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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.1.280741</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ansiedad entre cuidadores de pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica tras el alta hospitalaria</article-title> 
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Anxiety among caregivers of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after hospital discharge</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García Guillamón</surname>
						<given-names>Gloria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bernabeu Mora</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Montilla Herrador</surname>
						<given-names>Joaquina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Seva Llor</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Myriam</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gacto Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Mariano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García Vidal</surname>
						<given-names>José Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales, Universidad de Murcia. España. E-mail: gloria.garcia2@um.es</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
				<email>gloria.garcia2@um.es</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Neumología</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Morales Meseguer</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB). Murcia. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Murcia. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Murcia. España.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Murcia</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Euses Escola Universitària de la Salut i l´Esport, Universitat de Girona. España,</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universitat de Girona</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Euses Escola Universitària de la Salut i l´Esport</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Girona</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>49</issue>
			<fpage>164</fpage>
			<lpage>174</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Identificar los factores que influyen en cambios en la ansiedad de los cuidadores tres meses después del alta hospitalaria por exacerbación aguda de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodología</title>
					<p> Estudio longitudinal. Participaron 87 cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados por exacerbación aguda de EPOC. Se midió la ansiedad en el momento de la hospitalización y tres meses después del alta. Además, se midieron potenciales factores asociados a su cambio en cuatro dominios: Contexto del cuidado, demandas del cuidado, recursos y características del paciente. Utilizamos regresiones logísticas múltiples univariadas y multivariadas para determinar los cambios en la ansiedad tres meses después. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Presentaron ansiedad en el momento de la hospitalización el 57,5% de los cuidadores. De ellos, el 44% había remitido su ansiedad tres meses después del alta hospitalaria. Sin embargo, el 22% de los cuidadores quienes no habían presentado ansiedad en el momento de la hospitalización se mostraron ansiosos a los 3 meses. La gravedad de la EPOC y no recibir apoyo de otro cuidador disminuyó las probabilidades de remisión de la ansiedad. La sobrecarga moderadamente alta incrementa las probabilidades de presentar nuevos síntomas de ansiedad. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p> La percepción de los síntomas de la ansiedad es dinámica. Los cuidadores pueden recuperarse si reciben ayuda de otro cuidador o si el paciente al que cuidan no está en un estado severo de EPOC.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> To identify the factors that influence changes in caregivers anxiety status three months after discharge for acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methodology:</title>
					<p> Longitudinal study. Participants included 87 caregivers of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD. Anxiety was measured at the time of hospitalization and three months after discharge. We measured factors from four domains: context of care, caregiving demands, caregiver resources, and patient characteristics. We used multiple univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to determine changes in anxiety three months later. Univariate and multivariate multiple logistic regressions were used to determine changes in anxiety three months later.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> A total of 57.5% of caregivers reported anxiety at the time of hospitalization. Of these, 44% had a remission of their anxiety three months after discharge. However, 22% of caregivers who had not experienced anxiety at the hospitalization became anxious at 3 months. The severity of COPD and not receiving help from another caregiver decreased the likelihood of remission of anxiety. Moderately high overload increases the likelihood of experiencing anxiety symptoms.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> The perception of anxious symptoms is dynamic. Caregivers are likely to recover from anxiety when they receive help from another caregiver and if the patient they are caring for does not have severe COPD.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><bold>Palabras clave</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>Ansiedad</kwd>
