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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.2.268831</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Burnout y engagement en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Burnout and engagement among university nursing students</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Liébana Presa</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernández Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Mª Elena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vázquez Casares</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Mª</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>López Alonso</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Borrego</surname>
						<given-names>Mª Aurora</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor Colaborador fijo. Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia. Grupo de investigación Cuidados para la Salud (CUIDAS). Universidad de León. Ponferrada, León. España. E-mail: cliep@unileon.es </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de León</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de León</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ponferrada</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">León</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
				<email>cliep@unileon.es</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Profesora Titular de Universidad. Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia. Grupo de investigación cuidados para la salud (CUIDAS). Universidad de León. Ponferrada, León. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de León</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de León</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ponferrada</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">León</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Profesora Titular de Universidad. Departamento de Enfermería. Universidad de Córdoba/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBC). Grupo de investigación IMIBIC-GA2. Cuidados Enfermeros Integrales perspectiva Multidisciplinar. Córdoba. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de León</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Córdoba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Córdoba</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor Colaborador fijo. Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia. Grupo de investigación Cuidados para la Salud (CUIDAS). Universidad de León. Ponferrada, León. España. E-mail: cliep@unileon.es </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de León</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de León</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ponferrada</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">León</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>50</issue>
			<fpage>131</fpage>
			<lpage>141</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Los universitarios se encuentran sometidos a cargas académicas prolongadas que ocuparan la mayor parte de su tiempo. La capacidad para hacer frente a estas situaciones de estrés durante su formación, dependerá ente otras cosas, de la disposición personal para afrontar las demandas académicas.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Describir el nivel de <italic>burnout</italic> (agotamiento, cinismo y eficacia académica) y el compromiso académico a través de la variable <italic>engagement</italic> (absorción, dedicación y vigor), además de analizar las asociaciones, relaciones y predicciones entre estas variables en estudiantes de Enfermería. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Material y método</title>
					<p> Estudio descriptivo transversal en 1009 sujetos. Instrumentos de recogida de datos: <italic>Maslach Burnout Inventory</italic> y <italic>Utrech Work Engagement</italic> en versión estudiantes. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Las dimensiones del <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic> correlacionan entre sí. A mayor eficacia académica menos agotamiento y cinismo y mayor puntuación en todas las dimensiones del <italic>engagement</italic> académico. El vigor y la dedicación predicen puntuaciones más altas en eficacia académica. Las mujeres se perciben con puntuaciones más bajas en cinismo y más altas en eficacia académica, absorción y dedicación. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p> Los alumnos muestran más burnout cuando manifiestan altas puntuaciones de agotamiento y cinismo y bajas en eficacia académica, además valores altos en las tres dimensiones del <italic>engagement</italic> indican alto compromiso con sus estudios. La relación entre estas variables pone de manifiesto la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres y la influencia positiva del <italic>engagement</italic> en la eficacia académica del estudiante. El fomento de <italic>engagement</italic> puede ser una oportunidad para superar las tareas académicas y para enfrentarse al mundo laboral con mayor probabilidad de éxito.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>University students are tasked with a protracted academic workload that occupies the greater part of their time. Their ability to cope with the stress this entails during their degree course will partly depend on their personal response to these academic demands.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> to describe nursing students’ level of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism and academic efficacy) and academic engagement through the variable engagement (absorption, dedication and vigour), and to analyse associations, relations and predictions between these variables. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and method</title>
					<p> cross-sectional descriptive study with 1009 subjects. Data collection instruments: student versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> the dimensions of burnout and engagement correlated with each other. The higher the score for academic efficacy, the lower the scores for exhaustion and cynicism and the higher the score in all dimensions of academic engagement. Vigour and dedication predicted higher scores for academic efficacy. Females’ self-perceptions indicated lower scores for cynicism and higher scores for academic efficacy, absorption and dedication. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> students evidenced more burnout when they obtained high scores for exhaustion and cynicism and low scores for academic efficacy. In addition, high scores for the three dimensions of engagement indicated high commitment to their studies. The relationship between these variables indicates a difference between males and females and a positive influence of engagement on students’ academic efficacy. Promoting engagement could help students to deal with academic tasks and enter the labour market with a greater probability of success.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>Burnout</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermería</kwd>
