Abstract: Attitudes toward physician-assisted death among medical students differ between populations. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide among Spanish university students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by asking undergraduate students (Medicine, Nursing and Law) of the University of Santiago de Compostela to complete an anonymous 17-item questionnaire. Most participants exhibited a positive attitude towards physician-assisted suicide (54%) and euthanasia (75%), as well as towards their legalization. Attitudes were consistent with the underlying ethical reasoning, with no differences in terms of age, gender or academic degree. In addition, consistency was found between attitudes and willingness to participate in physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, should they be legal. The results showed that the attitudes of medical students towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were positive and similar to non-medical students.
Keywords: BioethicsBioethics,StudentsStudents,PhysiciansPhysicians,Suicide, assistedSuicide, assisted,EuthanasiaEuthanasia,DeathDeath,AttitudeAttitude,BehaviorBehavior.
RESEARCH
Attitudes towards physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in Spanish university students
María Sol Rodríguez-Calvo
José Luis Soto
Isabel María Martínez-Silva
Fernando Vázquez-Portomeñe
José Ignacio Muñoz-Barús
Received: 10 December 2017
Revised document received: 1 April 2019
Accepted: 2 April 2019
Euthanasia (E) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) continue to be controversial bioethical issues among healthcare professionals. Discussions about the appropriateness of these procedures are complex due to the many aspects involved, which include ethical, legal, religious, social and psychological considerations. Euthanasia refers to the deliberate and active ending of life by another person at the explicit request of patients who are suffering from an incurable condition they deem unbearable. The term PAS is used when a physician intentionally assists a patient to end his or her life.
Recent studies have revealed a growing acceptance of these practices 1, mainly attributed to the increased value given to the autonomy of the individual, together with the declining impact of religious convictions 2,3. Euthanasia was legalized in three European countries, namely Belgium 4 and the Netherlands 5 in 2002 and Luxembourg 6 in 2009. In all three countries the decision to end a life on request is based on the patient-doctor relationship. Patients must be in a condition of unsupportable and irreversible suffering.
On February 13rd, 2014, Belgium extended the possibility of euthanasia to terminally ill children, with no age limit. In the Netherlands, assisted dying is allowed for minors older than 12 years old, but parental consent is required for all persons under the age of 16. In addition to the Netherlands and Luxembourg, Switzerland has established legal possibilities for assisted suicide. Article 115 of the Swiss Penal Code condones assisting suicide for altruistic reasons, although euthanasia is forbidden. The Swiss model differs from others in one major respect, however, in that a physician-patient relationship is not required.
In the USA, there currently exist legally sanctioned possibilities for assisted suicide in the states of Oregon, Washington, Vermont and California 7-9, with initiatives in other states, such as Montana 10. Dignity acts and court rulings from these states declare that patients must have a terminal physical illness. On June 5th 2014, Quebec became the first North American jurisdiction to legalize euthanasia 11. In February 6th 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down ban on assisted suicide in a unanimous decision 12. Intense debates are currently underway in many other countries regarding the legalization of physician-assisted death (E and PAS) 13.
In Spain, Law 41/2002 (the Patient’s Autonomy Law) 14, an act rooted in respect for the dignity of the person, reinforced the right of competent adults to refuse any medical treatment even if such refusal results in their death. Nevertheless, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are, at present, illegal, punishable criminal acts.
Many studies have described the attitudes of physicians and the general public toward euthanasia and PAS, revealing that over 60% of the general public find euthanasia and PAS ethical in certain circumstances 15,16, although the majority of physicians do not find these practices ethical and do not support its legalization 17,18. However, available data in this area in relation to medical students are limited and contradictory. In the USA 19,20, the Netherlands 21, Hungary 22, Switzerland 23, Greece 24, Mexico 25 and Belgium 26 a majority of students were in favor of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In contrast, in many other countries such as Yugoslavia 27, Norway 28,29, Italy 30, Sweden 31, Germany 32,33, Austria 34, Poland 35, as well as in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico 36, a negative opinion was prevalent.
