Introduction

Milk production can be considered as one of the pillars of Brazilian agricultural production, being significantly explored in different regions with producers at diverse organizational and technological levels (WILLERS et al., 2014). The importance that the activity has acquired is undeniable, both in economic performance and in the generation of permanent jobs (ZOCCAL et al., 2008).

Although Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of cow's milk, with 34 billion liters in 2015. However, the herd productivity is low, being 1,381 liters per cow/year (SILVA; SILVA, 2016). Moreover, Brazilian milk production has very low zootechnical, economic and productivity indexes, which makes it an unattractive activity (NOVO; SCHIFFLER, 2006).

The activity goes through a phase where the producer needs to become professionalized, besides adapting to the criteria established by current legislation via Normative Instruction No. 62 (BRASIL, 2011). Generally, milk obtained under poor hygienic and sanitary conditions is a risk to public health, especially when consumed without heat treatment (REIS et al., 2017). It is clear that milk produced nationally does not always show desired quality, but has generated discussion and development of new policies in order to encourage milk production, such as the National Milk Quality Improvement Program (NERO et al., 2005). It it is noteworthy that, in order to keep healthy in cattle herds, it is necessary to implement effective sanitary programs (PEREIRA et al., 2014).

In the State of Acre, dairy farming is characterized by the predominance of low technological level, mainly related to milk quality, herd health and milking infrastructure, storage and milk conservation in the property (ANDRADE et al., 2014), requiring several technical and managerial efforts that, according to Lopes et al. (2015a), can increase productivity, profitability and improve the quality of produced milk.

However, little is known about the profile of these properties, being necessary studies to know their characteristics and later to conduct programs that seek to interfere in the production weaknesses. The characterization of milk production systems in the mesoregion of the Acre Valley becomes important for the identification of limitations and perspectives of the productive sector, as well as the implementation of regional development projects; besides targeting public policies for dairy farming of the State.

In this sense, faced with the inexistence of research related to the theme in the region, the objective was to analyze 100 dairy farms under the family farming regime from the mesoregion of the Acre Valley, regarding the health and milk quality of herds, considering different levels of milk productivity.

Material and Methods

The research was performed in 100 farms under family farming regime located in the mesoregion of the Acre Valley, in the Western Amazon, from March to June 2017. The studied geographical area is composed of 14 municipalities: Acrelândia (6 producers), Assis Brasil (3), Brasiléia (7), Bujari (4), Capixaba (8), Epitaciolândia (7), Manoel Urbano (4), Plácido de Castro (11), Porto Acre (6), Rio Branco (16), Santa Rosa dos Purus (5), Sena Madureira (12), Senador Guiomard (9), and Xapuri (2). The producers were selected at random (GUDKOVA et al., 2016) from the list provided by the State Secretariat of Agriculture (SEAP) Secretariat of Agroforestry extension and family farming of the state of Acre (SEAPROF), regardless of the marketed milk volume or the adopted production system. The definition of the number of interviewees was estimated according to Barbetta (2003), considering a maximum sampling error of 5%.

For the interviews and diagnosis, a semi-structured form containing 301 questions was used, adapted by Lopes et al. (2016). These questions were divided into themes: producer and property registry (52 questions), herd characterization (12 questions), and milk production (237 questions). This last topic includes the production system, milk quality, milking management, milk analysis, and sanitary control.

In the Excel^® software, the descriptive statistics was used, calculating the average, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum (LOPES et al., 2015b). Using the software SPSS 20.0 (IBM CORP, 2011), the element of the questionnaire was analyzed: productivity, obtaining a cohesive result, liable for analysis and, from these items, the milk producers were divided into clusters called “higher productivity” (1,755.65 liters/hectare/year) and "lower productivity" (492.75 liters/hectare/year) using the K-means non-hierarchical method (CORRAR et al., 2009; HAIR et al., 2009). The multivariate cluster analysis allows that clusters with characteristics similar to each other and distinct from the other clusters being obtained by choosing one or more variables (KAUFMAN; ROUSSEAU, 1990).

