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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Ciencias Psicológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cienc. Psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1688-4221</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1688-4094</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica del Uruguay.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22235/cp.v17i2.2700</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (EDEIJ): evidências de validade</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Emotional Dysregulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EDEIJ): validity evidence</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Escala de Desregulación Emocional Infantil y Juvenil (EDEIJ): evidencias de validez</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6519-254X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes Baptista</surname>
						<given-names>Makilim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6821-0299</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Porto Noronha</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0702-9992</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonfá-Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade São Francisco, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade São Francisco, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> University of Western Ontario, Canadá, brunobonffa@outlook.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">The University of Western Ontario</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Western Ontario</institution>
				<country country="CA">Canada</country>
				<email>brunobonffa@outlook.com</email>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>12</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A autorregulação emocional frente a eventos tristes é essencial nas diferentes fases do desenvolvimento humano, principalmente ao tratar-se de crianças e adolescentes, uma vez que diferentes estratégias de autorregulação podem ser fatores protetivos a transtornos mentais como a depressão. Dado a existência da Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil (EARE-IJ) para mensurar tais eventos, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a versão revisada do instrumento, com o intuito de aprimorá-la, buscar evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna e índices de fidedignidade. Responderam ao instrumento 299 crianças e adolescentes, com idades de 10 até 16 anos (<italic>M</italic>= 12,20; <italic>DP</italic>= 1,36), de modo que foram testados diferentes modelos de análise fatorial confirmatória, coeficientes de confiabilidade e um modelo de invariância para a variável sexo. Os resultados acumulam evidências favoráveis para o instrumento em sua nova versão, passando a ser conhecida como Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (EDEIJ). Além de indicarem que o instrumento é capaz de avaliar crianças e adolescentes com diferentes níveis de desregulação emocional, bem como possui invariância configural e métrica. Conclui-se que a ferramenta é eficiente para realizar o rastreio de estratégias de autorregulação emocional em crianças e adolescentes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Emotional self-regulation when confronted with sad events is essential in different stages of human development, especially when it comes to children and adolescents, as different self-regulation strategies can serve as protective factors against mental disorders such as depression. This article aims to present the revised version of the Emotional Self-Regulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EARE-IJ, Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil), an instrument for measuring emotional self-regulation strategies toward sad events, with the purpose of improving it, searching for validity evidence based on the internal structure and reliability indices. The instrument was answered by 299 children and adolescents, aged 10 to 16 years (<italic>M</italic>= 12.20; <italic>SD</italic>= 1.36), and different models of confirmatory factor analysis, reliability coefficients, and an invariance model for the sex variable were tested. The results provide accumulating evidence in favor of the instrument in its new version, now known as the Emotional Dysregulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EDEIJ, Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil). The results also indicate that the instrument can evaluate children and adolescents with different levels of emotional dysregulation, while demonstrating configural and metric invariance. In conclusion, it is found that the tool is efficient in screening emotional self-regulation strategies in children and adolescents.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>La autorregulación emocional ante eventos tristes es fundamental en diferentes etapas del desarrollo humano, especialmente cuando se trata de niños y adolescentes, ya que diferentes estrategias de autorregulación pueden ser factores protectores de trastornos mentales como la depresión. Dada la existencia de la Escala de Autorregulación Emocional-Niños y Jóvenes (EARE-IJ) para medir tales eventos, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la versión revisada del instrumento para mejorarlo, buscando evidencia de validez basada en la estructura e índices de confiabilidad. El instrumento fue respondido por 299 niños y adolescentes, de 10 a 16 años (<italic>M</italic> = 12.20; <italic>DE</italic> = 1.36). Se utilizaron diferentes modelos de análisis factorial confirmatorio, coeficientes de confiabilidad y un modelo de invariancia para la variable sexo. Los resultados acumulan evidencias favorables para el instrumento en su nueva versión, que se conoce como Escala de Desregulación Emocional Infantil y Juvenil (EDEIJ). Además de indicar que el instrumento es capaz de evaluar a niños y adolescentes con diferentes niveles de desregulación emocional, tiene invariancia configural y métrica. Se concluye que la herramienta es eficaz para realizar el cribado de estrategias de autorregulación emocional en niños y adolescentes.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Emoções</kwd>
				<kwd>validade</kwd>
				<kwd>regulação emocional</kwd>
				<kwd>testes psicológicos</kwd>
				<kwd>tristeza</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Emotions</kwd>
				<kwd>validity</kwd>
				<kwd>emotional regulation</kwd>
				<kwd>psychological tests</kwd>
				<kwd>sadness</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Emociones</kwd>
				<kwd>validez</kwd>
				<kwd>regulación emocional</kwd>
				<kwd>pruebas psicológicas</kwd>