				<kwd>Cuidadores</kwd>
				<kwd>Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica</kwd>
				<kwd>Cuidados familiares</kwd>
				<kwd>Exacerbaciones</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
				<kwd>Caregivers</kwd>
				<kwd>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Family Care</kwd>
				<kwd>Exacerbations</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La EPOC (Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica) es un problema de salud crónico y debilitante que se caracteriza por una afectación de la capacidad de realizar actividades de vida diaria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Muchos de estos pacientes necesitan ayuda para los cuidados de salud y gestión de vida diaria. En España la mayor parte de las personas con EPOC han recibido atención de cuidadores debido a su discapacidad y se estima que el 88,6% de los principales cuidadores eran parientes o amigos, esto es cuidadores informales.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>En etapas avanzadas de la EPOC se producen exacerbaciones que pueden requerir hospitalización.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> En estas circunstancias los cuidadores informales tienen un papel muy importante. </p>
			<p>Es conocido que los cuidadores de pacientes con EPOC pueden experimentar una sobrecarga importante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> además de que la aparición de exacerbaciones y hospitalizaciones son situaciones angustiosas para los cuidadores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> que parece reducirse transcurridas varias semanas de la hospitalización.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Sobre la presencia de síntomas depresivos en los cuidadores se ha observado que están presentes durante la hospitalización, pero tras el alta hospitalaria del paciente, el nivel de dependencia del paciente será determinante para la presencia de síntomas depresivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
			</p> <p>Por otra parte, la ansiedad del cuidador es un problema común durante la hospitalización<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> pero su evolución puede ser diferente después en el domicilio del paciente cuando el cuidador se enfrenta a situaciones muy estresantes como la disnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la ansiedad del cuidador primario a los 3 meses del alta hospitalaria por exacerbación aguda de EPOC e identificar los factores que han podido influir en el cambio de la ansiedad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Diseño del estudio y participantes</bold></p>
			<p>Estudio longitudinal. Los cuidadores de pacientes hospitalizados por exacerbación de EPOC fueron reclutados en el Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, España, entre Octubre de 2013 y Mayo de 2015. </p>
			<p>A partir de los exámenes de salud de los pacientes y de la revisión de las historias clínicas, un neumólogo identificó y reclutó una muestra consecutiva de cuidadores primarios que cumplían los criterios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla I</xref>). A todos los cuidadores y pacientes del estudio se les informó y cumplimentaron el consentimiento informado, y el comité ético del hospital aprobó el protocolo del estudio.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla I.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Criterios de inclusión y exclusión</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt1.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Mediciones</bold></p>
			<p>Los datos fueron recogidos en entrevistas cara a cara con los cuidadores y pacientes en el hospital y en entrevistas telefónicas 3 meses después del alta hospitalaria.</p>
			<p>Para evaluar la ansiedad del cuidador se utilizó la subescala del test de Goldberg para determinar la presencia o ausencia de síntomas de ansiedad en el cuidador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Esta escala incluye nueve ítems que piden a los encuestados que califiquen la presencia de síntomas durante las dos semanas anteriores usando categorías de respuestas binarias (sí / no). La puntuación varió de 0 a 9, con punto de corte de pacientes discriminados con síntomas ansiosos ((4, sí) de aquellos sin síntomas (&lt;4, no).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Este instrumento se administró en el hospital al ingreso y en casa 12 semanas después del alta hospitalaria.</p>
			<p>Los potenciales factores asociados fueron clasificadas dentro de 4 dominios: el contexto de cuidado, las demandas del cuidado, los recursos del cuidador, las características del paciente.</p>
			<p>El contexto de cuidado incluyó la edad del cuidador y el género, la convivencia (si/no), y el parentesco (cónyuge-pareja/otro) con el paciente. </p>
