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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Ciencias Psicológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cienc. Psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1688-4221</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1688-4094</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica del Uruguay.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22235/cp.v17i2.3207</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00019</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Validez del cuestionario Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire en universitarios peruanos</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Validity of the Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire in Peruvian college students</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="pt">
					<trans-title>Validez do questionário Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire em universitários peruanos</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7069-9780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Navarro</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2937-0219</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morote</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6783-4710</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García</surname>
						<given-names>Arlis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9246-8780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernal</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5716-3308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teran</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú, ricardo.navarro@pucp.pe</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
				<email>ricardo.navarro@pucp.pe</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>15</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>El interés e involucramiento de los estudiantes por su propio aprendizaje en virtualidad durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 ha sido una realidad poco estudiada. La manifestación del involucramiento cognitivo, afectivo y conductual ha sido particularmente diferente durante los últimos años, por lo que contar con instrumentos de medición es necesario para la investigación en la educación. Por ello, se buscó adaptar y validar un instrumento de engagement que permita medir el involucramiento de los estudiantes durante la pandemia. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario de engagement a 297 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados indican que la estructura factorial original del modelo se mantiene al adaptarse a la educación en contexto virtual. Asimismo, se pudo identificar que no existen diferencias en el modelo según el sexo del participante, lo que corrobora invarianza factorial. Se ha podido adaptar y validar un instrumento psicométrico que mide el engagement de los estudiantes en virtualidad.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Students’ interest and involvement of students in their e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a little-studied reality. The manifestation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral involvement has been particularly different in recent years, so having instruments that allow it to be done is necessary for educational research. Therefore, it was sought to adapt and validate an engagement instrument that allows measuring the involvement of students during the pandemic. For this, an engagement questionnaire was applied to 297 university students. The results indicate that the original factorial structure of the model is maintained when adapting to education in a virtual context. Likewise, it was possible to identify that there were no differences in the model according to the gender of the participant, which corroborates a factorial invariance of the model. That is, it has been possible to adapt and validate a psychometric instrument that measures the engagement of students online.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O interesse e o envolvimento dos estudantes no seu próprio aprendizado virtual durante a pandemia do covid-19 tem sido uma realidade pouco estudada. A manifestação de envolvimento cognitivo, afetivo e comportamental tem sido particularmente diferente nos últimos anos, por isso contar com instrumentos de mensuração é necessário para a pesquisa em educação. Por conseguinte, procurou-se adaptar e validar um instrumento de engagement que permita medir o envolvimento dos estudantes durante a pandemia. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário de engagement a 297 estudantes universitários. Os resultados indicam que a estrutura fatorial original do modelo é mantida quando adaptada à educação num contexto virtual. Também foi possível identificar que não havia diferenças no modelo segundo o sexo do participante, o que corrobora a invariância fatorial. Foi possível adaptar e validar um instrumento psicométrico que mede o engagement dos estudantes no contexto virtual.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Engagement académico</kwd>
				<kwd>análisis factorial confirmatorio</kwd>
				<kwd>universitarios</kwd>
				<kwd>educación</kwd>
				<kwd>aprendizaje</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Academic engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>confirmatory factor analysis</kwd>
				<kwd>college students</kwd>
				<kwd>education</kwd>
				<kwd>learning</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Engajamento acadêmico</kwd>
				<kwd>análise fatorial confirmatória</kwd>
				<kwd>estudantes universitários</kwd>
				<kwd>educação</kwd>
				<kwd>aprendizagem</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="48"/>
