001 of Universities.

More information, on the website of the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training: www.educacionyfp.gob.es

On the other hand, the Universia Foundation is worth highlighting with the following scholarships for univer-sity students with disabilities:

-Access: aimed at students who are enrolling for the first time in undergraduate university studies.

-Progress: aimed at students who have already entered university.

-Mobility: aimed at students who, by virtue of an exchange program of the university itself, wish to carry outa training period, at least one term, at a university with an international destination.

-From the ADOP Plan: Aimed at student athletes with disabilities assigned to the ADOP Plan, who are goingto enter the university or who are already studying at the university.

-From “LaLiga Genuine Santander”: aimed at students members of any Sport Club that participates in LaLigaGenuine Santander that enrolled in the 2019/2020 academic year in specific university training for “young peoplewith intellectual disabilities”.

More information on the Fundación Universia website: www.fundacionuniversia.net

Transport: Special transport card from The Madrid Regional Transport Consortium has season tickets forpeople with disabilities: this is a Transport Subscription with a reduced rate, aimed at users with a disabilitydegree equal to or more than 65%.

RENFE: “Gold card” beneficiaries are pensioners over 18 years of age, in a situation of total or absolute per-manent physical or mental disability or major disability, formally declared, as well as people with disabilities witha disability degree equal to or more than 33%.

For these people, a card will be issued with the “and companion” print that allows another person to travelenjoying the same discount conditions. This card allows a discount of between 25 to 40% in the rates. More infor-mation on the RENFE website:

www.renfe.com/viajeros/feve/Descuentos/tarjetadorada.html

All information is retrieved on the guide: “Benefits and aid for disabled persons”. OAIDS Disability CareOffice. Website: oadis.vpsocial.gob.es

SPORT AND DISABILITY IN SPAIN

Policies Community development policies have, among their objectives, the inclusion of people with disabilities. Agood instrument to achieve this is through adapted sport (Martínez-Ferrer, 2004); understanding adapted sport asone that uses other means than the usual ones to allow athletes with physical, intellectual or sensory disabilitiesto safely practice their chosen sport (Martínez-Ferrer, 2010).

The 2004 International Paralympic Committee Assembly approved the strategic direction of promoting theintegration of the different Paralympic sports in the international sports federations.

The UN declared 2005 as the International Year of Sport and Physical Education (UN, 2003) and the following year sport and physical activity were recognized as human rights for people with disabilities in the “Conventionon the Rights of Persons with Disability ”of the UN (UN, 2006). In 2007, as a result of global awareness of dis-ability, the International Disability in Sport Working Group was created, which promotes and supports the rightsof people with disabilities to physical activity and sports and competitive practice in world regions (InternationalDisability in Sport Working Group, 2007).

In Spain, the Superior Sports Council (CSD) proposed the “Comprehensive Plan for Physical Activity andSport” (PIAFD) for the 2010-2020 period (Superior Sports Council 2009). Two of its objectives are to promotesport among people with disabilities and groups at risk of exclusion. At the 1st National Conference on AdaptedSports (2009) a structural integration plan was presented, and promoted by the CSD and the Spanish ParalympicCommittee (CPE), in collaboration with the Spanish sports federations. Subsequent scientific competitions have dealt with the subject in an extensively way: the “European Congress of Adapted Physical Activity-EUCAPA”(2010), with the table on “Integration and Inclusion”, and at the 2nd National Conference on Adapted Sport(Valencia).

Likewise, in Spain the entities for the promotion of sports are defined in article 42 of the Law on Sports, whereare included the associations of clubs or entities that have the exclusive purpose of promoting and organizingphysical and sports activities, for recreational, educational or social purposes. In this section functions, policies,strategies and / or actions regarding the promotion of the sport of PwD are exposed, carrying out an analysis inthe three levels of public administration of the State: national, regional and local.

State administrations with responsibility for physical activity, sport and disability. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare The Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare is responsible for proposing and executing thepolicy of the Spanish State Government regarding health, planning and health care and consumption, as well asexercising the powers of the General State Administration to ensure citizens the right to health protection. In addi-tion, it has competences in matters of social cohesion and inclusion, family, child protection and care for depen-dent or disabled people. In this last matter, its performances are divided into four groups:

1.Benefits for people with disabilities (social benefits, non-contributory pensions, etc.).

2.Services, among which the State Disability Observatory (OED), the Office for the Attention to Disability(OADIS), the Telephone Intermediation Center, the Recovery Centers for people with Physical Disabilities (CRMF,n = 6). ), the Centres for Attention to People with Physical Disabilities (CAMF, n = 5), the State Reference Centres(CRE, n = 5), the Spanish Centre for Subtitling and Audio-description (CESyA), the Spanish DocumentationCentre on Disability (CEDD) 1, as well as tourism and spa activities for people with disabilities.

