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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Ciencias Psicológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cienc. Psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1688-4221</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1688-4094</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica del Uruguay.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22235/cp.v17i2.2699</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resiliência e adesão à terapia antirretroviral em pessoas vivendo com HIV: Revisão integrativa</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Resilience and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: An integrative review</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Resiliencia y adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en personas que viven com VIH: revisión integradora</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7072-320X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paiva Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3350-0688</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossato</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"> 0000-0001-6281-3371</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scorsolini-Comin</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, rossatousp@usp.br </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>rossatousp@usp.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>15</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O objetivo desta revisão integrativa de literatura foi sintetizar as evidências disponíveis sobre o papel da resiliência na adesão à terapia antirretroviral em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Um comitê de juízes independentes realizou buscas sistematizadas nas bases/bibliotecas CINAHL, LILACS, PePSIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Os dados foram organizados no software Rayyan. Foram recuperados 14 artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2021. Os resultados foram apresentados quanto à abordagem e nível da adesão, abordagem da resiliência e associação entre resiliência e adesão. Observou-se, em todos os estudos, que a resiliência esteve envolvida no processo de adesão à TARV, além do uso de diferentes abordagens conceituais acerca da resiliência, com predomínio de uma compreensão processual do construto e escassez de instrumentos de mensuração. A revisão de literatura evidenciou que poucos estudos avaliaram a resiliência em PVHIV e principalmente a relação entre resiliência e adesão, apesar do reconhecimento de que a resiliência pode modular a capacidade da pessoa de lidar com os estressores do viver com HIV e seus cuidados em saúde.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The objective of this integrative literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on the role of resilience in adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV. A committee of independent judges performed systematic searches in the CINAHL, LILACS, PePSIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases/libraries. The data were organized in the Rayyan software. A total of 14 articles published between 2010 and 2021 were retrieved. The results were presented regarding the approach and level of adherence, resilience approach and association between resilience and adherence. In all the studies it was observed that resilience was involved in the ART adherence process, in addition to evidencing the use of different conceptual approaches to resilience, with predominance of a procedural understanding of the construct and scarcity of measuring instruments. The literature review showed that few studies have assessed resilience in people living with HIV and, especially, the relationship between resilience and adherence, despite acknowledging that resilience can modulate a person's ability to deal with the stressors of living with HIV and its health care measures.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>El objetivo de esta revisión integradora de la literatura fue sintetizar la diversa evidencia disponible sobre el rol de la resiliencia en la adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en personas que viven con VIH. Un comité de jueces independientes realizó búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos CINAHL, LILACS, PePSIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science. Los datos se organizaron en el programa Rayyan. Se recuperaron 14 artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2021. Se presentaron los resultados en cuanto al enfoque y el nivel de adherencia, enfoque de resiliencia y asociación entre resiliencia y adherencia. En todos los estudios se observó que la resiliencia estuvo implicada en el proceso de adherencia a la ART, además de evidenciarse diferentes acercamientos conceptuales de la resiliencia, con predominio de una comprensión procedimental del constructo y escasez de instrumentos de medición. La revisión de la literatura demostró que pocos estudios han evaluado la resiliencia en PVVIH y, especialmente, la relación entre resiliencia y adherencia, a pesar de reconocerse que la resiliencia puede modular la capacidad de una persona para lidiar con los factores estresantes de vivir con el VIH y su atención médica.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Resiliência</kwd>
				<kwd>hiv/AIDS</kwd>
				<kwd>cooperação e adesão ao tratamento</kwd>
				<kwd>terapia antirretroviral</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Resilience</kwd>
				<kwd>hiv/AIDS</kwd>
				<kwd>treatment adherence and compliance</kwd>
				<kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Resiliencia</kwd>
				<kwd>vih/SIDA</kwd>
				<kwd>cumplimiento y adherencia al tratamiento</kwd>
				<kwd>terapia antirretroviral</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>O HIV/aids continua a representar um problema mundial de saúde pública. No mundo, aproximadamente 37,7 milhões de pessoas viviam com a doença em 2020, sendo que nesse mesmo período foram registradas aproximadamente 680.000 mortes relacionadas à infecção (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Unaids, 2021</xref>). Nas últimas décadas, verificou-se uma importante diminuição da morbimortalidade relacionada ao HIV/aids com a introdução e a disponibilidade da terapia antirretroviral (TARV), transformando a infecção em uma condição crônica com possibilidades de controle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Drain et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>). </p>
		<p>A TARV tem como objetivo modular a progressão do HIV por meio da supressão de sua carga viral plasmática, melhorando a reconstituição imunológica da pessoa vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) e impedindo a transmissão do vírus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodger et al., 2019</xref>). Contudo, a eficácia do tratamento depende necessariamente da adesão à TARV por toda a vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>). A adesão a um medicamento envolve sua tomada na dose e frequências prescritas, sendo um processo complexo, dinâmico e multideterminado que se relaciona diretamente com o contexto econômico e sociocultural em que PVHIV está inserida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>Progressos recentes têm sido observados no enfrentamento da epidemia, como a recomendação de testes regulares para o HIV e o protocolo denominado Tratamento como Prevenção (TasP), configurando-se como uma das medidas mais relevantes no controle da transmissão do vírus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>). Outra importante resposta ao HIV/aids é o modelo conceitual da cascata de cuidados contínuos da PVHIV, usado para monitorar e acompanhar a desafiadora meta 95/95/95 da Unaids, na qual os países devem procurar atingir em 2030: 95 % de PVHIV diagnosticadas; 95 % das PVHIV diagnosticadas em uso de TARV e 95 % das PVHIV em TARV com supressão viral. Esses indicadores foram de 84/87/90 em 2020. A cascata de cuidados também permite a identificação de lacunas e oportunidades para intervenções específicas para melhorar a retenção nos serviços e os resultados em saúde nesse campo, apontando para a necessidade do enfrentamento das vulnerabilidades que perpassam a prevenção e o viver com o HIV/aids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Unaids, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Unaids, 2021</xref>). </p>
		<p>Observa-se que a epidemia concentra-se desproporcionalmente em alguns segmentos populacionais, as chamadas populações-chaves: profissionais do sexo, homens que fazem sexo com homens, pessoas transgênero, pessoas que usam drogas, pessoas em privação de liberdade e suas parcerias sexuais, que se encontram em maiores vulnerabilidades ao HIV/aids, que estavam presentes antes e que permanecem após o diagnóstico, dificultando o acesso e a prevenção e ao tratamento, bem como sua manutenção, além de prejuízos na saúde e no bem-estar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Unaids, 2019</xref>).</p>
		<p>Para compreender a adesão aos antirretrovirais, é necessário um olhar sistêmico: a vivência do HIV/aids é atravessada por vulnerabilidades estruturais, culturais, políticas, sociais, psicológicas, por processos estigmatizantes e discriminatórios, desigualdades sociais e de gênero, entre outras, que têm grande repercussão na qualidade de vida dessa população, que precisa constantemente adaptar-se e lidar com os desafios de sua condição. Nesse contexto, os recursos de resiliência ganham destaque (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carvalho et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>).</p>
