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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.3.276101</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la supervisión y entorno de aprendizaje clínico: un estudio de investigación fenomenológico</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Student nurse perceptions of supervision and clinical learning environment: a phenomenological research study</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vizcaya Moreno</surname>
						<given-names>M. Flores</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez Cañaveras</surname>
						<given-names>Rosa M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jiménez Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Ismael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Juan</surname>
						<given-names>Joaquín de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor/a Asociado. Departamento de Enfermería. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Alicante. Alicante, España. flores.vizcaya@ua.es</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Alicante</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
				<email>flores.vizcaya@ua.es</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Profesor de Biología celular. Departamento de Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Alicante. Alicante, España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Alicante</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor/a Asociado. Departamento de Enfermería. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Alicante. Alicante, España. flores.vizcaya@ua.es</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Alicante</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Alicante</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>51</issue>
			<fpage>306</fpage>
			<lpage>318</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo: </title>
					<p>Analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la relación de supervisión y ambiente de aprendizaje clínico durante sus prácticas clínicas. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodología: </title>
					<p>Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico. Los datos se recogieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas de grupos focales. Se realizó un muestro intencionado y se conformó una muestra de 48 estudiantes de Enfermería de la Universidad de Alicante (España). Las entrevistas fueron transcritas textualmente y analizadas utilizando el método “Stage by stage”. A partir del análisis surgió una estructura en forma de árbol con cuatro categorías: individualización, innovación en enseñanza clínica, participación de los estudiantes y relación entre enfermera tutora-estudiante de enfermería. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados: </title>
					<p>El estudio muestra que no hay individualización en el proceso de aprendizaje clínico. La participación de los estudiantes en las actividades de la unidad depende de su experiencia, de las características de la unidad, del equipo de enfermería y del tutor. Los estudiantes sienten que el papel del tutor de prácticas no está claramente definido. La ansiedad, la vulnerabilidad y los sentimientos de ser “trabajadores temporales” son comunes entre los estudiantes de enfermería.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones: </title>
					<p>Estos resultados deben conducir a reflexiones más profundas sobre los elementos estudiados del proceso de supervisión y del entorno de aprendizaje clínico. Más concretamente en los aspectos de individualización, participación de los estudiantes, sentimientos y la elucidación del papel del enfermero tutor. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Aim.</title>
					<p> To analyse nursing students' perceptions of the supervision relationship and the clinical learning environment during their clinical practice placements. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods.</title>
					<p> A qualitative design was used to conduct this phenomenological study. Data were collected through semi-structured focus group interviews. The purposive sample consisted of 48 nursing students of the University of Alicante (Spain). Semi-structured focus group interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analysed using the stage by stage method. A tree structure with four categories arose: individualization, innovation in clinical teaching, student participation, and nurse tutor-student nurse relationship individual training.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results.</title>
					<p> This study shows that no individualization is involved in the clinical learning process. Student participation in ward activities depends on the student's experience, the characteristics of the ward, the nursing team and the nurse tutor. Students feel that the role of the nurse tutor is not clearly defined. Anxiety, vulnerability and feelings of being "temporary workers" are common in nursing students.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions.</title>
					<p> These results should prompt to deeper reflections on the studied elements of the supervisory process and the clinical learning environment. More specifically on aspects of individualization, student participation, and feelings, but also in the clarification of the tutor role definition.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Entorno de aprendizaje clínico</kwd>
				<kwd>Supervisión de los estudiantes</kwd>
				<kwd>Educación en enfermería</kwd>
				<kwd>Investigación cualitativa</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermería</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Clinical learning environment</kwd>
				<kwd>Student supervision</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing education</kwd>
				<kwd>Qualitative research</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="48"/>
				<page-count count="13"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Diversos autores han abordado el concepto de entorno de aprendizaje desde diferentes perspectivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Hiemstra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> afirmó que el entorno de aprendizaje representa múltiples conceptos para los estudiantes. Además de la atmósfera física, también proporciona condiciones psicológicas y emocionales y las influencias sociales o culturales que afectan al crecimiento y desarrollo del proceso de aprendizaje. Del mismo modo, Knowles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> afirmó que el concepto de <italic>clima de aprendizaje</italic> resalta la importancia de las características físicas, humanas, interpersonales y organizativas, el respeto mutuo y la confianza entre profesorado y alumnado. Fraser<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> amplió estas ideas, describiendo la <italic>Ciencia de los entornos de aprendizaje</italic>. Recientemente, el concepto y la metodología también han sido revisados por Clevenland y Fisher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Al trabajar el concepto de entorno de aprendizaje, debe recordarse que enfermería es esencialmente una profesión basada en la práctica, por lo que los periodos de prácticas clínicas en instituciones de salud son un componente fundamental del plan de estudios del estudiantado de pregrado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. En la Declaración de Bolonia y en la Directiva Europea, la formación clínica en el Grado de Enfermería en España representa actualmente un mínimo de 90 ECTS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Las prácticas clínicas se distribuyen a lo largo del grado, aunque se realizan principalmente durante el tercer y cuarto curso académico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Como resultado de estos cambios, analizar en profundidad las características del entorno clínico podría resultar del interés del profesorado de enfermería.</p>
