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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Enfermería Global</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Enferm. glob.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1695-6141</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Murcia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/eglobal.17.1.284891</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00019</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Revisiones</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Intervenciones para disminuir el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática</article-title> 
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in adolescents: a systematic review</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Eva Kerena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Calixto Olalde</surname>
						<given-names>Ma. Gloria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Álvarez Aguirre</surname>
						<given-names>Alicia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Estudiante de doctorado en Ciencias de Enfermería de la Universidad de Guanajuato. División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías. Campus Celaya-Salvatierra. Celaya, Guanajuanto; México. kerena_con_k@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Celaya</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Guanajuanto</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>kerena_con_k@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Doctora en Ciencias de Enfermería. Profesor de tiempo completo del Departamento de Enfermería clínica de la división de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías del Campus Celaya-Salvatierra de la Universidad de Guanajuato. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>49</issue>
			<fpage>529</fpage>
			<lpage>539</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Sintetizar y valorar la evidencia científica disponible durante el período 2006-2016 respecto a las intervenciones que se han realizado para disminuir el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
					<p> Se realizó búsqueda en EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo Redalyc y Google académico, delimitada a diez años, se incluyeron 61 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron descriptores DeCS y mesh, a partir del uso de palabras claves para la búsqueda de los estudios en español e inglés y los operadores boléanos AND y OR.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> El nivel de evidencia encontrado fue 2 (3%), 3 (3%), 4 (34.4%) y 5 (55.7%). El 8.1% de los ECA se apegaron al CONSORT, 60.6% de las intervenciones estuvieron dirigidas solo a adolescentes, el escenario de aplicación fue la escuela en un 59%, mientras que 34.4% recibió la intervención mediante elementos multimedia y/o internet, al 74.1% se le dio conocimientos generales acerca del consumo de alcohol, 18% mencionó haber realizado la intervención entre 2 y 20 sesiones, 31% dio seguimiento entre 1 y 8 meses después de entregar el tratamiento; 16.3% dio refuerzos y el 95% de los estudios arrojaron disminuir con sus intervenciones el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p> Las intervenciones en adolescentes respecto al consumo de alcohol son complejas, por la etapa en la que se encuentra el sujeto de estudio. Analizar el panorama general de las intervenciones a través del tiempo permite evidenciar la evolución del abordaje a este fenómeno de interés para la ciencia.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To synthesize and evaluate the scientific evidence available during the 2006-2016 period regarding interventions that have been made to reduce alcohol consumption among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods</title>
					<p> a search was conducted in EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo Redalyc and Google academic, delineated to ten years, 61 articles were included that met the inclusion criteria. DeCS and mesh descriptors were used, using words keys for the search of the studies in Spanish and English and the bolean operators AND and OR.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> the level of evidence found was 2 (3%), 3 (3%), 4 (34.4%) and 5 (55.7%). 8.1% of the RCTs adhered to the CONSORT, 60.6% of the interventions were directed only to adolescents, the application scenario was 59% in school, while 34.4% received the intervention through multimedia elements and / or the Internet, at 74.1 % were given general knowledge about alcohol consumption, 18% mentioned having performed the intervention between 2 and 20 sessions, 31% followed up between 1 and 8 months after giving the treatment; 16.3% gave reinforcements and 95% of the studies showed decreased alcohol consumption among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> Interventions in adolescents regarding alcohol consumption are complex, due to the stage in which the study subject is. Analyzing the general panorama of the interventions over time allows to show the evolution of the approach to this phenomenon of interest for science.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><bold>Palabras clave</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>adolescentes</kwd>