		<p>A resiliência encontra-se entre os fatores que podem interferir na adesão à TARV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>), pois representa um aspecto significativo que pode (ou não) ser desenvolvido pelas pessoas no itinerário terapêutico. Nesse sentido, alguns estudos têm sugerido que a resiliência pode estar associada a uma melhor adesão aos antirretrovirais e supressão viral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>A resiliência é compreendida como a capacidade da pessoa ou um grupo de recuperar ou enfrentar com êxito uma situação apesar das adversidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Harrison &amp; Li, 2018</xref>). Esse construto tem sido investigado como uma característica, um traço de personalidade, ou como um processo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al., 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ungar et al. (2013</xref>) conceituam a resiliência em uma estrutura socioecológica, como a capacidade da pessoa de lidar de maneira adaptativa diante das adversidades e/ou de se recuperar após experiências traumáticas por meio de recursos físicos, psicológicos, sociais e culturais. </p>
		<p>Nos estudos sobre HIV/aids, a introdução do conceito da resiliência mudou a ênfase de vulnerabilidade para fatores de proteção (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Os recursos de resiliência podem proteger as PVHIV por meio da promoção de comportamentos positivos de saúde (adesão à TARV e frequência regular nos serviços de saúde), além de ajudar a pessoa no enfrentamento de vulnerabilidades e de eventos estressores relacionados ao viver com HIV, melhorando, assim, sua saúde integral e comportamentos de saúde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>), ao revisarem a definição e o estudo dos recursos de resiliência em PVHIV, apontam lacunas significativas nesse campo da pesquisa, havendo necessidade do fomento de pesquisas sobre esse tema de modo que seus resultados sejam incorporados em contextos clínicos. Devido à importância que assume no processo de atenção à saúde, mostra-se importante estudar o impacto da resiliência em PVHIV e sua relação com a adesão ao tratamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Araújo et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Assim, o objetivo desta revisão integrativa de literatura foi sintetizar as evidências disponíveis sobre o papel da resiliência na adesão à terapia antirretroviral em PVHIV, a fim de que se possam delinear práticas em saúde que considerem tais relações.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Tipo de estudo</title>
				<p>Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. A revisão integrativa caracteriza-se por ser um método de pesquisa que permite incorporar evidências na prática profissional, na medida em que reúne e sintetiza resultados de trabalhos sobre um tema ou questão, de maneira sistemática e ordenada, empregando diferentes níveis de evidência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Beyea &amp; Nicoll, 1998</xref>). A pergunta norteadora foi: ¿Quais as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre a relação entre resiliência e adesão à TARV em PVHIV?</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Percurso de seleção dos artigos</title>
				<p>A busca e seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois juízes independentes em julho de 2021, utilizando nas bases de dados o filtro de data do período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2021. Esse recorte temporal teve por objetivo retratar os estudos da última década, permitindo o acesso a um repertório recente de publicações. Uma bibliotecária da universidade a qual os autores são vinculados auxiliou na construção da estratégia de busca, realizando testes prévios junto com os autores para definição da estratégia que melhor se adequasse ao objetivo do estudo, além de acompanhar todo o processo. Foram realizadas buscas nos indexadores eletrônicos Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine (USA) (Pubmed), Psychology Information (PsycINFO), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus e Web of Science. Nas bases CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science foram utilizados os seguintes cruzamentos de descritores: (resilience) AND (adherence) AND (antiretroviral) AND (HIV OR AIDS OR Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), enquanto que nas bases LILACS, SciELO e PePSIC utilizou-se: (resiliência OR resiliencia OR resilience) AND (adesão OR adhesión OR adherence) AND (antirretroviral OR antiretroviral) AND (HIV OR VIH OR SIDA OR AIDS OR síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida OR síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida OR acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). </p>
				<p>Os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos para a seleção dos artigos foram: a) artigos empíricos que identificassem a relação entre resiliência e adesão à TARV; b) artigos publicados nos idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português e c) artigos realizados com PVHIV. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão de literatura, estudos teóricos, relatos de caso, dissertações, teses, capítulos de livros, livros, consensos, suplementos ou comentários ao editor ou do editor, obituários, bem como trabalhos sobre elaboração e validação de instrumentos.</p>
				<p>Para verificar se os artigos atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, dois juízes independentes e com experiência na temática e no delineamento de revisão de literatura realizaram em consenso a seguinte sequência de avaliação de evidências: 1. Leitura, análise e seleção dos títulos de todos os estudos identificados; 2. Leitura, análise e seleção dos resumos dos estudos selecionados na fase anterior e 3. Leitura na íntegra, análise e seleção dos artigos finais. Caso houvesse discordância entre os revisores quanto à adequação do estudo, havia uma avaliação por um terceiro juiz. Todo processo de seleção dos artigos foi realizado utilizando-se a plataforma Rayyan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ouzzani et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Após exclusão dos artigos que não cumpriram com os critérios adotados, foi realizado pelos dois juízes um fichamento do material que compôs o <italic>corpus</italic> de análise, com os seguintes dados: autores, título do estudo, ano de publicação, local de realização do estudo, número de participantes, delineamento do estudo, tipo de abordagem conceitual da resiliência, instrumentos utilizados para abordar a resiliência, medidas de adesão utilizadas, níveis de adesão e associação da resiliência e a adesão. A partir da leitura minuciosa do <italic>corpus</italic>, os dados foram organizados e discutidos em eixos temáticos, já previamente estabelecidos, visando responder à pergunta norteadora da revisão: (a) abordagem e nível da adesão; (b) abordagem da resiliência; (c) associações entre resiliência e adesão. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma de estratégia de seleção dos estudos de acordo com o protocolo PRISMA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galvão et al., 2015</xref>) e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> explicita as principais características dos estudos inseridos na amostra final. Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, foram recuperados 14 artigos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fluxograma de seleção dos estudos de acordo com o PRISMA</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Com relação aos participantes, três trabalhos foram realizados com homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH); desses, dois estudos realizaram-se com a população negra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>) e um estudo com HSH de um centro de saúde americano para latinos próximo à fronteira com o México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>). Três artigos foram realizados com mulheres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>). Dois estudos investigaram usuários de centros de saúde públicos com recursos limitados no continente africano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). Um trabalho se deu com a população negra e latina de baixa renda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>). Um estudo foi realizado com refugiados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>). Uma pesquisa entrevistou adolescentes e jovens adultos com HIV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>), enquanto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) investigaram homens nativos canadenses. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al. (2020</xref>) entrevistaram usuários de serviços de saúde de uma cidade chinesa e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl e Remor (2020</xref>) abordaram pessoas em acompanhamento médico e psicossocial em um hospital brasileiro.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características gerais dos estudos</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt1.jpg"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Ainda conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, verifica-se que foram recuperados seis estudos quantitativos, sete qualitativos e um trabalho de métodos mistos. A categorização do corpus é apresentada a seguir em três temas principais:</p>
			<sec>
				<title>1) Abordagem e nível da adesão</title>
