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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.2.278471</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Creencias y actitudes de adolescentes españoles hacia el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Beliefs and attitudes of spanish adolescents regarding waterpipe smoking</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jorge Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Torres García</surname>
						<given-names>Milagros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Marrero Montelongo</surname>
						<given-names>Magdalena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Navarro Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Carmen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Enfermero. Servicio Canario de Salud, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Servicio Canario de Salud</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Docente. Departamento Didácticas Especiales. Grupo de investigación en Educación y Promoción de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento Didácticas Especiales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Docente. Departamento de Enfermería. Grupo de investigación en Educación y Promoción de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España. E-mail: mariadelcarmen.navarro@ulpgc.es </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Docente. Departamento de Enfermería. Grupo de investigación en Educación y Promoción de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España. E-mail: mariadelcarmen.navarro@ulpgc.es </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
				<email>mariadelcarmen.navarro@ulpgc.es</email>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>50</issue>
			<fpage>65</fpage>
			<lpage>75</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Identificar las creencias y actitudes de los estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato de la provincia de Las Palmas respecto al consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua. Dicho objetivo responde a la reciente y rápida expansión del consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua entre los adolescentes europeos, la relativa escasez de datos acerca de sus determinantes y la falta de estudios al respecto en los adolescentes de nuestro país.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p> La muestra, constituida por 1770 alumnos de la provincia de Las Palmas, se obtuvo estratificando cada bloque académico por áreas geográficas, agrupando a los alumnos en tantos clusters como grupos había en el centro por cada uno de los cursos. Se utilizó un cuestionario ad hoc para la recogida de datos, realizándose un análisis descriptivo de los mismos. Las proporciones se compararon utilizando el test de la χ2.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>El 70,7% de los adolescentes consideró que fumar en pipa de agua es menos perjudicial que fumar cigarrillos y el 71,3%, menos adictivo. Los estudiantes manifestaron que es una práctica muy aceptada por sus amigos (63,7%) y por la sociedad (78,9%). El 27,8% declaró percibir que sus padres le permitirían fumarla en casa. Todas estas creencias y actitudes fueron más frecuentes entre los fumadores (p&lt;0,001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p> La mayoría de los estudiantes considera menos peligroso y adictivo este consumo que el de cigarrillos. Estas creencias, la percepción de la aceptación social y de la tolerancia familiar han aumentado su popularidad entre los adolescentes.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To identify beliefs and attitudes of high school students in Las Palmas regarding waterpipe smoking. This objective responds to the recent and increasing waterpipe smoking among European adolescents, the lack of data on its determinants and the absence of research on this issue among adolescents in Spain.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p>The sample, which comprised 1770 students of the province of Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), was obtained by stratifying each academic block by geographic areas, grouping the students in as many clusters as existing groups in the school for each year group. An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect data and a descriptive analysis of the data carried out. Proportions were compared using the χ2 test.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>70.7% of adolescents considered that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than smoking cigarettes and 71.3% believed it to be less addictive. Students asserted that it is a generally accepted practice among their friends (63.7%) and in society (78.9%). 27.8% of the interviewees perceived that their parents would allow them to smoke waterpipe at home. All of these beliefs and attitudes were more common among smokers (p&lt;0.001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p>Most students consider waterpipe smoking to be less dangerous and less addictive than cigarette consumption. This belief, the perception of its social acceptance and family tolerance towards it have increased its popularity among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
				<kwd>pipa de agua</kwd>
				<kwd>tabaco</kwd>
				<kwd>creencias</kwd>
				<kwd>actitudes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
				<kwd>waterpipe smoking</kwd>
				<kwd>tobacco</kwd>
				<kwd>beliefs</kwd>
				<kwd>attitudes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En la actualidad, la mayoría de los estudios de prevalencia de tabaquismo siguen basándose exclusivamente en el consumo de cigarrillos y en los posibles factores determinantes de éste, sin contemplar que en las últimas décadas el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua, una práctica iniciada en Oriente Medio, se ha extendido a nivel mundial, fundamentalmente entre adolescentes y jóvenes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Se estima que aproximadamente 100 millones de personas fuman diariamente tabaco en pipa de agua<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, debiéndose considerar, por tanto, la incorporación de datos de prevalencia relacionados con esta modalidad de consumo de tabaco en los estudios de tabaquismo. Su omisión pudiera estar, no sólo infravalorando la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes y jóvenes, sino sobreestimando el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud al respecto.</p>