				<kwd>intervención</kwd>
				<kwd>consumo de alcohol</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>adolescents</kwd>
				<kwd>intervention</kwd>
				<kwd>alcohol consumption</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="66"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Actualmente, el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas es un hábito ampliamente extendido, culturalmente aceptado y normalizado en la sociedad en la que los adolescentes se están integrando por lo que consideran que la imitación de estos comportamientos sociales es apropiada. Las adicciones son un problemática íntimamente relacionada en la adolescencia. Por lo cual se constituye en una problemática de salud pública internacional. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
			</p> <p>En 2012, el 5% de las muertes en el mundo de jóvenes entre 15 y 29 años de edad fueron atribuibles al consumo de alcohol. Globalmente, 140 millones de personas sufren de dependencia de alcohol. A nivel mundial, Europa es la región con el mayor consumo de alcohol per cápita, con algunos de sus países con tasas de consumo particularmente altas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>En América Latina la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> en su informe anual de consumo de alcohol mundial del año 2014 indica que los principales consumidores son: Chile (9.6 litros) y Argentina (9.3 litros), México se encuentra en el décimo lugar al consumir 7.2 litros, lo cual está por arriba de la media internacional que es de 6.4 litros por año. </p>
			<p>La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> señala que en promedio, en el mundo cada persona de 15 años o mayor bebe anualmente cerca de 6,2 litros de alcohol puro.</p>
			<p>El consumo de alcohol se establece en la adolescencia, y la edad de inicio es cada vez a menor edad, para posteriormente establecerse como una adicción en el individuo, por ello tratar este problema cuando tiene relativamente poco de haber iniciado aumenta la posibilidad de disminuir o bien evitar el consumo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>El uso y abuso de alcohol entre los adolescentes preocupa cada vez más a diversos países, ya que reduce el autocontrol del individuo e incrementa de manera significativa los comportamientos de riesgo, como las relaciones sexuales no protegidas, por lo tanto embarazos no deseados y además de alto riesgo. Es una de las principales causas de lesiones, como los accidentes de tránsito, violencia, y muertes prematuras. Por ello diversas disciplinas en salud se han preocupado en establecer intervenciones para atender esta problemática que afecta al individuo en la salud, en lo emocional y en los recursos financieros a corto y largo plazo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Las intervenciones han ido evolucionando a lo largo de los años, pasaron de ser entregadas a través de papel, a distintos medios integrando multimedia, actualmente el uso de internet para las intervenciones sobre todo en adolescentes es ampliamente utilizado por el impacto que tiene en ellos, a pesar de esta evolución el objetivo que persiguen estas intervenciones es el mismo, evitar y/o disminuir el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
			</p> <p>Por ello el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo: Sintetizar y valorar la evidencia científica disponible durante el período 2006-2016 respecto a las intervenciones que se han realizado para disminuir el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>La metodología utilizada fue la propuesta por Mendes, Silveira y Galvao<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> los cuales establecen los siguientes pasos: 1) Identificar el propósito de la investigación para la búsqueda de literatura; 2) Definir la estrategia para realizar la búsqueda de literatura y la información que debe ser extraída de cada artículo. 3) Realizar la evaluación de los estudios a través de la información de cada artículo para su selección; 4) Analizar los artículos seleccionados de la búsqueda; 5) Realizar la discusión, interpretación, y conclusión de la información recolectada, y 6) Presentación de resultados obtenidos.</p>
			<p>Se determinó el nivel de evidencia de cada artículo con intervención en base a la clasificación propuesta por Burns &amp; Grove:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> 1. Revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA), 2. Metaanálisis de ECA y estudios cuasi-experimentales, 3. Revisión integrativa de ECA y estudios cuasi-experimentales, 4. Estudio experimental ECA, 5. Estudio Cuasiexperimental.</p>
