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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.4.311591</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00002</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factores que favorecen el reingreso en intensivos de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Factors that favor re-entry in intensive patients with acute coronary syndrome</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Clemente López</surname>
						<given-names>Francico José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Móndejar</surname>
						<given-names>Juan José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Gómez</surname>
						<given-names>José Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Diplomado en Enfermería. Máster Investigación. Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra. de Candelaria. Santa Cruz de Tenerife.España. clementediaz1@hotmail.com </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra. de Candelaria</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
				<email>clementediaz1@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Gerencia de Urgencias y Emergencias Sanitarias del 061. Servicio Murciano de Salud. Murcia. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Servicio Murciano de Salud</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de La Laguna. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. España. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de la Laguna</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Laguna</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>52</issue>
			<fpage>36</fpage>
			<lpage>48</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción</title>
					<p> Alrededor del 7% de los pacientes que ingresan en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) por síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) en España, reingresan de nuevo tiempo después. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos</title>
					<p> Identificar posibles causas y factores predisponentes a reingresar en UCI por SCA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodología</title>
					<p> Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, comparativo y longitudinal de pacientes ingresados por SCA en una UCI polivalente entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013. Se recogen variables demográficas, número de ingresos, factores de riesgo al ingreso (dislipemias, hipertensión arterial y diabetes) y hábitos de vida no cardiosaludables (sedentarismo/obesidad, tabaquismo, enolismo) de pacientes que reingresan y se comparan con grupo de control (pacientes que no reingresan). Se realiza test Chi <sup>2</sup> de Pearson y significación estadística.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Ingresaron 2.506 pacientes por SCA. Reingresaron 140 (5,58%) a los 12,93±16,41 meses después del primer ingreso. Los que reingresan están en UCI 4.97± 3.3 días (4.03±1.8 grupo control) en su primer ingreso. Se adjunta tabla con incidencia de factores de riesgo y hábitos de vida no saludables de ambos grupos. El tabaquismo y enolismo se relacionan con los reingresos (χ²=5.67; p&lt;0.01)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p> Los pacientes que reingresan, están más días en UCI en su primer ingreso, presentan un menor control de factores de riesgo y menor índice de abandono de hábitos nocivos que el grupo control. El tabaco y el alcohol son factores que favorecen el reingreso. Parece indicar que existe un problema de adherencia terapéutica en la muestra estudiada.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> About 7% of patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Spain, are readmitted again later. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives</title>
					<p> Identify the possible causes and predisposing factors for returning to ICU because of ACS. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methodology</title>
					<p> Retrospective, descriptive, comparative and longitudinal study of patients admitted for ACS in the ICU between January 2008 and December 2013.Demographic variables, number of admissions, admission risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes) and non heart-healthy life habits (sedentary / obesity, smoking, alcoholism) of patients who come back were collected and were compared with control group (not readmitted patients). Pearson’s Chi 2 test and statistical significance were performed. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> 2.506 patients were admitted by ACS. Readmissions were 140 (5,58%) after 12,93±16,41 months from their first admission. The ICU’s reentering patients stayed4.97± 3.3 days (4.03±1.8 control group) in their first admission. A table is attached with risk factors’ incidence and non heart-healthy life habits of both groups. Smoking and alcoholism habits are related with readmissions (χ²=5.67; p&lt;0.01)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> The patients who are readmitted stay more days in ICU in their first admission, have less control about risk factors and less quitting index of nocive habits than control group. It seems to exist an adherence therapeutic problem in the sample studied. </p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Reingreso</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome Coronario Agudo</kwd>
				<kwd>Hábitos De Vida</kwd>
				<kwd>Factores de Riesgo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Re-Entry</kwd>
				<kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Life Habits</kwd>
				<kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="3"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="51"/>
				<page-count count="13"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La cardiopatía isquémica y los accidentes cerebrovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en el mundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. En España, las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio provocan el 30,5% de las muertes totales, siendo la etiología más relevante la enfermedad isquémica cardiaca, la cual supone un 8,98% de la mortalidad total con una distribución superior en hombres <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>).</sup>.</p>
			<p>El infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) supone un coste para nuestro Sistema Nacional de Salud de 250 millones de euros anuales, donde se registran alrededor de 50.000 episodios anuales con una mortalidad del 7% y una tasa de reingreso del 7% en menos de 30 días <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Se ha constatado que los pacientes con varios factores de riesgo o con historia clínica de cardiopatía isquémica previa, tienen un riesgo superior de sufrir un nuevo episodio coronario <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> y diversos estudios demuestran que el 6-8% de los sobrevivientes a un IAM sufren un nuevo infarto durante el primer año siendo la mortalidad mayor que en la población general <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>).</sup>.Por tanto, un programa de prevención secundaria eficaz es relevante en esta etapa.</p>
			<p>El objetivo de este nivel de prevención es reducir la mortalidad, prevenir nuevos eventos cardiovasculares y controlar los factores de riesgo asociados. Éste incluye por un lado tratamiento farmacológico para el control de factores de riesgo (HTA, dislipemias, diabetes) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> y por otro, educación sobre hábitos de vida cardiosaludables y modificación de hábitos nocivos (Tabaquismo, obesidad y sedentarismo).</p>