Some studies reported that the views of medical students towards end-of-life decisions differ significantly from those of non-medical students 37, with more permissive attitudes in the latter group 22,38. In Spain, a survey carried out among physicians, medical students and the general public in 1992 found that most agreed with the legislation and practice of euthanasia in terminally ill patients 39. To the best of our knowledge, no other surveys have been carried out since this time even though important changes have taken place in Spanish society.
The aims of the present study were therefore to explore the views of participants towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, their knowledge and opinion on the law, and their intentions to participate in these procedures if made legal, in three relevant student populations (Medicine, Nursing and Law) at the University of Santiago de Compostela/Spain.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted by distributing 300 questionnaires to third-year medical, nursing and law students from the University of Santiago de Compostela, during the academic year 2015-16. A total of 245 students responded (Medicine: 72; Nursing: 74; Law: 99). The questionnaires were distributed and collected at the beginning of lectures. In compliance with the ethical principles of research, all participants received information about the aim of the investigation, their participation was entirely voluntary and anonymity was guaranteed. No identifying information was requested and no class credits were obtained for answering.
The questionnaire was prepared taking into consideration different international studies on attitudes towards physician-assisted death 17,20,22,31,34,40. It was piloted on a small group of students (12) and then further refined. Definitions of the terms “euthanasia” and “physician-assisted suicide” were provided at the top of each survey form in order to avoid confusion.
The questionnaire consisted of 17 items and required about eight minutes to complete. It was divided into four sections: a) demographic data: age, gender, study program, and a question about the respondent’s opinion on the importance of Ethics in the curriculum of health professions; b) the attitudes of participants towards PAS and E and their ethical rationale; c) knowledge and opinion about the law and d) willingness to participate in PAS and E if made legal.
In section B of the questionnaire students were asked to specify their strength of agreement with PAS and E “What is your view about PAS/E?”, with two statements: “I think people should be able to freely decide their own death”; “It should be accepted that another person can help someone to die if asked”, relating to three ethical arguments: 1) “life is a value superior to the autonomy of the person”; 2) “respecting autonomy is superior to life”; 3) “life and autonomy are values that merit respect and have to be contextualized”. A five-point scale was used, with response options ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”. The answers were scored from 1 to 5, respectively.
In section C, students were asked if they knew the law through the question “do you know the current law concerning PAS and euthanasia?” Answer to this question was dichotomous (Yes/No). Those who responded affirmatively were asked about their opinions about the law using a five-point scale. In section D, students were asked about their intentions and willingness to be involved in PAS and euthanasia, also using a five-point scale. Responses to questions included in B, C and D were transformed from a five-point to a three-point scale for association analysis.
Univariate analysis and frequency distributions were used to describe the overall pattern of responses. Association analysis was carried out using χ2 for categorical data. Continuous data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova). A p-value of 5% or lower was considered to be statistically significant.
To assess whether the beliefs of students concerning ethical issues and their willingness to participate in PAS and E correlated with their self-rated categorization (in favor or against PAS and E), two indices were calculated. The ethical index was created by combining student’ data on the three questions from section B related to ethical arguments. Answers were scored from 1 to 5. Scores were inverted for those questions where an answer of 5 would correspond to a pro-PAS or pro-E view. The total score ranged from 3-15, with 3 reflecting a strongly pro-PAS/pro-E view. The behavior index was obtained by the sum of scores to questions related to participation in PAS or E. The total score ranged from 2 to 10. The lower the score the more pro-PAS/pro-E the behavior index was considered to be. Data were analyzed using the R software (R Development Core Team, version 2.11.1) 41.
Of 300 questionnaires, 245 were returned (response rate 82%). Some records were excluded from certain parts of the analysis due to insufficient information.
The demographic characteristics of the sample are shown in table 1. The majority of the students were women (73%), 59% attending medical or nursing studies and 41% law studies. No significant differences were found between disciplines in terms of age or gender. A large percentage of students (95%) considered ethics an important subject in the health sciences curriculum.