				<kwd>tristeza</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="12"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>A capacidade de regular emoções é fundamental para o desenvolvimento humano, em especial quando se considera crianças e adolescentes, dado que nestas fases diferentes influências podem afetar seus comportamentos. Autorregular as emoções está diretamente relacionado com o processo adaptativo do ser humano, de modo que ela ocorre a partir de influências contextuais e depende de diferentes estratégias. Mensurar tais capacidades, principalmente no público infantojuvenil, possibilitaria à ciência psicológica, e às psicólogas e psicólogos, a propor intervenções mais coesas e eficazes. Assim como realizado com o público adulto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al. (2020</xref>), este estudo tem como objetivo revisar a Escala de Autorregulação Emocional, agora em sua versão infantojuvenil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>), analisar as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão reduzida e apresentar um instrumento em sua versão final, aprimorado também do ponto de vista de equidade do número de itens por fator.</p>
		<p>As estratégias de regulação emocional, ou a habilidade de se autorregular, podem ser compreendidas como o processo no qual indivíduos experienciam, regulam e expressam suas emoções (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gross, 1998</xref>). Tais estratégias de regulação podem ocorrer de maneira automática ou controlada pelos sujeitos, culminando, assim, em um processo adequado de expressão do indivíduo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004</xref>). Além disso, as habilidades de autorregulação são descritas com base em modelos multidimensionais, envolvendo a avaliação, compreensão e aceitação das emoções (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). </p>
		<p>Por conseguinte, evidências sugerem que a habilidade de se autorregular pode atenuar emoções negativas, servindo como fator protetivo à depressão e outras psicopatologias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berking et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Drake et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). Déficits em regulação emocional (ou autorregulação emocional, usados aqui como sinônimos) são preditores de desfechos adversos, culminando na incapacidade de aceitar emoções negativas, bem como maior intensidade na vivência de eventos estressores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Drake et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). Em crianças e adolescentes as características de autorregulação podem ocorrer de maneira ainda mais complexa.</p>
		<p>Na infância e adolescência a autorregulação emocional de eventos tristes, foco do instrumento discutido neste artigo, atua principalmente no processo de reestruturação cognitiva, quando empregadas de maneira eficaz, porém, quando utilizadas de maneira ineficaz tais estratégias de reestruturação podem indicar pouco controle e compreensão das emoções e do ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Burwell &amp; Shrik, 2007</xref>). Estudos empíricos confirmaram esta hipótese e evidenciaram que quanto mais sintomas depressivos em crianças e/ou adolescentes ou maior o consumo de substâncias, menos eficazes são as estratégias de regulação emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Borges &amp; Pacheco, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García del Castillo et al., 2012</xref>). Em acréscimo, em uma metanálise, foi encontrado que a autorregulação emocional esteve associada a engajamento escolar e sucesso acadêmico em crianças e adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Robson et al., 2020</xref>). Nesta conformidade, é sinalizado que indivíduos no período infantojuvenil que tendem a vivenciar sentimentos de raiva e tristeza com maior frequência possuem maior dificuldade para compreender suas emoções (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Borges &amp; Pacheco, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cruvinel &amp; Boruchovitch, 2011</xref>), o que configura a complexidade do processo autorregulatório nesta faixa desenvolvimental.</p>
		<p>Sabe-se da escassez de instrumentos desenvolvidos especificamente para avaliação da autorregulação emocional para crianças e adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Philpott-Robinson et al., 2023</xref>), além de que, dentre os instrumentos brasileiros utilizados para mensurar a autorregulação emocional, têm-se uma pequena quantidade destes com enfoque para crianças e adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Batista &amp; Noronha, 2018</xref>). Com foco unicamente na emoção tristeza, foi encontrado na literatura somente uma escala em âmbito brasileiro. Assim, pode-se dar destaque para a Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil (EARE-IJ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>). Em seu desenvolvimento o instrumento foi proposto com quatro fatores, a saber, paralisação (i.e., indicando o processo de atitudes tomadas ou não frente a eventos tristes); pessimismo (i.e., capacidade para resolver ou não os problemas, bem como a autovalorização); estratégias adequadas de enfrentamento (i.e., solucionar os problemas, lidando de maneira eficaz com eventos tristes); e avaliação da experiência (i.e., extração de algo positivo ou negativo do evento vivenciado). O instrumento teve como base teórica a proposta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz e Roemer (2004</xref>), considerando a modulação emocional, a atenção, a compreensão e a aceitação das emoções. Nesta conformidade, a conceitualização do processo de autorregulação perpassa pelo entendimento, aceitação, controle e habilidade de expressão das emoções em cada evento vivenciado.</p>
		<p>Em seu processo de construção e busca de evidências de validade, o instrumento apresentou índices de ajuste aceitáveis para uma solução de quatro fatores em uma amostra de 600 crianças e adolescentes (CFI = 0,99 e RMSEA = 0,03; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>). Contudo, a escala apresenta uma quantidade desbalanceada de itens entre os fatores e uma quantidade grande de itens para avaliação do público infantil. Além disso, a dimensão “avaliação da experiência” apresenta fragilidades no que tange à representação teórica do construto, uma vez que alguns itens de vivência positivos e negativos se sobrepõem, em especial aqueles avaliados pela dimensão pessimismo. </p>
		<p>Assim, torna-se necessário novos estudos no que se refere à EARE-IJ, especialmente, a possível redução e aprimoramento da escala em termos de balanceamento de itens nos diferentes fatores. Portanto, considerando a necessidade de propor instrumentos breves para serem respondidos por crianças e adolescentes, dado que a avaliação em triagem pode ser feita em larga escala; bem como a apresentação da EDEA por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al. (2020</xref>), este estudo tem como objetivo atualizar a EARE-IJ para uma versão curta, além de testar as evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna e índices de fidedignidade, que passará a ser conhecida como Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (EDEIJ). A modificação do nome do instrumento se dá uma vez que nosso enfoque com o presente teste é a avaliação de características de desregulação e inadequação emocional frente a eventos, bem como por apresentar uma maior quantidade de fatores que avaliam aspectos negativos, facilitando assim, a interpretação dos usuários do instrumento. Tem-se como hipótese que a nova versão irá manter as qualidades psicométricas de sua predecessora, além de ser um instrumento útil na avaliação da autorregulação emocional frente a eventos tristes em crianças e adolescentes.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>Compuseram a amostra 299 crianças e adolescentes com idades de 10 a 16 anos (<italic>M</italic>= 12,20; <italic>DP</italic>= 1,36), sendo 55,5% do sexo feminino. Os participantes eram distribuídos entre o 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental II, de modo que 44,5% eram do sexto ano, 19,7% do sétimo ano, 18,4% do oitavo ano e 17,4% do nono ano. Trata-se de um banco de dados dos primeiros dois autores.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instrumentos</title>