			<p>El ensayo MIRVAS38 ha demostrado en España que un tratamiento integral e intensivo de los factores de riesgo en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular reduce la morbimortalidad a medio plazo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. En Estados Unidos, un metaanálisis ha estimado que si el porcentaje de pacientes que en 2002 recibieron el tratamiento recomendado en prevención secundaria hubiese sido del 60%, la mortalidad posterior se habría reducido al 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estrategias actuales de la prevención secundaria del SCA</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Según la Sociedad La Sociedad Española del Dolor (SED) concederá mayor protagonismo a la opinión de los profesionales en su X Congreso Nacional Española de Cardiología, los programas de formación al paciente cardiovascular son imprescindiblesLa venta de fragancias femeninas se duplica con motivo del Día de la Madre para un óptimo pronóstico, ya que es una enfermedad que requiere de la participación del paciente para lograr cambiar sus hábitos de vida y su colaboración en la constancia del tratamiento <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>).</sup>.En este contexto Enfermería se muestra como pieza clave en este nivel de intervención, como agentes educadores y asesores en la modificación de hábitos nocivos, adquisición de nuevos hábitos cardiosaludables y para el control de factores de riesgo con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida y evitar nuevos eventos coronarios. </p>
			<p>El tabaco está fuertemente asociado a la presentación de IAM <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Estudios han demostrado que el cese del consumo de tabaco reduce la mortalidad en 1/3 respecto de los que siguen fumando, por lo que constituye una medida efectiva de prevención secundaria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. El régimen alimentario y la reducción de obesidad, también han demostrado ser efectivos en el control de la HTA, diabetes y, por ende, en la prevención secundaria postinfarto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, Realizar actividad física de forma regular ha demostrado reducir en 26% el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes cardiópatas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> al inducir cambios favorables en la función plaquetaria y en el sistema fibrinolítico, con aumento de la actividad del plasminógeno por disminución de los niveles de su inhibidor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Todo el mundo conoce los beneficios de seguir esta pautas antes descritas, pero la realidad en la unidad coronaria objeto del presente estudio, es que se ha detectado en muchos pacientes que reingresan de nuevo infartados, que han mantenido los mismos hábitos de vida nocivos y no han sabido/querido controlar satisfactoriamente sus factores de riesgo coronarios (reingresan en las mismas condiciones que la primera vez). Siendo evidente el fracaso de la prevención secundaria, la motivación para realizar este estudio persigue los siguientes objetivos:</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Niveles de atención del SCA</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>OBJETIVOS</p>
			<p>General</p>
			<p>Identificar posibles causas y factores predisponentes a sufrir un nuevo SCA y reingresar en UCI.</p>
			<p>Específicos</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Cuantificar proporción de pacientes que reingresan en la unidad, número de reingresos, tiempo entre reingresos y días de estancia.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Verificar la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Describir el grado de abandono de hábitos de vida nocivos tras el SCA.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Comparar factores de riesgo y hábitos de vida entre pacientes que reingresan con los que no.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Enumerar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular que se asocian a mayor índice de morbimortalidad y reingreso.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico de casos-control de pacientes ingresados en una UCI-polivalente por SCA entre el 1 de enero de 2008 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013. Los datos se extraen mediante revisión de la Historia Clínica electrónica hospitalaria y de Atención Primaria, atendiendo a variables demográficas (sexo, edad), número de reingresos, tiempo entre reingresos, días de estancia, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y hábitos de vida previos al evento cardiaco y en los reingresos. Los criterios de inclusión en el grupo de casos son de pacientes que hayan sufrido un SCA y que hayan reingresado en nuestra unidad en dicho periodo de tiempo, al menos una vez. Para el grupo control, se seleccionaron a todos los pacientes que ingresaron en la unidad en el 2010 y que no volvieron a reingresar durante el periodo de estudio. Se selecciona por conveniencia este año, por el impacto relevante de la crisis económica (que puede condicionar la actitud de los pacientes frente a la prevención secundaria) y porque al ser el periodo de estudio hasta diciembre de 2013, existe margen para el reingreso, motivo que sería de exclusión de dicho grupo. Las variables se analizan mediante el programa estadístico SPSS v.17. Se usa el test de la Chi 2 para variables nominales independientes y se considera como nivel de significación p&lt;0.05. Asimismo se verifica mediante el Odd Ratio, el riesgo de reingreso según los factores de riesgo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>En el periodo de estudio (01.01.2008-31.12.2013) ingresaron en nuestra unidad 2.506 pacientes con SCA de los cuales reingresaron posteriormente 140 (5,58%), que conforman la muestra del grupo de casos. En éste, predomina el sexo masculino (73.6%) con 62.5±13 años de edad media. La mortalidad es del 11.4%. El 27.14% de reingresos se produjeron en el primer mes tras el alta. Del total, un 22.85% vuelve a ingresar por tercera vez y un 3.57% en una cuarta ocasión (dentro del periodo de estudio). Los días totales de estancia en la unidad objeto del estudio fue de 10.39±4.9 días/paciente distribuidos en 4.97 días/1º ingreso, 4,47/2º ingreso, 4.42/3º ingreso y 4 días el 4º ingreso. El 92.1% asegura cumplir el tratamiento prescrito por su especialista tras su primer ingreso.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables descriptivas de la muestra</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt1.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el grupo de casos, el 68.7% presenta algún hábito nocivo (tabaquismo, enolismo, obesidad/sedentarismo) en su primer ingreso que seguían manteniendo en el 63.5% (p&lt;0.01) de los casos en un segundo ingreso. El 82.1% presentan algún factor de riesgo cardiovascular (HTA, dislipemia, diabetes) en el primer ingreso que se reducían al 63.5% en el segundo. Tan sólo el 5 % de la muestra, no presenta ningún factor de riesgo ni hábitos nocivos. La incidencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y los hábitos de vida se representan en la siguiente tabla:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Factores de Riesgo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt2.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Señalar que las medias en el 3º y 4º ingreso son ponderadas respecto del número de pacientes que reingresan, por tanto las representativas son las del 1º y 2º ingreso ya que toda la muestra (140 pacientes) reingresaron al menos una vez.</p>
			<p>El único factor que se correlaciona con mortalidad es la dislipemia (χ² =4.01, p&lt;0.05 y ODD Ratio= 2.03; IC: 0.88-4.83). La HTA muestra una tendencia, pero no es significativa en esta serie. </p>
			<p>El tabaquismo se correlaciona con el hábito enólico (moderado-activo) (χ² =14.35, p&lt;0.001y ODD Ratio= 4.16; IC: 1.9-8.9), la HTA (p&lt;0.01) y dislipemia (p&lt;0.05). En este estudio, tabaquismo y enolismo se relacionan con los reingresos (χ² =5.67; p&lt;0.01). No existe correlación alguna entre éstos y la obesidad/sedentarismo.</p>
			<p>La edad esta correlacionada con la HTA y la diabetes (p&lt;0.01) e inversamente relacionada con el tabaco y el alcohol (p&lt;0.01).</p>