				<page-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Debido a la pandemia por la COVID-19, la experiencia educativa ha sufrido varios cambios en distintas esferas del sistema educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Navarro et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Vilela et al., 2021</xref>). Esto implica la experiencia del estudiante en educación virtual e híbrida, modalidades con las que no se encontraban familiarizados. Por ello, es relevante analizar el impacto de la virtualidad en el aprendizaje y la motivación de los estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Navarro et al., 2021</xref>). Una de las variables que podrían ser importantes en este contexto es el <italic>engagement</italic> y su medición en el contexto académico.</p>
		<p>El <italic>engagement</italic> es un constructo que inicialmente ha sido estudiado en contextos laborales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Oriol-Granado et al., 2017</xref>). En el ámbito de la educación, el <italic>engagement</italic> ha generado un creciente interés por parte de educadores e investigadores, y se convirtió en un marco conceptual importante a tener en cuenta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>). El <italic>engagement</italic> académico es entendido como el grado de involucramiento que posee un estudiante para cumplir con sus logros académicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gutiérrez et al., 2017</xref>). En ese sentido, dicho involucramiento implica la manera en que los estudiantes interactúan con sus actividades académicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">da Rocha et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hew et al., 2016</xref>), así como los recursos físicos y psicológicos dedicados a la experiencia educativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Peña et al., 2017</xref>). </p>
		<p>El <italic>engagement</italic> académico ha sido medido a través de diversos instrumentos psicométricos; sin embargo, una desventaja a considerar es que la mayoría han sido adaptaciones de escalas del constructo <italic>engagement</italic> laboral, el cual proviene del sector organizacional. En ese sentido, una de las pruebas más utilizadas y reconocidas es The Engagement Questionnaire UWES (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Schaufeli et al., 2006</xref>), adaptada en la región como UWES-S9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Carmona-Halty et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Guerra &amp; Jorquera, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Laureano et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Matta, 2021</xref>). Dentro de las críticas a este cuestionario se menciona que es una prueba que mide el <italic>engagement</italic> académico de manera unidimensional y, por consiguiente, no presenta mayor profundidad en su definición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dominguez-Lara et al., 2020</xref>), a diferencia de otras aproximaciones psicométricas del <italic>engagement</italic>. Por lo tanto, es importante que los investigadores tengan en claro cómo definen el <italic>engagement</italic> y en qué nivel será medido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al. (2016</xref>) señalan que el <italic>engagement</italic> académico puede abordar diversos aspectos de la experiencia del estudiante, ya que es un constructo flexible que responde a características contextuales y está sujeto al cambio ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). El <italic>engagement</italic> académico permite predecir los resultados de aprendizaje obtenidos por el alumno y evaluar indirectamente las prácticas realizadas por el docente dentro del aula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shernoff et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Boekaerts (2016</xref>) afirma que el <italic>engagement</italic> académico tiende a incrementarse en las aulas donde los docentes realizan tareas desafiantes y auténticas con oportunidad de elección. Es por ello que altos niveles de <italic>engagement</italic> pueden conllevar a mejores resultados académicos en el contexto educativo. Esto es respaldado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>), quienes indican que un alto grado de <italic>engagement</italic> académico conduciría a trayectorias educativas exitosas en el sistema educativo. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bae y Han (2019</xref>) agregan que en los sistemas educativos existe la cuestión de cómo mejorar la calidad y los estándares educativos en las escuelas y universidades, y enfatizan que es necesario saber y comprender cómo los estudiantes gastan su tiempo y energía durante sus estudios.</p>
		<p>Se considera que el <italic>engagement</italic> es un constructo bastante amplio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Reschly &amp; Christenson, 2012</xref>), en el que se puede distinguir dos enfoques o perspectivas teóricas principales. La primera sostiene que el <italic>engagement</italic> se compone de tres dimensiones: compromiso cognitivo, compromiso conductual y compromiso emocional-afectivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). La segunda perspectiva sostiene que el <italic>engagement</italic> se compone de vigor, dedicación y absorción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Schaufeli et al., 2002</xref>). Esta ambivalencia conceptual genera que se produzcan dificultades al momento de establecer parámetros para la medición del constructo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Jimerson et al., 2003</xref>). Debido a ello, se han desarrollado distintos instrumentos que han tratado de medir el <italic>engagement</italic> y, hasta cierto punto, han coincidido en dimensiones similares.</p>