				<p><italic>Questionário sociodemográfico.</italic> Desenvolvido para esta pesquisa, tendo como objetivo caracterizar a amostra no que tange ao sexo, idade e ano escolar.</p>
				<p><italic>Escala de Autorregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil</italic> (EARE-IJ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>). A EARE-IJ foi desenvolvida com o propósito de mensurar a autorregulação emocional frente a eventos de vida que geram tristeza. Ela é composta por 28 itens respondidos em escala Likert (1: n<italic>enhuma das vezes/nada</italic> até 5: s<italic>empre</italic>), e possui quatro fatores, a saber, Paralisação (8 itens); Pessimismo (8 itens); Estratégias de enfrentamento adequadas (8 itens) e Avaliação da experiência (4 itens). Alguns exemplos de itens são “Quando estou triste eu”: 1: <italic>Choro</italic>; 10: <italic>Penso que ninguém vai poder me ajudar</italic> e 28: <italic>Acho que sou capaz de resolver o problema</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedimentos</title>
				<p>Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAAE: 53659716.8.0000.5514), os estudos relacionados às escalas de autorregulação tiveram início. Para comporem a amostra, era condição indispensável que as crianças e adolescentes tivessem a assinatura de um dos seus responsáveis no Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, entregue em uma data prévia a coleta de dados. Os participantes que aceitassem participar deveriam declarar concordância com a pesquisa a partir do Termo de Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os instrumentos foram coletados de maneira presencial nas respectivas escolas, contando com um aplicador treinado para fornecer maiores informações caso estas fossem solicitadas pelas crianças ou adolescentes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise de dados</title>
				<p>Inicialmente, foi testada uma análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC-modelo I) para o modelo quatro fatores desenvolvido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al. (2019</xref>). Em seguida, foram testados novos modelos confirmatórios que visaram a buscar versões mais aprimoradas do instrumento (modelo II e modelo III). Em todos os modelos foram utilizados o estimador Weighted Least Square Mean and Variance Adjusted (WLSMV), considerando os índices de ajuste qui-quadrado (<italic>(</italic>
 <sup>2</sup>) dividido pelos graus de liberdade (<italic>gl</italic>), Comparative Fit Index (CFI ≥ 0,95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI ≥ 0,95) e Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA ≤ 0,08; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hu &amp; Bentler, 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>Em seguida, foram testadas as curvas de informações para estimar a capacidade informativa de cada fator, possibilitando assim ser analisada a região do traço latente na qual o instrumento apresenta maior nível de precisão e de maneira complementar testou-se os índices de confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dann et al., 2014</xref>). Finalmente, foi analisado uma modelo de invariância para o sexo das crianças e adolescentes. Este teve como propósito testar a igualdade dos itens para ambos os sexos no nível configural, métrico e escalar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Horn &amp; McArdle, 1992</xref>). O nível configural testa a plausibilidade de utilização do instrumento para os grupos, ou seja, analisa se os itens funcionam como indicadores similares para grupos diferentes; o nível métrico testa o peso que as cargas fatoriais possuem para ambos os grupos; finalmente o nível escalar testa a equivalência dos interceptos para ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio, 2013</xref>). A invariância foi considerada a partir de uma diminuição do índice CFI, de maneira que mudanças ΔCFI menores do que 0,010 indicavam modelos invariantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>). Todas as análises foram realizadas nos <italic>softwares</italic> MPlus 8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Muthén &amp; Muthén, 1998-2012</xref>) e RStudio a partir do pacote <italic>psych</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Revelle, 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Testou-se a análise fatorial confirmatória para o instrumento composto por 28 itens e quatro fatores (modelo I), os índices de ajuste apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios <italic>(</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <italic>/gl</italic> = 4,20; CFI = 0,886; TLI = 0,875; RMSEA = 0,104. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as cargas fatoriais.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise fatorial confirmatória da Escala de Autorregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (28 itens)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt1.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label>Nota:</label>
							<p> * O item EARE-IJ19 apresentou um valor de <italic>p</italic> = 0,432, enquanto todos os outros itens apresentaram valores de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Apesar de apresentar a maior parte das cargas fatoriais aceitáveis (i.e., &gt; 0,30), foi considerado que o quarto fator pouco contribuía para a mensuração teórica do construto, pois o conteúdo exigia abstrações complexas para crianças e adolescentes (e.g., “Acho que o que sinto é importante para o meu crescimento”); ele se sobrepunha a dimensão pessimismo no que diz respeito à construção semântica de itens. Nesse sentido, testou-se um novo modelo de análise fatorial confirmatória desconsiderando a dimensão Avaliação da Experiência e itens redundantes ou com menor carga fatorial das outras dimensões (modelo II), os resultados são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise fatorial confirmatória da Escala de Autorregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (21 itens)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt2.