			<p>No obstante, y a pesar de la considerable carencia de investigación acerca del consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua, diversos autores ponen de manifiesto notables prevalencias de dicha práctica entre los adolescentes y jóvenes europeos, constatando que ésta ha irrumpido con fuerza en este grupo de población<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Asimismo, algunos de ellos describen determinados condicionantes que contribuyen a que adolescentes y jóvenes adopten dicho comportamiento, entre los que figuran sus creencias respecto a esta forma de consumo y sus actitudes hacia la misma. El conocimiento de estos condicionantes resulta fundamental para el desarrollo por parte de los responsables de la salud pública de estrategias de promoción de la salud dirigidas a prevenir y disminuir esta forma de consumo de tabaco emergente en la población más joven.</p>
			<p>Se ha de destacar que en España la falta de trabajos, tanto en lo que respecta a la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua entre los adolescentes y jóvenes, como a los posibles determinantes de dicha práctica en los mismos, es prácticamente absoluta. En este sentido, tampoco la Encuesta sobre Uso de Drogas en Enseñanzas Secundarias (ESTUDES, 2014)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>, o el estudio sobre los hábitos de vida relacionados con la salud de los adolescentes, Health Behaviour in School Aged Children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, hacen referencia al fumador en pipa de agua.</p>
			<p>En consecuencia, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las creencias y actitudes de los estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato de la provincia de Las Palmas respecto al consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, tomando como referencia la población formada por todos los alumnos de educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato de los centros públicos de la provincia de Las Palmas. A partir de la misma se obtuvo la muestra de nuestro trabajo, que quedó constituida por 1770 alumnos, 895 de educación secundaria y 875 de bachillerato. Para determinar dicha muestra, se realizó una estratificación de cada bloque académico por áreas geográficas, agrupando a los alumnos en tantos clusters como grupos había en el centro por cada uno de los cursos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron, ser alumno de la enseñanza pública, pertenecer a uno de los centros, curso y clase de la provincia de Las Palmas seleccionados, independientemente de su edad o sexo, y aceptar participar en el estudio. </p>
			<p>El instrumento de recogida de datos fue un cuestionario ad hoc, diseñado para ser cumplimentado por los alumnos y para cuya realización se revisaron previamente, los cuestionarios empleados por otros autores, llevando a cabo un proceso de selección y adaptación de las preguntas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. El cuestionario, finalmente constituido por 53 preguntas cerradas, fue pilotado en adolescentes de edades y características similares.</p>
			<p>Una vez realizada la selección de la muestra, se puso en conocimiento de la Dirección Territorial de Educación de Las Palmas el objetivo del estudio, obteniendo su autorización para su realización. A continuación, vía e-mail, se informó acerca del mismo a los directores de los 20 institutos de enseñanza secundaria seleccionados, concertándose posteriormente y vía telefónica, el día y hora para pasar los cuestionarios.</p>
			<p>La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo en 2011, durante la cual el alumnado cumplimentó el cuestionario en el aula, una vez que se le hubo presentado el estudio e informado del carácter voluntario y anónimo del mismo. El tiempo requerido para ello fue, aproximadamente de 25-30 minutos. </p>
			<p>Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el paquete estadístico del programa SPSS 17.0 para Windows. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos consistente en un listado de frecuencias de las variables categóricas, y en el cálculo de las medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión de las variables cuantitativas. Los porcentajes se compararon utilizando el test de la χ2. Un test de hipótesis se consideró estadísticamente significativo, cuando el correspondiente p‐valor fue inferior a 0,05.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Las características sociodemográficas y la distribución de la población según el consumo experimental y actual de tabaco en pipa de agua se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características sociodemográficas y de consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt1.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>*</sup>Los datos son n (%).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> muestra los resultados relacionados con las creencias de la población acerca del consumo en pipa de agua, observándose que todas estas creencias erróneas fueron más frecuentes entre los fumadores de tabaco en pipa de agua que entre los no fumadores (p&lt;0,05).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Creencias relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt2.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Los datos son n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0,05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En las <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tablas 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>se presentan las percepciones y actitudes de los estudiantes, relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua y las políticas reguladoras del mismo. Cabe destacar que el 78,9% de los estudiantes se mostró de acuerdo con que fumar en pipa de agua está más aceptado socialmente que el consumo de cigarrillos, y el 63,7%, lo hizo con la aceptación del consumo por parte de sus amigos, percibiéndolo el 40,4% como una buena oportunidad para reunirse con amigos y familiares. Todas estas percepciones fueron más frecuentes entre los fumadores (p&lt;0,05), excepto la de que los fumadores en pipa de agua tienen más amigos que los no fumadores, para la que no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre fumadores y no fumadores.</p>