			<p>En cuanto al sexo, los hombres, están más relacionados con el tabaco (41.5% vs 22.6%; χ²= 3.29; p=0.06) y el alcohol (41.5% vs 16.1%; χ²= 6.09; p&lt;0.05). Las mujeres muestran una tendencia a la obesidad/sedentarismo, pero no es significativa.</p>
			<p>No se observa correlación entre factores de riesgo y hábitos nocivos con el tiempo transcurrido entre ingresos.</p>
			<p>En el 17.14% de los casos se detectan incongruencias entre los hábitos nocivos que presentan en el ingreso en nuestra unidad y la Historia Clínica de Atención Primaria.</p>
			<p>Para el grupo de control, se tienen en cuenta todos los pacientes que ingresaron en el 2010, que no tenían ingresos previos por eventos coronarios ni lo han tenido posteriormente hasta diciembre del 2013. Ingresaron 242 pacientes, el 73.2, hombres con 60.2 ±11 años de edad media y estuvieron ingresados en UCI 4.03 días de media.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figuras 3 y 4.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparativa de los días del primer ingreso entre grupo de casos y grupo control.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Incidencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y hábitos de vida nocivos de los grupos casos y control.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt3.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La experiencia demuestra que, cuando un paciente ingresa en la unidad con un infarto y ha visto peligrar su vida, suele manifestar la necesidad de abandonar los hábitos nocivos, reducir su nivel de estrés, comer mejor, hacer ejercicio o controlar sus factores de riesgo. Sin embargo, el grupo de casos, en un reingreso posterior (media de 12,9 meses después) los datos reflejan que han habido pocos cambios reales en sus hábitos de vida.</p>
			<p>Reingresa el 5,58%, siendo inferior al 7% de la tasa nacional. Esta diferencia puede estar relacionada con la población flotante extranjera que atiende nuestro hospital <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. No quiere decir que reingresen menos pacientes, sino que muchos de esos pacientes reingresarán en sus respectivos países en un futuro.</p>
			<p>Que la mayoría sean hombres y la edad, no difiere de otros estudios demográficos relacionados con el SCA <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>. Llama la atención la elevada tasa de reingresos dentro del primer mes después de haber sido dados de alta (27,14% de los pacientes que reingresan representando el 1,51% del total de SCA). Se debería evaluar los posibles factores clínicos que justifiquen estos reingresos tan precoces. Coincidiendo con otros trabajos, a largo plazo, la tasa de reingresos es significativamente menor en el grupo que tiene mejor control de factores de riesgo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Se observa en el grupo de casos que las tendencias en el control de hábitos nocivos, no han seguido una progresión satisfactoria. ¡El 40% de los pacientes que ingresan en una cuarta ocasión siguen fumando! Señalar que los valores representativos son los del primer y segundo reingreso y son sobre los que se centran las conclusiones. Los datos del 3º y 4º reingreso son ponderados respecto a la muestra que reingresa y por tanto, no representativos. </p>
			<p>Es significativo que existan tantas discrepancias entre las Historias Clínicas de Especializada y Atención Primaria. Aunque algunos estudios sostienen que efectivamente existen diferencias, estas suelen estar relacionadas con la medicación<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Pero en nuestro estudio, el 17,14% de los pacientes que declararon en su ingreso, seguramente motivado por el temor y gravedad de la situación, mantener hábitos nocivos, no habían dicho lo mismo a su enfermera de Atención Primaria en fechas anteriores al evento coronario. Sería interesante investigar el motivo, ya que tal vez refleje que el paciente no le da a su patología la importancia que merece. Algunos autores apuntan a que algunos pacientes mienten inconscientemente motivados por la relación de poder que existe entre el médico y ellos y que ocultar la realidad al personal sanitario, mejora su sensación de poder y control <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Otros trabajos demuestran que la edad y nivel sociocultural y económico están relacionados con una mala comprensión de la enfermedad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> y por eso no le den la importancia que su patología merece, pero hay otros que demuestran que la información percibida del personal sanitario no es correcta o suficiente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Comparando el grupo casos con el grupo control, no existen diferencias en la edad, género ni antecedentes. Es más, los pacientes del grupo control presentaban mayores índices de tabaquismo, HTA y dislipemia. Existe una diferencia, que no es significativa en los días de estancia en el primer ingreso (4,93 ± 3,3 vs. 4,01± 1,8 días). La diferencia que sí es significativa es en el manejo de los factores de riesgo, y es que los pacientes del grupo control y por tanto, que no han vuelto a reingresar, han abandonado en mayor medida el hábito tabáquico y han reducido sus niveles de colesterol e hipertensión más que el grupo de casos. Cabe señalar que en el grupo de casos, la incidencia de diabetes es mayor. Se ha estudiado sobradamente la influencia de niveles elevados de glucemia como factor predisponerte de morbi-mortalidad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> y en este estudio, podría resultar como un factor que favorece el reingreso. Sería necesario estudiar detalladamente los niveles de glucemia al ingreso y compararlos con el grupo control, en el cual también hay diabéticos, pero no han reingresado.</p>
			<p>Los datos indican que una proporción importante de pacientes coronarios no alcanzan los objetivos terapéuticos adecuados para la prevención de un nuevo evento coronario. Todo parece girar en torno a una falta de adherencia terapéutica. La Organización Mundial de la Salud definió la adherencia terapéutica como “El grado en que el comportamiento de una persona (tomar el medicamento, ejecutar cambios del modo de vida) se corresponde con las recomendaciones acordadas de un prestador de asistencia sanitaria” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Con este concepto se busca a un paciente activo que aprenda a vivir con su enfermedad crónica, adecuadamente informado y con participación en la toma de decisiones sobre su salud y su enfermedad compartidas con el profesional sanitario que les atiende. La mala adherencia al tratamiento y a los hábitos de vida cardiosaludables es una de las causas de mala evolución de la enfermedad y de elevadas pérdidas económicas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>El grupo de control presenta una mejor adherencia que el grupo de casos y pudiera ser el motivo de que unos reingresen y otros no. Existe gran variabilidad en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo en el grupo de casos. La situación de crisis económica actual pudiera influir en este aspecto, favoreciendo que el paciente no invierta dinero en controlar patologías silentes como la hipercolesterolemia, frente a otras que si requieren analgésicos y a las que se le dan prioridad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Aun así, es curioso constatar que los pacientes han mejorado-controlado mejor los factores de riesgo que sus hábitos de vida, cuando los factores de riesgo dependen en gran medida de un tratamiento (además de dieta y actividad física) y los cambios de hábitos dependen de ellos mismos y suponen un gasto adicional.</p>