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os resultados índices de ajuste obtidos foram satisfatórios <italic>(</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <italic>/gl</italic>= 2,91; CFI = 0,957; TLI = 0,952; RMSEA = 0,080, assim como as cargas fatoriais apresentaram valores a partir de 0,40. Contudo, a grande quantidade de itens, o desbalanceamento destes e o uso de itens com conteúdo frasal similar, optou-se por um novo modelo que culminasse em um instrumento mais balanceado, de fácil administração, diminuindo o tempo de resposta e com itens com conteúdo semântico único. A seleção dos itens teve como base um critério teórico (i.e., itens que melhor descrevessem conteúdos de regulação emocional, avaliados por dois juízes experts na área de avaliação psicológica e autorregulação emocional) e um critério estatístico (i.e., seleção dos itens com cargas fatoriais mais altas, apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Assim, testou-se a última análise fatorial confirmatória (modelo III), apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (15 itens)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt3.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Para este último modelo, os índices de ajuste foram excelentes <italic>(</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <italic>/gl</italic> = 2,55; CFI = 0,980; TLI = 0,976; RMSEA = 0,072, além de manterem as dimensões teoricamente relevantes e ser breve para a aplicação em crianças e adolescentes. Em seguida, testou-se a curva de informação para cada um dos fatores da EDEIJ, de modo que a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os resultados encontrados.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Curva de informação dos fatores da EDEIJ</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Com base dos resultados encontrados nas curvas de informação, foi possível identificar, pela inspeção visual, que os fatores Paralisação e Pessimismo melhor avaliam indivíduos que apresentam níveis entre -1 e 2 da escala theta, enquanto o fator Estratégias adequadas de enfrentamento melhor avalia entre -2 e 0 da escala theta. No que tange aos índices de confiabilidade, estes foram: Paralisação alfa = 0,84 e ômega = 0,87; Pessimismo alfa = 0,92 e ômega = 0,94; e Estratégias adequadas de enfrentamento alfa = 0,80 e ômega = 0,85. Uma vez finalizado o instrumento, optou-se por testar sua invariância no que tange ao sexo dos participantes, estes resultados são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Modelo de invariância para a EDEIJ</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt4.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label>Nota:</label>
							<p> AIC: Akaike Information Criterion; BIC: Bayesian Information Criterion.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível assumir que não foi encontrada variância configural e métrica, sendo a variância escalar marginalmente significativa (ΔCFI = 0,014). Este resultado indica que ao serem considerado o sexo das crianças e adolescentes, podem existir diferenças nos interceptos entre os grupos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar a versão atualizada da Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (EDEIJ), testar sua evidência de validade baseada na estrutura interna e índices de fidedignidade após redução de itens e de fatores, bem como analisar a invariância dos itens selecionados de acordo com a variável sexo de crianças e adolescentes. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses e previsões estabelecidas, indicando que a EDEIJ é um instrumento eficaz para mensurar autorregulação emocional frente a eventos tristes e apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas.</p>
			<p>A partir dos modelos de análise fatorial testados, pôde-se notar que a versão completa da Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil (EARE-IJ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>) apresentou índices de ajuste insatisfatórios, assim como um item sem significância estatística. Isto atesta para o objetivo proposto neste estudo, dado que quando testado em uma nova amostra o instrumento não manteve os índices satisfatórios encontrados em sua versão de elaboração. Neste sentido, visando a manter a proposta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz e Roemer (2004</xref>), optou-se por excluir a dimensão Avaliação da Experiência, uma vez que tais itens apresentavam conteúdo redundantes quando comparados com outras dimensões, bem como poderiam ser considerados de difícil compreensão ao público infantojuvenil. Após exclusão desta dimensão os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios e o instrumento manteve as características teóricas necessárias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>), todavia a quantidade de itens estaria desbalanceada sendo demasiada para uso no público infantil, bem como itens com conteúdo semântico similar seriam mantidos, podendo tornar o instrumento redundante, como indicado por juízes expert parte de nosso processo de avaliação.</p>
			<p>Com a finalidade de obter um instrumento conciso, claro e que fosse uma ferramenta eficiente na triagem, principalmente na avaliação de crianças e adolescentes, optou-se por selecionar os itens de maior carga fatorial e que melhor descrevessem o conteúdo relacionado a autorregulação emocional em eventos tristes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">American Educational Research Association et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Philpott-Robinson et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Streiner, 2003</xref>). Os resultados evidenciaram índices de ajuste excelentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hu &amp; Bentler, 1999</xref>) e equiparáveis ao instrumento em sua versão para adultos, ou seja, Escala de Desregulação Emocional Adultos (EDEA; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al., 2020</xref>). No que diz respeito a capacidade de avaliação do instrumento, avaliada pelas curvas de informação, este apresenta melhor funcionalidade para avaliar crianças e adolescentes com estratégias disfuncionais de autorregulação, ou seja, paralisação e pessimismo. E assim como na versão do instrumento destinada a adultos, os índices de confiabilidade apresentaram resultados considerados excelentes (Cremasco et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Mallery, 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por fim, para analisar se a medida proposta pode ser considerada equivalente entre os sexos de crianças e adolescentes foram analisados os modelos de invariância configural, métrico e escalar, sendo que apenas para este último os resultados foram variantes. Tais achados indicam que ao serem comparados os interceptos destes grupos, os resultados não podem ser considerados como equivalentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio, 2013</xref>). Ou seja, caso estudos futuros encontrem diferenças para a variável sexo nos itens da EDEIJ este resultado não pode ser atribuído a diferenças no nível do traço de crianças e adolescentes, sendo, por conseguinte uma não-equivalência nos parâmetros da escala (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>). Sendo assim, uma das possibilidades, caso essa tendência se mantenha em outros estudos, poderia ser a especificação das tabelas de normas para os dois sexos.</p>
