Background. Social Work studies about entrepre-neurship warn a process of deliberate, planned and systematic rational choice which promote quality of life and subjective well being are predominant determinants. Objective. Specify a model for the study of entrepreneurship in household heads. Method. Not experimental, documentary and retrospective study with a nonrandom selection of sources indexed repositories Latin America -Dialnet, Latindex, Redalyc-, considering the keywords and the publication period 2010-2016. Results. A model with eight hypotheses three paths dependency relationships between nine variables put forward in the state of knowledge was specified. Discussion. The inclusion of variables relating to the quality of life and subjective well being as a result of the determination of the enterprise warns. Such a model wouldanticipate local development scenarios.
Los estudios de trabajo social sobre el emprendimiento que advierten un proceso de elección racional deliberada, planificada y sistemática en los que se promueve la calidad de vida y el bienestar son determinantes predominantes. El objetivo de esta investigación es especificar un modelo para el estudio del emprendimiento por parte de los jefes de familia. Para esta investigación se realizó un estudio no experimental, documental y retrospectivo con una selección no aleatoria de fuentes en los repositorios indexados Dialnet, Latindex y Redalyc, considerando las palabras claves y las publicaciones entre el período 2010-2016. Se especificó un modelo con ocho hipótesis con interdependencia entre nueve variables presentadas en el estado actual de los conocimientos. Se discute la inclusión variables relacionadas con la calidad de vida y el bienestar subjetivo como resultado de la determinación de los requerimientos empresariales. Este modelo anticiparía escenarios de desarrollo local.
The aim of this study is to specify a model for the study of social entrepreneurship in household heads. From a review of the literature, the variables that allowed the systematization of the determinants of entrepreneurship paths are extracted.
The study is part of the Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Social Work discipline, area of health promotion and sub-area of promotion of reproductive rights, parental rearing styles and management of household heads.
However, the project also has interference in economic and administrative sciences, as it will recover in the second phase the effect of cooperative entrepreneurship in Human Development with an emphasis on reproductive health, family upbringing and training of entrepreneurs.
Finally, it should be noted that the immediate predecessor of the project sponsored by the Directorate General of Academic Projects (DGAPA) in its Support Program Projects Research and Technological Innovation (PAPIIT) was a study funded by the National Autonomous University of Mexico through of the call “cathedra Gustavo Baz Prada” has the institutional objective to contribute a theoretical and methodological manual curriculum (subject Regional Development) of the National School of Social Work (ENTS) procedures.
The principles that guide the rational choice lie in the tastes and preferences crystallizing objectives of the actors. Therefore, before taking any decision binding preferences strategies, achieve collect information that will determine the election. If individuals rather have an indeterminate number of tastes, objectives and goals, then your preferenceswill no longer depend on their capacity of choice and action. Therefore, they act in a non - rational way.
The rational choice theory also warns that a decision is a result of an estimate of the costs and benefits of carrying out an effort regardless of their degree of significance. This is a utilitarian dimension in which control of a situation from establishing a favorable balance of benefits versus costs will determine the election.
More specifically, the benefits and costs translate into a ratio of risk, effort and reward. This means that a choice be rational when the risks and efforts are minimal provided that the rewards are greater (
In contrast, when the recognition of an effort and risk not up to expectations, then the choice has not been entirely rational and rather approaches an irrational dimension if the risks and efforts are increasing and intense with respect to the absence of rewards.
This is because the individual who makes an effort is committed to the risks that will be activated by profit expectations.
Integrating each of the variables represents a series of paths in which the correlations explain each choice
In short, the rational choice explained in general terms the process by which preferences are the determining factor by other factors which generate information or sense an atmosphere of certainty when making a decision and act accordingly. To the extent such information is available, accessible and actionable, then the rational choice will emerge as an option, but rather proliferates ambiguity, then a non - rational decision will be generated with irrational consequences.
However, when information is not available or is very abstract, rational choice is replaced by a tighter option to culture; values and norms of people with respect to a contingency which no known precedent some, but people always react the same way.