			<p>La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, Redalyc y Google académico. Se utilizaron descriptores DeCS y mesh, a partir del uso de palabras claves para la búsqueda de los estudios relacionados con el fenómeno de interés para la presente revisión sistemática (RS); tales como: alcohol, intervención, adolescentes, alcohol use, alcohol consumption, adolescents, teenagers, intervention y los operadores boléanos AND y OR, obteniendo un total de 3,912 artículos, de los cuales 61 estudios fueron seleccionados por cumplir los criterios de inclusión. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Diagrama de flujo para la inclusión de artículos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00529-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A continuación se describen los criterios para la selección de los artículos; se delimitó el tiempo del 1° de enero de 2006 al 31 de octubre de 2016, con el fin de mostrar el panorama a lo largo de los últimos diez años respecto a las intervenciones en adolescentes que consumen alcohol. Los artículos incluidos corresponden a investigaciones de disciplinas en salud, tales como enfermería, psicología y trabajo social. La adolescencia es la etapa que se encuentra entre los 11 y 19 años;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> sin embargo, en muchos de los trabajos han ampliado la edad de 15 a 24 años, se incluyeron artículos dirigidos a adolescentes y jóvenes</p>
			<p>Fueron incluidos trabajos de África, Argentina, Bélgica, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dinamarca, España, Estados Unidos, Holanda, Noruega, Suecia, Republica Checa y México. El idioma de los estudios seleccionados fue inglés y español, textos completos que incluían las variables de interés para la RS; los participantes de los artículos seleccionados fueron adolescentes consumidores de alcohol que participaran en una intervención para tratar su consumo.</p>
			<p>La elección del artículo consistió en dos fases, la primera en la revisión de título y el resumen del artículo, y en la segunda fase se analizó el artículo completo. Si el estudio cumplía con los criterios para incluirlo en la RS se procedió a su análisis mediante tres tablas: 1. Características generales del estudio. 2. Características bibliométricas (nivel de evidencia) 3. Características metodológicas del estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>El total de artículos incluidos en la RS fueron 61, 34 de ellos corresponden a estudios cuasi-experimentales <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> 21 estudios experimentales ECA <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64"><sup>64</sup></xref> 3 Meta análisis de estudios cuasi-experimentales <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> y 3 de ECA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref><sup>)66)</sup></p>
			<p>En relación a los ECA solo el 8.1% <italic>(f=5)</italic> reportaron apegarse al CONSORT statement (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Respecto a la población objetivo de las intervenciones el 60.6% (f=37) fueron dirigidas a adolescentes; 21.3% (f=13) a los adolescentes y sus padres; 8.1% (f=5) a adolescentes internados en una institución de salud por las consecuencias del alcohol; 3.2% (f=2) se aplicaron en adolescentes y jóvenes y 1.6% (f=1) solo a los padres o bien a adolescentes, padres y maestros </p>
			<p>En relación al lugar donde se aplicaron los estudios el 59% (f=36) fue en la escuela donde estudian los adolescentes, 11.4% (f=7) lo hicieron en la comunidad; el 3.2% (f=2) lo aplicaron en el ámbito rural y el 1.6% (f=1) lo realizaron en el medio indígena. Mientras que el 24.5% (f=15) no lo reporta.</p>
			<p>Las técnicas mediante las cuales se entregaron las intervenciones en los estudios, el 34.4% (f=21) fueron entregadas a través de elementos multimedia y/o internet (juegos web, redes sociales, software entre otros). El 21.3% (f=13) fueron mediante educación para la salud tradicional (conferencias, clases, exposiciones, trípticos, entre otros); las intervenciones con técnicas combinadas se entregaron al 21.3% (f=13) de los estudios; 14.7% (f=9) fueron mediante programas de intervención breve como el consejo; 4.9% (f=3) utilizaron grupos de apoyo entre pares y 3.2% (f=2) implementaron una política local en la comunidad para restringir el consumo.</p>
			<p>La temática que se abordó en los estudios en la mayoría incluía más de dos tópicos en la intervención. 74.1% (f=46) de las intervenciones incluía conocimiento sobre el consumo de alcohol (generalidades, factores de riesgo, consecuencias entre otros contenidos). 26.2% (f=16) aspectos de motivación, 11.4% (f=7) el autocontrol, 9.8% (f=6) la autoeficacia; 8.1% (f=5) la resolución de problemas, actitudes y normas sociales, 1.6% (f=1) incluyó las habilidades para la vida, suicidio valores y personalidad. Cabe mencionar que algunos artículos no mencionaron la temática que se abordó en su intervención.</p>