				<kwd>Educación en enfermería</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>Burnout</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing Education</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="31"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Una consecuencia de estrés laboral es el síndrome de <italic>burnout</italic> y aunque no existe una definición unánimemente aceptada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> parece que hay acuerdo en entender el <italic>burnout</italic> como un fenómeno psicológico que surge como respuesta a factores estresantes crónicos interpersonales en el trabajo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, es un síndrome caracterizado por tres dimensiones básicas, agotamiento emocional, despersonalización o cinismo y una falta de realización personal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. El agotamiento describe una pérdida progresiva de energía en las tareas que se realizan, es la manifestación primaria del <italic>burnout</italic> y la dimensión que más comúnmente se declara. La despersonalización, se manifiesta por irritabilidad, actitudes negativas y respuestas insensibles hacia las personas. La tercera dimensión del <italic>burnout</italic>, falta de realización personal, está caracterizada por respuestas negativas hacia sí mismo y hacia las actividades que se desempeñan, las personas expresan falta de productividad en el trabajo e inadecuación a las tareas profesionales<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>El interés que el término de <italic>burnout</italic> está teniendo en la actualidad<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> ha dispuesto la extensión de este síndrome a muestras pre-ocupacionales como los estudiantes universitarios, la investigación sobre el <italic>burnout</italic> académico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> indica que los estudiantes también presentan desgaste por las tareas que realizan.</p>
			<p>Un hecho relevante en la investigación sobre <italic>burnout</italic> ha sido el estudio de un constructo opuesto denominado <italic>engagement</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. El <italic>engagement</italic> o compromiso psicológico, coincide con el movimiento de la psicología positiva que trata de potenciar los aspectos favorecedores de la vida humana para construir cualidades positivas y evitar la dominante preocupación por los aspectos negativos de las personas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. El <italic>engagement</italic> es definido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> como un estado positivo de la mente que se caracteriza por energía, implicación y eficacia. Más concretamente, el <italic>engagement</italic> es entendido como un constructo motivacional positivo relacionado con el trabajo que está caracterizado por los atributos de vigor, dedicación y absorción<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Es un estado cognitivo-afectivo más que un estado específico y temporal, que persiste en el tiempo y que no está focalizado sobre un objeto o una conducta específica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. El vigor hace referencia a los altos niveles de energía con las tareas desarrolladas, así como un fuerte deseo de esfuerzo y persistencia ante la aparición de obstáculos en el camino. La característica de dedicación, responde a altos niveles de significado del trabajo, entusiasmo, inspiración, orgullo y el reto en las tareas realizadas. El factor de absorción implica altos niveles de concentración y de felicidad mientras se realiza una actividad. La persona, se encuentra inmersa en lo que hace y experimenta la sensación de que el tiempo pasa muy deprisa.</p>
			<p>Cuando se habla del <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic> como constructos contrarios, algunas investigaciones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> matizan que el vigor y la dedicación del <italic>engagement</italic> son dimensiones opuestas al agotamiento y cinismo del <italic>burnout</italic>, consideradas éstas últimas dimensiones, el “corazón del <italic>burnout</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>”.</p>
			<p>Los últimos estudios sobre estos constructos muestran un creciente interés por el <italic>burnout</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> y <italic>engagement</italic> en el ámbito académico en muestras de estudiantes universitarios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, tras análisis confirmatorios de la validez y la consistencia interna de los instrumentos que evalúan estas variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, también se ha estudiado si el <italic>engagement</italic> añade valor explicativo en la predicción de indicadores de bienestar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Además, ambos constructos, se han relacionado con otras variables como la inteligencia emocional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> y la satisfacción<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. En esta misma línea, recientemente, se han analizado la influencia de estos constructos junto a la eficacia y rendimiento académico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, ampliando las perspectivas y entendiendo el <italic>burnout</italic> como crisis de eficacia o la eficacia como motor de <italic>engagement</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En las universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España), contexto educativo de la presente investigación, los estudiantes universitarios y en particular los de enfermería, deben superar los retos académicos programados en los planes de estudio que ocuparán la mayor parte de su tiempo. Los alumnos, se implican en las tareas teóricas organizadas bajo un estricto horario y además deben acudir a las prácticas clínicas, donde se les exige comportamientos y actividades productivas, conocimientos todos ellos, sometidos a evaluación. Las instituciones públicas de educación superior, deben prestar atención al estado emocional de sus estudiantes en situaciones de aprendizaje<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> puesto que la capacidad para hacer frente a las situaciones de estrés durante su educación, dependerá de la disposición personal para afrontar las demandas académicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Los objetivos del este estudio son describir el nivel de <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic> en los estudiantes de enfermería de las universidades públicas de la región de Castilla y León (España). Analizar la relación, asociación y predicción entre las dimensiones de agotamiento emocional, cinismo, eficacia académica del <italic>burnout</italic> con los niveles de absorción, dedicación y vigor del <italic>engagement</italic>. Así como, analizar las diferencias de medias, comparando los grupos de hombres y mujeres. Estos objetivos se presentan para conocer más sobre estas variables y su relación, con el fin de identificar posibles necesidades de intervención que puedan garantizar la calidad de la enseñanza y dotar al universitario de recursos para su futuro académico y profesional, competencias de éxito para la institución universitaria pública.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Diseño de investigación</p>