		<p>Un ejemplo de ello es la propuesta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aspeé et al. (2019</xref>), cuya estructura teórica se conforma por tres dimensiones: compromiso orientado al desarrollo académico, compromiso orientado al desarrollo personal-integral y compromiso orientado al desarrollo ciudadano. Estas dimensiones abordan los principios teóricos que componen el <italic>engagement</italic> y el involucramiento de los estudiantes en actividades académicas. </p>
		<p>Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>) propusieron una estructura tridimensional distinta para la medición de <italic>engagement</italic> académico, en la que se consideró una dimensión cognitiva, una conductual y una afectiva. Esta propuesta teórica incluye aspectos puntuales de la experiencia de <italic>engagement</italic>, así como la medición del involucramiento de la persona a nivel conductual, cognitivo y afectivo. Adicionalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Zapata et al. (2018</xref>) diseñaron y validaron un instrumento que asoció el concepto de <italic>engagement</italic> a indicadores como calidad de las interacciones, estrategias de aprendizaje, apoyo institucional y aprendizaje colaborativo, entre otros. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Parra y Pérez (2010</xref>) desarrollaron un instrumento dirigido a estudiantes de psicología, cuya estructura teórica caracterizó el <italic>engagement</italic> en tres dimensiones: dedicación, vigor y absorción. Sin embargo, sus hallazgos no fueron empíricamente consistentes con el modelo propuesto, dado que se obtuvo una estructura bifactorial.</p>
		<p>A partir de ello, se ha optado por estudiar este constructo desde una perspectiva más específica: desde las tareas y actividades que se abordan en el aula. El <italic>engagement</italic> vinculado a las tareas y actividades del aula se define como un conjunto de comportamientos favorables por parte de los estudiantes, como el esfuerzo, el entusiasmo y la iniciativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Jang et al., 2016</xref>). De esta manera, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) diseñan el instrumento Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) con tres dimensiones: cognitiva, conductual y afectiva. En primer lugar, la dimensión cognitiva se entiende como la inversión y el esfuerzo del estudiante en sus estudios. En segundo lugar, la dimensión conductual refiere a la consistencia del esfuerzo, la asistencia, las tareas y los comportamientos académicos deseados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shernoff et al., 2016</xref>). Finalmente, la dimensión afectiva corresponde al vínculo afectivo y emocional, y el entendimiento de cómo los estudiantes enfrentan las actividades académicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). Shernoff et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">2016</xref>) añaden que esta dimensión se refiere a las emociones y afectos de los estudiantes frente a sus tareas en el aula. Si bien el cuestionario de Yévenes-Márquez et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">2022</xref>) fue desarrollado para el ámbito escolar, también es replicable en la educación superior y posee buenas propiedades psicométricas. </p>
		<p>Así, el Comp-TA fue elaborado con base en 3 instrumentos: Compromiso escolar (School Engagement; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al., 2018</xref>), Involucramiento Académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rigo &amp; Donolo, 2018</xref>) y la Escala de Compromiso hacia las Tareas Escolares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Peña et al., 2017</xref>). El primer instrumento fue validado en estudiantes adolescentes y se compuso de 3 factores con cargas de fiabilidad adecuados (sus alpha oscilan entre .83 y .87). Asimismo, el modelo presentó indicadores de ajuste adecuados (RMSEA = .05; CFI = .94; TLI = .93). El Involucramiento Académico fue validado en estudiantes universitarios y se compuso de 6 factores: apego a la universidad, atención en clase, participación activa, dedicación, focalización en la tarea, integración social. Se corroboró la consistencia interna del instrumento con el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach (.896) y theta (.91) (Peña et al., 2017). Por último, la Escala de Compromiso hacia las Tareas Académicas se adaptó y validó en estudiantes de nivel primario; esta se subdividió en las 3 dimensiones con coeficientes de confiabilidad adecuados (sus alpha oscilan entre .70 y .76) e indicadores de ajuste adecuados del modelo con GFI = .92; CFI = .93 y RMSEA = .04 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rigo &amp; Donolo, 2018</xref>).</p>
		<p>Por otro lado, el género ha demostrado estar relacionado con el <italic>engagement</italic> académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ayub et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dominguez-Lara et al., 2021</xref>). La literatura sugiere que las mujeres exhiben niveles más elevados de <italic>engagement</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Carvajal &amp; Carranza, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hsieh &amp; Yu, 2023</xref>). Esta diferencia podría tener un origen cultural, que se refleja en las tareas académicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Maluenda et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Maunula et al., 2023</xref>). Sin embargo, es esencial enfatizar que la mayoría de estos estudios no han tenido en cuenta las implicaciones de la invarianza con el género al realizar análisis de validez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barghaus et al., 2023</xref>). En consecuencia, resulta crítico llevar a cabo un análisis de invarianza como un procedimiento que podría favorecer una medición más objetiva y exenta de sesgos.</p>