			<p>Las demandas del cuidado fueron relativas al periodo de cuidados (meses) y horas de carga a la semana y la sobrecarga percibida por el cuidador. El periodo y horas de cuidado fueron medidas en el hospital considerando el estado de preexacerbación del paciente y se dicotomizaron.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> La sobrecarga del cuidador se midió en el hospital y de nuevo a las 12 semanas después del alta hospitalaria utilizando la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador de Zarit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> en la que la sobrecarga se define como la medida en que los cuidadores perciben su salud emocional o física, la vida social y la situación económica como sufrimiento como el resultado del cuidado de su familiar. Utilizamos la versión de 22 ítems de la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador de Zarit para indicar hasta qué punto cada ítem describe cómo se sintieron usando una escala de respuesta de 5 puntos que variaba de &quot;nunca&quot; a &quot;casi siempre&quot;. Los ítems se sumaron para obtener una puntuación total, que se clasificó en sobrecarga baja, moderada o alta.</p>
			<p>Los recursos del cuidador incluyeron la ayuda de otro cuidador (sí / no) y el apoyo social percibido. Este último se midió utilizando el cuestionario Duke UNC, el cual incluye 11 ítems para medir el apoyo afectivo y confidencial. Para este instrumento, el apoyo afectivo se definió como recibir muestras de afecto y sentirse querido y comprendido; mientras que, el apoyo confidencial se definió como tener a alguien para hablar sobre preocupaciones o problemas, como tener un confidente. Estos ítems pidieron a los encuestados que indicaran cómo se sentían usando una escala de respuesta de 5 puntos que variaba de &quot;mucho menos de lo que deseo&quot; a &quot;tanto como deseo&quot;. Los ítems se sumaron para obtener una puntuación total, la cual fue categorizada como apoyo social escaso o normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
			</p> <p>Las características del paciente se relacionaron con la enfermedad y con los factores fisiológicos asociados, e incluyeron la limitación del flujo aéreo, la escala modificada de disnea del Medical Research Council (mMRC), la fragilidad y la dependencia. La limitación del flujo aéreo se extrajo de los archivos electrónicos de la última visita de control del paciente por la EPOC antes de la hospitalización. La fragilidad se midió en el hospital por medio de la escala Reported Edmonton Frail Scale, cuyo rango varía de 0 a 18, donde las puntuaciones más altas indican una mayor fragilidad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> La disnea y la dependencia se midieron en el hospital y a los 3 meses después del alta. La dependencia se midió a través de una escala ya descrita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> que incluye seis actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) que incluye ir al baño, bañarse, trasladarse, comer, vestirse y caminar a través de una pequeña habitación. La dependencia se definió como un autoinforme de incapacidad para realizar una AVD o la necesidad de la ayuda de otra persona para cualquier AVD. El rango de puntuación de esta escala (0-6) se basó en el número de dependencias, con una puntuación de 6 que representan las dependencias de todas las AVD.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis Estadístico</bold></p>
			<p>Los cuidadores fueron clasificados de acuerdo con su cambio producido en la ansiedad, no ansiedad y muerte desde la hospitalización hasta las 12 semanas después del alta hospitalaria. Los cuidadores que tenían síntomas ansiosos al inicio y que no tenían síntomas al final del estudio se clasificaron como si estuvieran en remisión (sí / no). Los cuidadores que estaban libres de ansiedad en el hospital y se convirtieron en ansiosos fueron categorizados como un nuevo episodio de ansiedad (sí / no).</p>
			<p>Utilizamos estadística descriptiva, para resumir variables con respecto al contexto de cuidado, demandas, recursos, ansiedad y características del paciente para los cuidadores con y sin síntomas ansiosos en la hospitalización. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión logística univariante y multivariante para evaluar los posibles factores asociados tanto con la remisión como con un nuevo episodio después del alta hospitalaria, los cuales se utilizaron como variables dependientes. Se escogió un modelo de regresión logística multivariante final mediante la inclusión de los factores más fuertemente asociados en cada uno de los modelos individuales, así como otros que fueron significativos al nivel de 0,10. Todos los modelos multivariados se produjeron utilizando el método hacia detrás. Los diagnósticos de bondad de ajuste y regresión se evaluaron como se describe en otra parte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>El tamaño de la muestra fue calculado en base a la regla general de que para una ecuación fiable 15 sujetos son necesarios por predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Asumiendo un máximo de cinco predictores, fueron reclutados un mínimo de 75 participantes. Todos los análisis se realizaron utilizando el programa de software estadístico SPSS (SPSS versión 19.0, IBM SPSS, Chicago, Illinois).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Durante el periodo de estudio fueron identificados 90 cuidadores principales de pacientes hospitalizados por EPOC, todos estuvieron de acuerdo en participar en el estudio, 3 fueron excluidos al inicio debido a que el paciente había tenido una estancia hospitalaria superior a 30 días. Las características de los 87 cuidadores y pacientes se encuentran en <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla II</xref>. A las 12 semanas 84 continuaron en el estudio: 2 murieron y 1 no continuó con el estudio debido a que el paciente había fallecido. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla II.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características de los cuidadores y los pacientes al inicio del estudio</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt2.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>DE: Desviación estándar</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura I</xref> muestra la probabilidad de cambio entre los estados de ansiedad, no ansiedad y muerte a las 12 semanas del alta hospitalaria. Las flechas representan la probabilidad de que un sujeto que estaba ansioso o no ansioso en la hospitalización permanezca en ese estado o cambie a otro estado 12 semanas después. De los 50 sujetos que padecían ansiedad en el hospital, 22 (44,9%) estaban libres de ansiedad a las 12 semanas tras el alta hospitalaria; mientras que 27 (54%) mantenía el estado ansioso y 1 (2%) murió. </p>