			<p>Se debería plantear si es necesario aumentar los estándares de prevención secundaria para reducir el riesgo de recurrencias. El grupo de casos, en su segundo ingreso la dislipemia sólo disminuyó en un 11,5%, la HTA en el 18,6% de los casos y el 46% de los pacientes diabéticos mantienen cifras superiores a 140 mg/dl. Esto contrasta con el dato en nuestro estudio de que el 92,1% de los pacientes dicen seguir el tratamiento prescrito tras su primer ingreso en la unidad de coronarias. Los valores de glucemia, no se han tenido en cuenta en los resultados ya que cuando un paciente diabético ingresa con un SCA, debido a la propia patología, al estrés y ansiedad propia de la situación, favorece la hiperglucemia. Este dato se extrae de las Historias de Atención Primaria en las que se realizan controles al azar.</p>
			<p>Un análisis pormenorizado de estos datos revela que el impacto de la prevención secundaria y la educación sanitaria en el grupo de casos ha sido bajo. Este dato plantea serias dudas. ¿Las estrategias actuales de prevención fallan? ¿Por qué? Se sabe que la educación sanitaria es una herramienta de trabajo sobre los factores de riesgo que puede mejorar los resultados de mortalidad, reinfarto, etc. Por ello, la introducción precoz en una estrategia planificada de educación puede resolver la aparición de nuevos eventos. Eso es lo ideal pero, hoy en día, debido al contexto económico actual y la demanda asistencial que asume el sistema sanitario, la información que recibe el paciente en la consulta de Atención Primaria depende del tiempo que tenga la enfermera durante la consulta para cada paciente, que es insuficiente. </p>
			<p>Otra cuestión que se desprende es, si los pacientes desconocen su enfermedad o no son conscientes de la importancia del control y cambio de hábitos y prevención. Como ya se ha comentado, los resultados de otros estudios centran los mayores niveles de desconocimiento en pacientes con edad avanzada y niveles socioeconómicos más bajos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Si esto último es cierto, existe un potencial beneficio de ajustar los programas de educación según las características de cada paciente. La investigación en este aspecto debería formar parte de los programas de calidad hospitalarios para analizar y corregir las posibles deficiencias, si las hay, en la información y comunicación médico y enfermera-paciente.</p>
			<p>Sea como fuere, la idea principal que resalta de este contexto es que nuestro mensaje, como educadores, no está llegando a todos los pacientes. Tal vez se debería considerar el reingreso en el hospital como un indicador de calidad de la prevención secundaria.</p>
			<p>Los resultados del grupo casos sugieren que los pacientes con hábitos nocivos, son al mismo tiempo, los que manifiestan un peor control de factores de riesgo y están directamente relacionados con el número de reingresos y días de estancia hospitalaria. Los pacientes que muestren este perfil, deben ser el objetivo principal de la prevención y de la educación sanitaria. Parece que los pacientes, tras abandonar el hospital y reinsertarse en la sociedad, vuelven a retomar sus hábitos nocivos. Además muchos estudios afirman que con los meses, los pacientes abandonan el tratamiento prescrito <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Estos hechos plantean que además de la prevención secundaria, sería necesario valorar la inserción de los pacientes coronarios con un mal manejo de los factores de riesgo en programas específicos de rehabilitación cardiaca. La Organización Mundial de la Salud define los Programas de Rehabilitación Cardiaca como el conjunto de medidas que persiguen la recuperación y readaptación del enfermo que padece o ha padecido alguna manifestación de cardiopatía hasta conseguir los niveles óptimos en los aspectos físico, psicológico, social y laboral <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Por tanto, estos programas tienen como objetivo fundamental, educar y ayudar a los pacientes a recuperar una forma de vida lo más normal y tan pronto como sea posible tras el reconocimiento del trastorno, o adaptarse a las limitaciones impuestas por éste. Respecto a los hábitos de vida, estos programas de educación sanitaria se centran en el tabaquismo, control alimentario y actividad física no sólo asesorando, sino poniendo los recursos económicos y humanos necesarios para lograrlo.</p>
			<p>En Europa, la utilización de programas de rehabilitación cardíaca está en torno al 60%, en Estados Unidos sobre el 30% y en España en cambio, no llega al 5% de las indicaciones <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Esto sumado a estudios recientes realizados en nuestro país que demuestran que el 65% de los pacientes cardiacos posee información insuficiente acerca de su enfermedad y su prevención; el 29% de los enfermos considera su enfermedad de menor gravedad a la real y el 22% no sabe determinar si su enfermedad es relevante en su pronóstico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Añadir que muchos pacientes abandonan sus tratamientos meses después de recibir el alta hospitalaria, relacionado directamente con el número de comprimidos prescritos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Los programas de rehabilitación son relevantes para el paciente coronario reincidente. Como agentes de Salud, la Enfermería no está ofreciendo una atención integral si no se cerciora de que el paciente entiende y es consciente de la gravedad de su enfermedad. Hay que involucrarlo más en su autocuidado, concienciar sobre la gravedad de su enfermedad y de la transcendencia que su decisión respecto a su cambio de hábitos de vida tendrá en su futuro. </p>
			<p>Visto que a pesar de la educación y promoción de la salud que reciben los pacientes en Primaria, no parece calar del todo, una estrategia a seguir podría ser la de iniciar la prevención en la misma convalecencia del cuadro agudo, cuando el paciente y familiares están sensibilizados y motivados. Este podría ser considerado el momento adecuado para enseñar. El momento “propicio para la enseñanza” en Ciencias de la Salud se define como la situación o contexto adecuado que incita al individuo a querer mejorar su estado de salud <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Por tanto, la efectividad de detectar y elegir el momento adecuado, es fundamental. En ocasiones pueden ser un evento positivo el utilizado para modificar hábitos. En este caso, se trata de aprovechar la susceptibilidad que provoca la vivencia de efectos adversos relacionados con hábitos nocivos para hacer prevención, promoción de la salud e intentar cambiar comportamientos. Basado en la evidencia proporcionada por la salud pública, se recomienda realizar una intervención motivacional breve. Consiste en una corta entrevista que pretende lograr el cambio en algún comportamiento para promover hábitos saludables. La intervención motivacional breve ha demostrado ser efectiva en varios ámbitos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> y combinado con el momento adecuado para la enseñanza, debería serlo aún más. La gravedad y rapidez del SCA, favorece que los pacientes estén más sensibles para abandonar los estilos de vida no saludables y los coloca en la situación ideal, para comenzar a adoptar medidas para el cambio. El perfil de pacientes detectado en este estudio, podrían ser los candidatos adecuados para recibir la intervención motivacional en su reingreso debiendo existir una continuidad de cuidados entre unidades (UCI, planta) y de educación sanitaria dentro de los distintos niveles de atención en los que se atenderá al paciente (Atención Especializada y Primaria).</p>