				<p>Em relação à abordagem da adesão à TARV, oito pesquisas utilizaram o autorrelato sobre o uso da medicação como medida da adesão, empregado por meio de questionários (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>) e instrumentos validados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). Dentre os instrumentos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al. (2020)</xref> fizeram uso da <italic>Morisky Medication Adherence Scale</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl e Remor (2020)</xref> do Questionário para Avaliação da Adesão ao Tratamento Antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> da BEHKA-HIV e Sauceda et al. (2016) e Kerkerian et al. (2018) empregaram a Escala Visual Analógica para Adesão-<italic>VAS</italic>. Observa-se que cinco estudos abordaram esse tema por meio de entrevistas, explorando as narrativas dos participantes sobre adesão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al.,2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>), enquanto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al. (2020</xref>) não utilizaram instrumentos para aferir a adesão, pois entrevistaram participantes que previamente apresentavam baixo engajamento na adesão e na retenção nos serviços de saúde.</p>
				<p>Dos 14 estudos que compõem essa revisão, seis apresentaram um ponto de corte estabelecido para a adesão, que variou entre 80 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>), 90 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>), 95 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al, 2014</xref>) e 100 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). Já o grau de adesão encontrado foi informado por seis estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>), sendo que a menor adesão aferida foi de 76,5 % em uma pesquisa realizada no Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>), enquanto o maior grau de adesão foi de 91,6 % em um estudo também realizado no mesmo país (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>) e de 90 e 91 % em um trabalho realizado no Quênia e na Malásia respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2) Abordagem da resiliência</title>
				<p>Os artigos analisados trataram a resiliência sob diferentes abordagens conceituais. Essas abordagens, bem como os instrumentos de medida da resiliência empregados, foram sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">T3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Definição e instrumentos utilizados na abordagem da resiliencia</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt2.jpg"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt3.jpg"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al. (2014</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al. (2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al. (2020</xref>) abordaram resiliência como um processo. Destaca-se que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> trazem em seu trabalho processos de resiliência, em que essa pode ser abordada como biológica, comportamental, social e comunitária. Em cinco pesquisas a resiliência foi definida como uma característica da pessoa que lhe permite lidar com as adversidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). Já <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al. (2018</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al. (2018</xref>) abordaram a resiliência como a capacidade da PVHIV superar adversidades e sustentar a adesão ao tratamento, nesses dois estudos e no de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> a adesão aos antirretrovirais foi uma indicadora de resiliência.</p>
				<p>Com relação aos instrumentos empregados para abordar resiliência (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), sete estudos utilizaram entrevistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020)</xref> além das entrevistas, fizeram uso de grupo focal e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al. (2018)</xref> de conversas e observação dos participantes. Dentre os estudos que empregaram instrumentos validados, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al. (2014</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl e Remor, (2020</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., (2020</xref>) usaram a Connor Davidson Resilience Scale - CD - RISC, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al. (2018</xref>) utilizaram o Resilience Scale - RS10 e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al. (2020</xref>) a Brief Resilience Scale. Já <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018</xref>) utilizaram a carga viral como parâmetro para resiliência biológica e a adesão à TARV para a resiliência comportamental.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3) Associações entre resiliência e adesão</title>
				<p>Observa-se que nos 14 estudos analisados a resiliência esteve envolvida no processo de adesão, sendo que 11 demonstraram que a resiliência esteve associada a uma melhor adesão à TARV ou influenciou no envolvimento com o tratamento e com a adesão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). Já em três pesquisas a adesão aos antirretrovirais foi uma indicadora de resiliência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). Esses achados serão melhor discutidos a seguir.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Esta revisão integrativa de literatura explorou o papel da resiliência na adesão à TARV em PVHIV. A análise de uma década de produção nesse campo demonstrou um aumento dos estudos a partir de 2018, sendo que esta tendência pode estar relacionada ao acúmulo teórico recente sobre a infecção e as novas tecnologias de prevenção surgidas nos últimos anos, em especial aquelas estruturadas a partir do uso da TARV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodger et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>O TasP, a cascata de cuidados para o HIV e as metas da Unaids levaram a um aumento do número de pessoas em tratamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>), além de fomentar o acompanhamento e à investigação dos indicadores da resposta mundial à pandemia e dos fatores de vulnerabilidade e de proteção para prevenção e enfrentamento do HIV/aids. Contudo, pesquisas sobre o tema ainda são insipientes na literatura nacional e internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Araújo et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Esses autores apontam para a falta de literatura sobre resiliência em contextos de doenças crônicas, principalmente em relação ao HIV/aids e associados ao impacto desse constructo nos cuidados em saúde, na saúde física e na progressão da doença.</p>
			<p>Houve variações nos grupos de participantes dos estudos revisados. A maioria dos estudos foram realizados com populações expostas a múltiplas vulnerabilidades, como por exemplo, desigualdades sociais, étnicas, raciais, de gênero e de processos estigmatizantes, além da própria vivência do HIV. A literatura destaca que existem diferenças na maneira como a adesão à TARV e a resiliência se apresentam entre populações e contextos de PVHIV, permanecendo um desafio sustentar a adesão em cenários com realidades sociais e estruturais diferentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lacombe-Duncan et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). No geral, a infecção pelo HIV afeta desproporcionalmente grupos minoritários e economicamente desfavorecidos, sendo importante o estudo da resiliência com essas populações, que precisam de estratégias especificas para prevenção do HIV e de intervenções para o enfrentamento da doença (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Segundo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Unaids (2021)</xref>, em 2020, 1,5 milhões de novas infecções por HIV ocorreram predominantemente entre as populações-chave, seus parceiros e suas parceiras sexuais, correspondendo a 65 % das infecções. Contudo, esses grupos populacionais permanecem invisibilizados, distantes e aos serviços de saúde para HIV, como pode ser corroborado na presente revisão.</p>
			<p>As desigualdades existentes no acesso e adesão ao tratamento são decorrentes de políticas públicas e ações excludentes ou inexistentes. As vulnerabilidades apoiam na experiência de invisibilidades social, que por sua vez está relacionada ao estigma, ao preconceito e à discriminação, que leva a um intenso sofrimento psicossocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Unaids, 2019</xref>). Investigar o papel da resiliência individual e das comunidades na superação dos resultados adversos em saúde e de barreiras sociais, em especial em pessoas que enfrentam adversidades e estressores significativos é prioridade para saúde pública mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesta revisão, foi possível perceber variações nas taxas de adesão entre grupos populacionais, inclusive dentro de um mesmo país, como por exemplo, nos Estados Unidos, em que foram realizados estudos com PVHIV com baixa adesão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>) e pesquisas que encontraram taxas médias e altas de adesão. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al. (2014</xref>) aferiram uma adesão de 76,5 % em mulheres vivendo com HIV, enquanto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>) obtiveram uma adesão de 91,6 % em sua pesquisa com HSM latinos. Altas taxas de adesão também foram encontradas em países em desenvolvimento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al. (2014</xref>) verificaram entre 90 e 91 % de adesão em refugiados do Quênia e da Malásia. Esta variabilidade nas taxas de adesão além de demonstrar o caráter heterogêneo da pandemia por HIV/aids e consequentemente da adesão aos antirretrovirais, o que representa um grande desafio para saúde pública, remete para a complexidade da avaliação da adesão à TARV, haja vista que não há uma medida padrão ouro para adesão, o que pode dificultar a comparação dos desfechos entre os estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Todos os estudos analisados trouxeram a conceituação de resiliência, mas sob diferentes enfoques. De maneira geral, destacaram que a resiliência permite a pessoa superar circunstâncias potencialmente traumáticas e adaptar-se de maneira positiva a condições adversas. Alguns estudos abordaram resiliência como processo, outros como características da pessoa. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al. (2015</xref>) há um debate contínuo envolvendo a natureza da resiliência, ora como traço de personalidade, ora como um processo dinâmico. Há críticas crescentes sobre a definição de resiliência exclusivamente como um fenômeno individual, pois assim se ignora o contexto social e os sistemas sociais nos quais a resiliência pode ocorrer. No contexto do HIV/aids, perpassado por significativas vulnerabilidades, tal abordagem poderia contribuir para a culpabilização da PVHIV e aumento do estigma relacionado ao adoecimento, havendo o risco de se perder o olhar para os múltiplos determinantes em saúde que atravessam a existência dessa população (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Harrison &amp; Li, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Unaids, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Neste cenário, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>) exploram a resiliência como recurso que promove a adaptação psicológica, comportamental e/ou social positiva diante de estressores e adversidades. Logo, tais recursos protegeriam a saúde da PVHIV por meio da promoção de comportamentos positivos em saúde e ao permitir a ela lidar de maneira positiva com as adversidades do viver com HIV. Dentre os recursos de resiliência, a literatura aqui recuperada refere à autoeficácia, à capacidade de enfrentamento positivo junto às adversidades, ao enfrentamento religioso positivo, ao otimismo, à esperança, à autocompaixão, à resistência, ao amor compassivo, à autoestima, às crenças de controle e solução de problemas, ao bom relacionamento com os profissionais e serviços de saúde e ao apoio e suporte social. </p>
			<p>Alguns estudos revisados conceituaram a resiliência como a capacidade da PVHIV sustentar à adesão ao tratamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). Dentre esses trabalhos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> abrangem os processos de resiliência como biológicos, cognitivos, comportamentais, sociais e comunitários. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al. (2014)</xref> também utilizaram essa definição e evidenciaram em sua intervenção com mulheres trans adolescentes e jovens adultas vivendo com HIV que os processos de resiliência incluíamos processos cognitivos promotores de saúde, a adoção de práticas comportamentais saudáveis e a mobilização do apoio social. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hussen et al. (2017</xref>) a resiliência cognitiva e a comportamental associam-se a fatores psicossociais promotores de saúde. Ainda em termos conceituais, também emergiu a definição do constructo como envolvimento no cuidado em saúde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>), em uma acepção que permitiria a adaptação e o manejo de elementos associados ao itinerário terapêutico. </p>
			<p>Acerca dos instrumentos de testagem, observa-se que foram empregadas escalas gerais de resiliência que não foram desenvolvidas ou adaptadas para a condição da PVHIV. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>) pontuam a importância de medidas de resiliência voltadas para PVHIV que capturem esse constructo não apenas em nível individual, mas na sua complexidade e multiníveis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito e Seidl (2019</xref>) relataram sobre a dificuldade de encontrar instrumentos validados de resiliência para PVHIV no Brasil, o que demonstra uma lacuna significativa no campo da pesquisa sobre resiliência e a infecção pelo HIV. A utilização de instrumentos de base qualitativa, a exemplo das entrevistas, foi referida como adequada em um contexto complexo, permitindo maior flexibilidade e aprofundamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al., 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Todos os trabalhos analisados reconhecem que a resiliência pode modular a capacidade da pessoa de lidar com os estressores do viver com HIV e os seus cuidados em saúde, sendo que 11 estudos demonstraram que a resiliência esteve associada a uma melhor adesão à TARV ou influenciou no envolvimento com o tratamento e com a adesão. Ao se pensar na soropositividade, a resiliência permite que as PVHIH superem barreiras psicológicas, sociais e econômicas para aceitar sua condição, prevenindo os impactos da doença e desenvolvendo seu bem-estar e qualidade de vida, mas reitera-se que a resiliência deve ser compreendida como um fenômeno complexo, dinâmico, construído a partir da relação entre pessoa e seu contexto social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). O estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al. (2018</xref>) demonstrou que mesmo com várias barreiras, os participantes mantiveram a adesão à TARV, recorrendo aos recursos de suas redes sociais para continuarem o tratamento, o que reitera a importância da rede de apoio social na promoção da resiliência entre PVHIV em ambientes com recursos limitados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; Nanfuka et al., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ungar et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>O estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>), com HSH latino-americanos vivendo com HIV, evidenciou que pessoas com histórico de abuso sexual na infância relatavam maiores sintomas depressivos e pior adesão, principalmente quando não conseguiam lidar com o evento estressor, mas conforme sua resiliência se fortalecia, conseguiam lidar melhor com a situação traumática e sua adesão aos antirretrovirais aumentava. A resiliência pode ser desenvolvida ou reforçada e depende de fatores sociais e influências ambientais e que os processos de resiliência ocorrem quando indivíduos encontram uma situação estressora e tem acesso ou possuem condições protetivas que os isolam contra efeitos negativos desse estresse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al., 2014</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) advertem, que embora, alguns estudos postulem que a resiliência aumenta com a exposição exponencial a uma experiência traumática, este pressuposto precisa ser compreendido com parcimônia para não se banalizar e romantizar o processo de resiliência, haja vista embora um trauma seja sempre prejudicial e traga sofrimento, nem todos que o vivenciam desenvolvem uma psicopatologia e/ou se tornam mais resilientes.</p>
			<p>A introdução do conceito da resiliência tem trazido um novo panorama para os estudos sobre HIV/aids: o olhar para os fatores de proteção, reconhecidamente associados a desfechos positivos em saúde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Ao se pensar em estratégias para o fortalecimento dos recursos de resiliência, é importante considerar a complexidade desse fenômeno, a multiplicidade de elementos a que está relacionado e os diversos contextos culturais envolvidos. A partir da síntese das evidências disponíveis na literatura, recomenda-se a sua inserção de modo mais sistemático nos protocolos de pesquisa e de cuidado em saúde, ampliando o rol de conhecimentos para delineamentos futuros.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Considerações finais</title>
			<p>A revisão de literatura indicou que poucos estudos avaliaram a relação entre resiliência e adesão, além de uma diversidade de abordagens para a resiliência e uma escassez de instrumentos validados desse constructo voltados para PVHIV, o que se apresenta como uma significativa lacuna nessa temática. Observa-se que os trabalhos analisados reconhecem que a resiliência pode modular a capacidade da pessoa de lidar com os estressores do viver com HIV e os seus cuidados em saúde, evidenciando a importância da resiliência neste contexto e a necessidade de ações baseadas em evidências nos serviços de saúde para o aprimoramento da adesão aos antirretrovirais, com foco no fortalecimento da resiliência. Assim, reforça-se que o papel da resiliência nesse contexto é o de fortalecer a adesão, o que pode conduzir a melhores desfechos em saúde. Destaca-se que essa síntese foi produzida a partir de poucos estudos recuperados a partir da presente revisão, salientando a necessidade de que esse tema continue a ser investigado, bem como a importância de levantamentos vindouros que recuperem evidências cada vez mais recentes e que se somem aos conhecimentos já consolidados na área. </p>
			<p>Esta revisão também sinalizou para a importância em se estudar a resiliência e seus determinantes sociais e populacionais. Salienta-se que pesquisas que investiguem a relação entre resiliência, adesão à TARV e condições clínicas, emocionais e sociais, assim como intervenções que abordem essas dimensões contribuiriam para as áreas acadêmicas e técnicas, bem como para a população em geral. Entre as limitações do presente estudo, destaca-se que a revisão não considerou a retenção nos serviços de saúde e os desfechos clínicos, como a relação entre resiliência com a contagem de linfócitos CD4 e a carga viral do HIV. Para estudos vindouros, recomenda-se tal delimitação. Embora este estudo tenha privilegiado a estratégia da revisão integrativa sustentada no conceito da prática baseada em evidências, o que considerou apenas artigos empíricos, pode-se agregar conhecimentos advindos de outros delineamentos, a exemplo das revisões de escopo. Pelo fato de poucos estudos terem sido recuperados, a exploração do fenômeno a partir da revisão de escopo, mais exploratória, pode permitir o acesso a evidências construídas em cenários distintos e que ainda não foram publicadas, por exemplo, em fontes capturadas pelas bases/bibliotecas empregadas na presente revisão. O acompanhamento dessa literatura, atualizando perenemente as evidências disponíveis, pode contribuir para que o papel da resiliência na adesão possa ser cada vez mais amadurecido. É mister que haja um incremento dos instrumentos de medida, que devem ser cada vez mais refinados para o cotejamento de um conceito complexo e que também vem sendo problematizado no campo da saúde. </p>