			<p>Antecedentes</p>
			<p>En el contexto formativo de enfermería se ha definido el concepto de Entorno de Aprendizaje Clínico (<italic>Clinical Learning Environment</italic>, CLE) como una red interactiva o conjunto de características inherentes a las prácticas que influyen en los resultados del aprendizaje y en el desarrollo profesional de Enfermería <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. Así, el periodo de prácticas, ofrece al alumnado escenarios óptimos para observar modelos y reflexionar sobre lo que se ve, se oye, se percibe o se hace <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, propiciando de este modo un proceso de socialización profesional de los y las alumnas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con la literatura previa, Flott y Linden<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> explican que el concepto de CLE incluye cuatro aspectos que influyen en las experiencias de aprendizaje del estudiantado: el espacio físico, los factores psicosociales y de interacción, la cultura institucional y los elementos del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Es decir, el entorno de aprendizaje clínico se concibe como el "aula clínica", un clima social complejo en el que interactúan estudiantes, enfermeras/os, docentes y pacientes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, en todo el ámbito internacional debería reflejarse la visión cultural del entorno de aprendizaje clínico en el currículo de los estudios de enfermería<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. En esta línea, el programa Erasmus ha facilitado la formación clínica de los estudiantes de enfermería en universidades de toda Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Además, se ha identificado la necesidad de definir áreas de competencia en el contexto de la educación europea en enfermería <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Dada la importancia del CLE, la comprensión de cómo es percibida por los estudiantes y cómo influye en su proceso de aprendizaje se vuelve relevante. La mayoría de los estudios previos sobre el entorno de aprendizaje utilizan una metodología cuantitativa, y los que abordan las percepciones de los estudiantes desde la perspectiva cualitativa son una minoría.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Objetivo</p>
			<p>El objetivo de este estudio es determinar cómo una muestra de estudiantes españoles de enfermería, perciben el entorno de aprendizaje clínico en el que realizan sus prácticas clínicas curriculares. </p>
			<p>Diseño</p>
			<p>Se ha realizado un diseño cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. A través de los resultados de este estudio, no es posible hacer generalizaciones, pero podemos entender las características individuales y la experiencia del estudiantado durante sus prácticas clínicas. Por esta razón, el enfoque fenomenológico interpretativo basado en la comprensión de la experiencia vivida y en la articulación de similitudes y diferencias en los significados y experiencias humanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> puede ser el más apropiado para alcanzar los objetivos.</p>
			<p>Se emplearon los criterios COREQ (<italic>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative reseach</italic>) para la revisión de estudios cualitativos con el fin de potenciar la calidad y transparencia del presente estudio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Población de estudio y muestreo</p>
			<p>Se realizó un muestro intencional, obteniendo una muestra final consistió de 48 estudiantes de la Universidad de Alicante que realizaron sus prácticas clínicas en el Hospital Universitario de San Juan de Alicante en mayo de 2012. Ninguno de ellos rehusó participar o abandonó el estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label> Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descripción de la población de estudio y contexto de la recolección de datos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt1.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Leyenda: <sup>1</sup>Mujer; <sup>2</sup>Hombre; <sup>3</sup>Curso Académico; <sup>4</sup>Código de estudiantes.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Basándonos en estudios previos en contexto nacional <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, el estudiantado identificó los roles de "tutor/a de enfermería", "enfermera/o" y "supervisora de la unidad" como los miembros del equipo de supervisión en el contexto clínico. Se define como, “tutor/a de enfermería” a aquella enfermera que supervisa directamente a 2-4 estudiantes y es la responsable de su aprendizaje y evaluación; la “enfermera/o” no tiene un estudiante a supervisar asignado, pero ocasionalmente participa en las actividades de aprendizaje o de evaluación de los alumnos.</p>
			<p>Recolección de datos</p>
			<p>Los datos se recogieron durante tres sesiones de grupos focales durante la sesión clínica semanal y se grabaron en formato de audio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>). Dos de los investigadores estuvieron presentes durante las entrevistas. Mientras uno de ellos condujo la sesión, el otro tomó notas de campo. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> se detallan las preguntas formuladas durante la entrevista a los grupos focales.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label> Tabla 2.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Preguntas de los grupos focales</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt2.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Consideraciones éticas</p>
			<p>El estudio se adhiere a los requisitos éticos que rigen las responsabilidades de los investigadores y docentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Además, fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Alicante.</p>
			<p>Durante la transcripción de las entrevistas, se utilizaron códigos "St" para referenciar a todos los participantes.</p>
			<p>Análisis de los datos</p>
			<p>Las entrevistas semi-estructuradas fueron transcritas textualmente y luego analizadas utilizando el método "stage by stage"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. Este proceso de análisis consistió en: 1) codificar los datos y establecer un índice de datos; 2) categorizar el contenido de los datos en categorías significativas; y 3) determinar y definir un listado de temas acordados mutuamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>). Se utilizó el software QSR NUD * IST 5 para el análisis de los datos cualitativos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Listado de temas categorizados: definición de los conceptos</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt3.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Criterios de calidad</p>