			<p>En cuanto a las actitudes hacia las políticas reguladoras del consumo de tabaco, se observó que las de carácter positivo fueron más frecuentes entre los no fumadores (p&lt;0,05), exceptuando la actitud hacia los institutos como espacios libres de humo, para la cual no se observó diferencias estadísticamente significativas.</p>
			<p>Sin embargo, entre los fumadores fue más frecuente una actitud favorable hacia la venta de tabaco para pipas de agua a los menores de edad (p&lt;0,05).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percepciones y actitudes hacia el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt3.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Los datos son n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0,05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actitudes hacia las políticas reguladoras del consumo de tabaco</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt4.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Los datos son n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0,05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, se muestran las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre la accesibilidad a la pipa de agua y a los productos que se emplean para su consumo, observándose asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la condición de fumador y la percepción sobre la facilidad para adquirir ambos. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percepciones sobre la accesibilidad a la pipa de agua y al tabaco para pipa de agua</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gf1.png"/>
					<attrib><sup>*</sup> p&lt;0,001</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Hasta la fecha son prácticamente inexistentes los estudios realizados en España que analicen en la población general y en los adolescentes en particular, el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua y los factores asociados al mismo. Los datos de nuestro estudio reflejan que casi la mitad (49%) de los estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato de la provincia de Las Palmas ha fumado alguna vez tabaco en pipa de agua, y aproximadamente un tercio de los mismos (33,7%) continúa haciéndolo en la actualidad. Estos datos muestran prevalencias de esta forma de consumo de tabaco muy superiores a las encontradas en otros estudios llevados a cabo en poblaciones similares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>La creencia de que el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua es más seguro que el consumo de cigarrillos ha sido descrita ampliamente en numerosos estudios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, si bien estos se realizaron en jóvenes universitarios. En nuestro trabajo más de la mitad de los adolescentes ha mostrado tener una baja percepción de riesgo para la salud del consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua, manifestado a través de creencias como que “el agua de la pipa de agua actúa como filtro del humo, conteniendo menos sustancias nocivas”, “el sabor de la fruta desintoxica el humo”, “fumar en pipa de agua no irrita los bronquios, ya que contiene sabores y esencias naturales”, o “la pipa de agua es menos perjudicial que fumar cigarrillos”. Todas estas creencias, además, han sido observadas en mayor proporción entre los estudiantes fumadores, hallazgo también presente en los trabajos consultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>. Para algunos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, el origen de dichas creencias podría estar en la relación que establecen los fumadores con las frutas, debido a los aromatizantes y saborizantes que se emplean en la elaboración de los productos utilizados en la pipa de agua, considerándola una opción de consumo de tabaco más saludable. Más de la mitad de nuestros adolescentes percibe incluso efectos beneficiosos, como que “alivia el estrés y la tensión”, observándose dicha percepción más frecuentemente entre los fumadores. Estas propiedades relajantes atribuidas a la pipa de agua se han visto reflejadas también en otras investigaciones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No sólo los aspectos organolépticos del humo, sino la textura más suave de éste, y la sensación de que no se inhala de igual manera que al fumar cigarrillos, podrían contribuir a generar la creencia de que éste es menos irritante para los bronquios, tal como ponen de manifiesto diversos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En nuestro estudio se ha observado, que la baja percepción de riesgo para la salud de esta forma de consumo, va acompañada de las creencias de ser menos adictiva que los cigarrillos, y de que es más fácil dejar de fumar en pipa de agua, encontrándose asociación significativa con la condición de fumador, aspecto que coincide con lo publicado en la literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Todo esto parece indicar, por un lado, que estas creencias difunden de modo natural entre los consumidores de pipa de agua, y por otro, que las sensaciones experimentadas durante el consumo contribuyen a su desarrollo, generando una actitud favorable hacia el mismo que se refleja en la elevada proporción de adolescentes fumadores que recomendaría fumar en pipa de agua a otras personas, dato similar a los hallados en otros estudios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Para muchos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> la aceptación social del consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua ha sido uno de los factores que ha contribuido a la rápida extensión de éste entre los jóvenes y los adolescentes. La mayoría de los estudiantes de nuestro trabajo opina que fumar tabaco en pipa de agua goza de más aprobación en la sociedad que hacerlo mediante cigarrillos, siendo también más aceptada esta forma de consumo por sus amigos, aspectos que coinciden con los descritos en otros trabajos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Ambas apreciaciones también son más frecuentes entre los fumadores.</p>