			<p>Investigación cuantitativa sin intervención. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se analizaron las diferencias entre los grupos de hombres y mujeres así como las correlaciones y predicciones que se establecen entre las distintas variables a estudio, <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic>. </p>
			<p>Sujetos y ámbito de estudio</p>
			<p>La población de estudio fueron los estudiantes de la titulación de Enfermería matriculados en el curso académico 2009/2010. Los estudiantes pertenecían a las cuatro Universidades públicas que existen en Castilla y León (España): universidad de Burgos, universidad de León, universidad de Salamanca y universidad de Valladolid.</p>
			<p>Instrumentos de recogida de datos</p>
			<p>-Cuestionario <italic>Maslasch Burnout Inventory-Students Survey</italic> (MBI-SS), adaptado para medir el nivel de <italic>burnout</italic> en estudiantes universitarios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> y validado en la población española<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. Esta escala contiene 15 ítems que evalúan las dimensiones de agotamiento (=0,876), cinismo (=0,826) y eficacia académica (=0,663); todos estos aspectos relacionados con sentimientos, creencias y conductas relacionadas con la experiencia como “estudiante” en la universidad. El intervalo de respuesta de los distintos ítems, oscila desde 0 a 6 en una escala tipo Likert en la que 0 significa totalmente en desacuerdo y 6 totalmente de acuerdo. El estudiante está más quemado cuando manifiesta altas puntuaciones en agotamiento y cinismo y bajas puntuaciones en su creencia de eficacia académica.</p>
			<p>-Cuestionario <italic>Utrech Work engagement Student</italic> (UWES-S) adaptado para medir el nivel de engagemnet en estudiantes universitarios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> y validado en la población española<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. Es una escala de 17 ítems que se usa para medir las tres dimensiones de este constructo en estudiantes: vigor (=0,792), dedicación (=0,791) y absorción (=0,802). Las respuestas de los encuestados se cuantifican según una escala tipo Likert, en la que 0 significa totalmente en desacuerdo y 6 totalmente de acuerdo con la afirmación reflejada en el ítem. Altas puntuaciones en estas dimensiones reflejan elevados niveles de <italic>engagement</italic> académico.</p>
			<p>Las características socio-demográficas fueron: sexo, edad, y universidad donde cursaban sus estudios. </p>
			<p>Procedimiento</p>
			<p>Se solicitó por escrito a las universidades participantes el permiso para la administración de los cuestionarios. Tras la respuesta favorable por parte de los centros, se concretó con las cuatro universidades públicas el día y la hora más adecuados para el desplazamiento a la Universidad correspondiente y proceder con la recogida de datos. En el contexto del aula y previamente a la administración de los cuestionarios, la investigadora principal informó oralmente y por escrito, a través de la hoja de información y consentimiento informado (que no precisaron firmar, para preservar su anonimato), de los objetivos del estudio y contestó a las preguntas que los estudiantes plantearon al respecto. Tras asegurar a todos los individuos participantes el anonimato y el carácter voluntario de su participación en el estudio, se les distribuyó los cuestionarios para que los cumplimentasen de forma individual. El tiempo empleado en cumplimentar los cuestionarios fue de aproximadamente 20 minutos. </p>
			<p>Análisis de los datos</p>
			<p>Las técnicas de análisis de datos utilizadas fueron los estadísticos descriptivos (tendencia central y de dispersión), análisis de correlación lineal (coeficiente de correlación de Pearson), análisis T-test con la prueba t de student y el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, para elaborar predicciones sobre una variable a partir de otras. Con el fin de hallar los indicadores psicométricos de los instrumentos de medida, se analizó el coeficiente de fiabilidad alfa de Cronbach ().</p>
			<p>La base de datos y los análisis estadísticos citados se han realizado mediante el programa informático SPSS 21.0 (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>).</p>
			<p>Consideraciones éticas</p>
			<p>El protocolo de estudio y los instrumentos fueron aprobados por la Comisión ejecutiva del Comité de Ética de la Universidad de León.</p>
			<p>La investigación propuesta respeta los principios fundamentales de la declaración de Helsinki, así como los principios éticos de la profesión enfermera que sobre investigación tiene establecido el código Deontológico de la Enfermería Española.</p>
			<p>Los cuestionarios fueron acompañados de la hoja de información y del consentimiento verbal y escrito.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Participaron de manera voluntaria y anónima, 1009 estudiantes de enfermería matriculados en las cuatro Universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España). La media de edad fue de 21,53 años. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> se muestran las características de los sujetos y la distribución de los participantes por universidades, el sexo predominante fue el femenino con 859 mujeres (85,1%) y 127 hombres (12,7%), aquellos estudiantes que no cumplimentaron o respondieron de forma incorrecta a la variable sexo fueron considerados bajo la categoría desconocidos. La cifra de desconocidos ascendió a 23 participantes de la muestra (2,3%). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características socio-demográficas de los estudiantes de enfermería de las universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt1.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Las medias, desviaciones típicas, correlaciones de Pearson y coeficientes de fiabilidad de los instrumentos de medida se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>. Como se puede observar, el alfa de Cronbach supera o se aproxima en las dimensiones analizadas al criterio de 0,70 recomendado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estadísticos descriptivos y coeficientes de fiabilidad de los instrumentos de medida del <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic> de los estudiantes de enfermería de las universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt2.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label><sup>*</sup></label>