Of all students sampled, 54% had a positive attitude towards PAS and 75% had a positive attitude towards euthanasia (table 1). There were no significant differences in self-categorization, either in relation to gender or with regards to age or program of study.
Most participants (84%) considered that people should be able to freely decide their own death. Also, a large percentage (71%) supported the view that it should be acceptable that another person helps someone to die if asked (table 2). There was a significant correlation between attitudes towards PAS and E and statements regarding freedom to decide about death and acceptance of another person helping someone to die (p<0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between attitudes and ethical rationale (p<0.001), and there was consistency in the answers. Most of those that supported these practices believed that respecting autonomy is superior to life, and most of those who disagreed thought that human life is more valuable.
There was a highly significant difference in the ethical index score between groups of participants (p<0.001). Scores were higher among those who disagreed with PAS or E, displaying a more pro-life view and demonstrating that their attitudes are consistent with their personal beliefs. We also found that this correlation between attitudes and ethical rationale varies statistically according to degree course. Medical students had lower index scores than Law students, indicating a higher valuation of patients’ autonomy (physician-assisted suicide: p= 0.002, Coef. -0.646; euthanasia: p= 0.002, coef. -0.638).
The majority of students (62%) responded affirmatively to the question of knowledge of the law, with 68% expressing the view that it should be changed (table 3). The majority of respondents supported the legalization of PAS (56%) and, to a greater extent, of E (66%), with no significant differences between disciplines.
A significant correlation between knowledge and opinion of the law was found (p<0.001), with most respondents in favor of its modification. The attitudes of participants towards PAS and E were independent of their knowledge of the law (p=0.544 and p=0.638, respectively). Nevertheless, a significant correlation between positive attitudes and opinions about the legalization of these practices was found (p<0.001).
Since personal views and behavioral trends might not be the same, participants were asked how they would act when dealing with a person seeking assistance with dying. Table 3 shows the percentage of students willing to participate in PAS and E, if these practices were legal.
A significant correlation between personal attitudes and willingness to participate in PAS and E was found, and was confirmed by the behavior index (p<0.001). Scores increased as participants disagreed more with these practices, indicating consistency between private views on PAS and euthanasia and predicted future behavior. No significant differences in terms of gender, age or course were found.
This paper analyzed the attitudes and intentions of medical, nursing and law students towards PAS and E. An objective evaluation of the results indicates that a majority of respondents exhibited a positive attitude towards PAS (54%) and E (75%), which agrees with other studies carried out in the USA 19,20 and Mexico 25, and in some European countries such as the Netherlands 21, Hungary 22, Switzerland 23, Greece 24 and Belgium 26. The cultural context, religious beliefs and personal philosophy have been found to be related to attitudes 26,35,40,42. The present study revealed greater support for E than PAS, which is unusual and contrasts with previously published reports. It is to be expected that helping a patient take her or his own life is more acceptable than the physician directly taking such a life.
However, people might feel safer when the hastening of the dying process is carried out by a physician. Euthanasia is a term that can cause ambivalent feelings, as the act implies two actions that appear to be contradictory: helping patients end their suffering by killing them. Negative attitudes can be explained by the fact that E is intimately associated with death and even with murder. Nevertheless, this term is also related to a patient suffering from a terminal or unbearable condition who requests to die, thus evoking ideas of compassion, help, relief and choice. The positive meaning prevailed in our respondents, as reflected in their attitudes. These results are in agreement with those found in a sample of Mexican physicians and medical students 43.
When the responses were analyzed by age, gender or study program, no significant associations were found. Previous findings in relation to such factors are contradictory and inconclusive; some research suggests that age affects attitudes 39,22 while other studies find no age-related differences 30,34. The same occurs with regards to gender; some studies report that women are more supportive 39,21, while others have found men are more in favour 22,36, and still others have described no differences in gender 24,28,30,34. As for the study program, some reports 22,37demonstrated important differences in the attitudes of medical and non-medical students, the latter of whom are more supportive of the concept. Nevertheless, a recent survey on a United Kingdom university campus found no significant differences in attitude between nursing and non-nursing students 44.