			<p>El 31.14% de las investigaciones reportaron haber entregado a los adolescentes una intervención breve. No todos los artículos mencionaban la duración de la intervención, a continuación se presentan los resultados de aquellos trabajos que si lo señalaron: 18% (f=11) reportaron entre 2 y 20 sesiones, sin especificar si se impartieron en días o semanas. 4.9% (f=3) indicaron 3, 14 y 20 días; 16.3% (f=10) entre 2 y 12 semanas, 6.5 % (f=4) entre 1, 3, 6 y 18 meses y 4.9% (f=3) informaron entre 1 y 2 años.</p>
			<p>Respecto al seguimiento 31.1% (f=19) lo especificó entre 1, 2, 3, 6 y hasta 8 meses; 16.3% (f=10) entre 1, 2, 4, 5 y 10 años. Solo el 16.3% (f=10) mencionó haber realizado un refuerzo después de entregar la intervención y antes del último seguimiento, estos fueron por medio de la supervisión de los padres, llamada telefónica, correo electrónico o mensaje por celular. 13.1% (f=8) de los estudios otorgaron un pago o incentivo a los participantes. 9.8% (f=6) de los estudios tenían un componente cualitativo, siendo los grupos focales lo más utilizados 4.9% (f=3) entre los adolescentes.</p>
			<p>En relación al impacto de las intervenciones al consumo de alcohol el 95% (f=58) de los estudios arrojaron disminuir el consumo de alcohol, con significancia estadística, sin embargo en sus recomendaciones la mayoría refiere la importancia de los seguimientos, refuerzos o estrategias como los padres, pares o líderes dentro de la intervención así como la necesidad de los auto reportes semanales o mensuales por parte de los sujetos de estudio.</p>
			<p>En síntesis el 8.1% de los ECAS se apegaron al CONSORT, 60.6% de las intervenciones estuvieron dirigidas solo a adolescentes, en el 59% el escenario de aplicación fue la escuela, 34.4% recibió la intervención mediante elementos multimedia y/o internet. El 74.1% recibió en la intervención conocimientos generales sobre el consumo de alcohol, respecto a la duración de la intervención el 18% mencionó haberla realizado entre 2 y 20 sesiones, 31% dio el seguimiento entre 1 y 8 meses después de entregar el tratamiento; 16.3% dio refuerzos y el 95% de los estudios arrojaron disminuir con sus intervenciones el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>El presente trabajo ha permitido sintetizar y valorar la evidencia disponible, en idioma español e inglés, respecto a las intervenciones que se han realizado para disminuir el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes, publicados en la literatura internacional entre enero de 2006 y octubre de 2016.</p>
			<p>Las intervenciones en adolescentes son complejas por la etapa que vive el sujeto de estudio, su desarrollo biológico no ha terminado, el aspecto psicosocial es de suma importancia para los individuos, como lo es la aceptación de pares; además el fenómeno del consumo de alcohol se considera como la droga legal de inicio para el consumo de otras sustancias ilegales; la presión del grupo social cercano, la imitación y la curiosidad son algunas de las razones por las que los adolescentes empiezan a consumir alcohol.</p>
			<p>Analizar el panorama general de las intervenciones a través del tiempo permite evidenciar la evolución del abordaje a este fenómeno de interés para la ciencia, no solo de enfermería. El impacto de las estrategias combinadas como lo es la educación tradicional en el aula y el uso de plataformas virutales y/o internet, permite acercarse a los adolescentes y tratar el uso y abuso de alcohol.</p>
			<p>El tiempo la intervención es de suma importancia, ya que si el adolescente no es atrapado desde un principio por la temática que se abordará y las estrategias por las cuales se entregará la intervención es muy probable que no concluya el tratamiento. </p>
			<p>La prevalencia del consumo de alcohol a nivel mundial es preocupante por el uso y abuso generalizado por parte de casi todos los adolescentes, que han adoptado el consumo alcohólico como parte de sus actividades de recreación y ocio, aunado a la disponibilidad que se tiene a esta sustancia adictiva y la aceptación social de este hábito nocivo para la salud. Por ello los consumos siguen a la alza y la edad de inicio a la baja, es de suma importancia que desde nuestro ámbito disciplinar propongamos intervenciones que impacten en los consumos nocivos de los adolescentes y así prevenir complicaciones.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To synthesize and evaluate the scientific evidence available during the 2006-2016 period regarding interventions that have been made to reduce alcohol consumption among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods</title>