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<fn-group>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			<label>Financiamento:</label>
			<p> Esta pesquisa foi possível graças ao apoio de Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
			<label>Como citar: </label>
			<p>Carvalho, P. P., Rossato, L., &amp; Scorsolini-Comin, F. (2023). Resiliência e adesão à terapia antirretroviral em pessoas vivendo com HIV: Revisão integrativa. Ciencias Psicológicas, 17(2), e-2699. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2699</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
			<label>Participação dos autores: </label>
			<p> a) Planejamento e concepção do trabalho; b) Coleta de dados; c) Análise e interpretação de dados; d) Redação do manuscrito; e) Revisão crítica do manuscrito. P. P. C. contribuiu em a, b, c, d, e; L. R. em a, b, c, d, e; F. S.-C. em a, c, d, e.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
			<label>Editora científica responsável:</label>
			<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
		</fn>
	</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resilience and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: An integrative review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7072-320X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paiva Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Patrícia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3350-0688</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossato</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6281-3371</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scorsolini-Comin</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, rossatousp@usp.br </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>rossatousp@usp.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract: </title>
				<p>The objective of this integrative literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on the role of resilience in adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV. A committee of independent judges performed systematic searches in the CINAHL, LILACS, PePSIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases/libraries. The data were organized in the Rayyan software. A total of 14 articles published between 2010 and 2021 were retrieved. The results were presented regarding the approach and level of adherence, resilience approach and association between resilience and adherence. In all the studies it was observed that resilience was involved in the ART adherence process, in addition to evidencing the use of different conceptual approaches to resilience, with predominance of a procedural understanding of the construct and scarcity of measuring instruments. The literature review showed that few studies have assessed resilience in people living with HIV and, especially, the relationship between resilience and adherence, despite acknowledging that resilience can modulate a person's ability to deal with the stressors of living with HIV and its health care measures.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>resilience</kwd>
				<kwd>HIV/AIDS</kwd>
				<kwd>treatment adherence and compliance</kwd>
				<kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>HIV/AIDS is still a global public health problem. In the world, approximately 37.7 million people were living with the disease in 2020 and, in the same period, approximately 680,000 deaths related to the infection were recorded (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Unaids, 2021</xref>). In recent decades there has been a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality related to HIV/AIDS with the introduction and availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), turning the infection into a chronic condition with control possibilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Drain et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>ART aims at modulating HIV progression by suppressing its plasma viral load, improving the immune reconstitution of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and preventing transmission of the virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodger et al., 2019</xref>). However, efficacy of the treatment necessarily depends on adherence to ART throughout life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>). Adherence to a medication involves taking it at the prescribed dose and frequency, which represents a complex, dynamic and multidetermined process that is directly related to the economic and sociocultural context in which PLHIV are inserted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Recent progress has been observed in the fight against the epidemic, such as the recommendation of regular tests for HIV and the protocol called Treatment as Prevention (TasP), becoming one of the most relevant measures in control of virus transmission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>). Another important response to HIV/AIDS is the conceptual model of the PLHIV care continuum, used to monitor and follow-up the challenging Unaids 95/95/95 target, in which the countries should aim at achieving the following by 2030: 95 % of diagnosed PLHIV; 95% of the diagnosed PLHIV using ART; and 95 % of the PLHIV on ART with viral suppression. These indicators were 84/87/90 in 2020. The care cascade also allows identifying gaps and opportunities for specific interventions to improve retention in health services and health outcomes in this field, pointing to the need to face the vulnerabilities that permeate prevention and living with HIV/AIDS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Unaids, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Unaids, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>It is observed that the epidemic is disproportionately concentrated in some population segments, the so-called key populations: sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who use drugs, people deprived of their freedom and their sex partners, who are in situations of greater vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, present before and remaining after the diagnosis, hindering access, prevention and treatment, as well as their maintenance, in addition to harms to health and well-being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Unaids, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>To understand adherence to antiretrovirals, a systemic view is necessary: the HIV/AIDS experience is permeated by structural, cultural, political, social and psychological vulnerabilities, by stigmatizing and discriminatory processes and by social and gender inequalities, among others, which exert a significant impact on the quality of life of this population, which constantly needs to adapt and deal with the challenges of their condition. In this context, the resilience resources gain prominence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carvalho et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Resilience is among the factors that can interfere with adherence to ART (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>), as it represents a significant aspect that may (or may not) be developed by people in the therapeutic path. In this sense, some studies have suggested that resilience can be associated with better adherence to antiretrovirals and viral suppression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Resilience is understood as the ability of a person or a group to recover or successfully face a situation despite adversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Harrison &amp; Li, 2018</xref>). This construct has been investigated as a characteristic, a personality trait, or as a process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al., 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ungar et al. (2013</xref>) conceptualize resilience in a socioecological framework, as a person's ability to adaptively deal with adversities and/or to recover after traumatic experiences through physical, psychological, social and cultural resources.</p>
			<p>In the studies about HIV/AIDS, introducing the concept of resilience shifted the emphasis from vulnerability to protection factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Resilience resources can protect PLHIV by promoting positive health behaviors (adherence to ART and regular attendance at health services), in addition to helping people cope with vulnerabilities and stressful events related to living with HIV, thus improving their overall health and health behaviors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>When reviewing the definition and study of resilience resources in PLHIV, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>) point out significant gaps in this research field, with the need to encourage research studies on this topic so that their results are incorporated into clinical contexts. Due to the importance it assumes in the health care process, it is important to study the impact of resilience on PLHIV and its relationship with adherence to the treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Araújo et al., 2019</xref>; Dulin et al., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). Thus, the objective of this integrative literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on the role of resilience in adherence to antiretroviral therapy among PLHIV, so that health practices that consider such relationships can be outlined.</p>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Method</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Type of study</title>