			<p>Por otro lado, 27 (73%) de los cuidadores que no tenían síntomas de ansiedad en la hospitalización se mantenían sin ansiedad a las 12 semanas, 8 (21,6%) pasó a estar ansioso uno murió y otro abandonó por fallecimiento del paciente que cuidaba) </p>
			<p>A las 12 semanas, un total de 35 cuidadores (41,66% de los 84 participantes) tenían síntomas de ansiedad.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura I.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Probabilidades de cambio entre los estados de ansiedad, no ansiedad y muerte</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En los análisis de regresión logística univariada (no se presentan), sólo la edad (p = 0,030), la ayuda de otro cuidador (p = 0,044) y la gravedad de la EPOC (p = 0,008) se asociaron con la remisión, mientras que sólo la sobrecarga percibida (p = 0,025) y la dependencia (p = 0,052) se asociaron con nuevos episodios. </p>
			<p>Estas variables asociadas se introdujeron en su respectivo modelo multivariable (remisión y nuevos episodios como variables dependientes). Acorde al primer modelo, la gravedad de la EPOC y no recibir apoyo de otro cuidador disminuyó las probabilidades de remisión. Por el contrario, la sobrecarga percibida moderadamente alta en casa aumentó las probabilidades de sentir ansiedad después del alta hospitalaria. Los resultados de los modelos multivariados para los predictores de remisión y los nuevos episodios de ansiedad del cuidador 12 semanas después del alta hospitalaria se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla III</xref>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla III.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Predictores de remisión y nuevos episodios de ansiedad tras el alta hospitalaria</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt3.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Los datos representan odds ratio (IC 95%) *p&lt;0,05; †p&lt;0,10</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Muchos de los cuidadores de pacientes con EPOC que presentan ansiedad durante la hospitalización de éstos remiten su estado ansioso a los 3 meses del alta, pero la probabilidad de remisión disminuye en caso de EPOC severa o ante la falta de apoyo de otro cuidador. La percepción del cuidador de sobrecarga moderadamente alta incrementa las probabilidades de presentar síntomas de ansiedad. </p>
			<p>El porcentaje de cuidadores con síntomas de ansiedad en el hogar semanas después del alta hospitalaria (41,66%) fue acorde con estudios previos de cuidadores de pacientes con EPOC estable en la comunidad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>La gravedad de la EPOC del paciente fue un predictor de remisión de la ansiedad del cuidador tras la hospitalización. Una posible razón de este último hallazgo podría ser que la enfermedad grave requiere más apoyo en las tareas de la vida cotidiana; Por lo tanto, es más difícil disminuir el estrés del cuidador y su estado de ansiedad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> De hecho, otro factor asociado con la remisión de la ansiedad después del alta hospitalaria fue recibir ayuda de otro cuidador. Este hallazgo también se esperaba porque el estado de ansiedad de los cuidadores disminuye cuando tienen ayuda en el manejo de la atención al paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> Adicionalmente, la presencia de una red de apoyo informal en el cuidado se muestra como un factor protector que reduce el grado de cansancio en los cuidadores informales de pacientes inmovilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>La sobrecarga del cuidador fue un factor predictor tanto en el momento de la hospitalización como en la aparición de nuevos episodios de ansiedad después del alta hospitalaria. Los resultados de nuestro estudio son consistentes con un estudio anterior de que el número de tareas supervisadas es predictivo de varios resultados de salud mental en el cuidador, incluyendo la ansiedad y el estrés.