			<p>Una vez finalizada la transcripción de las entrevistas se les pidió a los estudiantes que verificaran que la información era correcta. Además de la devolución a los participantes, se aplicó como criterio de calidad la triangulación de investigadores mediante la inclusión de una segunda investigadora tanto para la recolección como en el proceso de análisis de los datos. También la protocolización relativa a la organización de los datos, la descripción detallada y meticulosa de la selección de la muestra y el contexto en el que se realiza el estudio, facilitan la posibilidad de transferencia y de reproducibilidad del mismo en condiciones similares, aportando de este modo otro criterio de calidad cualitativo</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Las entrevistas se transcribieron y codificaron de acuerdo con las diferentes preguntas de las entrevistas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>), creando una estructura en árbol con las siguientes categorías: individualización, innovación en la enseñanza clínica, participación de los estudiantes y relación enfermera tutora-estudiante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Individualización</p>
			<p>Generalmente, las enfermeras permitieron a los estudiantes tomar decisiones, pero no diferenciaron entre estudiantes principiantes y de nivel más avanzado. De alguna forma, los estudiantes controlaban las actividades que realizaban de acuerdo a la habilidad auto-percibida:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>"Veo la autonomía como la libertad que te dan por hacer algo. Y no hay diferencia entre estudiantes de primer y segundo año. Ellos dicen: haz esto, y si te lo dicen, tú dices le a tu compañero: ¿vendrás conmigo? Pero no discriminan... '(St24)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>'En mi planta, un trabajo que tal vez debería ser para estudiantes de tercer año se nos da [...] que te da mucha confianza en ti mismo. Pero a veces, creo que esto no es normal. "(St12)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Los estudiantes a menudo piden más supervisión de la enfermera tutora, ya que esto les ayuda a sentirse más seguros, e involucrados con la seguridad del paciente:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>"Creo que cuando [la enfermera tutora] pide que hagas algo, y tú vas por tu cuenta, es bueno que te den libertad para ir, y hacerlo tú mismo, pero no sería malo si te acompañan. Porque sucede algo [...] y no puedes dejar el trabajo a medio hacer, y entonces tienes que salir corriendo para pedir ayuda, y estás en una situación en la que no sabes qué hacer o cómo actuar. '(St18)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Innovación en la enseñanza clínica</p>
			<p>Los estudiantes de primer curso afirman que todo es nuevo cuando llegan al hospital. Desafortunadamente, reconocen que no prestaron suficiente atención al entrenamiento previo durante las prácticas de laboratorio:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Creo que todo es nuevo para nosotros, [...] voy a ser sincero, cuando tuve prácticas en los laboratorios de habilidades, de 4 a 9 [PM], llegaba a los seminarios, y... tu no piensas que es muy importante. Tú piensas que las verdaderas prácticas llegarán después, y no prestas atención. Bueno, yo presté atención, [risas colectivas]... pero no estaba muy centrado, [...] y de repente llegué aquí, y ¡chico, el tiempo que había perdido! Quiero decir, debería haber estado más atento en los laboratorios de habilidades... "(St1)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Respecto a las explicaciones que reciben de las enfermeras, los estudiantes manifestaron que generalmente las dudas se las clarifican muy bien:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“A veces estudian por la noche [consultan libros y otras fuentes] para responder a nuestras preguntas [al día siguiente]" (St29).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Sí, se ocupan de nosotros. Tu puedes ver qué enfermeras son las que se implican, y vas directamente a ellas para preguntarles [varios estudiantes asienten con la cabeza].” (St47)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Yo creo que algunas supervisoras se implican en la educación. A lo mejor no lo sabe muy bien, pero lo intenta. Y se sienta, y se queda una hora más si hace falta para enseñarnos, y una ilusión.” (St32)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Las enfermeras son muy meticulosas en la realización de técnicas y procedimientos de enfermería vinculados al aprendizaje del estudiante:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Hay muchas enfermeras que se ponen los guantes estériles porque estamos nosotros, se ponen guantes estériles, el campo, ¡para una mínima herida! Y te lo dicen ellas mismas, dicen: Venga, ya que estáis vosotros, vamos a hacerlo bien para que lo aprendáis bien. Y se los ponen [los guantes] para que tú lo veas.” (St16)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Los estudiantes de tercer curso reciben información actualizada sobre el uso del aparataje clínico:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p> “Sobre los aparatos si te dicen, las bombas, los respiradores, sobre eso sí. Te dicen: éste es más moderno que éste, o este necesita esto, pero eso depende de la persona [se refiere a la enfermera]” (St36). </p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Participación de los estudiantes</p>
			<p>Los estudiantes de segundo afirman que no participan completamente en algunas actividades de la unidad como, por ejemplo, en el relevo de enfermería:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“En el relevo, por ejemplo, no participas. Si a lo mejor están hablando y tú dices: no, yo he visto esto, pero porque tú te metes en la conversación. Pero vamos, te miran así [la alumna muestra mirada de indiferencia] y te dicen: vale.” (St18)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Por el contrario, la implicación del estudiantado es total en otras actividades, como por ejemplo, en el tratamiento de heridas. Las enfermeras incluso se ayudan del alumnado para trasmitir información relevante al turno del día siguiente:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“[…] las curas, por ejemplo, me dicen: “pues cuando venga mañana la otra enfermera, le dices que le hemos puesto esto, y que le tiene que hacer esto [al paciente] "(St23)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Los estudiantes de tercer curso consideraron que su nivel de implicación en las actividades de la unidad dependía de ellos mismos, de las características del servicio y de su personal, pero no del nivel de experiencia de los estudiantes:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“El que te impliques más o menos, depende de cada uno, de la persona. De tu interés. Otra de las cosas que hacen que nos impliquemos más es la forma de trabajar del enfermero. Porque si ves que es un enfermero que cuida totalmente al paciente, que cuida todos los detalles, que se preocupa por todo, pues como que tú también luego lo vas a hacer. Pero si te toca un enfermero, así, medio pasota, a lo mejor no caes tú en detalles, que la enfermera sí que cae. Y a lo mejor esos detalles pueden ser importantes para la persona. No sé qué ejemplo poner. Pero, por ejemplo, el cuidado de la boca. Hay muchos que pasan, y si ves a una enfermera que lo hace, pues tú a lo mejor, en ese detalle no has caído, pero tú, pues, a partir de que lo has visto, ya lo vas a hacer más. "(St48)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Relación enfermera tutora-estudiante de enfermería</p>