The normality test of Shapiro-Wilk was performed to evaluate the distribution of continuous variables, being detected that there was not normal distribution and/or homoscedasticity. These variables were expressed through the median and interquartile range, and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed for multiple comparison between the higher and lower productivity clusters (MAROCO, 2010). The difference was statistically significant when p<0.05.

Results and Discussion

The characterization of the milk producing properties allowed knowing the aspects related to the adopted herd health and milk quality in the mesoregion of the Acre Valley reproductive aspects, which can help the producers to identify the most critical points within the production system. Regarding the correlation analyses applied among the variables of quantitative nature, significant correlations were observed among the cattle men from the higher and lower productivity clusters in the indexes productivity (L/ha/year) (p=0.000) and family income (R$/month) (p=0.000).

Regarding the higher productivity cluster, with 22 producers, the average, standard deviation (SD), median, interquartile range (IR), minimum and maximum value of 1,839.60; 733.65; 1,755.65; 2,633,21; 1,095.00, and 4,380.00 L/ha/year was obtained, while in the lower productivity cluster, with 78 producers, it was 558.45; 299.30; 492.75; 419.97; 91.25; and 1,460.00, respectively. These results are much lower than those found by Lopes et al. (2007) (3,445.12 L/ha/year) and Ferrazza et al. (2015) (10,816.10 L/ha/year); both in properties with family workforce in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Considering these low productivities, according to Lopes et al. (2012), many managerial and even technological efforts are necessary aiming to increase daily averages without increasing the average variable cost. An alternative is, according to the researchers, to increase productive efficiency, i.e., productivity per matrix, thus optimizing the expenses with workforce, medicines, artificial insemination, fixed taxes, energy, and miscellaneous expenses. Such expenses, increasing productivity per matrix, will not be increased.

The family income in the higher productivity cluster, showed average, SD, median, IR, minimum and maximum value of R$ 3,002.24; R$ 1,807.33; R$ 2,179.50; R$ 3,238.50; R$ 1,050.00 and R$ 6,750.00, while the lower productivity cluster showed R$ 1,511.82; R$ 1,115.26; R$ 1,101.75; R$ 1,248.00; R$ 240.00; and R$ 5,796.00, respectively.

One of the main problems was related to the drying of cows in 21 (95.45%) and 75 (96.15%) properties in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). Animals mostly dried on their own due to the low persistence of lactation and well before the ideal 305 days (LOPES et al., 1996; JUNQUEIRA et al., 1997). Cobuci et al. (2004) reported that this occurs due to genetic and nutritional patterns, since the improvement of lactation persistence in dairy cows is due to genetic engineering and good nutrition. Regarding nutrition, Bovera et al. (2004), Zenou and Miron (2005) and Cannas et al. (2013) reported that, when related to lactation, foods containing less non-fibrous carbohydrates favor the acetate production in the rumen, benefiting milk production and milk fat, as well as the persistence of lactation.

In relation to the yard waiting, in 10 (45.45%) and 27 (34.62%) properties they were without cover and floor in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). Facilities’ design is among the strategic problems related to animal production. In some cases, this item may be responsible for the failure of production system (SILVA et al., 2002). In a country with a tropical climate, such as Brazil, zootechnical constructions, including yard waiting, can aid in comfort and minimize stress in pre-milking of dairy cattle (BUCKLIN et al., 1991), improving productivity.

Another difference was observed in the milking system, when 10 (45.45%) and 10 (12.82%) had milking machine in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). This suggests that producers in the higher productivity cluster were more open for technology adoption. In addition, these producers had higher education levels and could contribute to the producer's perception of the need to adopt technologies. However, these results are very different from those of Marques and Costa (2017) when reported that all properties (100%) had a milking machine, in a study conducted in the Monte Carmelo-MG region. The tendency of the milk production scenario demands a high quality of qualified workforce, which is scarce and with high costs mainly due to rural exodus (MACULAN, LOPES, 2016). Therefore, the use of equipment that minimizes the human workforce has been advocated by Hansen (2015). Wink and Thaler Neto (2012) reported that when there is a satisfactory average in milk production, producers can invest in the improvement of milking equipment.