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Además, otros estudios muestran que los cuidadores de pacientes con tratamientos que requieren ventilación mecánica, que los pacientes pueden someterse después de una exacerbación aguda de EPOC, están en riesgo de sobrecarga y ansiedad después del alta hospitalaria. Sin embargo, no se encontró que fuera un factor de protección contra este problema psicológico. Una posible explicación de los resultados de estudios previos es que los cuidadores pueden experimentar esta sobrecarga después del alta hospitalaria debido a la frustración ya que manejan toda la atención con menos apoyo que en el ambiente institucional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Esto es consistente, con estudios en los que los cuidadores de pacientes con exacerbación aguda de EPOC experimentan mayor sobrecarga en programas domiciliarios en los que tienen que asumir un incremento de actividades en relación con la hospitalización convencional podría aliviar a los cuidadores de algunos de las tareas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Aunque las políticas de salud apelan a la colaboración entre cuidadores formales e informales, los servicios se centran principalmente en el paciente. En consecuencia, los profesionales tienen el riesgo de excluir a los cuidadores familiares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> Cualquier programa, estrategia o política de promoción y atención de la salud para las personas con discapacidad no puede pasar por alto la importancia del apoyo familiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Sin embargo, sobre las necesidades de los cuidadores de pacientes con EPOC hay aspectos no conocidos que pueden impedir el desarrollo de intervenciones eficaces para esta población.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> La vuelta a casa tras la hospitalización de un paciente con EPOC requerirá de intervenciones que faciliten la colaboración de otros cuidadores y mecanismos para reducir la percepción de sobrecarga del cuidador principal.</p>
			<p><bold>Limitaciones del estudio</bold></p>
			<p>Estos resultados deberían de interpretarse considerando las limitaciones metodológicas del estudio. No fue posible conocer la ansiedad del cuidador previa a la hospitalización por exacerbación aguda de EPOC, serían deseables estudios longitudinales que evalúen la ansiedad y el estado de salud premórbido antes de la hospitalización. Sería deseable valorar la relación del cuidador con el paciente puesto que una mala relación previa puede interferir en el resultado. El estado de ansiedad después del alta hospitalaria se midió sólo una vez a las 12 semanas, y es posible que hubiese fluctuaciones entre estos momentos. Además, el tiempo de recuperación puede ser más largo. Por ello, es probable que nuestros resultados subestimen las tasas de recuperación. Finalmente, debido al pequeño número de hombres en la cohorte, se debe tener cuidado al generalizar los resultados a los hombres.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Este estudio avanza el conocimiento actual sobre los síntomas ansiosos entre los cuidadores durante la hospitalización por exacerbación aguda de EPOC, la percepción de síntomas ansiosos es dinámica y muchos cuidadores no experimentarán síntomas ansiosos en las 12 semanas posteriores al alta. Es probable que los cuidadores se recuperen de la ansiedad cuando reciben ayuda de otro cuidador y si sus pacientes no tienen EPOC severa. Las investigaciones adicionales deben abordar las necesidades de los cuidadores, especialmente la efectividad de las intervenciones de apoyo para prevenir la angustia en la hospitalización.</p>
		</sec>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Anxiety among caregivers of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after hospital discharge</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> To identify the factors that influence changes in caregivers anxiety status three months after discharge for acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methodology:</title>
					<p> Longitudinal study. Participants included 87 caregivers of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD. Anxiety was measured at the time of hospitalization and three months after discharge. We measured factors from four domains: context of care, caregiving demands, caregiver resources, and patient characteristics. We used multiple univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to determine changes in anxiety three months later. Univariate and multivariate multiple logistic regressions were used to determine changes in anxiety three months later.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> A total of 57.5% of caregivers reported anxiety at the time of hospitalization. Of these, 44% had a remission of their anxiety three months after discharge. However, 22% of caregivers who had not experienced anxiety at the hospitalization became anxious at 3 months. The severity of COPD and not receiving help from another caregiver decreased the likelihood of remission of anxiety. Moderately high overload increases the likelihood of experiencing anxiety symptoms.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> The perception of anxious symptoms is dynamic. Caregivers are likely to recover from anxiety when they receive help from another caregiver and if the patient they are caring for does not have severe COPD.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
				<kwd>Caregivers</kwd>
				<kwd>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Family Care</kwd>
				<kwd>Exacerbations</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and debilitating health problem characterized by impairment in the ability to perform activities of daily living. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Many of these patients need help with health care and management of daily life. In Spain, the majority of people with COPD received the attention of caregivers because of their disability and it is estimated that 88.6% of the main caregivers were relatives of friends, this is informal caregivers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> </p> 