If rational choice is brewing from preferences based on information available to determine tastes and objectives, the prospective attitude suggests that the absence of information creates uncertainty that determine risk aversion or waiver of certain gains and risk appetite when losses are imminent. Thus the utility, benefit or happiness crystallize into losses or gains, circumventing the process of rational choice and legitimizing an irrational choice.
Therefore, a prospective is more than a decision lies in attitude and expectation of risk or certainty to gains and losses in the immediate future. In that sense, a retrospective is an attitude that is the same relations, but compared to last (
In short, the prospective attitude is a hinge between rational choice and reasoned action. Each of these theoretical and conceptual frameworks based its scope and limits from the availability of information, assuming that the individual is able to assume an attitude, make a decision or take an action that corresponds to the available information and representation that you have it.
Unlike the rational choice theory that focuses on the usefulness of the information available and the theory of prospective attitude that focuses its interest in the certainty of the information, the theory of reasoned action assumes that information, any it is, it is a general environment that will influence the behavior to the extent that information is transformed into rules. This is because the theory of reasoned action considers that all information is cognitively processable (
Therefore, an overview of the environment, their demands and opportunities conducive categories of accessible and abundant availability of information that will influence a spendthrift behavior such as believing that jobs, wages and financial credits significantly increase. On the contrary, if one considers that the context is rather recession and economic crisis, then austere styles, cooperative and innovative life will be adopted.
However, the theory of reasoned action, like the rational choice theory and the theory of prospective attitude, pose a general scenario incident on a specific behavior without considering the current situation and specifies decision maker.
Given that the information is not available or is processable actors requiring immediate planning of their actions, the determinants of the planned behavior are those in which information can be delimited and specified depending on a particular situation or to an event which is the subjective control from decision-making and the information available and actionable (
The theory of planned behavior finds that perceived control is a significant determinant of behavior in direct and indirect mode. To interact with subjective norms and attitudes generate an intention that is also assumed as a determinant of behavior.
However, it perceived control, as the norm and attitude, depend on a set of beliefs about information availability. In this sense, the specification of a model would include variables that anticipate the behavior, but not from the beliefs of availability of information, but from provisions to cooperate by actors that form an entrepreneurial project todevelop their skills, not only of choice, deliberation or planning, but innovation.
From brandished variables; beliefs, rule, attitude, perception, intention and behavior, you can specify a model for the study of social entrepreneurship in household heads engaged in the production and marketing of coffee. The model includes eight hypotheses:
Hypothesis 2. Promotion of sexual rights and sexual behavioral beliefs. In scenarios such as broadcast stations public transport system or concourses, the promoter exposes the benefits of using condoms to negotiate safe sex. The goal of this promotion is to influence consensual sex from use almost always male or female condom.
The specification of a model for the study of entrepreneurship in household heads is the contribution of the state of knowledge work. From a review of the literature the eight hypotheses explaining three paths of correlations between the variables put forward in the literature reviewed were specified.
However, studies of social work around the venture have not included variables that explain the decision-making and entrepreneurship from affectivity, emotionalism or sentimentality associated with female gender identity.
In this sense, the literature seems to corroborate the hypothesis around which the male identity is enterprising and as such are attributed innate abilities of opportunism, management and negotiation lacks female identity.
However, studies of the promotion of entrepreneurship locate these assumptions in an ambivalent sexism, because on the one hand emphasize the feminine attributes of good treatment and friendliness, but extol the perception of opportunity and negotiating skills as own identity male.
It is therefore necessary to review theoretical, conceptual and empirical frameworks with a gender perspective to demonstrate the scope and limits of female and male identities identities to an entrepreneurial opportunity.
The specification of an integrated model in which the gender perspective is included, explain the scope and limits of feminine identities and masculine identities to the entrepreneurial opportunities because the model should overcome the traditional sexism and ambivalent sexism to explain entrepreneurship in single mothers and female heads of households engaged in trade, buying and selling products at retail.