					<p> a search was conducted in EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo Redalyc and Google academic, delineated to ten years, 61 articles were included that met the inclusion criteria. DeCS and mesh descriptors were used, using words keys for the search of the studies in Spanish and English and the bolean operators AND and OR.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> the level of evidence found was 2 (3%), 3 (3%), 4 (34.4%) and 5 (55.7%). 8.1% of the RCTs adhered to the CONSORT, 60.6% of the interventions were directed only to adolescents, the application scenario was 59% in school, while 34.4% received the intervention through multimedia elements and / or the Internet, at 74.1 % were given general knowledge about alcohol consumption, 18% mentioned having performed the intervention between 2 and 20 sessions, 31% followed up between 1 and 8 months after giving the treatment; 16.3% gave reinforcements and 95% of the studies showed decreased alcohol consumption among adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> Interventions in adolescents regarding alcohol consumption are complex, due to the stage in which the study subject is. Analyzing the general panorama of the interventions over time allows to show the evolution of the approach to this phenomenon of interest for science.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>adolescents</kwd>
				<kwd>intervention</kwd>
				<kwd>alcohol consumption</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Currently, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is a widespread habit, culturally accepted and normalized in the society in which the adolescents are being integrated by what they consider that the imitation of these social behaviors is appropriate. Addictions are a problem closely related in adolescence. For this reason it constitutes an international public health problem. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>In 2012, 5% of deaths in the world of young people between 15 and 29 years of age were attributable to alcohol consumption. Globally, 140 million people suffer from alcohol dependence. Globally, Europe is the region with the highest consumption of alcohol per capita, with some of its countries with particularly high consumption rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>In Latin America, the World Health Organization (WHO) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> in its annual report on world alcohol consumption in 2014 indicates that the main consumers are Chile (9.6 liters) and Argentina (9.3 liters), Mexico is in the tenth place by consuming 7.2 liters, which is above the international average of 6.4 liters per year.</p>
				<p>The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> points out that on average, everyone in the world of 15 years or older drinks about 6.2 liters of pure alcohol annually.</p>
				<p>Consumption of alcohol is established in adolescence, and the age of onset is becoming smaller at age, to later establish itself as an addiction in the individual, so to treat this problem when it has relatively little to have initiated increases the possibility of decreasing or well avoid consumption. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The use and abuse of alcohol among adolescents increasingly concerns various countries, as it reduces self-control of the individual and significantly increases risk behaviors, such as unprotected sex, therefore unwanted pregnancies and in addition high risk. It is one of the main causes of injuries, such as traffic accidents, violence, and premature deaths. Hence various health disciplines have been concerned with establishing interventions to address this problem that affects the individual in health, emotional and short-term and long-term financial resources <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</p> <p>Interventions have evolved over the years, from being delivered through paper, to various media integrating multimedia, currently the use of internet for interventions especially in adolescents is widely used for the impact it has on them, in spite of this evolution the objective pursued by these interventions is the same, to avoid and / or to diminish the consumption of alcohol in adolescents. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Therefore, the present work aims to: Synthesize and evaluate the scientific evidence available during the 2006-2016 period regarding the interventions that have been made to reduce alcohol consumption in adolescents.</p>
				<p>The methodology used was proposed by Mendes, Silveira and Galvao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>),</sup> which establish the following steps: 1) Identify the purpose of the research for literature search; 2) Define the strategy to carry out the literature search and the information to be extracted from each article. 3) Carry out the evaluation of the studies through the information of each article for selection; 4) Analyze selected search items; 5) Perform the discussion, interpretation, and conclusion of the information collected, and 6) Presentation of results obtained.</p>