					<p>This is an integrative literature review. Integrative reviews are characterized as a research method that allows incorporating diverse evidence into the professional practice, as they gather and summarize the results of papers on a given topic or issue in a systematic and orderly manner and using different levels of evidence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Beyea &amp; Nicoll, 1998</xref>). The guiding question was as follows: Which is the evidence available in the literature about the relationship between resilience and adherence to ART in PLHIV?</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Path followed to select the articles</title>
					<p>Search and selection of the articles was carried out by two independent judges in July 2021, using a date filter from January 2010 to July 2021 in the databases. The objective of this time frame was to describe the studies from the last decade, allowing access to a recent repertoire of publications. A librarian from the university to which the authors are linked assisted in elaborating the search strategy, performing previous tests together with the authors to define the strategy that best suited the study purpose, in addition to monitoring the entire process. Searches were conducted in the following indexing sources: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine (USA) (PubMed), Psychology Information (PsycINFO), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus and Web of Science. The following crossings between descriptors were used in the CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases: (resilience) AND (adherence) AND (antiretroviral) AND (HIV OR AIDS OR acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), whereas the following was used in LILACS, SciELO and PePSIC: (resiliência OR resiliencia OR resilience) AND (adesão OR adhesión OR adherence) AND (antirretroviral OR antiretroviral) AND (HIV OR VIH OR SIDA OR AIDS OR síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida OR síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida OR acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).</p>
					<p>The inclusion criteria established to select the articles were as follows: a) empirical articles that identified the relationship between resilience and adherence to ART; b) articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese; and c) articles depicting studies conducted with PLHIV. Literature review articles, theoretical studies, case reports, dissertations, theses, book chapters, books, consensus, supplements or comments to the editor or by the editor and obituaries were excluded, as well as papers on elaboration and validation of instruments.</p>
					<p>To verify that the articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two independent judges with experience in the theme and in literature review designs carried out the following evidence assessment sequence by consensus: 1. Reading, analysis and selection of the titles from all the studies identified; 2. Reading, analysis and selection of the abstracts from the studies selected in the previous phase; and 3. Full-reading, analysis and selection of the final articles. In case of disagreements between the reviewers as to adequacy of a study, a third judge made a final assessment. The entire process to select the articles was performed in the Rayyan platform (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ouzzani et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>After excluding the articles that failed to meet the criteria adopted, both judges filed the material that comprised the analysis corpus, with the following data: authors, title of the study, year of publication, study locus, number of participants, study design, type of conceptual approach to resilience, instruments used to address resilience, adherence measures used, levels of adherence and association between resilience and adherence. From the meticulous reading of the corpus, the data were organized and discussed in thematic axes, previously established, aiming to answer the review guiding question: (a) Approach and adherence level; (b) Approach to resilience; and (c) Associations between resilience and adherence.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows the study selection strategy flowchart according to the PRISMA protocol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galvão et al., 2015</xref>) and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> explains the main characteristics of the studies included in the final sample. As presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>, 14 articles were retrieved.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Flowchart corresponding to selection of the studies, according to PRISMA</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In relation to the participants, three papers were carried out with men who have sex with men (MSM); of these, two studies were conducted with the black-skinned population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>) and one with MSM at an American health center for Latinos near the border with Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>). Three articles were conducted with women (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>). Two studies researched users of public health centers with limited resources in the African continent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). One paper dealt with low-income black-skinned and Latino populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>). One study was conducted with refugees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>). One survey interviewed adolescents and young adults with HIV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>), whereas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) researched native Canadian men. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al. (2020</xref>) interviewed users of health services in a Chinese city and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl and Remor (2020</xref>) approached people undergoing medical and psychosocial follow-up in a Brazilian hospital.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>General characteristics of the studies</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt4.jpg"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Also, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>, it is verified that six quantitative studies, seven qualitative ones and one mixed-methods paper were retrieved. The corpus categorization is presented below, in three main topics:</p>
				<sec>
					<title>1) Approach and adherence level</title>
					<p>In relation to the approach to adherence to ART, eight studies used self-report on medication use as an adherence measure, employed through questionnaires (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>) and validated instruments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). Among the instruments, Wen et al. (2020) made use of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, Seidl and Remor (2020) resorted to the Questionnaire for the Assessment of the Adherence to the Antiretroviral Treatment (Cuestionario para Evaluar la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral, CEAT-VIH), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> resorted to BEHKA-HIV and Sauceda et al. (2016) and Kerkerian et al. (2018) employed the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Adherence. Five studies addressed this topic by means of interviews, exploring the participants' narratives about adherence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>), whereas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al. (2020</xref>) did not use instruments to assess adherence, as they interviewed participants who previously had low engagement in adherence and retention in health services.</p>
					<p>Of the 14 studies that comprise this review, six presented a defined cutoff point for adherence, which varied between 80 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>), 90 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>), 95 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>) and 100 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). In turn, the adherence degree found was informed by six studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; Fletcher et al., 2020; Kerkerian et al., 2018; Mendelsohn et al., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>), with the lowest adherence measured being 76.5 % in a survey conducted in the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>), whereas the highest adherence degree was 91.6 % in a study also carried out in the same country (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>) and 90 and 91 % in a paper carried out in Kenya and Malaysia, respectively (Mendelsohn et al., 2014).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2) Approach to resilience</title>