			<p>Los participantes de este estudio señalaron que el rol de enfermera tutora no está claramente definido. En cuanto a la relación existente entre estas figuras, manifestaron que: </p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>"El que estés a gusto con un tutor [hace referencia a la enfermera tutora], no depende de que el tutor sepa más o menos, sino de sus ganas de enseñar. […] Cuando [las enfermeras] lo hacen, están allí [se acerquen más al estudiante], y nos sentimos apoyados "(St24).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Los estudiantes consideran que el papel a desempeñar por parte de la enfermera tutora debe basarse en un <italic>feedback</italic> individualizado y continuo, además de proporcionar el apoyo necesario durante las prácticas clínicas. </p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p> “Por ejemplo, el otro día, una enfermera, […] llegó y dijo: mira, hoy vas a ser tú la enfermera y yo la estudiante. Yo me quedé así pensando, y si hago algo mal, ¿qué va a pasar? Entonces me dijo ella, yo voy a ser la estudiante pero voy a estar al lado de ti. […] O sea, me explicó todo. Pero ¡toda la mañana! Un día. Y yo he aprendido más en ese día que en todo el mes.” (St31)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Por otro lado, en ocasiones el alumnado percibe su periodo de prácticas como si se tratase de un trabajo temporal cuyo salario es el conocimiento y la formación que recibe. </p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Yo creo que no se debe trasmitir al alumno la impresión de que tiene que venir a trabajar. Tú no vienes a trabajar, tu pagas una matrícula, pagas una formación. Yo entiendo que el trabajo existe, en muchos servicios, que tiene mucha carga de trabajo.” (St29)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Los estudiantes estamos a veces, de, de recaderos.” “[…] Porque muchas veces estás, tienes la sensación de que estás quitando trabajo, de tonterías, ¿sabes?, que no, que estás quitando trabajo al enfermero, y no estás aprendiendo nada.” (St5)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>En cuanto a la edad de la enfermera tutor, los estudiantes indican la diferencia de actitud que perciben entre las enfermeras "jóvenes" y "mayores". Sobre todo, destacan su empatía con las enfermeras más jóvenes.</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Yo creo que las jóvenes como han terminado hace poco la carrera, […] se ponen un poco más en tu situación, que una que ha terminado hace un montón de tiempo y que no cuenta contigo, para determinadas cosas.” (St11)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“Yo de las más jóvenes, lo que más noto, es la consideración que tienen. Simplemente con el hecho de que te digan: ¿quieres hacerlo tú? O sea, yo siempre me quedo mirando, hasta que me dan la oportunidad y la persona me pregunta, ¿quieres?, y claro que quiero. Pero por lo menos, te tienen esa consideración de decir, no te lo mando, pero te invito a hacerlo.” (St28).</p>
			</disp-quote>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Uno de los aspectos más frecuentemente abordados en la literatura científica, es el cómo los estudiantes perciben el entorno de aprendizaje clínico. Esta percepción se corresponde con la perspectiva del estudiante durante el proceso de adaptación a la escena sociocultural en el ambiente clínico. Esta investigación da una visión sobre cómo los estudiantes de enfermería perciben el entorno de aprendizaje clínico. Los principales temas de interés fueron "individualización", "innovación en la enseñanza clínica", "participación estudiantil" y "relación enfermera tutor-estudiante de enfermería".</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la "individualización", los estudiantes señalaron la no existencia de individualización en el proceso de aprendizaje clínico. No creen que aspectos tales como la experiencia y la confianza de los estudiantes, les ayuden a ser más autosuficientes en la toma de decisiones y/o más autónomos en la realización de las actividades de la unidad en la que realizan prácticas. Los estudiantes a menudo solicitan una mayor supervisión por parte de la enfermera tutora a fin de sentirse más seguro, lo que tendría una implicación indirecta en la seguridad del paciente. Señalan que por lo general, la retroalimentación de la enfermera tutora es negativa, con mala comunicación, o lo que es peor, en ocasiones inexistente. Convendría, por lo tanto, incentivar una retroalimentación constructiva que ayudaría a los estudiantes a reflexionar y comprender la teoría, la práctica y su experiencia de aprendizaje y socialización<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Los sentimientos de ansiedad o vulnerabilidad son comunes entre los estudiantes de enfermería, especialmente al comienzo de las prácticas clínicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. Este tipo de estrés puede estar relacionado con el choque con la realidad, el miedo a cometer errores, sentirse incompetente, sentirse ignorado o la vergüenza de hablar con los profesionales<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. Otras veces, la situación es peor, y los estudiantes pueden sentirse intimidados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. Afortunadamente, esta situación no fue manifestada por ninguno de nuestros participantes.</p>
			<p>Los hallazgos sobre "innovación en la enseñanza clínica" enfatizaron el hecho de que las prácticas clínicas representan un contexto adecuado en el que los estudiantes obtienen formación y competencias actualizadas. Los estudiantes de primer curso reconocieron que no prestaban suficiente atención durante las prácticas de laboratorio. Como explicaron Ewertsson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>, este entrenamiento "constituye un puente entre la universidad y el entorno clínico”. Y Kaphagawani y Useh<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> describieron cómo los estudiantes transfieren los conocimientos y las habilidades desde los laboratorios de simulación y las clases teóricas al contexto clínico. Algunos autores han sugerido que las estancias de larga duración en el mismo entorno clínico (la misma planta o unidad) y el uso de diferentes enfoques pedagógicos (aprendizaje basado en problemas, aprendizaje reflexivo, aprendizaje basado en la evidencia o e-learning) podrían ayudar a resolver la brecha entre teoría y práctica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Los estudiantes creen que la "participación de los estudiantes" en las actividades depende de su experiencia, las características de la planta, el equipo de enfermería y la enfermera tutora. Reconocen que su participación o implicación es completa en algunas tareas de la unidad. Estudios anteriores coinciden con estos resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Sin embargo, nuestros estudiantes argumentaron que habían realizado actividades rutinarias y tareas durante la estancia clínica, que supuestamente no son actividades de las enfermeras. La literatura demuestra que el proceso de aprendizaje clínico será exitoso si los estudiantes reportan una variedad de oportunidades de aprendizaje que les motiva y les anima a realizar análisis crítico de las experiencias, pero sin aumentar desmesuradamente y sin justificación la carga de trabajo de los estudiantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la "supervisión clínica", aunque existe una variedad de modelos de supervisión de los estudiantes de enfermería empleados en los países europeos, numerosos autores coinciden al considerar a la enfermera tutora como la figura clave en el proceso de la supervisión clínica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>. Además, la relación estudiante-enfermera tutor parece ser decisiva para el aprendizaje del alumnado, tanto epistemológica como ontológicamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>. Sin embargo, en el presente estudio, la mayoría de los participantes manifestaron que el rol de enfermera tutora no estaba claramente definido. Los cambios de turnos de las enfermeras y los horarios de los estudiantes se señalaron como una de las causas más importantes. En ese sentido, el papel de la enfermera tutora debe clarificarse, perfeccionarse y puesto al día en un contexto internacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En base a los comentarios de nuestros estudiantes, parece que a menudo se sienten como trabajadores temporales a los que se paga con aprendizaje. Melia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> explica este sentimiento vinculándolo a la duda del estudiante sobre su identidad: “¿Soy un estudiante o un trabajador?”