			<p>Las estrategias de actuación de la enfermera deben ir dirigidas a:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>- Adoptar y mantener hábitos saludables.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Asesorar y ayudar en el abandono de los hábitos nocivos.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Estabilizar, ralentizar o revertir la progresión de la enfermedad y los procesos ateroscleróticos.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Reducir los factores de riesgo cardíacos y la morbimortalidad, buscando una correcta adherencia terapéutica.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Disminuir las incapacidades y promover un estilo de vida activo.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Limitar los efectos psicológicos y fisiológicos de la enfermedad cardíaca.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Controlar la sintomatología.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Mejorar la calidad de vida y el estatus psicosocial y laboral.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>- Mejorar el estado físico, psíquico y social.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Este estudio sugiere que el problema principal por el que los pacientes reingresan en UCI es por un problema de adherencia terapéutica en la prevención secundaria y se impone la necesidad de detectar un perfil de paciente susceptible de padecer nuevos episodios coronarios. </p>
			<p>En un marco ideal deberían existir unos programas de atención y formación al paciente coronario desde el primer momento en el que se detecta la enfermedad coronaria, sobre todo en pacientes con hábitos nocivos ya que se asocian a un mal control de los factores cardiovasculares y se relaciona directamente con el número de reingresos, estancia hospitalaria y gasto sanitario. </p>
			<p>Según este estudio, el candidato a reingresar en UCI por SCA y que debería ser objeto de la intervención educativa y rehabilitación cardiaca, es un paciente varón entre 55-65 años, fumador y bebedor habitual con HTA y dislipemia que ingresa en UCI mas de 4 días. El resto de pacientes que no se ajusten a este perfil, podrían seguir los cauces habituales de prevención secundaria. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors that favor re-entry in intensive patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> About 7% of patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Spain, are readmitted again later. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives</title>
					<p> Identify the possible causes and predisposing factors for returning to ICU because of ACS. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methodology</title>
					<p> Retrospective, descriptive, comparative and longitudinal study of patients admitted for ACS in the ICU between January 2008 and December 2013.Demographic variables, number of admissions, admission risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes) and non heart-healthy life habits (sedentary / obesity, smoking, alcoholism) of patients who come back were collected and were compared with control group (not readmitted patients). Pearson’s Chi 2 test and statistical significance were performed. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> 2.506 patients were admitted by ACS. Readmissions were 140 (5,58%) after 12,93±16,41 months from their first admission. The ICU’s reentering patients stayed4.97± 3.3 days (4.03±1.8 control group) in their first admission. A table is attached with risk factors’ incidence and non heart-healthy life habits of both groups. Smoking and alcoholism habits are related with readmissions (χ²=5.67; p&lt;0.01)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> The patients who are readmitted stay more days in ICU in their first admission, have less control about risk factors and less quitting index of nocive habits than control group. It seems to exist an adherence therapeutic problem in the sample studied. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Re-Entry</kwd>
				<kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Life Habits</kwd>
				<kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Ischemic heart disease and strokes are the first cause of death in the world <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. In Spain, circulatory system diseases are responsible for 30.5% of all deaths, being the most relevant aetiology the ischemic heart disease, which comprehends 8.98% of the total number of deaths with a higher distribution in men <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> Heart attacks represent an expenditure of 250 million euros to our National Healthcare System every year, where 50.000 coronary attacks are registered annually with a 7% of mortality and a re-admission rate of 7% in less than 30 days <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>It is been confirmed that patients with several risk factors or previous ischemic heart disease medical history, have a higher risk of suffering a new coronary attack <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and several studies show that 6-8% of heart attack survivors suffer a new stroke during the following year, having a higher mortality rate than the general population <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Hence, an effective secondary prevention program is relevant in this phase.</p>
				<p>The main goals of this prevention level are to reduce mortality, prevent new cardiovascular events and control the associated risk factors. This secondary prevention includes, on one hand, pharmacological treatment to control risk factors (SAH, dyslipidemias, diabetes) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and, on the other hand, education in heart-healthy life habits and encouraging a change of harmful habits (smoking, obesity and sedentariness).</p>
				<p>The clinical trial MIRVAS38 has demonstrated in Spain that a comprehensive and intensive treatment of risk factors in cardiovascular disease patients reduces by half the morbidity and mortality <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. In the Unites States, a meta-analysis has estimated that if the percentage of patients who in 2002 received the recommended treatment in secondary prevention had been of 60%, the subsequent mortality would have reduced to 50% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Current strategies for the secondary prevention of ACS.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>According to the Spanish Society of Cardiology, cardiovascular patient training programs are essential for an optimal prognosis because this is a disease which requires the participation of the patient to achieve changes in his life habits and his collaboration in the persistence of the treatment <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. In this context, Nursery is a key aspect at this level of intervention, as educative agents and advisers to change harmful habits, for acquisition of new heart-healthy habits and to control risk factors as a means to improve the quality of life and avoid new coronary events.</p>
				<p>Smoking is strongly associated to heart attacks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Studies have shown that tobacco smoking cessation reduces the mortality by one third compared to those who continue smoking; therefore, it constitutes an effective measure of secondary prevention <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Also, it has been demonstrated that diet and reduction of obesity is effective in the control of SAH, diabetes and, hence, in the post-infarction secondary prevention <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Practicing physical activity regularly brings with it a 26% reduction of the risk of mortality in heart disease patients <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> due to induced favourable changes in the platelet function and the fibrinolytic system which, in turn, implies an increase in the activity of the plasminogen caused by a decrease in the levels of its inhibitor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>People are well aware of the benefits of following the described guidelines, but this is not the reality at the coronary unit where this research is being conducted. We have detected that many patients who are re-admitted due to heart attacks have held on to the same harmful habits as they had beforehand and did not want to or did not know how to correctly control coronary risk factors (since their condition upon re-admission was the same as in their first admission). As evident as it is the failure in the secondary prevention, the motivation to conduct this research leads us to establish the following goals:</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>ACS levels of care</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>GOALS</p>