			<p>Este estudo não está isento de limitações, devendo tais resultados serem testados com outras diferentes amostras de crianças e adolescentes, bem como de diferentes regiões geopolíticas brasileiras. Instrume ntos de triagem, como a EDEIJ aqui proposta, mostram-se eficientes para avaliações em larga escala, contudo são menos sensíveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Streiner, 2003</xref>). Além disso, ao considerarmos o processo avaliativo de crianças e adolescentes, maior cautela deve ser sugerida uma vez que fatores do desenvolvimento ou contextuais podem afetar os resultados, da mesma maneira que a autorregulação dos pais podem ter implicações nos casos, funcionando como um modelo temporário (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros et al., 2015</xref>). Sugere-se que estudos futuros testem a EDEIJ com variáveis relacionadas a estratégias de enfrentamento e frente a eventos positivos, uma vez que o controle emoções positivas também é necessário (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>); similarmente, ao considerar a variância escolar estudos futuros devem criar tabelas de interpretação diferentes no que tange a variável sexo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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<fn-group>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			<label>Disponibilidade de dados:</label>
			<p> O conjunto de dados que embasa os resultados deste estudo não está disponível</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fnNaN">
			<label>Como citar:</label>
			<p> Baptista, M. N., Noronha, A. P. P., &amp; Bonfá-Araujo, B. (2023). Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil (EDEIJ): evidências de validade<italic>. Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-2700. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2700</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
			<label>Participação dos autores:</label>
			<p> a) Planejamento e concepção do trabalho; b) Coleta de dados; c) Análise e interpretação de dados; d) Redação do manuscrito; e) Revisão crítica do manuscrito. M. N. B. contribuiu em a, b, e; A. P. P. N. em a, b, e; B. B.-A. em c, d, e.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
			<label>Editora científica responsável:</label>
			<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
		</fn>
</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Emotional Dysregulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EDEIJ): validity evidence</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6519-254X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes Baptista</surname>
						<given-names>Makilim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6821-0299</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Porto Noronha</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0702-9992</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonfá-Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade São Francisco, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade São Francisco, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade São Francisco</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> University of Western Ontario, Canadá, brunobonffa@outlook.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">The University of Western Ontario</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Western Ontario</institution>
				<country country="CA">Canada</country>
				<email>brunobonffa@outlook.com</email>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract: </title>
				<p>Emotional self-regulation when confronted with sad events is essential in different stages of human development, especially when it comes to children and adolescents, as different self-regulation strategies can serve as protective factors against mental disorders such as depression. This article aims to present the revised version of the Emotional Self-Regulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EARE-IJ, Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil), an instrument for measuring emotional self-regulation strategies toward sad events, with the purpose of improving it, searching for validity evidence based on the internal structure and reliability indices. The instrument was answered by 299 children and adolescents, aged 10 to 16 years (<italic>M</italic>= 12.20; <italic>SD</italic>= 1.36), and different models of confirmatory factor analysis, reliability coefficients, and an invariance model for the sex variable were tested. The results provide accumulating evidence in favor of the instrument in its new version, now known as the Emotional Dysregulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EDEIJ, Escala de Desregulação Emocional Infantojuvenil). The results also indicate that the instrument can evaluate children and adolescents with different levels of emotional dysregulation, while demonstrating configural and metric invariance. In conclusion, it is found that the tool is efficient in screening emotional self-regulation strategies in children and adolescents.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>emotions</kwd>
				<kwd>validity</kwd>
				<kwd>emotional regulation</kwd>
				<kwd>psychological tests</kwd>
				<kwd>sadness</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The ability to regulate emotions is fundamental for human development, especially when considering children and adolescents, as different influences can affect their behaviors during these stages. Emotional self-regulation is directly related to the adaptive process of the human being, occurring through contextual influences and relying on different strategies. To measure such capacities, especially in the child and adolescent population, would allow psychological science, as well as psychologists, to propose more cohesive and effective interventions. Similar to what was performed with an adult population by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al. (2020</xref>), the aim of this study is to review the child and adolescent version of the Emotional Self-Regulation Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>), analyze the psychometric properties of a reduced version, and present a final version of the instrument, also improved in the equity of number of items per factor.</p>
			<p>Emotional regulation strategies, or the ability to self-regulate, can be understood as the process in which individuals experience, regulate, and express their emotions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gross, 1998</xref>). These regulation strategies can occur automatically or be controlled by the individuals, resulting in an adequate expression process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004</xref>). Furthermore, self-regulation skills are described based on multidimensional models, involving the evaluation, understanding, and acceptance of emotions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Therefore, evidence suggests that the ability to self-regulate can attenuate negative emotions, serving as a protective factor against depression and other psychopathologies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berking et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Drake et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). Deficits in emotional regulation (or emotional self-regulation, used interchangeably here) are predictors of adverse outcomes, resulting in the inability to accept negative emotions and experiencing stressful events with greater intensity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Drake et al., 2017</xref>; Weiss et al., 2015). In children and adolescents, the characteristics of self-regulation can occur in an even more complex manner.</p>