							<p>La correlación es significativa al nivel 0,01 (bilateral).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>**La correlación es significante al nivel 0,05 (bilateral).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Según se observa en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>, los resultados explican que las dimensiones del <italic>burnout</italic> se correlacionan entre sí, además, la asociación entre agotamiento y cinismo es más fuerte que la hallada para la eficacia académica. La eficacia académica presenta una correlación moderada en positivo con las variables del <italic>engagement</italic>; los resultados evidencian que cuanto mayor sea la eficacia académica mostrada por los estudiantes, menores son las puntuaciones obtenidas para el agotamiento y cinismo y mayor es el <italic>engagement</italic> (absorción, dedicación y vigor). Las tres dimensiones del <italic>engagement</italic> correlacionan entre sí de manera significativa y en sentido positivo.</p>
			<p>Para conocer si las variables se comportan de diferente manera en función del sexo de los individuos, se utiliza la prueba t para muestras independientes (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la comparación de las medias entre mujeres y hombres para las puntuaciones de cinismo, eficacia académica, absorción y dedicación. Las mujeres puntúan significativamente más alto en estas variables que los hombres excepto en el cinismo donde ellas puntúan más bajo.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descriptivos y prueba t en función del sexo de los estudiantes de enfermería de las universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt3.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Tras la evidencia de correlaciones entre la eficacia académica y el resto de las variables estudiadas, el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple muestra que el modelo 2 explica el 31,1% de la varianza de la eficacia académica, tal y como se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 4</xref>. Para este análisis, se ha seguido el modelo por pasos (criterio: Prob. de F para entrar &lt;=0,050, Prob. de F para salir &gt;=0,100). Las variables vigor (beta=0,417, t=-13,335 y p&lt;0,001) y dedicación (beta=0,212, t=6,776 y p&lt;0,001) son las que explican más variabilidad. El aumento en la puntuación de vigor y dedicación (<italic>engagement</italic>), percibido por los estudiantes, predicen puntuaciones más altas en eficacia académica.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Regresión lineal para la variable dependiente eficacia académica, estudiantes de enfermería de las universidades públicas de Castilla y León (España).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt4.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*p=0,000</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos muestran que todas las dimensiones del <italic>engagement</italic> están fuertemente correlacionadas entre sí, en sentido positivo, en los estudiantes de Enfermería de Castilla y León (España). La dedicación es la variable del <italic>engagement</italic> que ha obtenido valores más elevados, este dato se confirma con otros estudios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> donde además se han encontrado relaciones entre esta variable con satisfacción, gestión del tiempo o el bienestar en estudiantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. En el caso del <italic>burnout</italic>, la asociación es positiva y moderada para el agotamiento y cinismo, y negativa y más débil en el caso de la eficacia académica y los otros dos factores del constructo. Estos datos fortalecen el carácter consistente de las dos dimensiones del corazón del <italic>burnout</italic> y la tendencia a analizar el <italic>burnout</italic> como crisis de auto-eficacia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, de manera que cuanto mayor sea la eficacia académica mostrada por los estudiantes de Enfermería de las universidades públicas de Castilla y León, menores serán sus niveles de agotamiento y cinismo. Como se esperaba, se confirman otros resultados obtenidos en esta línea que han encontrado asociaciones muy aproximadas a las halladas en el presente estudio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Asimismo, las investigaciones que tratan de identificar las diferencias en función del sexo de los sujetos, muestran que no hay unanimidad, así en algunos estudios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> no han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las tres dimensiones del <italic>burnout</italic> aunque sí hallaron valores significativamente más elevados de dedicación para las mujeres. Sin embargo, en otras investigaciones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, no se encontraron diferencias de medias en función del sexo para estas variables estudiadas. En la población del estudio que se está presentado, al igual que en el estudio realizado por otros autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> se han encontrado diferencias significativas en función del sexo para el cinismo, eficacia, absorción y dedicación. Las mujeres adoptan menos actitudes negativas y distantes, se muestran menos cínicas y se valoran con mayor eficacia, además presentan niveles más elevados de absorción y entusiasmo, inspiración, orgullo y desafío (dedicación) que los hombres.</p>
			<p>Respecto a las relaciones entre <italic>burnout</italic> y <italic>engagement</italic>, los resultados obtenidos se apoyan en otras investigaciones empíricas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Así, las conclusiones de investigaciones con estudiantes de turismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> sugieren que la naturaleza desfavorable de <italic>burnout</italic> (altos niveles de agotamiento y cinismo y poca eficacia) disminuye el compromiso de los estudiantes con su actividad académica (vigor, dedicación y absorción académica disminuida). Al contrario, otros resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> en una muestra de primero de estudiantes de medicina analiza cómo éstos se encuentran comprometidos y enfocados académicamente (altos niveles de <italic>engagement</italic>); mientras que en relación a su opuesto, <italic>burnout</italic>, los alumnos presentaban un bajo grado de agotamiento o cansancio emocional. En la muestra estudiada se observa que el factor eficacia académica correlaciona significativamente en positivo con el <italic>engagement</italic> y en negativo con el <italic>burnout</italic>, es decir, los alumnos con elevadas expectativas personales y auto-evaluación positiva, también presentan menos sentimientos de desgaste o agotamiento, menor cantidad de adopción de actitudes negativas o cinismo, así como una mayor motivación para las tareas caracterizada por vigor, dedicación y absorción. El análisis de regresión muestra la influencia de las variables vigor y dedicación sobre la eficacia académica, así los futuros profesionales de enfermería estudiados, con altos valores en vigor y dedicación puntúan alto en eficacia académica. </p>