				<p>General</p>
				<p>Identify possible causes and underlying factors to suffering a new ACS and be re-admitted to ICU.</p>
				<p>Specifics</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Quantify the proportion of patients who are re-admitted in the unit, number of re-entries, time lapse between them and days of stay.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Verify the degree of fulfilment of the pharmacological treatment.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Describe the degree of abandonment of harmful habits after ACS.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Compare risk factors and life habits in patients who are re-admitted and those who are not.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>List cardiovascular risk factors associated to a higher rate of morbidity, mortality and re-admission.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>This is a retrospective, descriptive and analytic study about control-cases of patients admitted in a polyvalent ICU due to ACS between the 1<sup>st</sup> of January, 2008 and the 31<sup>st</sup> of December, 2013. The data is extracted examining the electronic Clinic and Primary Health Care History at the hospital, according to demographic variables (sex, age), number of re-admissions, time lapse between admissions, days of stay, cardiovascular risk factors and life habits previous to the heart attack and during the re-admission. The inclusion criteria in the case group means it is comprised of patients who suffered an ACS and were re-admitted in our unit for this same reason, at least once, during the period of study. The control group is comprised of patients who were admitted in the unit in 2010 but were not subsequently re-admitted during the rest of the study. This particular year is selected because of its convenience, due to the importance of the economic crisis (which might condition the patient’s attitude in relation to the secondary prevention) and because given that the study will be carried out until December, 2013, there is enough time for re-admission, and this would, in turn, be a cause of exclusion of the control group. Statistic analysis will be performed with the statistics application SPSS v.17. The test used for nominal independent variables is Chi 2 test and the level of significance considered is p&lt;0.05. Likewise, re-admission likelihood based on risk factors is verified using the Odd Ratio.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>During the period of the study (01.01.2008-31.12.2013) 2.506 patients were admitted to our unit presenting ACS and 140 of them were re-admitted afterwards (5.58%), and the latter constitute the sample of the case group. Most subjects are male (73.6%) with an average of 62.5±13 years old. The mortality rate is 11.4%. 27.14% of re-admissions occurred during the first month after being discharged. 22.85% of the total amount are admitted a third time and 3.57% a fourth time (during the time of the study). The total days of stay in the unit were 10.39±4.9 days per patient distributed in 4.97 days/1st admission, 4.47/2nd admission, 4.42/3rd admission and 4 days the 4th admission. 92.1% of the patients claim compliance with the treatment prescribed by their specialist after their first admission.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sample descriptive variables</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt4.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the case group, 68.7% present some harmful habit (smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alcoholism) in their first admission, from whom 63.5% (p&lt;0.01) still present them upon re-admission. 82.1% present some cardiovascular risk factor (HTA, diabetes, dyslipidemia) in their first admission but this value reduces to 63.5% in the second one. Only 5% of the sample does not present any risk factor or harmful habits. The influence of cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle are represented in the following table:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Risk Factors</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt5.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The averages values corresponding to the third and fourth re-admissions are weighted on the number of patients that are re-admitted, therefore, the first and second re-admissions are the ones that should be considered representative because all of the patients from the sample (140 patients) were re-admitted at least once.</p>
				<p>The only factor which is correlated with mortality is dyslipidemia. (χ² =4.01, p&lt;0.05 y ODD Ratio= 2.03; IC: 0.88-4.83). HTA shows a bias but it is not significant in this series.</p>
				<p>Smoking is correlated with alcoholism habits (active-moderate) (χ² =14.35, p&lt;0.001 y ODD Ratio= 4.16; IC: 1.9-8.9), HTA (p&lt;0.01) and dyslipidemia (p&lt;0.05). In this study, smoking and alcoholism are directly related to re-admissions (χ² =5.67; p&lt;0.01). There’s no relation between re-admission and obesity or sedentary lifestyle.</p>
				<p>Age is correlated with HTA and diabetes (p&lt;0.01) and inversely related to tobacco and alcohol (p&lt;0.01).</p>
				<p>Regarding the gender, men are more related to tobacco (41.5% vs 22.6%; χ²= 3.29; p=0.06) and alcohol (41.5% vs 16.1%; χ²= 6.09; p&lt;0.05). Women have an obesity/sedentary lifestyle tendency but it is not significant.</p>
				<p>Risk factors and harmful habits are not correlated with the time lapse between admissions.</p>
				<p>In 17.14% of the cases we find inconsistencies between the harmful habits that they present at the moment of admission in our unit and the Clinic History of Primary Health Care.</p>
				<p>In the control group, we take into account all the patients who were admitted in 2010 that were not previously admitted because of coronary events nor were they admitted afterwards earlier than December, 2013. This means that 242 patients were admitted, 73.2 of them were men with an average age of 60.2 ±11 and they were admitted in ICU during 4.03 days of average.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figures 3, 4 </label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of the days of the first admission between groups of cases and control group</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors and harmful life habits in the control and case group</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-52-36-gt6.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Experience teaches that when a patient with a stroke is admitted in the unit and he feels his life is in danger, usually, he expresses the need to abandon the harmful habits, to reduce his stress level, to eat healthier, to do exercise or control his risk factors. However, in the case group, upon a subsequent re-admission (12.9 months afterwards on average), data shows that few actual changes in their life habits took place.</p>
				<p>5.58% of the patients are re-admitted and this figure is lower than the national rate (7%). The difference might be related to the foreign floating population assisted in our hospital <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> This does not mean that fewer patients are re-admitted; it means that many of those patients will be re-admitted in their respective countries of origin in the future.</p>