		<p>Medir el <italic>engagement</italic> académico en estudiantes universitarios se hace relevante para poder identificar hasta qué punto la experiencia educativa impacta en la formación de futuros profesionales. Por consiguiente, el objetivo general de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de una adaptación y extensión del cuestionario Comp-TA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al., 2022</xref>) con una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Lima Metropolitana. Como objetivo específico, se propuso realizar un análisis de invarianza según el sexo de los participantes.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>La muestra estuvo conformada por 297 estudiantes universitarios del área metropolitana de Lima, Perú. Las mujeres constituyeron el 58.2 % de la muestra y los hombres el 41.8 %. Las edades de los participantes oscilaron entre los 18 y 32 años (<italic>M</italic>= 20.87; <italic>DE</italic>= 2.29). Los participantes se encontraban entre segundo y doceavo ciclo (<italic>M</italic>= 6; <italic>DE =</italic>2.65). Como criterios de inclusión se consideró que todos los participantes fueran mayores de edad, hayan llevado cursos virtuales durante el ciclo académico 2021-2022 y estuvieran matriculados en la universidad.</p>
				<p>Para participar en la investigación, los encuestados leyeron un consentimiento informado en el cual se indicó la importancia y motivo del estudio, así como los requerimientos de este. En el marco de la protección de su integridad, se especificó que la participación era voluntaria, anónima y confidencial. Asimismo, se les aseguró que podrían abandonar la investigación en cualquier momento, sin que esto les generase perjuicio alguno.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Medida</title>
				<p>El Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) fue elaborado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) y consta de 15 ítems que subyacen a tres factores del <italic>engagement</italic> académico: conductual (7 ítems), cognitivo (4 ítems) y afectivo (4 ítems). El cuestionario utiliza un formato de respuesta Likert del 1 al 7, en el que 1 es <italic>Totalmente de acuerdo</italic>, 2: <italic>Algo en desacuerdo</italic>, 3: <italic>En desacuerdo</italic>, 4: <italic>Ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo</italic>, 5: <italic>De acuerdo</italic>, 6: <italic>Bastante de acuerdo</italic> y 7: <italic>Totalmente en acuerdo</italic>. En cuanto a la validez del instrumento, en el análisis factorial exploratorio se utilizó el método de extracción de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados y el método de rotación oblicua Promin. Así, la prueba de esfericidad de Barlett fue significativa, obtuvo un KMO = 0.86, lo cual evidenció que la matriz de correlación era adecuada para análisis factorial. Se extrajo una solución de tres factores que explicaron un total del 57 % de la varianza, lo que se considera un porcentaje adecuado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pérez &amp; Medrano, 2010</xref>). Con respecto a las propiedades psicométricas de la escala, se reportaron índices de ajuste del análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFI = .92; TLI = .90; RMSEA = .07) que indican que el instrumento tiene una validez de estructura interna satisfactoria, con tres dimensiones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kline, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Asimismo, se utilizó un protocolo para jueces, se pidió a especialistas en el tema que evalúen los ítems del instrumento según tres criterios: pertinencia, suficiencia y coherencia. La pertinencia refiere a si el ítem corresponde o no a la dimensión asignada. La suficiencia, a si el ítem es adecuado para medir el efecto o concepto evaluado. Y finalmente, la coherencia alude a si el ítem es coherente en términos de redacción.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedimiento</title>
				<p>El presente estudio presenta un diseño de investigación instrumental, que busca validar un instrumento mediante el uso de análisis de expertos y análisis psicométricos. Para realizar la adaptación del Comp-TA a una población de universitarios limeños, se solicitó el permiso de los autores del instrumento original para su uso y aplicación. Una vez adquirido dicho permiso, los autores de la presente investigación realizaron la traducción de los ítems al español. Luego, el cuestionario fue sometido a un proceso de validación de contenido con cuatro jueces. Posteriormente, se creó el cuestionario en un Google Forms, en el cual se incluyó el consentimiento informado y la ficha sociodemográfica. De esta manera, se realizó un piloto online del cuestionario con cuatro participantes, en el cual se recogieron comentarios y observaciones. Por último, se aplicó el instrumento de manera virtual.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de datos</title>