			<p>In childhood and adolescence, emotional self-regulation of sad events, the focus of the instrument discussed in this article, primarily operates in the process of cognitive restructuring when employed effectively. However, when used ineffectively, such restructuring strategies may indicate limited control and understanding of emotions and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Burwell &amp; Shrik, 2007</xref>). Empirical studies have confirmed this hypothesis and have shown that the more depressive symptoms in children and/or adolescents, or the higher the substance use, the less effective the emotional regulation strategies are (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Borges &amp; Pacheco, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García del Castillo et al., 2012</xref>). Additionally, a meta-analysis found that emotional self-regulation was associated with school engagement and academic success in children and adolescents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Robson et al., 2020</xref>). Accordingly, it is indicated that individuals in the child and adolescent period who more frequently experience feelings of anger and sadness have greater difficulty in understanding their emotions (Borges &amp; Pacheco, 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cruvinel &amp; Boruchovitch, 2011</xref>), which configures the complexity of the self-regulatory process in this developmental stage.</p>
			<p>It is recognized that there is a scarcity of instruments specifically developed for assessing emotional self-regulation in children and adolescents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Philpott-Robinson et al., 2023</xref>); this scarcity is also acknowledged among Brazilian emotional self-regulation instruments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Batista &amp; Noronha, 2018</xref>). With a specific focus on the emotion of sadness, only one scale was found in Brazilian literature. Therefore, the <italic>Escala de Autorregulação Emocional - Infantojuvenil</italic> (EARE-IJ, Emotional Self-Regulation Scale - Child and Adolescent; Noronha et al., 2019) deserves recognition. During its development, the instrument was proposed with four factors, namely, paralysis (i.e., indicating the process of attitudes taken or not taken when facing sad events); pessimism (i.e., the ability to solve or not solve problems and perceived self-worth); adequate coping strategies (i.e., problem-solving and dealing effectively with sad events); and evaluating experience (i.e., extracting positive or negative aspects from an experienced event). The instrument was theoretically based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz and Roemer's (2004</xref>) proposal, considering emotional modulation, attention, understanding, and acceptance of emotions. In this context, the conceptualization of the self-regulation process involves understanding, acceptance, control, and the ability to express emotions in each lived event.</p>
			<p>In its construction process and search for validity evidence, the instrument showed acceptable fit indices for a four-factor solution in a sample of 600 children and adolescents (<italic>CFI</italic> = .99 and <italic>RMSEA</italic> = .03; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>). However, the scale exhibits an unbalanced number of items among the factors and an excessive number of items (considering that children are the target population). Furthermore, the &quot;evaluating experiences&quot; dimension presents weaknesses in terms of the theoretical representation of the construct, as some positive and negative experience items overlap, especially with those of the pessimism dimension. </p>
			<p>Therefore, further studies are necessary regarding the EARE-IJ, particularly the possible reduction and improvement of the scale in terms of item balancing across the different factors. Considering the need to propose brief instruments to be answered by children and adolescents, given that screening assessments can occur on a large scale; as well as the presentation of the EDEA by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al. (2020</xref>), this study aims to update the EARE-IJ to a brief version, as well as test the validity evidence based on internal structure and reliability indices, which will now be known as the <italic>Escala de Desregulação Emocional - Infantojuvenil</italic> (EDEIJ, Emotional Dysregulation Scale - Child and Adolescent). The modification of the instrument's name is due to the focus on assessing characteristics of emotional dysregulation and inadequacy in response to events, as well as presenting a greater number of factors that assess negative aspects, thus facilitating its interpretation by the users. It is hypothesized that the new version will maintain the psychometric qualities of its predecessor and be a useful tool in evaluating emotional self-regulation in response to sad events in children and adolescents.</p>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Method</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>The sample consisted of 299 children and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years (<italic>M</italic>= 12.20; <italic>SD</italic>= 1.36), with 55.5% being female. The participants were distributed across the 6th to 9th grades of middle/high school, with 44.5% in the sixth grade, 19.7% in the seventh grade, 18.4% in the eighth grade, and 17.4% in the ninth grade. It consists of a database from the first two authors.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Instruments</title>
					<p><italic>Sociodemographic questionnaire.</italic> Developed for this research, aimed at characterizing the sample in terms of sex, age, and grade level.</p>
					<p><italic>Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil</italic> (EARE-IJ, Emotional Self-Regulation Scale-Child and Adolescent; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>). The EARE-IJ was developed to measure emotional self-regulation in response to life events that generate sadness. It consists of 28 items rated on a Likert scale (1: <italic>None of the time/nothing</italic> to 5: <italic>Always</italic>), and has four factors: Paralysis (8 items), Pessimism (8 items), Adequate Coping Strategies (8 items), and Evaluating Experiences (4 items). Some examples of items are “When I am sad, I”: 1: <italic>Cry</italic>; 10: <italic>Think that no one will be able to help me</italic>, and 28: <italic>Believe I am capable of solving the problem</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedures</title>