The vast majority of participants in this investigation consider ethics an important subject in the curriculum of Health Sciences, reflecting their view that ethics education is an important part of preparing nurses and physicians for the inevitable moral conflicts of their professional practice.
Attitudes of students towards PAS and E were consistent with opinions on the freedom to decide about death and acceptance that another person can help someone to die, and also with the underlying ethical arguments. This correlation between attitudes and ethical rationale differed according to degree, with medical students showing a greater support for patients’ autonomy compared to law students. This result can reflect the utmost importance that the respect for autonomy today commands in the physician-patient relationship, which is transmitted to medical students. On the other hand, law students may be closer to the positive law, as PAS and E are banned in Spain. A previous report 42 indicated that belief in autonomy was a key positive predictor of attitudes about physician-assisted suicide.
A total of 62% of the students were found to be informed about the law concerning PAS and E. The majority believed that the law should be changed and these practices should be legalized. These results are in agreement with a previous Spanish report 39 and with data from Dutch medical students 21. However, in many other countries, the percentage of students with a positive opinion about the legalization of these practices was lower 22,27-33,35. Although the attitudes of participants towards PAS and E were independent of their knowledge of the law, concordance was found between personal views on assisted death and opinions about the legalization of these practices.
The present study found a significant correlation between personal attitudes and intentions to take part in PAS and E, if they were legal. Nevertheless, the percentage of respondents who were willing to participate in such practices was lower than those who declared themselves in favor of them. Even so, almost half of respondents declared their willingness to participate in E, and a lower proportion in PAS. These figures are clearly higher than those described in other reports 34-36. This study revealed no significant differences in willingness to participate in terms of gender, age or degree course, differing from other reports 35,36, which showed men were more willing to accede to a demand for PAS or E.
The present study has some limitations that should be taken into account. Firstly, the opinions of students may change with time, implying that present intentions might not directly predict future behavior. Personal and professional experiences might change the views of respondents, as has been shown in some reports 37,44,45. Secondly, the University of Santiago de Compostela may not be representative of other universities around the country. Thirdly, the fact that knowledge of the law was measured with just one question, which asks for a subjective appraisal of the respondent’s knowledge, should be taken into account.
The results of the present study are of interest in terms of the re-opened debate on euthanasia and PAS and the progress of legalization of such practices in many countries. The majority of participants showed a positive attitude towards these practices as well as to their legalization, with no differences between medical and non-medical students.
Health care students should receive specialized education regarding end-of-life issues. In order to carry out their daily work in a safe and responsible manner, it is important that they know their professional obligations. Also, ethics education can help them to consider the wider ethical perspective when deliberating on ethical dilemmas such as those raised by patients seeking help to die, thus improving patient care.
It is suggested that the beliefs and opinions of students are tracked over time, and also compared with those of doctors and nurses. It is important to know and understand the views of health professionals on important ethical questions, such as physician-assisted death, as these issues are an integral part of their daily professional practice.
Attitudes and opinions towards physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia
Age: ________
Gender: M ( ) F ( )
Study program: ____________________
Ethics is important in Medicine and Nursing curriculum: Yes ( ) No ( ) I am not sure ( )
María Sol Rodríguez-Calvo and José Ignacio Muñoz-Barús were responsible for the study and the analysis of data. José Luis Soto and Fernando Vázquez-Portomeñe took part in data collection and the entering and analysis of data. Isabel María Martínez-Silva was responsible for the analysis of statistical data. All the authors collaborated in and accepted the final version of the text.
Correspondência. María Sol Rodríguez-Calvo – University of Santiago de Compostela. Institute of Forensic Sciences. C/ San Francisco, s/n 15782. Santiago de Compostela, Espanha. María Sol Rodríguez-Calvo – PhD – msol.rodriguez@usc.es José Luis Soto – PhD – joseluis.soto.ordonez@gmail.com Isabel María Martínez-Silva – Graduada – imartinez.uvigo@gmail.com Fernando Vázquez-Portomeñe – PhD – fernando.portomene@usc.es José Ignacio Muñoz-Barús – PhD – joseignacio.munoz.barus@usc.es