				<p>Para el presente estudio, se utilizó el software RStudio en la versión 2022.12.0. Primero se realizaron los análisis descriptivos y el criterio de Aiken. Además, se presentó la confiabilidad interna de las tres dimensiones y el instrumento general con los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald. Con respecto al objetivo principal, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) para identificar si la estructura del modelo original se mantiene con un análisis de este tipo. En ese sentido, se considera revisar el error cuadrático medio de aproximación (RMSEA), el residuo cuadrático medio estandarizado (SRMR), el índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI) y el Índice Tuker-Lewis (TLI). Se debe mencionar que los valores aceptables de estos factores son los siguientes: RMSEA &lt; .06; SRMR &lt; .08; CFI &gt; .95; TLI &gt; .95. Para los análisis de invarianza (métrica y escalar), se parte de los puntos de corte propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski y Svetina (2014</xref>), que señalan que los valores de los índices de ajuste de la invarianza escalar y métrica deberían ser de la siguiente manera: ΔCFI &gt; -.010; ΔRMSEA &lt; .015.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>En primer lugar, se reportaron los análisis descriptivos del instrumento por ítem, dimensión y el puntaje total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>). En cuanto a la validez de contenido, se reportaron los resultados obtenidos en cada ítem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Posteriormente, se realizó un CFA para comprobar que la estructura original de la escala de tres dimensiones se replica en la presente muestra. De esta manera, se verificó el Test de Mardia para comprobar el supuesto para ecuaciones estructurales sobre que las variables observadas sigan, en conjunto, una distribución normal multivariante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kline, 2016</xref>). Al respecto, la prueba de Mardia reveló índices de asimetría (ˆγ1 = 1747.64; <italic>p</italic>&lt; .05) y de curtosis multivariantes (ˆγ2 = 28.32; <italic>p</italic>&lt; .05) del conjunto de variables del cuestionario, lo cual indicó que los datos no seguían una distribución normal multivariante.</p>
			<p>Se realizó un CFA con el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud y la corrección de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Satorra y Bentler (2001</xref>), debido a que los datos no cumplen con el supuesto de normalidad multivariada. Este análisis permitió corroborar la estructura factorial de tres dimensiones de la escala adaptada que obtuvo buenos índices de ajuste (<italic>χ2</italic>(<italic>gl</italic>) = 202.435(87); <italic>p</italic>&lt; .001; S-Bχ2 = 1.383; CFI = .924; TLI = .908; RMSEA = .067 (IC = .057-.077); SRMR = .056) en la dimensión de <italic>engagement</italic> cognitivo (conformada por los ítems 1, 2, 3, 4), la dimensión de <italic>engagement</italic> conductual (ítems 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 y 11), la dimensión de <italic>engagement</italic> afectivo (los ítems 12, 13, 14 y 15). Las cargas factoriales fueron significativas (<italic>p</italic>&lt; .001) y oscilaron entre .510 y .855. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Datos descriptivos de los ítems, dimensiones y el total de la escala de Comp-TA</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt1.png"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados de la validez de jueces</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt2.jpg"/>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Modelado CFA de la Comp-TA</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Posteriormente, se examinó la confiabilidad por consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente alfa y omega de los factores del Comp-TA. Se identificó que la escala presenta una confiabilidad general con un omega total (ω) = .93. Por un lado, el factor <italic>engagement</italic> cognitivo presentó una confiabilidad elevada, dado que α = .82 y ω = .84. Asimismo, el factor <italic>engagement</italic> conductual presentó una confiabilidad alta de α = .84 y ω = .89. Por último, el factor <italic>engagement</italic> afectivo también obtuvo un coeficiente alto de α = .87 y ω = .89.</p>
			<p>El siguiente paso fue revisar las propiedades de invarianza del instrumento según el sexo reportado de los participantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>). La invariancia se puede analizar en tres niveles: métrico (se centra en los elementos y la carga factorial de las variables observadas), escalar (repasa las variables latentes o factores) y configural (verifica si la estructura factorial es similar entre los grupos; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fischer, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Siguiendo los criterios propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski y Svetina (2014</xref>), los resultados mostraron que la escala Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) presentó una fuerte invarianza según el sexo del participante tanto en la varianza métrica como en la escalar. Estos resultados indican que no existe una variabilidad por el sexo de los participantes y que la estructura del modelo se mantiene entre estos grupos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Invarianza del modelo por sexo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt3.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*Todos los χ2 tienen un <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la escala Comp-TA al contexto peruano, se recolectó evidencia sobre la validez y la confiabilidad de la escala con estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados indican que el cuestionario adaptado tiene propiedades psicométricas para ser considerado válido y confiable.</p>