3.Information actions on disability, among which it should be highlighted the National Council on Disability(regulated by Royal Decree 1855/2009, of December 4), the application of the Convention in the Spanish State,the Disability Survey, Personal Autonomy and Dependency Situations (AGE), or the Action Plan of the SpanishStrategy on Disability 2014-2020, among others.

4.Protection of rights (managed by OADIS) and subsidies to the third sector (NGOs).

Royal Board on Disability The Royal Board on Disability is an autonomous body attached to the aforementioned Ministry of Health,Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare, whose mission is to promote the prevention of deficiencies, rehabilitationand social integration of people with disabilities. Furthermore, its mission includes facilitating exchange and collaboration among the different public administrations, as well as between these and the private sector; providesupport to organizations, entities, specialists and promoters in the fields of studies, research and development,information, documentation and training, as well as issuing technical opinions and recommendations on mattersrelated to disability. The Royal Board on Disability is regulated by Law 14/2000 on Fiscal, Administrative andSocial Order Measures (article 57).

Ministry of Education To refer to the policies that currently exist in education in relation to the sport of people with disabilities, it isnecessary to start from the current regulation, Organic Law 8/2013 for the improvement of educational quality(LOMCE). In this law, reference is made to the fact that the law aims to achieve “equity, which guarantees equalopportunities for the full development of the personality through education, educational inclusion, equal rightsand opportunities that help to overcome any discrimination and universal accessibility to education ”.

In this regard provision 3.1 of the Law on Sports, stipulates that “the general programming of teaching willinclude physical education and the practice of sport”, therefore it is necessary to turn to the analysis of the educational curricula of this subject in the different stages to know the actions regarding care and inclusion of students with disabilities

Higher Sports Council The government section dedicated to sports is located in the Ministry of Culture and Sport and is organizedin seven areas: associations and federations, high-competition sport, sport and health, sport and society, sportsfacilities, women and sports, and sports promotion. The policies and management of these areas rest with the Higher Sports Council, to which Law 10/1990 grants the highest authority in the execution of the policies of theGovernment of Spain in this matter. The last known Comprehensive Plan for Physical Activity and Sport (A + DPlan of the CSD, 2009) includes a series of measures at three levels, taking into account the different groups ofthe Spanish population and their access to the practice of physical activity and sport:

1.Basic: A + D and Health, A + D at School Age.

2.Specific Groups: A + D in the Labour Area, A + D in the University, A + D and Disability, A + D and Seniors,A + D and Social Inclusion.

3.Transversal: A + D and Woman.

The existing sports promotion actions at this level of the State Administration are:

Inclusive Sport Program. This plan was incorporated into the 2018 General State Budget Law, also granting the status of an event of exceptional public interest, which means tax benefits. The program seeks to promote thesport of people with disabilities as a tool for their social inclusion and has an initial duration of three years until2021.

Inclusive Sports Table. In October 2018, the Higher Sports Council set up this working group in whichadministrations at national, regional and local level are represented, together with the different Spanish federa-tions of athletes with disabilities and the Spanish Paralympic Committee, with the aim of establishing a roadmapfor the future of sports for PwD, making contributions to a future Law on Sports and advising on the managementof the aforementioned Inclusive Sport Program.

DISCUSSION

Aim of this study was offer a briefly but exhaustive view of how protection and integration of people with disability are guaranteed in Spanish context. We believe that two main arguments emerge from our analysis. The firstpertains to the acknowledge of rights of persons with disability how rights fundamentals and, therefore, officiallyexplained in the highest Spanish national legal document, namely the Constitutional Chart. However, here it is notsimply the ascertaining that when Spanish Constitutional Chart was born it contained a refers to disabled personsbut, importantly, that the way toward the definitive accomplishment of social model of disability will enshrined ina new constitutional article. The Olivenza report 2019 offer us a draft of this new article 49:

People with disability are holders of the rights and duties provided for in this Title in conditionsof freedom and equality that is real and effective, without discrimination.

Public authorities will carry out the necessary policies to guarantee the full personal autonomyand social inclusion of people with disabilities. These policies will respect their free choices and pref-erences, and will be adopted with the participation of organization representing people with disabil-ities. Particular attention will be paid to the specific needs of women and girls with disabilities.

The reinforced protection of persons with disabilities will be regulated for the full exercise oftheir rights and duties.

People with disabilities enjoy the protection provided in international agreements that protecttheir rights.

As we can observe, this new article embodies in few but important words concepts and measures developedin 40 years of policies. In Spain, hence, rights of disabled people were born since the act constitutive in 1978 -that scored the end of a dramatic period of civil war and dictature- and will be fully implemented in this new constitutional norm making definitively protection and integration of disabled people as fundamental rights.

However,this process would not have been possible without the integration of national norms with international legislation.

This is the second main argument that it seems inseparable from the first. If Spain actually holds an advancedlegal system for disability, is due because rights of disabled people have grown as an international imperative that-as for other fundamental rights- we must appreciate but especially we must defend against obscurantist attacksthat – unfortunately- are currently still present.

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Notes