				<p>The level of evidence for each article was determined based on the classification proposed by Burns &amp; Grove: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> 1. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 2. Meta-analysis of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies; Integrative review of ECA and quasi-experimental studies, 4. Experimental study ECA, 5. Quasiexperimental study.</p>
				<p>The search for articles was done in the following databases: EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, Redalyc and Google academic. DeCS and mesh descriptors were used, based on the use of key words to search for studies related to the phenomenon of interest for the present systematic review (RS); such as: alcohol, intervention, adolescents, alcohol use, alcohol consumption, adolescents, teenagers, intervention and Bolean operators AND and OR, obtaining a total of 3,912 articles, of which 61 studies were selected for fulfilling the inclusion criteria. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Flow diagram for the inclusion of articles</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1695-6141-eg-17-49-00529-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The criteria for the selection of the articles are described below, the time from January 1, 2006 to October 31, 2016 was delimited, in order to show the panorama over the last ten years regarding the interventions in adolescents who consume alcohol. The articles included correspond to investigations of disciplines in health, such as nursing, psychology and social work. Adolescence is the stage between 11 and 19 years, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> however, in many of the works have extended the age of 15 to 24 years, articles were included for adolescents and young people.</p>
				<p>Works from Africa, Argentina, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Denmark, Spain, the United States, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the Checay Republic of Mexico were included. The language of the selected studies was English and Spanish, complete texts that included the variables of interest for RS; the participants of the selected articles were adolescents consuming alcohol who participated in an intervention to treat their consumption.</p>
				<p>The choice of article consisted of two phases, the first in the title review and the article summary, and in the second phase the entire article was analyzed. If the study fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the RS, it was analyzed by three tables: 1. General characteristics of the study. 2. Bibliometric characteristics (level of evidence) 3. Methodological characteristics of the study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The total of articles included in the SR were 61, 34 of them correspond to quasi-experimental studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> 21 experimental studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64"><sup>64</sup></xref> 3 Meta analysis of quasi-experimental studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> and 3 of ECA <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>In relation to ECA, only 8.1% (f = 5) reported adhering to the CONSORT statement (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref><sup>)(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the target population of the interventions, 60.6% (f = 37) were directed to adolescents; 21.3% (f = 13) to adolescents and their parents; 8.1% (f = 5) to adolescents hospitalized in a health institution for the consequences of alcohol; 3.2% (f = 2) were applied in adolescents and youngsters and 1.6% (f = 1) only to parents or adolescents, parents and teachers.</p>
				<p>Regarding the place where the studies were applied, 59% (f = 36) were in the school where the adolescents studied, 11.4% (f = 7) did it in the community; 3.2% (f = 2) applied it in the rural environment and 1.6% (f = 1) did it in the indigenous environment. While 24.5% (f = 15) did not report it.</p>
				<p>The techniques by which the interventions were delivered in the studies, 34.4% (f = 21) were delivered through multimedia elements and / or internet (web games, social networks, software among others). The 21.3% (f = 13) were through traditional health education (lectures, classes, exhibitions, leaflets, among others); interventions with combined techniques were delivered to 21.3% (f = 13) of the studies; 14.7% (f = 9) were through short intervention programs such as counseling; 4.9% (f = 3) used peer support groups and 3.2% (f = 2) implemented a local politic in the community to restrict consumption.</p>