			<p>Limitaciones</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos no permiten concluir acerca de la causalidad existente entre las variables estudiadas, sería para ello necesario desarrollar estudios longitudinales o de carácter experimental que logren profundizar en esta cuestión.</p>
			<p>Los sujetos estudiados no son representativos de la población universitaria, ya que solamente provienen la rama de ciencias de la salud, enfermería. </p>
			<p>Existe también un sesgo en cuanto al sexo, ya que el conjunto de sujetos no es homogéneo para a esta variable, por lo que los resultados y conclusiones sobre las diferencias de género deben ser tomados con cautela.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, este estudio ha utilizado una medida de auto-informe para la recopilación de datos donde los resultados podrían haber sido exagerados</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Los alumnos de enfermería de Castilla y León (España) se muestran más quemados cuando manifiestan altas puntuaciones de agotamiento y cinismo y bajas en autoeficacia. Además los resultados relativos a las tres dimensiones del <italic>engagement</italic> indican que están altamente correlacionadas entre sí, por lo que altas puntuaciones en estas escalas indican niveles elevados de <italic>engagement</italic> académico.</p>
			<p>Las mujeres universitarias que participaron en el estudio, se muestran menos cínicas y se valoran con mayor eficacia académica. Además, presentan niveles más elevados de absorción y dedicación que los hombres.</p>
			<p>Los alumnos con elevada eficacia académica, presentan menos sentimientos de agotamiento emocional, menores puntuaciones en cinismo, así como una mayor <italic>engagement</italic> o compromiso con los estudios, caracterizada por vigor, dedicación y absorción.</p>
			<p>Las relaciones entre estos dos constructos pone de manifiesto la influencia positiva de <italic>engagement</italic> en la eficacia académica del estudiante; apelando a la perspectiva positiva se podría decir que los resultados indican que estudiantes vigorosos y dedicados a sus tareas hacen que se sientan más eficaces en sus estudios y con niveles más bajos de <italic>burnout</italic>. Según lo expuesto, el fomento del <italic>engagement</italic> (vigor y dedicación) puede ser una oportunidad para afrontar las tareas académicas y finalizar adecuadamente la formación (eficacia académica) así como para enfrentarse al mundo laboral con mayor probabilidad de éxito.</p>
			<p>Se considera necesario realizar más estudios en este tema y un siguiente paso lógico, por la fase incipiente en la que se encuentra el <italic>engagement</italic>, podría ser profundizar en las relaciones con otras variables en el campo personal (inteligencia emocional, salud, estado afectivo, sentido de coherencia, mecanismos de afrontamiento, etc.) y en la institución universitaria (variables contextuales, organizacionales y académicas), así como ampliar la muestra a otros territorios. Además sería interesante que las Universidades se plantearan planes estratégicos para promocionar la salud en entornos universitarios y potenciar el <italic>engagement</italic> académico (motivación con los estudios). Estas habilidades son especialmente interesantes para los estudiantes de Enfermería, ya que el compromiso con sus estudios podría implicar mejores resultados académicos y repercutiría posiblemente en un mejor bienestar personal y en unos cuidados de calidad en la población.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Burnout and engagement among university nursing students</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>University students are tasked with a protracted academic workload that occupies the greater part of their time. Their ability to cope with the stress this entails during their degree course will partly depend on their personal response to these academic demands.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> to describe nursing students’ level of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism and academic efficacy) and academic engagement through the variable engagement (absorption, dedication and vigour), and to analyse associations, relations and predictions between these variables. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and method</title>
					<p> cross-sectional descriptive study with 1009 subjects. Data collection instruments: student versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> the dimensions of burnout and engagement correlated with each other. The higher the score for academic efficacy, the lower the scores for exhaustion and cynicism and the higher the score in all dimensions of academic engagement. Vigour and dedication predicted higher scores for academic efficacy. Females’ self-perceptions indicated lower scores for cynicism and higher scores for academic efficacy, absorption and dedication. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> students evidenced more burnout when they obtained high scores for exhaustion and cynicism and low scores for academic efficacy. In addition, high scores for the three dimensions of engagement indicated high commitment to their studies. The relationship between these variables indicates a difference between males and females and a positive influence of engagement on students’ academic efficacy. Promoting engagement could help students to deal with academic tasks and enter the labour market with a greater probability of success.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>Burnout</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing Education</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>One consequence of work-related stress is burnout syndrome. Although there is no unanimously accepted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> definition for this condition, there appears to be agreement in understanding burnout as a psychological phenomenon that arises as a response to chronic and interpersonal work-based stressors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. It is a syndrome characterized by three basic dimensions: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization or cynicism; and a lack of personal fulfilment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Exhaustion describes a progressive loss of energy as tasks are carried out. It is the primary manifestation of burnout and the most commonly declared dimension of it. Depersonalization manifests itself in the form of irritability, negative attitudes and insensitive responses to people. The third dimension of burnout, a lack of personal fulfilment, is characterized by negative responses towards oneself and towards activities undertaken. Individuals express a lack of productivity at work and shortcomings with regard to professional tasks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>The interest that the term <italic>burnout</italic> is currently attracting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> has laid the ground for the extension of this syndrome to pre-occupational samples such as university students, with research into academic <italic>burnout</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> indicating that students also exhibit fatigue in relation to the tasks that they carry out.</p>