 <p>In advanced stages of COPD, exacerbations may occur and whether the patient may require hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> In these circumstances, informal caregivers play a very important role.</p>
				<p>It is well known that caregivers of COPD patients may experience significant burden,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> in addition to the occurrence of exacerbations and hospitalizations are distressing situations for caregivers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> which appears to be reduced within several weeks of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> The presence of depressive symptoms in caregivers has been observed to be present during hospitalization, but after discharge from the patient, the level of dependence of the patient will be determinant for the presence of depressive symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> </p> 
 <p>On the other hand, caregiver anxiety is a common problem during hospitalization <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, but its evolution may be different later in the patient's home when the caregiver is confronted with very stressful situations such as dyspnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The objectives of this study were to describe the anxiety of the primary caregiver at 3 months after hospital discharge due to acute exacerbation of COPD and identify factors that may have influenced the change in anxiety.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Study design and participants</bold></p>
				<p>Longitudinal study. Caregivers of patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD were recruited at Morales Meseguer Hospital, Murcia, Spain, between October 2013 and May 2015.</p>
				<p>Based on patient health reviews and review of medical records, a pulmonologist identified and recruited a consecutive sample of primary caregivers who met the criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table I</xref>). All caregivers and study patients were informed and completed informed consent, and the hospital ethics committee approved the study protocol.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table I</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt4.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Measurements</bold></p>
				<p>Data were collected in face-to-face interviews with caregivers and patients in the hospital and in telephone interviews 3 months after hospital discharge.</p>
				<p>To assess caregiver anxiety, we used the anxiety subscale of the Goldberg test to highlight the presence or absence of anxiety symptoms in the caregiver.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> This scale includes nine items that ask respondents to rate the presence of symptoms using binary response categories (yes / no). The score ranged from 0 to 9, and a cutoff of 4 is used to discriminate caregiver with anxious symptoms ((4, yes) from those without symptoms (&lt;4, no).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> This instrument was administered at the hospital at admission and at home 12 weeks after hospital discharge.</p>
				<p>Potential associated factors were classified into four domains: context of care, caregiving demands, caregiver resources and patient characteristics.</p>
				<p>Context of care included the caregiver’s age and gender, cohabitation (yes/no), and kin relationship (spouse-partner/other) with the patient. </p>
				<p>Caregiving demands were related to the caregiving period (months), hours per week, and caregiver’s burden. Caregiving period and hours per week were measured at the hospital regarding the patient’s pre-exacerbation status and dichotomized as described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>Burden was measured at the hospital and again 12 weeks after discharge by the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>which overload is defined as the extent to which caregivers perceive their emotional or physical health, social life and economic situation as suffering as the result of the care of their relative. The ZBI included 22 items using a 5-point response scale ranging from “never” to “almost always”. Its summative score was categorized into low, moderate, or high burden.</p>
				<p>Caregiver resources included help from another caregiver (yes/no) and perceived social support. The latter was measured by the Duke UNC questionnaire, which includes 11 items for measuring affective and confidential support. For this instrument, affective support is defined as receiving tokens of affection and feel loved and understood; confidential support is defined as having someone to talk about concerns or problems, such as having a confidant. These items asked respondents to indicate how they felt using a 5-point response scale ranging from “much less than what I want” to “much as I want”. A summative score was obtained per subscale and categorized as scarce or normal support.