			<p>A esta aceptación social, se le suma la tolerancia familiar que perciben nuestros adolescentes, al mostrarse de acuerdo con que sus padres les permitirían fumar pipa de agua en casa, pero no cigarrillos, siendo esa actitud más frecuente entre los fumadores. Esta tolerancia por parte de las familias se hace patente en investigaciones que ponen de manifiesto que una considerable proporción de los padres apoyan este comportamiento, incluso alentando al mismo en las reuniones familiares mientras que prohíben el consumo de cigarrillos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Al igual que se ha observado en otros estudios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, este considerable nivel de aceptación percibido en familiares y amigos puede ayudar a explicar el hecho de que casi la mitad de nuestros adolescentes haya considerado que fumar en pipa de agua constituya una buena oportunidad para reunirse con ellos, aspecto percibido en mayor proporción entre los fumadores.</p>
			<p>Diversos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> han puesto de manifiesto que muchos jóvenes asocian esta forma de consumo con una mayor popularidad y prestigio entre sus iguales, considerándolo también un signo de madurez. Sin embargo, los resultados de nuestro estudio nos muestran una escasa proporción de adolescentes que identifica a los fumadores de pipas de agua como personas más populares o más maduras, siendo no obstante, más frecuente esta percepción entre los fumadores.</p>
			<p>En cuanto a las actitudes hacia las políticas reguladoras del consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua, destaca en todos los casos la elevada proporción de adolescentes que muestra actitudes positivas hacia las políticas saludables y restrictivas de su consumo. Se ha observado asociación significativa entre ser no fumador y actitudes favorables hacia leyes que protejan la salud del no consumidor, hacia la regulación de los espacios donde se permita el consumo de pipas de agua, y hacia un aumento de los precios de estos productos. Estos resultados están en consonancia con los obtenidos en estudios similares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Por último se ha de resaltar que una cuarta parte de nuestros adolescentes se ha mostrado de acuerdo con la venta de tabaco para pipas de agua a los menores de edad, siendo más frecuente esta actitud entre los fumadores, en coherencia con los trabajados consultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Este posicionamiento por parte de los estudiantes fumadores no resulta del todo extraño en tanto en cuanto, la mayoría de los adolescentes, y de manera significativa los fumadores, percibe que es fácil adquirir una pipa de agua y los productos de tabaco que se emplean para fumar en ella. Esto pone de manifiesto la fácil accesibilidad a los mismos en nuestro entorno actualmente, a pesar de ser muchos de estos estudiantes menores de edad. </p>
			<p>En cuanto a las limitaciones de este trabajo, se ha de precisar que al valorar sus resultados se ha de tener en cuenta, además de las inherentes a los estudios transversales, el hecho de que los datos obtenidos procedan sólo de la provincia de Las Palmas. No obstante, la carencia de estudios en este sentido determina que este trabajo constituya un primer acercamiento a las creencias y actitudes de los adolescentes de nuestro país hacia el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Podemos afirmar que los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio nos muestran que casi la mitad de los escolares de secundaria y bachillerato de la provincia de Las Palmas ha experimentado el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua, fumando en la actualidad un tercio de ellos. La mayoría de los estudiantes considera menos peligroso y adictivo el consumo de tabaco en pipa de agua que el de cigarrillos convencionales, atribuyéndole incluso, efectos beneficiosos. Estas creencias han difundido ampliamente entre los fumadores contribuyendo a aumentar su popularidad entre los adolescentes, lo que se pone de manifiesto en la aceptación social y la tolerancia familiar que es percibida por los escolares de nuestro estudio. Todo ello sugiere la necesidad de desarrollar intervenciones educativas que contribuyan a desterrar estas creencias erróneas. Conjuntamente, se deberían poner en marcha políticas de control sobre esta forma de consumo de tabaco, ya que la ausencia de las mismas puede estar contribuyendo a la accesibilidad de estos productos entre los menores de edad.</p>