				<p>One relevant development in research on burnout has been the study of an opposing construct called <italic>engagement</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. Engagement coincides with the positive psychology movement, which attempts to capitalize on favourable aspects of human life to build positive qualities and avoid individuals' dominant concern with negative aspects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Engagement is defined<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> as a positive state of mind characterized by energy, involvement and efficacy. More specifically, engagement is understood as a positive motivational construct related to work that is characterized by the attributes of strength, dedication and absorption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. It is a cognitive-affective state rather than a specific and temporary state. It persists in time and is not focused on a specific behaviour or object<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. <italic>Vigour</italic> refers to high levels of energy in relation to tasks undertaken, as well as to a strong desire to try and persist when obstacles in the road emerge. The characteristic of dedication responds to high levels of meaning in terms of work, as well as to enthusiasm, inspiration, pride and the challenge found in tasks performed. The factor of absorption involves high levels of concentration and happiness while an activity is being performed. The individual is immersed in what he or she is doing and experiences the feeling of time passing very quickly.</p>
				<p>While burnout and engagement are talked about as opposing constructs, some research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> clarifies that the vigour and dedication of engagement are opposing dimensions to the exhaustion and cynicism of burnout, these latter dimensions being considered the &quot;core of burnout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>&quot;.</p>
				<p>Recent studies on these constructs display a growing interest in burnout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> and engagement in the academic field and in samples of university students<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Following confirmatory analysis of the validity and internal consistency of the instruments that assess these variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, whether engagement adds explanatory value to the prediction of indicators of well-being<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> has also been studied. In addition, both constructs have been related to other variables-for example, emotional intelligence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> and satisfaction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Along this same line, the influence of these constructs together with efficacy and academic performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> has recently been analysed, expanding perspectives on burnout and understanding it as a crisis of efficacy, or efficacy as an impetus for engagement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the public universities of Castile and Leon (Spain), the educational context of this research, university students, and particularly those in nursing, must overcome the academic challenges set in the curricula that occupy most of their time. Students are involved in theoretical tasks organized under a strict schedule and must also participate in clinical practice, where productive behaviours and activities-all of which are forms of knowledge-are required of them and subject to evaluation. Public higher education institutions must pay attention to the emotional state of students in situations of learning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>, since the ability to deal with stressful situations during their education will depend on their personal disposition in dealing with academic demands<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The objectives of the this study are to describe the level of burnout and engagement in nursing students at public universities in the Castile and Leon region of Spain; to analyse the relationship, association and prediction arising from the dimensions of emotional exhaustion, cynicism and academic efficacy of burnout and levels of absorption, dedication and vigour from engagement; and to analyse differences in means, comparing groups of men and women. We present these objectives in order to understand more about these variables and their relationship, with the goal of identifying possible intervention needs that may ensure teaching quality and provide university students with resources for their academic and professional futures and skills for success in a public university institution.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHOD</title>
				<p>Research design</p>
				<p>This is a piece of quantitative research that does not involve an intervention. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study. We analyse differences between groups of men and women as well as the correlations and predictions that are established between the different study variables, burnout and engagement. </p>
				<p>Subjects and scope of study</p>
				<p>The study population was degree-level nursing students enrolled in the 2009/2010 academic year. The students belonged to Castile and Leon's four public universities: the University of Burgos, the University of Leon, the University of Salamanca and the University of Valladolid.</p>
				<p>Data collection instruments</p>
				<p>-Maslasch Burnout Inventory-Students Survey (MBI-SS), adapted to measure the level of burnout in university students <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and validated for the Spanish population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. This scale contains 15 items that assess the dimensions of exhaustion (= .876), cynicism (=0.826) and academic efficacy (=0.663); all these aspects are linked to feelings, beliefs and behaviours related to the experience as a &quot;student&quot; at the university level. The response range of the various items is from 0 to 6 on a Likert-type scale. In the scale, 0 indicates total disagreement and 6 total agreement. The student was most burned out when he or she exhibited high scores in exhaustion and cynicism and low scores in his or her belief in academic efficacy.</p>