					<p>The articles analyzed dealt with resilience using different conceptual approaches. These approaches, as well as the instruments employed to assess resilience, are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">T3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Definition and instruments used in the approach to resilience</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt5.jpg"/>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2699-gt6.jpg"/>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al. (2014</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al. (2020</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al. (2020</xref>) approached resilience as a process. It is noted that, in their paper, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018) </xref>include resilience processes, in which it can be approached as biological, behavioral, social and community-based. Five research studies defined resilience as a characteristic of the person that allows them to deal with adversities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). In turn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al. (2018</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al. (2018</xref>) approached resilience as the ability of PLHIV to overcome adversities and sustain adherence to the treatment; in these two studies and in the one by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref>, adherence to antiretrovirals was and indicator of resilience.</p>
					<p>In relation to the instruments employed in the approach to resilience (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), seven studies resorted to interviews (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>). In addition to the interviews, Chongo et al. (2020) used focus groups, and Nanfuka et al. (2018) employed conversations and observation of the participants. Among the studies that employed validated instruments, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al. (2014</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl and Remor (2020</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al. (2020</xref>) used the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al. (2018</xref>), the Resilience Scale (RS10) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al. (2020</xref>) resorted to the Brief Resilience Scale. In turn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018</xref>) used viral load as a parameter for biological resilience and adherence to ART for behavioral resilience.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3) Associations between resilience and adherence</title>
					<p>It is observed that, in all 14 studies analyzed, resilience was involved in the adherence process, with 11 of them showing that resilience was associated with better adherence to ART or influenced involvement with the treatment and adherence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seidl &amp; Remor 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Wen et al., 2020</xref>). In turn, adherence to antiretrovirals was an indicator of resilience in three research studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). These findings are better discussed below.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This integrative literature review explored the role of resilience in adherence to ART among PLHIV. The analysis of a decade of production in this field showed an increase in studies from 2018 onwards, and this trend may be related to the recent theoretical accumulation on the infection and the new prevention technologies that have emerged in recent years, especially those structured from ART use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodger et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sabapathy et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>TasP, the HIV care cascade and the Unaids targets led to an increase in the number of people undergoing treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; Seidl &amp; Remor, 2020), in addition to fostering monitoring and research of the HIV indicators from the global response to the pandemic and the vulnerability and protection factors for preventing and coping with HIV/AIDS. However, research studies on the topic are still incipient in the national and international literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Araújo et al., 2019</xref>; Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). These authors point to the lack of literature on resilience in contexts of chronic diseases, mainly in relation to HIV/AIDS and associated with the impact of this construct on health care, physical health and progression of the disease.</p>
				<p>There were variations in the groups of participants from the studies reviewed. Most of the studies were carried out with populations exposed to multiple vulnerabilities, such as social, ethnic, racial, gender inequalities and stigmatizing processes, in addition to the HIV experience itself. The literature highlights that there are differences in the way adherence to ART and resilience are presented cross PLHIV populations and contexts, remaining a challenge to sustain adherence in scenarios with different social and structural realities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lacombe-Duncan et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). In general, the HIV infection disproportionately affects minority and economically disadvantaged groups, rendering it important to study resilience with these population segments, which need specific strategies for HIV prevention and interventions to cope with the disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to Unaids (2021), in 2020 there were 1.5 million new HIV infections predominantly among key populations, their companions and their sex partners, corresponding to 65 % of the infections. However, these population groups remain invisible and distant from health services for HIV, as can be corroborated in the current review.</p>
				<p>The existing inequalities in access and adherence to the treatment are the result of excluding or nonexistent public policies and actions. Vulnerabilities support the social invisibility experience, which in turn is related to stigma, prejudice and discrimination, leading to intense psychosocial distress (Unaids, 2019). Investigating the role of individual and community resilience in overcoming adverse health outcomes and social barriers, especially in people who face adversity and significant stressors, is a priority for global public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fletcher et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Graham et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kerkerian et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this review, it was possible to perceive variations in the adherence rates between population groups, even within the same country, such as the United States, where studies with PLHIV with low adherence were carried out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>) as well as surveys that found average and high adherence rates. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dale et al. (2014</xref>) assessed 76.5 % adherence in women living with HIV, whereas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>) obtained 91.6 % adherence in their research conducted with Latino MSM. High adherence rates were also found in developing countries. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mendelsohn et al. (2014</xref>) verified between 90 % and 91 % adherence in refugees from Kenya and Malaysia. In addition to showing the heterogeneous character of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and, consequently, of adherence to antiretrovirals, which represents a major challenge for public health, this variability in the adherence rates points to the complexity of assessing adherence to ART, given that there is no gold standard measure for adherence, which can hinder comparing outcomes across studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carvalho et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>All the studies analyzed included a conceptualization of resilience, although from different approaches. In general, they highlighted that resilience allows people to overcome potentially traumatic circumstances and adapt positively to adverse conditions. Some studies approached resilience as a process whereas others did so as a characteristic of each person. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al. (2015</xref>) there is a continuous debate involving the nature of resilience, sometimes as a personality trait and other as a dynamic process. There are growing criticisms about defining resilience exclusively as an individual phenomenon, as this ignores the social context and systems in which resilience can occur. In the HIV/AIDS context, permeated by significant vulnerabilities, such approach might contribute to blaming PLHIV and increasing the stigma related to the illness, with the risk of losing sight of the multiple health determinants that permeate the existence of this population segment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Harrison &amp; Li, 2018</xref>; Unaids, 2019).</p>
				<p>In this scenario, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>) explore resilience as a resource that promotes positive psychological, behavioral and/or social adaptation in the face of stressors and adversity. Therefore, such resources would protect the health of PLHIV by promoting positive health behaviors and allowing them to deal positively with the adversities of living with HIV. Among the resilience resources, the literature herein retrieved refers to self-efficacy, the capacity for positive coping with adversity, positive religious coping, optimism, hope, self-compassion, resistance, compassionate love, self-esteem, control and problem-solving beliefs, good relationships with health professionals and services, and social support.</p>