				<p>Other studies show the same demographic data related with ACS: most patients are male and have the same average age <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> It should also be noted that mortality is not relevant in our study in the sense that if the patient dies, he will not be re-admitted. The expressed percentage represents patients who died in our unit although, unfortunately, we are aware that many of them died outside and are, therefore, not registered as new re-admissions, and this could bias the results, but not significantly. According to the study DIOCLES which addresses the prognosis and treatment of acute coronary syndrome in Spain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, the ACS intra-hospital mortality rate is around 7.8%.</p>
				<p>Something that should be noted is the high rate of re-admissions in the first month after discharge from the hospital (27.14% of the patients who were re-admitted, corresponding to 1.51% from the ACS overall). The possible clinical factors that are behind these early re-admissions should be evaluated. In accordance with other studies, in the long term, re-admission rate is significantly lower in the group where risk factors are more controlled <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>We can observe that control of harmful habits in the case group did not achieve an adequate progress. It strikes one that 40% of the patients admitted a fourth time still smoke. It should be pointed out that the representative values come from the first and second re-admission meaning we will focus on them to draw the conclusions. Data from the third and fourth admission is weighted with respect to the sample that is re-admitted, hence, they are not representative.</p>
				<p>It is significant that there are so many inconsistencies between Specialized and Primary Health Care Clinic History. Though some studies state that, in effect, there are differences, they are usually related to medication <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. However, in our study, 17.14% of the patients who stated to have harmful habits upon admission, probably motivated by fear and the serious situation, did not tell the same story to their nurses from Primary Health Care in the days previous to the coronary event. This information agrees with other studies about the lack of sincerity of some patients with their nurses <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. It would be interesting to look into the reason behind, because it may mean that the patient does not give to his disease the importance it deserves.</p>
				<p>Some authors mention that patients lie to the doctor all the time, unconsciously, motivated by the power relationship between doctor and patient. They feel that hiding the truth away from medical staff gives them back power and control over the situation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Other studies show that age and sociocultural and economic level are related with a bad understanding of the disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and as a consequence, they do not consider their illness as serious as it really is. But there are other studies that demonstrate that the information perceived by the medical staff is not correct or sufficient <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>If you look at the case group and compare it with the control group, no differences are found related to age, gender or medical record. Moreover, patients from the control group present higher levels of tobacco consumption, HTA and dyslipidemia. There is a difference which can’t be considered significant regarding the days of stay in the first admission (4.93 ± 3.3 vs. 4.01± 1.8 days). The difference is, however, obvious in the risk factor management because patients from the control group (who were not re-admitted), abandoned in greater proportion tobacco consumption and reduced their cholesterol and hypertension levels more than the case group. We should emphasise that the incidence of diabetes is higher in the case group. It has been widely studied that high blood sugar levels play in favour of morbidity and mortality <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> and, in this study, it could represent a factor that makes re-admission more likely. High blood sugar levels should be studied at the moment of admission and be compared with the group control, in which there are diabetics too, but none of them had to be re-admitted. </p>
				<p>Data indicates that a significant proportion of coronary patients do not reach the accurate therapeutic goals aimed at prevention of a new coronary event. It all seems tied around a lack of therapeutic compliance <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. The World Health Organization <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> defined the therapeutic compliance as “the degree in which a person’s behaviour (taking the medicine, changing his/her lifestyle) is aligned with the recommendations of a healthcare provider. Based on this concept, we look for an active patient who can learn to live with his chronic illness, who is appropriately informed and who takes part in making decisions regarding his own health and disease along with the medical staff that assist him <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. Poor compliance with the treatment and wrong heart-related health habits cause a deterioration of the disease and results in high expenses <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>The control group presents a better compliance than the case group and this could be the reason why some people are re-admitted while others are not. There is a great variability in the prevalence of risk factors in the case group. The economic crisis might be an influencing factor, leading to patients that do not spend money to control the silent pathologies such as hypercholesterolemia and instead spending money in the ones which require painkillers considering them more important <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Even so, it is important to note that patients have a better control on the risk factors than on their lifestyle, even when risk factors depend, above all, on the treatment (apart from diet and physical exercise) and a change of habits depends on them and means an additional expense. </p>
				<p>It should be contemplated the need to raise secondary prevention standards to reduce the recurring risk. In the second admission in the case group, dyslipidemia was reduced only an 11.5%, HTA 18.6% and 46% of the diabetics patients maintained measures over 140 mg/dl. This information contrasts with the one in our study, where 92.1% of the patients state that they comply with the prescribed treatment after their first admission in the coronary unit. Sugar blood levels have not been taken into account in the results because hyperglycaemia is favoured when a diabetic enters with an ACS due to his own disease, the stress and the anxiety of the situation. This information is extracted from the Primary Assistance Records in which random controls are carried out.</p>
				<p>A deep analysis of the collected data reveals that impact in the secondary prevention and health education concerning the case group has been low. These results bring along some questions. Are the current prevention strategies failing? Why? Health education is a tool to work on risk factors and it can improve the rates of mortality, re-stroke, etc. As a consequence, early introduction within a pre-scheduled educative strategy could avoid the development of new events. This would be the ideal case, but nowadays, due to the economic context and the demand of assistance to the health system, the information received by the patient in Primary Health Care depends on the nurse’s time during the consultation, which apparently is not enough.</p>