					<p>After approval by the Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 53659716.8.0000.5514), the studies related to the self-regulation scales began. To be included in the sample, it was a requirement that children and adolescents had the signature of one of their legal guardians on the Informed Consent Form, which was delivered prior to data collection. Participants who agreed to participate were required to express their agreement to the research through the Assent Form. The instruments were collected in person at the respective schools, with a trained researcher available to provide additional information if requested by the children or adolescents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data Analysis</title>
					<p>Initially, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA-Model I) was conducted for the four-factor model developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al. (2019</xref>). Subsequently, new confirmatory models that sought to find improved versions of the instrument (Model II and Model III) were tested. In all models, the Weighted Least Square Mean and Variance Adjusted (WLSMV) estimator was used, considering the fit indices: chi-square ((<sup>2</sup>) divided by degrees of freedom (<italic>df</italic>), Comparative Fit Index (CFI ≥ .95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI ≥ .95), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA ≤ .08; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hu &amp; Bentler, 1999</xref>).</p>
					<p>Next, the information curves were tested to estimate the informative capacity of each factor, thus making it possible to analyze the region of the latent trait in which the instrument presents the highest level of accuracy; and in a complementary manner, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega reliability indexes were tested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dann et al., 2014</xref>). Finally, a model of invariance was analyzed for the participants' sex. The purpose was to test the equality of the items for both sexes at the configural, metric, and scalar levels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Horn &amp; McArdle, 1992</xref>). The configural level tests the plausibility of using the instrument for different groups, that is, it analyzes whether the items function as similar indicators for different groups; the metric level tests the weight that the factor loadings have for both groups; finally, the scalar level tests the equivalence of intercepts for both groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio, 2013</xref>). Invariance was considered based on a decrease in the CFI, where ΔCFI changes smaller than 0.010 indicated invariant models (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>). All analyses were performed using the MPlus 8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Muthén &amp; Muthén, 1998-2012</xref>) and RStudio software with the psych package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Revelle, 2014</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Confirmatory Factor Analysis was tested for the instrument composed of 28 items and four factors (Model I). The fit indices yielded unsatisfactory results: (<italic>²/df</italic> = 4.20; CFI = .886, TLI = .875, RMSEA = .104. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> presents the factor loadings.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Confirmatory factor analysis of the Emotional Self-regulation Scale-Child and Adolescent (EARE-IJ, 28 items)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt5.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>* Item EARE-IJ19 had a p-value of .432, while all other items had <italic>p</italic>-values &lt; .001.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Although most factor loadings were acceptable (i.e., &gt; 0.30), it was considered that the fourth factor contributed little to the theoretical measurement of the construct because its content required complex abstractions for children and adolescents (e.g., “I believe what I feel is important for my growth”); it overlapped with the Pessimism dimension in terms of the semantic construction of items. In this regard, a new model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis was tested, disregarding the Evaluating Experiences dimension and items from other dimensions (Model II) that are redundant or have lower loading. The results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Emotional Self-regulation Scale-Child and Adolescent (EARE-IJ, 21 items)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt6.png">/</graphic>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The fit indices results were satisfactory (<sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <italic>/df</italic> = 2.91; CFI = .957; TLI = .952; RMSEA = .080, and the factor loadings had values starting from 0.40. However, due to the large number of items, their imbalance, and the use of items with similar phrasal content, a new model was chosen to result in a more balanced instrument, easy to administer, reducing response time, and with items containing unique semantic content. Item selection was based on a theoretical criterion (i.e., items that best described emotional regulation contents, evaluated by two expert judges in the area of Psychological Evaluation and emotional self-regulation) and a statistical criterion (i.e., selection of items with higher factor loadings, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Thus, the final Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted (Model III), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Emotional Dysregulation Scale Child and Adolescent (EDEIJ, 15 Items)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt7.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>For this final model, the fit indices were excellent(<sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <italic>/df</italic>= 2.55; CFI = .980; TLI = .976; RMSEA = .072, maintaining the theoretically relevant dimensions and brief application in children and adolescents. Next, the information curve for each of the factors of the EDEIJ was tested, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> presents the results obtained.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Information curve of the EDEIJ factors</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Based on the results found in the information curves, it was possible to visually identify that the factors Paralysis and Pessimism better assess individuals who have levels between -1 and 2 on the theta scale, while the factor Adequate Coping Strategies better assesses individuals between -2 and 0 on the theta scale. Regarding reliability indices, the following values were obtained: Paralysis alpha = .84 and omega = .87; Pessimism alpha = .92 and omega = .94; and Adequate Coping Strategies alpha = .80 and omega = .85. Once the instrument was finalized, its invariance with respect to participants' sex was tested, and the results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Invariance Model for the EDEIJ</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2700-gt8.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label>Note:</label>