. Otros autores han sugerido que en ocasiones los estudiantes de enfermería son tratados como miembros del equipo de enfermería en las áreas clínicas, a pesar de que este no es su rol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>. A veces los estudiantes sentían que su objetivo principal durante las prácticas era apoyar al personal de enfermería, en lugar de desarrollar sus habilidades, destrezas e incrementar su aprendizaje<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, el estudiantado también afirmó sentir una mayor empatía con las y los tutores jóvenes que con los de mayor edad. Y según Houghton<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> la accesibilidad, la confianza y la motivación son características comunes entre los calificados como “buenos tutores”, lo que podría estar en línea con nuestros hallazgos.</p>
			<p>Limitaciones del estudio</p>
			<p>Somos conscientes de que los resultados de este estudio se limitan a la perspectiva de los estudiantes de esta muestra intencional. Investigaciones adicionales, incluyendo las percepciones de las enfermeras, tutores de enfermería, profesores y pacientes del entorno de aprendizaje clínico facilitaría una mayor comprensión del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en el contexto clínico. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Este estudio muestra que: 1) no existe individualización en el proceso de aprendizaje clínico; 2) la participación de los estudiantes en las actividades de la unidad de prácticas depende de la experiencia del estudiante, de las características del servicio, del equipo de enfermería y del tutor de enfermería; 3) los estudiantes sienten que el papel del tutor de enfermería no está claramente definido; 4) la ansiedad, la vulnerabilidad y el sentimiento de "trabajador temporal" son percepciones comunes entre los estudiantes de enfermería.</p>
			<p>Estos resultados deben impulsar la reflexión sobre estos aspectos del proceso de supervisión. El aprendizaje clínico es una de las experiencias más importantes de todos los estudiantes en las estancias clínicas, ya que es durante este período de formación cuando se ponen en práctica los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes necesarios para su futura vida laboral.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Student nurse perceptions of supervision and clinical learning environment: a phenomenological research study</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Aim.</title>
					<p> To analyse nursing students' perceptions of the supervision relationship and the clinical learning environment during their clinical practice placements. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods.</title>
					<p> A qualitative design was used to conduct this phenomenological study. Data were collected through semi-structured focus group interviews. The purposive sample consisted of 48 nursing students of the University of Alicante (Spain). Semi-structured focus group interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analysed using the stage by stage method. A tree structure with four categories arose: individualization, innovation in clinical teaching, student participation, and nurse tutor-student nurse relationship individual training.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results.</title>
					<p> This study shows that no individualization is involved in the clinical learning process. Student participation in ward activities depends on the student's experience, the characteristics of the ward, the nursing team and the nurse tutor. Students feel that the role of the nurse tutor is not clearly defined. Anxiety, vulnerability and feelings of being "temporary workers" are common in nursing students.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions.</title>
					<p> These results should prompt to deeper reflections on the studied elements of the supervisory process and the clinical learning environment. More specifically on aspects of individualization, student participation, and feelings, but also in the clarification of the tutor role definition.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Clinical learning environment</kwd>
				<kwd>Student supervision</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing education</kwd>
				<kwd>Qualitative research</kwd>
				<kwd>Nursing</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Many authors have approached the learning environment concept from different perspectives<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Hiemstra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> stated that the learning environment represents multiple things to students. As well as the physical atmosphere, it also provides psychological and emotional conditions and the social or cultural influences that affect the growth and development of the learning process. Similarly, Knowles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> stated that the concept of the learning climate highlights the importance of physical, human, interpersonal and organizational characteristics, and mutual respect and trust between teachers and students. Fraser<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> expanded on these ideas, describing <italic>science learning environments</italic>. And recently, the concept and methodology have also been review by Clevenland and Fisher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>When addressing the concept of the learning environment, it should be remembered that nursing is essentially a practice-based profession, so clinical practice placements in health institutions are an essential component of the undergraduate student curriculum <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. By the Bologna Declaration and with the European Directive, the clinical training component of a nursing degree in Spain now accounts for a minimum of 90 ECTS (11). Clinical placements are distributed throughout the degree course, although more are undertaken during the third and fourth academic years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> As a result, of these recent changes, in-depth studies of the characteristics of the clinical environment could be of interest to nursing educators.</p>
				<p>Background</p>