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Patient characteristics were related to illness and associated physiological factors, including airflow limitation, the modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, frailty, and level of dependence. Airflow limitation was extracted from electronic files on the patient’s last control visit for COPD before hospitalization. Frailty was measured at the hospital by means of the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale based on a scale from 0 to 18, where higher scores indicate more severe frailty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> Dyspnea and dependence were measured at the hospital and again 3 months after discharge. Dependence was measured by a scale of six activities of daily living (ADLs: toileting, bathing, transferring, eating, dressing, and walking across a small room) as described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>Dependence was defined as self-reporting being unable to perform an ADL or requiring the help of another person for any ADL. The range score of this scale (0-6) was based on the number of dependencies, with a score of 6 representing dependencies in all ADLs.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold></p>
				<p>Caregivers were classified according to their change in anxiety, non-anxiety, and death from hospitalization to 12 weeks after hospital discharge. Caregivers who had anxious symptoms at baseline and did not have symptoms at the end of the study were classified as being in remission (yes / no). Caregivers who were anxiety free at the hospital and became anxious were categorized as a new episode of anxiety (yes / no).</p>
				<p>Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables regarding the context of care, demands, resources, anxiety and patient characteristics for caregivers with and without anxiety symptoms in hospitalization. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the possible factors associated with both remission and a new episode after hospital discharge, which were used as dependent variables. A final multivariate logistic regression model was chosen by including the most strongly predictive factors from each of the individual models, as well as variables significant at the 0.10 level. All multivariate models were produced using the back-step method. Goodness-of-fit and regression diagnostics were assessed as described elsewhere. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>The sample size calculation was based on the rule of thumb that 15 subjects are needed per predictor for a reliable equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> We recruited a minimum of 75 participants assuming a maximum of five predictors. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software program (SPSS version 19.0; IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>During the study period, 90 main caregivers of patients hospitalized for COPD were identified, all agreed to participate in the study, 3 were excluded at baseline because the patient had a hospital stay of more than 30 days. The characteristics of the 87 caregivers and patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table II</xref>. At 12 weeks 84 continued in the study: 2 died and 1 dropped out of the study because the patient died.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table II</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Baseline characteristics of caregivers and patients</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt5.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>SD: Standart deviation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure I</xref> shows the probability of change between the states of anxiety, non-anxiety and death at 12 weeks after hospital discharge. The arrows represent the probability that a subject who was anxious or not anxious in the hospital remain in that state or change to another state 12 weeks later. Of the 50 subjects with anxiety in the hospital, 22 (44.9%) were anxiety free at 12 weeks after hospital discharge; while 27 (54%) maintained the anxiety state and 1 (2%) died.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, 27 (73%) of the caregivers who did not have symptoms of anxiety in the hospitalization were anxiety-free at 12 weeks, 8 (21.6%) became anxious one died and another abandoned due to death of the patient that took care).</p>
				<p>At 12 weeks, a total of 35 caregivers (41.66% of the 84 participants) had anxiety symptoms.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure I</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Probabilities of change between the states of anxiety, not anxiety, and death</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In univariate logistic regression analyzes (not shown), only age (p = 0.030), other caregiver help (p = 0.044) and COPD severity (p = 0.008) were associated with remission; While only perceived overload (p = 0.025) and dependence (p = 0.052) were associated with new episodes.</p>
				<p>These associated variables were introduced into their respective multivariate model (referral and new episodes as dependent variables). According to the first model, the severity of COPD and not receiving support from another caregiver decreased the likelihood of remission. In contrast, moderately high perceived overload at home increased the likelihood of anxiety after hospital discharge. The results of multivariate models for predictors of remission and new episodes of anxiety of the caregiver 12 weeks after discharge are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table III</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Predictors of remission and new episodes of depression after hospital discharge</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00164-gt6.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Data represent odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) *p&lt;0,05; †p&lt;0,10.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Many of the caregivers of COPD patients who present anxiety during their hospitalization return to their anxious state 3 months after discharge, but the likelihood of remission decreases in case of severe COPD or lack of support from another caregiver. The caregiver's perception of moderately high overload increases the likelihood of experiencing anxiety symptoms.</p>