		</sec>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Beliefs and attitudes of spanish adolescents regarding waterpipe smoking</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To identify beliefs and attitudes of high school students in Las Palmas regarding waterpipe smoking. This objective responds to the recent and increasing waterpipe smoking among European adolescents, the lack of data on its determinants and the absence of research on this issue among adolescents in Spain.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p>The sample, which comprised 1770 students of the province of Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), was obtained by stratifying each academic block by geographic areas, grouping the students in as many clusters as existing groups in the school for each year group. An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect data and a descriptive analysis of the data carried out. Proportions were compared using the χ2 test.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>70.7% of adolescents considered that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than smoking cigarettes and 71.3% believed it to be less addictive. Students asserted that it is a generally accepted practice among their friends (63.7%) and in society (78.9%). 27.8% of the interviewees perceived that their parents would allow them to smoke waterpipe at home. All of these beliefs and attitudes were more common among smokers (p&lt;0.001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p>Most students consider waterpipe smoking to be less dangerous and less addictive than cigarette consumption. This belief, the perception of its social acceptance and family tolerance towards it have increased its popularity among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
				<kwd>waterpipe smoking</kwd>
				<kwd>tobacco</kwd>
				<kwd>beliefs</kwd>
				<kwd>attitudes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Currently, most of the studies of the prevalence of smoking continue to be based exclusively on the consumption of cigarettes and its possible determining factors, without considering that in recent decades the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes (shishas), a practice originating from the Middle East, has spread worldwide, essentially among adolescents and young people <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>).</sup></p>
				<p>It is estimated that approximately 100 million people daily smoke tobacco in a waterpipe <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, which means, therefore, that the incorporation of prevalence data related to this mode of consumption of tobacco should be considered in studies of smoking. Its omission could not only be undervaluing the prevalence of tobacco consumption by adolescents and young people but also overestimating the degree of compliance with the objectives of the World Health Organisation on smoking.</p>
				<p>Nevertheless, in spite of the notable lack of research around the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes, various authors have reported a remarkable prevalence of this practice among adolescents and young people in Europe, stating that it has strongly increased in this section of the population <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Some of these authors have also described certain determining factors which contribute to adolescents and young people adopting this practice, among which are their beliefs in relation to this form of consumption and their attitudes towards it. An understanding of these factors is therefore fundamental for the development by those responsible for public health of health promotion strategies aimed at preventing and reducing this form of tobacco consumption emergent in the younger population.</p>
				<p>It should be stressed that in Spain the lack of works, both with respect to the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes among adolescents and young people and with regard to possible determining factors for this practice in this group, is practically total. Indeed, neither the survey on drug use in secondary education (ESTUDES, 2014), nor the study of health-related behaviour of adolescents, Health Behaviour in School Aged Children <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, make reference to waterpipe smokers.</p>
				<p>As a consequence, the objective of this study was to identify the beliefs and attitudes of students in compulsory secondary education and further education <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> in the province of Las Palmas with respect to the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHOD</title>
				<p>A cross-sectional study was carried out, taking as its reference the population formed by all the students in compulsory secondary education and further education in state schools in the province of Las Palmas. From this population the sample for our study was obtained, made up of 1770 students, 895 from secondary education and 875 from further education. To determine this sample, a stratification was carried out for each academic block by geographic area, grouping the students in as many clusters as existing groups in the school for each year group. The inclusion criteria were being a student in state education, belonging to one of the centres, year and class selected in the province of Las Palmas, independent of age or sex, and agreeing to participate in the study.</p>
				<p>The data collection tool was an ad hoc questionnaire designed to be completed by the students, for the purpose of which questionnaires used by other authors were first reviewed to enable a process of selection and adaptation of the questions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. The questionnaire, finally made up of 53 closed questions, was piloted in adolescents of similar age and characteristics.</p>
				<p>Once the selection of the sample was made, the objective of the research was made known to the Directorate of Education for Las Palmas, to obtain their authorisation to carry out the study. Then, via e-mail, the directors of the 20 selected secondary schools were informed about the study, and the day and time for the distribution of the questionnaires subsequently arranged by telephone.</p>