				<p>In nursing education context the concept of Clinical Learning Environment (CLE) has been defined as interactive network or set of characteristics inherent to the practices that influence learning outcomes and professional development nurse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. Thus the internship position, offers students optimal scenarios to observe models and reflect on what is seen, heard, it is perceived or made<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, thus is generated and guides the professional socialization process of the student<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>According to previous literature, Flott and Linden<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> explain that the CLE concept encloses four attributes that influence student learning experiences: the physical space, the psychosocial and interactions factors, the organizational culture, and the elements of the teaching-learning process. That is, the clinical learning environment is the "clinical classroom" with a complex social climate in which students, nurses, teachers and patients interact<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Therefore, a cultural understanding of the CLE should be reflected in the nursing curriculum in higher education in the international context <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. In this line, the Erasmus programme has facilitated clinical training for student nurses some at universities around Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Furthermore, a need has been identified to define areas of competence in the context of European nursing education <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Given the importance of the CLE, understanding how it is perceived by students and how it influences their learning process becomes relevant. Most of the previous studies on learning environment use a quantitative methodology, and the ones that approach students’ perceptions from the qualitative perspective are less. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>Aim</p>
				<p>The aim of this study is to determine how a sample of Spanish nursing students perceives the CLE in which they undertake their practice placements.</p>
				<p>Design</p>
				<p>A qualitative design was used to research this phenomenological study. Through the results of this study, it is not possible to make generalizations, but we can understand the individual characteristics and experience of these students during their clinical practices. For this reason, an interpretive phenomenological approach based on the understanding of experiences, and the articulation of similarities and differences in the meanings and experiences of human beings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, can be the most appropriate one for achieving the objectives.</p>
				<p>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) was used to improve the quality of reporting of the present study <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Sample and setting</p>
				<p>The participants were the total of students from the University of Alicante (Alicante, Spain) that performed their clinical practice placements at the University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante in May 2012. Neither of them refused or dropped out of the study. The purposive sample consisted of 48 students (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Study population description and data collection context.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt4.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Legend: <sup>1</sup>Female; <sup>2</sup>Male; <sup>3</sup>Academic year; <sup>4</sup>Student codes.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As in previous research in Spanish context <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, the students in this study identified the roles of “nurse tutor”, “nurse” and “ward manager” as members of the supervision team in the ward context. Centring on the roles, while a nurse tutor is a nurse who has been assigned 2-4 students and is directly responsible for their learning and evaluation, a nurse has no designated student, but occasionally participates in a learning activity.</p>
				<p>Data collection</p>
				<p>Data were collected by three semi-structured focus group interviews that were conducted during a weekly clinical session, and recorded in audio format (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). Two of the researchers were presented during the focus group interviews. While one of them was conducting the session, the other one made field notes. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> lists all the focus group interview questions. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label> Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Focus-group questions.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt5.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Ethical considerations</p>
				<p>This study has adhered to the ethical requirements governing researcher and teacher responsibilities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Alicante.</p>
				<p>During the transcription of the interviews, “St” codes were used for referencing all participating.</p>
				<p>Data analysis</p>
				<p>Semi-structured focus group interviews were transcribed verbatim, and then analysed using the “stage by stage” method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. This process of analysis consisted of the following steps: 1) labelling the data and establishing a data index, 2) categorizing the content of the data into meaningful categories, and 3) determining a mutually agreed category list of themes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). The QSR NUD*IST 5 software was used for these analyses to categorise qualitative data.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label> Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Category list of themes: definitions of the concepts.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-51-306-gt6.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Rigour</p>
				<p>We performed an interview triangulation (second interviewer) during focus group interviews and an investigator triangulation in the analysis process. Students were given a transcript of the interview upon completion and asked to verify that the information was correct (corroborating findings).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The interviews were transcribed and codified according to the different interviews questions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>), creating a tree structure with the following main categories: individualization, innovation in clinical teaching, student participation, and nurse tutor-student nurse relationship (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Individualization</p>
				<p>Generally, nurses allowed students to make decisions but did not differentiate between advanced and beginner students. Students controlled their activities according to their auto-perceived ability:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘I see autonomy as the freedom they give you for doing something. And there is no difference between first- and second-year students. They say: do this, and if they say it to you, you say to you partner: will you come with me? But they don’t discriminate…’ (St24) </p>