				<p>The percentage of caregivers with symptoms of anxiety in the home weeks after hospital discharge (41.66%) was in line with previous studies of carers of patients with stable COPD in the community.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(15</sup>)</p> <p>The severity of the patient's COPD was a predictor of remission of caregiver anxiety after hospitalization. One possible reason for this latest finding could be that severe illness requires more support in the activities of daily living; Therefore, it is more difficult to decrease the caregiver's stress and anxiety state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> In fact, another factor associated with anxiety remission after hospital discharge was receiving help from another caregiver. This finding was also expected because caregivers' anxiety status declines when they receive help in managing patient care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> In addition, the presence of an informal support network in care is shown to be a protective factor that reduces the degree of fatigue in informal caregivers of immobilized patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>
				</p> <p>Caregiver overload was a predictor both at the time of hospitalization and in the appearance of new episodes of anxiety after hospital discharge. The results of our study are consistent with an earlier study that the number of supervised tasks is predictive of various mental health outcomes in the caregiver, including anxiety and stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In addition, other studies show that caregivers of patients with treatments that require mechanical ventilation, that patients may undergo after an acute exacerbation of COPD, are at risk of overload and anxiety after discharge. However, it was not found to be a protective factor against this psychological problem. One possible explanation for the results of previous studies is that caregivers may experience this burden after hospital discharge because of frustration because they handle all care with less support than in the institutional setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> This is consistent with studies in the caregivers of patients with acute COPD exacerbation experience greater overload in home programs where they have to assume an increase in activities relative to conventional hospitalization could relieve caregivers of some of the tasks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p> 
 <p>Although health policies call for collaboration between formal and informal caregivers, services focus primarily on the patient. As a result, professionals have the risk of excluding family caregivers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Any program, strategy or policy for health promotion and care for people with disabilities can not overlook the importance of family support.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> However, on the needs of caregivers of patients with COPD, there are unknown aspects that may prevent the development of effective interventions for this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Returning home after the hospitalization of a COPD patient will require interventions that facilitate the collaboration of other carers and mechanisms to reduce the perception of overload of the principal caregiver.</p>
				<p><bold>Limitations of the study</bold></p>
				<p>These results should be interpreted considering the methodological limitations of the study. It was not possible to know the anxiety of the caregiver prior to hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Longitudinal studies evaluating anxiety and premorbid health status before hospitalization would be desirable. It would be desirable to assess the caregiver's relationship with the patient since a poor prior relationship can interfere with the outcome. The state of anxiety after hospital discharge was measured only once at 12 weeks, and there may be fluctuations between these times. In addition, the recovery time may be longer. Therefore, our results are likely to underestimate recovery rates. Finally, due to the number of men in this cohort is small, we must be cautious in generalize the results to men.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>This study advances current knowledge regarding anxious symptoms among caregivers during hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD, the perception of anxious symptoms is dynamic and many caregivers will not experience anxious symptoms within 12 weeks after discharge. Caregivers are likely to recover from anxiety when they receive help from another caregiver and if their patients do not have severe COPD. Further research should address the caregivers’ needs, especially the effectiveness of supportive interventions to prevent distress in hospitalization.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article-->
</article>