				<p>-Utrecht Work engagement Student (UWES-S) Survey, adapted to measure the level of engagement in university students<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> and validated for the Spanish population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. We used this 17-item scale to measure the three dimensions of this construct in students: vigour (=0.792), dedication (=0.791) and absorption (=0.802). Survey respondents' answers are quantified according to a Likert-type scale, in which 0 indicates total disagreement and 6 total agreement with the statement contained in the item. High scores in these dimensions reflect high levels of academic engagement.</p>
				<p>The socio-demographic characteristics were: sex, age, and university where studies were being undertaken. </p>
				<p>Procedure</p>
				<p>Written permission was requested from the participating universities to administer the surveys. After a favourable response was received, arrangements were made with the four public universities as to the most appropriate day and time to visit the corresponding university and proceed with data collection. In the classroom environment, and prior to administering the surveys, the principal investigator provided information orally and in writing, through the information and informed consent forms (which did not need to be signed so as to preserve anonymity), on the objectives of the study, and they also answered relevant questions asked by students. After assuring all participating individuals of their anonymity and the voluntary nature of participation in the study, the surveys were handed out so that they could be completed individually. It took students approximately 20 minutes to fill in the surveys. </p>
				<p>Data analysis</p>
				<p>The data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics (central trend and dispersion trend), linear correlation analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient), t-test analysis with Student's t test and multiple linear regression analysis, to develop predictions on a variable based on others. In order to establish the psychometric indicators of the measurement instruments, the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient () was analysed.</p>
				<p>The aforementioned statistical analyses and database were produced using SPSS 21.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).</p>
				<p>Ethical Considerations</p>
				<p>The study protocol and instruments were approved by the Executive Commission of the Ethics Committee of the University of Leon.</p>
				<p>The proposed research respected the fundamental principles of the Helsinki Declaration, as well as the ethical principles of the nursing profession established in relation to research by the Spanish Nursing Code of Ethics.</p>
				<p>The surveys were accompanied by an information sheet and verbal and written consent.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>A total of 1,009 nursing students enrolled in the four public universities of Castile and Leon participated on a voluntary and anonymous basis. The mean age was 21.53 years. The characteristics of the subjects and the distribution of participants by universities are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. The predominant sex was female, with 859 women (85.1%) and 127 men (12.7%). Students who responded incorrectly to or did not complete the variable sex were considered under the category of unknown. There were 23 participants of unknown sex in the sample (2.3%). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>socio-demographic characteristics of nursing students at public universities in Castile and Leon (Spain).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt5.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations and reliability coefficients of measurement instruments are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. As can be seen, Cronbach's alpha exceeds or approaches the preferable criterion of 0.70<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> in the dimensions analysed.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive statistics and reliability coefficients of the measurement instruments for burnout and engagement among nursing students at public universities in Castile and Leon.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt6.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<label><sup>*</sup></label>
								<p> Correlation is significant at the 0.01 (bilateral) level.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>** Correlation is significant at the 0.05 (bilateral) level.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> shows, the results explain how the dimensions of burnout correlate with one another. In addition, the association between exhaustion and cynicism is stronger than that found for academic efficacy. Academic efficacy presents a moderate positive correlation with the variables of engagement; the results demonstrate that the greater the academic efficacy displayed by the students, the lower the scores obtained for exhaustion and cynicism and the higher engagement (absorption, dedication and vigour) is. The three dimensions of engagement positively and significantly correlated with one another.</p>
				<p>To find out if the variables behaved differently depending on the sex of individuals, the t test was used for independent samples (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). Statistically significant differences were found in the comparison of means between women and men for scores in cynicism, academic efficacy, absorption and dedication. Women scored significantly higher in these variables than did men, except in the case of cynicism, where they scored lower.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive statistics and t test according to the sex of nursing students at public universities in Castile and Leon.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt7.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Following on from the evidence of correlations between academic efficacy and the rest of the variables studied, multiple linear regression analysis shows that Model 2 explains 31.1% of the variance of academic efficacy, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>. For this analysis, the stepwise model was followed (criterion: Prob. of F entering &lt; = 0.050, Prob. of F exiting &gt; = 0.100). The variables vigour (beta = 0. 417, t =-13.335 and p &lt; 0.001) and dedication (beta = 0.212, t = 6.776 and p &lt; 0.001) are those which explain most variability. An increase in the scores for vigour and dedication (engagement) perceived by students predicts higher scores in academic efficacy.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Linear regression for the dependent variable academic efficacy, nursing students at public universities in Castile and Leon.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-50-131-gt8.