				<p>The collection of data was carried out in 2011 during which time, once the study had been presented to them and they had been informed that it was voluntary and anonymous, the students completed the questionnaire in the class-room.The time required to complete the questionnaire was approximately 25-30 minutes. For the statistical analysis the software package SPSS 17.0 for Windows was used. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed, consisting of a listing of frequencies of the categorical variables, and the calculation of the measures of central tendency and dispersion of the quantitative variables. The percentages were compared using the χ2 test. A hypothesis test was considered statistically significant when the corresponding p-value was less than 0.05. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The sociodemographic characteristics and the distribution of the population according to experimental and current consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>sociodemographic characteristics and the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt5.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>*these data are n (%).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> shows the results relating to the beliefs of the population around the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe, it being observed that all these erroneous beliefs were more common among the smokers of tobacco in waterpipe than among the non-smokers (p&lt;0.05.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Beliefs related to the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt6.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>The data are n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4 </xref>present the perceptions and attitudes of the students relating to the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe, and its regulatory policies. It is worth highlighting the fact that 78.9% of the students were in agreement that smoking in a waterpipe is more socially acceptable than consumption of cigarettes, and that 63.7% agreed about the acceptance of the former on the part of their friends, with 40.4% perceiving it as a good opportunity to get together with friends and family. All these perceptions were more common among the smokers (p&lt;0.05), except that the waterpipe smokers had more friends than the non-smokers, which meant that no statistically significant difference was observed between the smokers and the non-smokers.</p>
				<p>In terms of attitudes towards regulatory policies for the consumption of tobacco, it was observed that those with a more positive attitude were more frequent among non-smokers (p&lt;0.05), except for the attitude towards high schools as smoke-free zones, in which no statistically significant differences were observed. </p>
				<p>However, among smokers a favourable attitude towards the sale of tobacco for waterpipes to minors was more common p&lt;0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Perceptions of and attitudes towards consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt7.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>The data are n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Attitudes towards regulatory policies for the consumption of tobacco</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gt8.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>The data are n (%). <sup>*</sup> p&lt;0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows the perceptions of the students regarding the accessibility of waterpipes and of the products which are consumed using them, there being observed a statistically significant association between the condition of being a smoker and the perception regarding the ease of acquiring both.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Perceptions regarding the accessibility of waterpipe and tobacco for use with it.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-65-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>To date, studies carried out in Spain which analyse in the general population and among adolescents in particular, the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes and factors associated with this are practically non-existent. The data from our study reflect the fact that almost half (49%) of students in secondary and further education in the province of Las Palmas have smoked tobacco in a waterpipe once, and that approximately a third of them (33.7%) are currently continuing to do so. These data show a prevalence of this form of consumption of tobacco much greater than that found in other studies carried out in similar populations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>).</sup></p>
				<p>The belief that the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe is much safer than that consumed in cigarettes has been reported widely in numerous studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, even though carried out in young university students. In our work more than half the adolescents were shown to have a low perception of the health risk of consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe, manifested through beliefs such as “the water in the pipe acts as a smoke filter, containing fewer noxious substances”, “the fruit flavour detoxifies the smoke”, “smoking with a waterpipe does not irritate the bronchioles, since it contains natural flavours and essences”, or “a waterpipe is less harmful than smoking cigarettes”. All these beliefs, furthermore, have been observed in higher proportions among students who are smokers, a finding also present in other studies consulted <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>. For some authors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, the origins of these beliefs could be in the association which the smokers make with fruit, due to the aromatics and flavourings which are used in the manufacture of the products used in waterpipes, thereby considering it to be a healthier option for the consumption of tobacco. More than half of our adolescents even perceived beneficial effects such as “alleviation of stress and tension”, this perception being observed more frequently among the smokers. These relaxing properties attributed to the waterpipe have also been seen in other research studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Not only the organoleptic aspects of the smoke, but also its greater smoothness, and the sensation that it is not inhaled in the same way as with cigarettes, could