				<p>The topic that was addressed in most studies included more than two topics in the intervention. 74.1% (f = 46) of the interventions included knowledge about alcohol consumption (generalities, risk factors, consequences among other contents). 26.2% (f = 16) aspects of motivation, 11.4% (f = 7) self-control, 9.8% (f = 6) self-efficacy; 8.1% (f = 5) solving problems, attitudes and social norms, 1.6% (f = 1) included life skills, suicide, values ​​and personality. It is worth mentioning that some articles did not mention the theme that was addressed in his speech.</p>
				<p>31.14% of the investigations reported giving the adolescents a brief intervention. Not all the articles mentioned the duration of the intervention, the results of those studies that indicated that: 18% (f = 11) reported between 2 and 20 sessions, without specifying whether they were given in days or weeks. 4.9% (f = 3) indicated 3, 14 and 20 days; 16.3% (f = 10) between 2 and 12 weeks, 6.5% (f = 4) between 1, 3, 6 and 18 months and 4.9% (f = 3) reported between 1 and 2 years.</p>
				<p>Regarding follow-up, 31.1% (f = 19) specified it between 1, 2, 3, 6 and up to 8 months; 16.3% (f = 10) between 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10 years. Only 16.3% (f = 10) mentioned having performed a reinforcement after delivering the intervention and prior to the last follow-up, these were through parental supervision, telephone call, e-mail or cell phone message. 13.1% (f = 8) of the studies awarded a payment or incentive to participants. 9.8% (f = 6) of the studies had a qualitative component, with focus groups being the most used 4.9% (f = 3) among adolescents.</p>
				<p>Regarding the impact of interventions on alcohol consumption, 95% (f = 58) of the studies showed a decrease in alcohol consumption, with statistical significance, however in their recommendations, most refer to the importance of follow-ups, reinforcements or strategies such as parents, peers or leaders within the intervention as well as the need for weekly or monthly self-reports by the study subjects.</p>
				<p>In summary, 8.1% of the ECAS adhered to CONSORT, 60.6% of the interventions were directed only to adolescents, 59% of the application scenario was the school, 34.4% received the intervention through multimedia elements and / or the internet. In general, 74.1% received general knowledge about alcohol consumption, with regard to the duration of the intervention, 18% mentioned having performed between 2 and 20 sessions, 31% gave follow-up between 1 and 8 months after treatment; 16.3% gave reinforcements and 95% of the studies showed decreased alcohol consumption among adolescents.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The present work has allowed synthesizing and evaluating the available evidence, in Spanish and English, regarding interventions that have been made to reduce alcohol consumption in adolescents, published in the international literature between January 2006 and October 2016.</p>
				<p>Interventions in adolescents are complex because of the stage of the study subject, their biological development is not over, the psychosocial aspect is of the utmost importance for individuals, such as peer acceptance; in addition the phenomenon of alcohol consumption is considered as the legal starting drug for the consumption of other illegal substances; the pressure of the near social group, imitation and curiosity are some of the reasons why the adolescents begin to consume alcohol.</p>
				<p>Analyzing the general panorama of interventions over time makes it possible to highlight the evolution of the approach to this phenomenon of interest to science, not just nursing. The impact of combined strategies such as traditional classroom education and the use of virtual platforms and / or the Internet, allows us to approach adolescents and treat alcohol use and abuse.</p>
				<p>The intervention time is of utmost importance, since if the adolescent is not caught from the outset by the issue to be addressed and the strategies by which the intervention will be delivered, it is very likely that the treatment will not be concluded.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of alcohol consumption worldwide is worrisome because of the widespread use and abuse of almost all adolescents, who have adopted alcohol consumption as part of their recreation and leisure activities, and the availability of alcohol addictive substance and the social acceptance of this harmful habit for health. As a result, consumption continues to rise and the age of onset is low, it is very important that from our disciplinary field we propose interventions that impact on the harmful consumption of adolescents and thus prevents complications.</p>
			</sec>
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</article>