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>* p=0.000</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results obtained show that all the dimensions of engagement strongly and positively correlate with one another in the case of nursing students in Castile and Leon. Dedication is the variable of engagement in which the highest values were obtained. This finding has been confirmed by other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, where relationships between this variable and satisfaction, time management or welfare<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> were also found among students. In the case of burnout, the association is positive and moderate for exhaustion and cynicism, and negative and weaker in the case of academic efficacy and the other two factors of the construct. These data strengthen the consistent nature of the two core dimensions of burnout and the tendency to analyse it as a crisis of self-efficacy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, such that the greater the academic efficacy shown by nursing students at the public universities of Castile and Leon, the lower the levels of exhaustion and cynicism. As was expected, others results obtained along this line that have found associations that are very close to those found in the present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> have been confirmed.</p>
				<p>In addition, research that seeks to identify differences based on the sex of the subjects shows that there is no unanimity, and thus some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> have not found statistically significant differences in any of the three dimensions of burnout, though they did find significantly higher values for dedication for women. However, in other research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, no differences in means according to the sex for these variables studied were found. In the study population presented, as in the study carried out by other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> significant differences were found according to sex for cynicism, efficacy, absorption and dedication. Women adopt fewer distant and negative attitudes; they are less cynical; and they appraise greater efficacy in themselves. They also presented higher levels of absorption, enthusiasm, inspiration, pride and challenge (dedication) than did men.</p>
				<p>With regard to the relationship between burnout and engagement, the results support other empirical research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. For example, the conclusions of research focused on tourism students<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> suggest that the unfavourable nature of burnout (high levels of exhaustion and cynicism and low efficacy) decreases students' commitment to their academic activity (decreased academic absorption, vigour and dedication). By contrast, the results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> from a sample of first-year medical students indicate that these students are academically focused and committed (high levels of engagement), while in relation to the opposing construct of burnout, the students presented a low degree of exhaustion or emotional tiredness. In the sample studied, we observed that the factor of academic efficacy correlates significantly and positively with engagement and negatively with burnout. That is, students with high personal expectations and positive self-assessment also exhibited fewer feelings of fatigue or exhaustion, a lower adoption of negative attitudes or cynicism, and a greater motivation, characterized by vigour, dedication and absorption, in relation to tasks. Regression analysis shows the influence of the variables of vigour and dedication on academic efficacy, and so the future nursing professionals studied who had high values in vigour and dedication scored highly in academic efficacy. </p>
				<p>Limitations</p>
				<p>The results obtained do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the causality between the variables studied, and so it would be necessary to develop longitudinal or experimental studies that delve into this issue.</p>
				<p>The subjects studied are not representative of the university population as a whole, since they only come from the nursing branch of the health sciences. </p>
				<p>There is also a bias in terms of sex, since the set of subjects is not homogeneous for this variable. As a result, the results and conclusions about gender differences must be taken cautiously.</p>
				<p>Finally, this study used a self-reporting measure for data collection, in which the results could have been exaggerated.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Nursing students in Castile and Leon are more burned out when they exhibit high scores in exhaustion and cynicism and low scores in self-efficacy. Furthermore, the results relating to the three dimensions of engagement indicate that they are highly correlated with one another, as a result of which high scores in these scales indicate high levels of academic engagement.</p>
				<p>The female university students who participated in the study were revealed to be less cynical and to evaluate their academic efficacy more highly. In addition, they presented higher levels of absorption and dedication than did men.</p>
				<p>Students with high academic efficacy had fewer feelings of emotional exhaustion, lower scores in cynicism, and a greater engagement with or commitment to studies, which was characterized by vigour, dedication and absorption.</p>
				<p>The relationship between these two constructs highlights the positive influence of engagement on students' academic efficacy. To approach the question from the positivity perspective, it could be said that the results indicate that students who have vigour and are dedicated to their tasks feel greater levels of efficacy with regard to their studies and have lower levels of burnout. As has been described, the fostering of engagement (vigour and dedication) can offer an opportunity for students to handle academic tasks and to properly complete studies (academic efficacy), as well as to face the world of work with a greater probability of success.</p>
				<p>In our view, it is necessary for more studies to be carried out in relation to this theme. The next logical step, owing to the incipient phase in which engagement sits at present, would be to study in greater depth the relations with others variables of a personal nature (emotional intelligence, health, affective state, sense of coherence, coping mechanisms and so on) and those linked to the university institution (contextual, organizational and academic variable), and the sample could be extended to other domains. It would also be interesting for universities to establish strategic plans to promote health in university environments and enhance academic engagement (motivation for studying). These skills are especially pertinent for nursing students, since a commitment on their part to their studies could entail better academic outcomes and possibly result in better personal well-being and in quality care in the population.</p>
			</sec>
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