				<p>Another question that arises is whether patients are aware of their disease and whether they are aware about the importance of prevention and control and change of habits. As it was previously mentioned, based on the results of other studies we could state that higher levels of ignorance are associated with old people and low socio-economic level patients <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. If this information is confirmed, adjusting the educative programs according to the characteristics of every patient might have positive outcome. In this aspect, research should be part of the Hospital quality programs in order to analyse and correct potential weaknesses, may they exist, in the information and communication between doctor and nurse-patient.</p>
				<p>Nonetheless, the main idea that arises from this context is that our message, as educators, is not getting to every patient. Perhaps, re-admissions in a hospital should be considered as a quality indicator in secondary prevention.</p>
				<p>The case group results suggest that patients with harmful habits are, at the same time, the ones who show a worse control of risk factors and they are directly related to the number of re-admissions and days of stay in hospital. Patients with this profile should be the main focus for prevention and health education. It seems that when these patients leave the hospital and return to society, they continue holding on to their harmful habits. Moreover, many studies state that patients abandon the prescribed treatment after a few months <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>These facts reveal that, in addition to secondary prevention, it is necessary to consider whether patients who do not control risk factors should join specific programs of cardiac rehab <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>. The World Health Organization defines Cardiac Rehabilitation programs as the set of measures aimed at the recovery and re-adaptation of the sick person who suffers or has suffered some heart disease episode in order to reach optimal levels in physic, psychological, social and labour aspects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Therefore, the aim of these programs is to educate and help patients get their normal lives back, once they have acknowledged the disease, as soon as possible, or to adapt to the limitations associated with the disease. With respect to life habits, these programs are focused in tobacco use, diet and physic exercise, not just informing but also providing the necessary economic and human resources.</p>
				<p>In Europe, cardiac rehabilitation programs are used in about 60% of the cases, in USA in 30% of the cases whereas in Spain it does not reach 5% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. We should consider this information together with recent research in our country that show that 65% of cardiac patients do not have enough information about their disease and prevention; 29% consider their illness less serious than it really is and 22% cannot tell if their illness is relevant in their prognosis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. Besides, many patients abandon the treatment a few months after discharge, and this is directly related to the number of prescribed tablets <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Rehabilitation programs are relevant for the reoffending coronary patient. As health care agents, nursery can’t be considered integral assistance if it does not make the patient understand and be aware of the seriousness of the disease. It has to engage the patient in self-care, raise awareness about the seriousness of the disease and about the impact that this decision will have in the future regarding life-style changes.</p>
				<p>Since education and health promotion provided to patients in Primary Assistance is not working as expected, one strategy that we could follow is to start the prevention during the recovery phase after an acute cardiovascular event, when patient and relatives are sensitive and motivated. This moment could be considered as the most suitable time for teaching. In Health Sciences, the perfect time is defined as the perfect context that engages the patient to improve his health <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>. Choosing the most suitable time is fundamental and it has been studied in different contexts <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref>. Sometimes, a positive event is used to modify habits. In such case, we want to take advantage of the susceptibility that causes experiencing adverse effects caused by harmful habits to do the prevention and promotion of healthy ones towards a change in behaviour. There is evidence that being admitted in hospital gives the opportunity to adopt initiatives which trigger the change <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>. Based on public health care evidences it is recommended to do a short motivational intervention <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>. It is a short interview which tries to achieve a change regarding some behaviour in order to promote healthy habits. The short motivational intervention has demonstrated to be effective in several fields <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref> and combined with the appropriate time for teaching, it should be even more effective. The seriousness and speed of ACS, favours patients who are more sensitive to quit non-healthy habits and it puts them in an ideal situation to start adopting steps for changing. The patient’s profile detected in this study, could be the suitable candidates to receive the motivational intervention upon re-admission, together with continuous care among units (ICU, ward) and continuous health education in the different levels of assistance which will have them as patients (Specialised and Primary Assistance).</p>
				<p>The nurse’s action strategies must be aimed at:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>- Adopting and maintaining healthy habits.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Advising and helping to quit harmful habits.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Stabilizing, slowing down and reverting the increase of the disease and the atherosclerotic processes.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Reducing cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity and mortality, looking for a correct therapeutic compliance.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Decreasing permanent handicap effects, and promoting an active lifestyle.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Limiting the psychologic and physiological effects of the disease.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Controling the symptomatology.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Improving the life quality and the psychosocial and labour status.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>- Improving the physic, psychic and social condition. </p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>This study suggests that the main reason why patients are re-admitted to ICU is the lack of therapeutic compliance in secondary prevention and it is clear the need to detect a patient’s profile that is likely to suffer new coronary events. In a perfect work frame the patient should be provided with a series of assistance and teaching programs from the very first moment in which the disease is detected. Especially, in patients with harmful habits given that they are associated with uncontrolled cardiovascular factors and it is directly related to the number of re-admissions, days of stay in the hospital and medical expenses. According to this study, the candidate to be re-admitted in ICU due to ACS and which should be subject to cardiac rehab and educative intervention is a man between 55-65, every day smoker and drinker with HTA and dyslipidemia who is admitted in ICU for more than four days. The rest of the patients who do not fit in this profile, could follow the typical flow of secondary prevention.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article-->
</article>