								<p> AIC: Akaike Information Criterion; BIC: Bayesian Information Criterion<bold>.</bold></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that no configural and metric variance was found, while scalar variance was marginally significant (ΔCFI = 0.014). This result indicates that when considering the sex of children and adolescents, differences may exist in intercepts between groups.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study aimed to present the updated version of the <italic>Escala de Desregulação Emocional - Infantojuvenil</italic> (EDEIJ, Emotional Dysregulation Scale - Child and Adolescent), test its validity evidence based on internal structure and reliability indices after item and factor reduction, as well as analyze the invariance of the selected items according to the variable sex of children and adolescents. The results confirmed the established hypotheses and predictions, indicating that the EDEIJ is an effective instrument for measuring emotional self-regulation for dealing with sad events and has good psychometric properties.</p>
				<p>From the factorial analysis models tested, it was noted that the full version of the Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Infantojuvenil (EARE-IJ, Emotional Self-regulation Scale; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>) presented unsatisfactory fit indices, as well as one item that was not statistically significant. This attests to the study's objective, given that when tested on a new sample, the instrument did not maintain the satisfactory indices found in its developmental version. In this sense, aiming to maintain the proposal of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz and Roemer (2004</xref>), the Evaluating Experiences dimension was excluded, as these items presented redundant content with other dimensions and could be considered difficult for the child and adolescent audience to comprehend. After excluding this dimension, the obtained results were satisfactory, and the instrument maintained the necessary theoretical characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weiss et al., 2015</xref>). However, the number of items was unbalanced and excessive for use in the child population, and items with similar semantic content were retained, potentially making the instrument redundant, as indicated by expert judges in our evaluation process.</p>
				<p>In order to obtain a concise, clear instrument that would be an efficient screening tool, especially in the evaluation of children and adolescents, the decision was made to select the items with the highest factorial loadings that best described the content related to emotional self-regulation in sad events (American Educational Research Associatio et al., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Philpott-Robinson et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Streiner, 2003</xref>). The results showed excellent fit indices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hu &amp; Bentler, 1999</xref>), comparable to the adult version of the instrument, namely the Escala de Desregulação Emocional Adultos (EDEA, Emotional Dysregulation Scale Adults; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al., 2020</xref>). Regarding the instrument's evaluation capacity, assessed by information curves, it demonstrates better functionality in assessing children and adolescents with dysfunctional self-regulation strategies, namely, paralysis and pessimism. Like the adult version of the instrument, the reliability indices yielded excellent results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cremasco et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">George &amp; Mallery, 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>Lastly, to analyze whether the proposed measure can be considered equivalent between the sexes of children and adolescents, models of configural, metric, and scalar invariance were analyzed, with only the latter showing variant results. These findings indicate that when comparing the intercepts of these groups, the results cannot be considered equivalent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Damásio, 2013</xref>). In other words, if future studies find differences for the sex variable in the EDEIJ items, this result cannot be attributed to differences in the trait level of children and adolescents, thus indicating a non-equivalence in the scale parameters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen, 2007</xref>). Therefore, one possibility, if this trend persists in other studies, could be the specification of norm tables for both sexes.</p>
				<p>This study is not without limitations, and these results should be tested with different samples of children and adolescents, as well as in different geopolitical regions of Brazil. Screening instruments, such as herein proposed EDEIJ, have shown to be efficient for large-scale assessments, although they may be less sensitive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Streiner, 2003</xref>). Furthermore, when considering the assessment process for children and adolescents, greater caution should be exercised as developmental or contextual factors may affect the results, just as parental self-regulation can have implications in cases, functioning as a temporary model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros et al., 2015</xref>). It is suggested that future studies test the EDEIJ with variables related to coping strategies in response to positive events, as the regulation of positive emotions is also necessary (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Noronha et al., 2019</xref>); similarly, when considering sex variance, future studies should develop different interpretation tables for this variable.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>Data availability:</label>
				<p> The dataset supporting the results of this study is not available.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>How to cite:</label>
				<p>Baptista, M. N., Noronha, A. P. P., &amp; Bonfá-Araujo, B. (2023). Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness among college students: testing an explanatory model. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-2700. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2700</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Authors’ participation:</label>
				<p> a) Conception and design of the work; b) Data acquisition; c) Analysis and interpretation of data; d) Writing of the manuscript; e) Critical review of the manuscript. M. N. B. has contributed in a, b, e; A. P. P. N. in a, b, e; B. B.-A. in c, d, e.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Scientific editor in-charge:</label>
				<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
			</fn>
</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>