The hygiene of ceilings before milking was performed by 15 (68.18%) and 68 (87.18%) of properties. It was observed that 18 (81.81%) and 42 (54.84%) of producers performed the black background mug test in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). This test, according to Santos and Fonseca (2007), is important to identify animals with clinical mastitis. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis can be made through symptomatology, such as udder inflammation, milk secretion with lumps, blood, pus, among other pathological secretions (BOUCHOT et al., 1985). However, the subclinical form has a greater epidemiological importance, since it can silently spread in the herd without macroscopic changes in udder inspection or its secretion (BLOOD; RADOSTITIS, 1991). In order to diagnose it, it is necessary to use complementary tests based on the cellular content of milk (BOUCHOT et al., 1985). Thus, the California mastitis test (CMT) is a screening test aimed to detect subclinical mastitis easy to perform and indicated to monitor herds at pasture (FAGLIARI et al., 1983). The prevention of mastitis is fundamental due to its high economic impact, estimated by Demeu et al. (2016) in US$ 493.03; US$ 813.78, and US$ 1,134.53 for productivities per lactating cow of 10; 20, and 30 L/day, respectively.

The use of pre-dipping is still less than necessary, being used by only 15 (68.18%) and 32 (41.03%) producers from the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). Disinfection is one of the most important aspects of disease prevention for dairy farming (BODDIE et al., 1997). Santana et al. (2001) related poor milk quality to factors as high rates of mastitis, inadequate maintenance and disinfection of equipment, inefficient or inexistent refrigeration, and disqualified workforce, among others.

The non-realization of post-dipping in any property (Table 1) is due to the natural suckling system adopted when, after milking, the calves are kept with the mothers to suckle, being separated hours later. However, hygienic milking is important for preserving milk quality and reducing the risk of disease transmission. Post-dipping is fundamental to prevent contamination by microorganisms acquired during the milking process (SÁ et al., 2011). Expenses with preventive treatment of mastitis represented 5.2%, according to Lopes et al. (2012), while dressing was 26.1% of the economic impact, which shows an advantage of investing in prevention practice. Demeu et al. (2015) reported similar values (7.96%, 30.13%) for preventive and dressing treatments, respectively.

The use of milk cooling tanks in the studied properties is rare, being present only in four (18.18%) and one (1.28%) properties in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). It is important to highlight that the best quality milk shows higher concentration of total solids and protein and lower total concentration of bacteria (DEITOS et al., 2010). Moreover, high thermal stability of milk is important for the dairy industry. The product should reach a temperature of 4 ºC or less in the maximum time of 3 h after finishing the milking because the higher the ambient temperature, the faster the biochemical changes of the milk that favor bacterial growth will occur (ALBERTON et al., 2012). The adequate storage temperature of the raw milk is fundamental for the quality of raw material and its derivatives (LIMA et al., 2016).

According to Brito (1999), the coliform population can double every 20 min in the milk kept under average temperature of 30 °C.

The great majority of farmers [17 (77.27%) and 70 (89.74%)] sold raw milk for dairy products in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 1). However, there is still a common practice in the interiors and countryside of the State of Acre, which is the informal sale of milk (in bulk) transported on motorcycles, bicycles and even horses, stored in disposable bottles without refrigeration, and hygienic and sanitary control.

Regarding the herd health, only two (9.09%) and eight (10.26%) properties from the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively, had a health calendar (Table 2); quantities similar to those of Lima et al. (2009) in Quixeramobim-CE.

The single vaccine applied by all owners (100%) was foot-and-mouth disease, which is mandatory by law, as well as brucellosis, which was not practiced in all properties (Table 2). Nero et al. (2009) found that all producers vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease, while 19 (31.7%) vaccinated against symptomatic carbuncle, and only seven (11.7%) against rabies.

Most of the properties, (16; 72.73% and 51; 65.38%), in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively, obtained average degree of infestation against ticks (Table 2). Effective control in tick infestation requires the correct use of medicines with animal and pasture management (ARTMANN et al., 2014). Controlling only the tick that parasitizes the animal generates a momentary solution for only 5% of the parasite population because the remaining 95% are in free form on pasture (EMBRAPA, 2006).