				<p>Some of the studies reviewed conceptualized resilience as the ability of PLHIV to sustain adherence to the treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Musiimenta et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al., 2018</xref>). Among these papers, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chenneville et al. (2018)</xref> encompass resilience processes as biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and community-based. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al. (2014)</xref> also used this definition and evidenced in their intervention with adolescent trans women and young adults living with HIV that resilience processes included cognitive processes that promote health, adoption of healthy behavioral practices and mobilization of social support. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hussen et al. (2017</xref>), cognitive and behavioral resilience is associated with health-promoting psychosocial factors. Also in conceptual terms, the definition of the construct as involvement in health care also emerged (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaiswal et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tan et al., 2018</xref>), in a sense that would allow for the adaptation and management of elements associated with the therapeutic path.</p>
				<p>Regarding the testing instruments, it is observed that general resilience scales were used that were not developed or adapted for the PLHIV condition. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al. (2018</xref>) point out the importance of resilience measures aimed at PLHIV that capture this construct not only at an individual level, but in its complexity and multiple levels. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito and Seidl (2019</xref>) reported on the difficulty finding validated resilience instruments for PLHIV in Brazil, which evidences a significant gap in the field of research on resilience and HIV infection. The use of qualitative instruments, such as interviews, was referred to as appropriate in a complex context, allowing greater flexibility and depth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pruchno et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>All papers analyzed recognize that resilience can modulate a person's ability to deal with the stressors of living with HIV and its health care, with 11 studies showing that resilience was associated with better adherence to ART or influenced engagement with treatment and adherence. When thinking about seropositivity, resilience allows PLHIV to overcome psychological, social and economic barriers to accepting their condition, preventing the impacts of the disease and developing their well-being and quality of life; however, it is reiterated that resilience should be understood as a complex and dynamic phenomenon built from the relationship between a person and their social context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). The study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nanfuka et al. (2018</xref>) showed that, even with several barriers, the participants maintained adherence to ART, making use of the resources from their social networks to continue the treatment, which reiterates the importance of social support networks in promoting resilience among PLHIV in environments with limited resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dulin et al., 2018</xref>; Nanfuka et al., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ungar et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sauceda et al. (2016</xref>), conducted with Latin American MSM living with HIV, evidenced that people with a history of sexual abuse in childhood reported greater depressive symptoms and worse adherence, mainly when they were not able to deal with the stressful event but, as their resilience was strengthened, they managed to cope better with the traumatic situation and their adherence to antiretrovirals was increased. Resilience can be developed or reinforced and depends on social factors and environmental influences and on the resilience processes to occur when individuals encounter a stressful situation and have access to or have protective conditions that isolate them against the negative effects of that stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Harper et al., 2014</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chongo et al. (2020</xref>) warn that, although some studies postulate that resilience increases with exponential exposure to a traumatic experience, this assumption needs to be understood sparingly so as not to trivialize and romanticize the resilience process, considering that although trauma is always harmful and imposes distress, not everyone who experiences it develops a psychopathology and/or becomes more resilient.</p>
				<p>Introducing the concept of resilience has contributed a new panorama to studies on HIV/AIDS: the analysis of protective factors, known to be associated with positive health outcomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brito &amp; Seidl, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Torres et al., 2017</xref>). When thinking about strategies to strengthen resilience resources, it is important to consider the complexity of this phenomenon, the multiplicity of elements to which it is related and the different cultural contexts involved. Based on the synthesis of the diverse evidence available in the literature, it is recommended that the topic should be included more systematically in research and health care protocols, expanding the list of knowledge for future designs.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Final considerations</title>
				<p>The literature review indicated that few studies evaluated the relationship between resilience and adherence, in addition to diversity of approaches to resilience and scarcity of validated instruments for this construct aimed at PLHIV, which presents itself as a significant gap in this theme. It is observed that the papers analyzed recognize that resilience can modulate a person's ability to deal with the stressors of living with HIV and its health care, highlighting the importance of resilience in this context and the need for evidence-based actions in health services to improve adherence to antiretrovirals, with a focus on building resilience. Thus, the role of resilience in this context is reinforced, as well as of strengthening adherence, which can lead to better health outcomes. It is noted that this synthesis was produced from a few studies retrieved from the current review, emphasizing the need for this topic to continue to be investigated, as well as the importance of future surveys that retrieve increasingly recent evidence and that add up to already consolidated knowledge in the area.</p>
				<p>This review also signaled the importance of studying resilience and its social and population-based determinants. It is noted that research studies investigating the relationship between resilience, adherence to ART and clinical, emotional and social conditions, as well as interventions that address these dimensions, would contribute to the academic and technical areas, as well as to the general population. Among the limitations of the current study, it is noteworthy that the review did not consider retention in health services and clinical outcomes, such as the relationship between resilience with CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV viral loads. Such delimitation is recommended for future studies. Although this study favored the integrative review strategy based on the concept of evidence-based practice, which only considered empirical articles, knowledge from other designs can be added, such as scoping reviews. Due to the fact that few studies have been retrieved, exploration of the phenomenon based on a scoping review, more exploratory, may allow access to diverse evidence built in different scenarios and that have not yet been published, for example, in sources captured by the databases/libraries employed in this review. Follow-up of this literature, perennially updating the available evidence, can contribute to the role of resilience in adherence to be increasingly matured. It is essential that there is an increase in the number of measuring instruments, which should be increasingly refined in order to compare a complex concept that has also been problematized in the health field.</p>
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				<label>Funding:</label>
				<p> This research was possible thanks to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).</p>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>How to cite:</label>
				<p> Carvalho, P. P., Rossato, L., &amp; Scorsolini-Comin, F. (2023). Resilience and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: An integrative review. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-2699. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2699</p>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Authors’ participation:</label>
				<p> a) Conception and design of the work; b) Data acquisition; c) Analysis and interpretation of data; d) Writing of the manuscript; e) Critical review of the manuscript. P. P. C. has contributed in a, b, c, d, e; L. R. in a, b, c, d, e; F. S.-C. in a, c, d, e.</p>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Scientific editor in-charge:</label>
				<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
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