				</disp-quote>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘In my ward, a job that perhaps should be for third-year students is given to us […] it gives you a lot of self-confidence. But sometimes, I think that this isn’t normal.’ (St12) </p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Students often call for more supervision from the tutor nurse, as this helps them to feel more secure, and involved with patient safety:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘I think that when [the tutor nurse] asks you to do something, and you go on your own, it’s good that they give you freedom to go, and do it yourself, but it wouldn’t be bad if they accompanied you, because […] something happens, and you can’t leave the job half done, and then you have to run to ask for help, and you’re in a situation where you don’t know what to do or how to act.’ (St18)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Innovation in clinical teaching</p>
				<p>First-year students say that everything is new when they arrive at the hospital. Unfortunately, they did not pay enough attention to previous laboratory training:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘I think that everything is new for us, [...] I am going to be sincere, when I had skill labs, from 4 to 9 [P.M.], I arrived at the sessions, and... You don’t think it’s very important. You think that real practice placements are coming soon, and I didn’t pay attention. Well, I did pay some attention, [collective laughter]... but I wasn’t much focused, […] And soon enough I arrived here, and boy, the time I had lost! I mean, I should have been more attentive in the skills lab....’ (St1)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Regarding the explanations received from nurses, students report that any doubts are generally clarified very well:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘Sometimes they study in the evening [consult books and other sources] to answer your question [the following day].’ (St29)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘Yes, they take care of us. You can see which nurses care, and you go directly to them to ask your questions [several students nod].’ (St47)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘I think that some of the ward managers are committed to teaching. Perhaps he or she doesn’t know it very well [does not have much training], but he or she tries hard. And you can feel it; he or she stays for an extra hour to teach us if necessary. And they do it with all their heart…’ (St32)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Nurses are very meticulous in their use of techniques and procedures necessary for student learning:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘There are many nurses who put sterile gloves on because we are in the room. Sometimes they wear sterile gloves for the smallest wound! And they admit it, saying: because you are here, I am doing it properly, so you can learn...’ (St16)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Third-year students receive updated information on the use of clinical equipment:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘They do talk about equipment. About pumps, about ventilators, about that sort of thing; they do talk. They say: this one is more modern than that one, or this one needs that piece... But this depends on the person [that is, some nurses explain the equipment while others do not].’ (St36)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Student participation</p>
				<p>Second-year students state that they do not have full participation in some ward activities, such as the nursing shift report:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘You don’t participate in nursing shift reports, for example. Perhaps, they [nurses] are speaking, and you make a comment. You get into their conversation. They look at you like that [the student shows an indifference glance] and they say to you: ok.’ (St18)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>In contrast, there is full student involvement in other activities, such as wound treatment. Nurses even provide information for the following day’s shift:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘[...] on wound treatment, for example, they say: when the other nurse comes tomorrow, you tell her that we have put this on him [on the patient]’ (St23)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Third-year students considered that their engagement level in ward activities depended on themselves, the characteristics of the ward and its staff, but not on the students’ level of expertise: </p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘The extent to which you engage depends on yourself, on the person and your level of interest. Another factor that affects the way we engage is the tutor nurse’s working method. If you see that the nurse totally takes care of the patient, worries about all the finer details and is concerned with everything to do with the patient, you’ll do the same. However, if you’re with a tutor nurse who doesn’t work well, you aren’t going to learn much, and you aren’t going to worry so much about the details involved in the patent's care. And those details might be very important for the patient…’ (St48)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Nurse tutor-student nurse relationship</p>
				<p>Students did not always perceive that the tutor nurse role was clearly defined. When they did, they stated the following on the relationship with the nurse:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘To have a good relationship with a tutor, it doesn’t matter how much the tutor knows; it depends on her desire to teach... When they [nurses] do it, they are there [they get closer to the student], and we feel supported.’ (St24)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Students give their opinion about the role that the tutor nurse, a nurse that gives them individualised and continuous feedback and support in practice, should play.</p>
				<p>‘[…] one day a nurse arrived and said: today you are going to be the nurse, and I am going to be your student’. I thought to myself: what if I do something wrong, what will happen? She said: I’m going to be with you all the time. You can ask me anything you need. In other words, she explained everything to me. All morning! The entire shift. And I learned more that day than in the whole month!’ (St31)</p>
				<p>Based on what students say, it seems that they often feel like temporary workers whose pay is education:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘I think that they [tutor nurse] see us as workers. You don’t come to the hospital to work, your pay is learning, your pay is training... I know they have a lot of work to do... We can help them, and they can teach us.’ (St29)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘Students are sometimes like office boys. You often have the feeling that you’re doing the work of professionals other than nurses [such as assistant nurses], you know? […] you aren’t doing a nurse’s work. You’re not learning anything.’ (St5)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>As for the age of the tutor nurse, students indicate the difference in attitude that they perceive between the “young” and “old” nurses. Above all, they emphasize their empathy with the young nurses.</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘[…] the young nurses have recently finished their studies, they put themselves in our shoes... those who studied a long time ago, the older ones, don’t count on you for certain things.’ (St11)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘In my case, the younger ones are more considerate with me. They respect me. Just by saying: Do you want to do this? I always observe the nurse, until she gives me the opportunity to do something... They invite to you to do something; they don’t use a dictatorial tone.’ (St28)</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>However, young nurses have less experience and may, therefore, be at a disadvantage when clarifying certain doubts:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>‘[…] I asked my tutor nurse a question... She is a young girl and admitted that she didn’t know the answer. She asked me to put the question to another nurse, one with more experience.’ (St36)</p>