contribute to generating the belief that this smoke is less irritating to the bronchi, as reported by various authors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In our study, it was observed that the low perception of risk to health of this form of consumption is accompanied by the beliefs that it is less addictive than cigarette smoking, and that it is easier to quit smoking a waterpipe, a significant association being found in those who smoke, which coincides with what is published in the literature <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>All this appears to indicate, on the one hand, that these beliefs spread naturally among waterpipe users, and on the other, that the sensations experienced during this use contribute to its development, generating a favourable attitude towards the use of waterpipes, which is reflected in the high proportion of adolescent smokers who would recommend a waterpipe to other people, data similar to those described in other studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>For many authors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> the social acceptance of the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe has been one of the factors which has contributed to its rapid increase among young people and adolescents. Most of the students in our study had the view that smoking tobacco in a waterpipe enjoys more approval in society than smoking cigarettes, the former mode of consumption also being more accepted by friends, views which coincided with those described in other works <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Both of these views are also more common among smokers. </p>
				<p>To this social acceptance is added the family tolerance which our adolescents perceived by expressing agreement that their parents would allow them to smoke a waterpipe, but not cigarettes, at home, this attitude being more common among the smokers. This tolerance on the part of families is patent in studies which show that a considerable proportion of parents support this behaviour, even encouraging it in family reunions while prohibiting the consumption of cigarettes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. As has been observed in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> this remarkable level of acceptance seen in families and friends may help explain the fact that nearly half of our adolescents considered that smoking a waterpipe constituted a good opportunity to get together with them, an aspect which was perceived to a greater extent among smokers.</p>
				<p>Various authors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> have shown that many young people associate this form of consumption with having greater popularity and prestige among their peers, also considering it to be a sign of maturity. However, the results of our study show us that there is only a small proportion of adolescents who identify waterpipe smokers as being people who are more popular or more mature, this perception being, nevertheless, more common amongst the smokers.</p>
				<p>In terms of attitudes towards regulatory policies for the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe, what is notable in all cases is the high proportion of adolescents who show positive attitudes towards policies which focus on health and are restrictive of its consumption. A significant association has been observed between being a non-smoker and favourable attitudes towards laws which protect the health of the non-consumer, towards the regulation of the spaces where the use of waterpipes is permitted and towards an increase in the price of these products. These results are in concordance with those of other similar studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Finally, it must be highlighted that a quarter of our adolescents expressed agreement with the selling of tobacco for waterpipes to minors, this attitude being more frequent among the smokers, in agreement with the studies consulted (29). This positioning on the part of smoking students does not seem at all strange insofar as the majority of adolescents, and significantly the smokers, perceive that it is easy to acquire a waterpipe and the tobacco products to use with it. This shows how easily accessible these items are in our current environment, in spite of many of these students being minors. </p>
				<p>Regarding the limitations of this work, it should be pointed out that when assessing its results, in addition to those limitations inherent in cross-sectional studies the fact that the data obtained come solely from the province of Las Palmas should also be taken into account. Nevertheless, the lack of studies on this matter means that this work constitutes a first approach to understanding of the beliefs and attitudes of adolescents in our country towards the consumption of tobacco in waterpipes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>We are able to affirm that the data obtained in our study show us that almost half the students in secondary and further education in the province of Las Palmas have experienced the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe, with a third of them smoking currently. The majority of the students consider the consumption of tobacco in a waterpipe to be less dangerous and less addictive than conventional smoking of cigarettes, even attributing to it beneficial effects. These beliefs have become widespread among smokers, contributing to an increase in its popularity among adolescents, and manifested in the social acceptance and family tolerance which is perceived by the students in our study. All this suggests the need to develop educative interventions which can contribute to the banishment these erroneous beliefs, together with policies for the control of this form of consumption of tobacco should be put in place, since their absence may be contributing to the accessibility of these products among minors.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article-->
</article>