Concerning the incidence of horn fly (Haematobia irritans), 11 (50.00%) and 52 (66.67%) herds in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively, showed an average degree of infestation (Table 2). The damages attributed to this parasite for the Brazilian herd were estimated by Grisi et al. (2014) in US$ 2.56 billion per year. The losses are related to the transmission of pathogens (anthrax, leucosis, anaplasmosis, and helminth Stephanofilaria sp). Besides this transmission, the parasite causes stress to the animal (JORGE et al., 2016), contributing to high energy expenditure, reduction in grazing time and water intake, thus delaying weight gain and/or milk production, decreasing the productivity (BIANCHIN; ALVES, 2002).

The incidence of human botfly (Dermatobia hominis) in the Acre Valley mesoregion is minimal, so that all properties (100%) showed low infestation (Table 2). The parasitism can cause losses to the herds, which include reduced meat and milk production, delayed animal growth, and intense hide’s devaluation (OLIVEIRA-SEQUEIRA et al., 2014)

Regarding worm treatment, all cowmen (100%) performed treatment in the entire bovine population (Table 2). In Brazil, despite the lack of official estimates, it is believed that losses due to endoparasites are high. Moreover, among all clusters of marketed veterinary medicines, vermifuges rank first in quantity and value of production (AZEVEDO et al., 2008). Girão et al. (1999) recommended worm treatment throughout the herd, however, for growing animals, five applications per year; and for adult animals, including lactating cows, two applications per year.

Regarding maternity, 17 (77.27%) and 67 (85.90%) had the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 2). It is noteworthy that its absence can become a threat, since the main purpose is the frequent observations of females, allowing the birth monitoring, if there is need for intervention, ensuring that the calf is born in a timely basis and in a satisfactory environment (COELHO et al., 2009).

Tick-borne disease (TBD) was the most frequent disease in the properties: four (18.18%) and 14 (17.95%) in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 2). TBD comprises two well-known diseases: bovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina protozoa, and anaplasmosis, by rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale. Both show high morbidity and high mortality, which occurs mainly in areas of enzootic instability. Almeida et al. (2006) reported that the TBD percentage in herds reaches 11.77% in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Diseased heifers were not separated from healthy ones in 16 (72.73%) and 55 (70.51%) properties in the higher and lower productivity clusters, respectively (Table 2). The non-separation entails a serious problem, which is the contamination of other animals. According to Gonçalves (2009), considering all the categories of a milk production system, the highest rates of morbidity and mortality are observed in the cluster of heifers up to weaning. The establishment of early and accurate diagnoses of diseases that affect heifers is undeniably an important factor to indicate effective treatments, minimizing the producer losses (CANNAS et al., 2006). Furthermore, the authors also emphasized that the incidence of most heifers' health problems, which is the most susceptible animal category, can be maintained at economically acceptable levels if the farmer implants and maintains well-designed preventive health programs that combine standardized and specific operational procedures, covering all aspects of calf husbandry.

All the properties (100%) performed navel cut in calves (Table 2). Lima et al. (2017) reported much lower results in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, with only 26.6%. This management is a mandatory practice in calf husbandry, being performed through medicines with disinfectant, healing and repellent action (PEREIRA, 2004), avoiding omphalophlebitis cases.

Conclusions

Properties from the higher productivity cluster had higher family income, showed a larger number of covered and floored yard waiting, and cows with better body conditions at calving. Furthermore, they showed higher pre-dipping rates and used more technologies, such as expansion tank and milking machine. Moreover, they obtained higher rates of vaccination against clostridial disease and rabies.

The productive factors found in the researched properties show the need for improved management so that they can obtain better results and hence better profitability.

Statistical significance was observed between the higher and lower productivity clusters for productivity (L/ha/year) and family income (R$/month) among the categories from independent quantitative variables collected through a questionnaire.

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Author notes

malopes@dmv.ufla.br