				</disp-quote>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>One of the aspects most frequently addressed in the literature about the clinical learning environment is how it is perceived by students. In other words, this perception corresponds to the student perspective in the process of adapting to the sociocultural scene in the clinical climate. This research gives a view about how nursing students perceive the clinical learning environment. The main topics of interest were “individualization”, “innovation in clinical teaching”, “student participation” and “nurse tutor-student nurse relationship”. </p>
				<p>With regard to “individualization”, the students identified that there is no individualization in the clinical learning process. They do not think that aspects such as students’ experience and confidence help them to be more self-sufficient in making decisions and more autonomous in how they participate in ward activities. Nevertheless, students often call for more supervision from the tutor nurse in order to feel more secure. Usually, the tutor nurse feedback is negative, with poor communication, or what it worse, it does not exist. Constructive feedback can also help students to reflect on and to understand the theory, the practice, and their learning and socialisation experience<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Feelings of anxiety or vulnerability are common in nursing students, mainly at the beginning of the clinical placement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. This kind of stress can be related to the reality shock, the fear of making mistakes, feeling incompetent, feeling ignored, or the shame to talk with other professionals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. Other times, the situation is worse, and the students can feel a bullying situation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. Fortunately, this circumstance was not informed by our participants.</p>
				<p>The findings of “innovation in clinical teaching” emphasized that clinical practice placements represent an adequate context where students obtain up-to-date information and training. First-year students recognized they didn’t pay enough attention to the laboratory training. As Ewertsson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> explained, this training “constitutes a bridge between the university and the clinical settings.” Kaphagawani and Useh<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> also described how students transferred knowledge and abilities from the classroom and simulation laboratories to the clinical context. Also, it has been suggested that longer placements in the same clinical setting and the use of different pedagogical approaches (problem-based learning, reflective learning, evidence-based learning, or e-learning) could help to solve the theory-practice gap<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Students believe that “student participation” in activities depends on their experience, the characteristics of the ward, the nursing team and the tutor nurse. They recognize that they may have complete involvement in some ward tasks. Previous studies agree with these results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>. However, students argued that they had done routine activities and non-nursing duties during the clinical placement. The literature evidence that the clinical learning process will be successful if students report a variety of challenging learning opportunities which encourages them to become critical thinkers, but without increase the students' workload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Concerning “clinical supervision”, although there are a variety of nursing students supervisory models in European countries, many authors agree to consider the tutor nurse as the key role in the process of clinical supervision<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>. In addition, the student-nurse tutor relationship seems to be decisive for the students’ learning, both epistemologically and ontologically<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>. However, in this study, the majority of the students do not feel that the tutor nurse role was clearly defined. The nurses’ shifts and the students’ work schedule are noted as one of the most important causes for our participants. In that sense, the role of the tutor nurse should be clarified, enriched, and upgraded internationally<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Based on our students’ comments, it seems that they often feel like temporary workers who are paid in learning. Melia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> explained this feeling regarding mistaken student identity, as in “Am I a student or a worker?” Other authors have suggested that nursing students are sometimes treated as members of the nursing team in clinical areas, even though that is not their position<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>. Sometimes students felt that their primary purpose on placement was to support staff rather than develop their skills and enhance their learning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref><sup>)</sup></p>
				<p>Finally, students reported feeling more empathy with young than with older tutors. In this sense, Houghton<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> found that approachability, confidence, and motivation are characteristics of good tutors, which could be in line with our findings.</p>
				<p>Limitations of the study</p>
				<p>We are aware that the results of this study are limited to the students’ perspective of this purposive sample. Including the perceptions of nurses, nurse tutors, teachers, and patients of the clinical learning environment would be possible with further research, along with a cross-cultural and international perspective.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>This study shows that: 1) no individualization is involved in the clinical learning process; 2) student participation in ward activities depends on the student`s experience, the characteristics of the ward, the nursing team and nurse tutor; 3) students feel that the role of the nurse tutor is not clearly defined; 4) anxiety, vulnerability and feelings of being “temporary workers” are common in nursing students.</p>
				<p>These results should prompt reflection on these aspects of the supervisory process. Clinical learning is one of the most important of all students' experiences while on placement, given that it is during this period of training when they put the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for their future working life into practice.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article-->
</article>