			<p>En primer lugar, se observa que se encontraron índices de ajuste adecuados. Si bien existe literatura que difiere en los puntos de corte, la evidencia recolectada se encuentra dentro de los parámetros utilizados tanto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hu y Bentler (1999</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Schreiber et al. (2006</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski y Svetina (2014</xref>). Asimismo, estos resultados son similares a los procesos de validez y confiabilidad realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aspeé et al. (2019</xref>). Un aspecto importante a tener en cuenta es que los índices de ajuste del análisis de invarianza métrica y escalar cumplen con los parámetros propuestos por Rutkowski y Svetina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">2014</xref>). Este análisis es importante, pues brinda evidencia de que no existen diferencias significativas relevantes en las cargas factoriales de la muestra. En ese sentido, los resultados señalan que los ítems no responden de manera diferente entre los grupos (sexo), lo que implica que la fuerza de las relaciones entre los ítems de la escala y la construcción del modelo es igual en todos los grupos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fischer, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Un aspecto importante a resaltar es que no existen muchos estudios que hayan realizado el análisis de invarianza al validar instrumentos psicométricos que miden el <italic>engagement</italic>, por lo que este estudio brinda evidencia relevante sobre la estructura factorial original. Asimismo, mantener la invariabilidad del modelo según el sexo del participante es relevante para la medición del <italic>engagement</italic>, pues, debido a variables culturales, podrían existir diferencias entre los grupos. Al no encontrar estas diferencias, se puede concluir que el modelo no se encuentra afectado por el sexo del participante. </p>
			<p>Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos apoyan la estructura factorial original, se identificó un modelo tridimensional similar al propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al. (2004</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Tannoubi et al. (2023</xref>). Estos resultados reafirman la importancia de estudiar el <italic>engagement</italic> teniendo en cuenta la interacción de estas dimensiones, pues permiten estudiar el grado de intensidad y la duración que una conducta tendrá en el contexto académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Freiberg-Hoffmann et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>En ese sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) señalan que el <italic>engagement</italic> en el salón de clase tiene que incluir experiencias afectivas, cognitivas y conductuales que interactúen al enfrentar una actividad académica. Eso implica que las tres dimensiones puedan mantener una relación coherente entre ellas, lo que ha sido evidenciado en el modelo presentado. </p>
			<p>Con respecto a la invariancia por sexo, al probar la invariancia configural, métrica y escalar, se encontró que no existe variabilidad con base en el sexo de los participantes. Este análisis prueba si diferentes grupos responden a los ítems de la misma manera, lo que significa que la fuerza de las relaciones entre los ítems de la escala y la construcción subyacente es la misma en todos los grupos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hirschfeld &amp; von Brachel, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fisher, 2010</xref>). En este caso, se pueden comparar las calificaciones de hombres y mujeres, y las diferencias observadas en los elementos del Comp-TA pueden indicar diferencias grupales de <italic>engagement</italic> académico.</p>
			<p>Asimismo, en términos de confiabilidad, los coeficientes de confiabilidad, alfa y omega, obtenidos en las tres dimensiones del Comp-TA fueron superiores al .70, lo cual indica niveles adecuados de consistencia interna de la escala en la muestra estudiada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Ventura-León &amp; Caycho-Rodríguez, 2017</xref>). En ese sentido, los resultados observados son similares al estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) y son suficientes para realizar futuros estudios de investigación con la escala validada.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, entre las fortalezas que presenta el Comp-TA, se resalta que puede ser aplicada de manera fácil y rápida con tres dimensiones que tienen una funcionalidad práctica dentro del salón de clase: afectiva, conductuales y cognitivas. En ese sentido, se puede identificar qué dimensión debe ser abordada por el docente. Asimismo, el uso del Comp-TA permite identificar si el <italic>engagement</italic> de los estudiantes puede estar siendo afectado positivamente por alguna intervención educativa innovadora.</p>
			<p>Con respecto a las limitaciones de este estudio, es importante señalar que en esta investigación no se midieron otros constructos relacionados con el <italic>engagement</italic> académico. Futuras investigaciones podrían evaluar otras variables psicológicas de la red nomológica de <italic>engagement</italic> académico con la finalidad de obtener evidencia de validez convergente, discriminante o de criterio. Además, en cuanto a la muestra en estudio, es importante resaltar que los participantes fueron estudiantes de una universidad de Lima, los cuales, por sus características particulares, no representan suficientemente la realidad de estudiantes universitarios del resto del país. En ese sentido, estos resultados no pueden generalizarse al resto de universitarios peruanos. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que en el futuro se pueda extender el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas del Comp-TA a universitarios de otras partes del Perú.</p>
			<p>A pesar de las limitaciones, el Comp-TA en su versión en español aplicado a estudiantes universitarios de Lima se considera una herramienta consistente y adecuada para medir el <italic>engagement</italic> académico en esta población. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			<label>Disponibilidad de datos:</label>
			<p> El conjunto de datos que apoya los resultados de este estudio no se encuentra disponible.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
			<label>Financiamiento:</label>
			<p> Los datos analizados en este artículo fueron recogidos como parte de un proyecto de investigación financiado por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, en el marco del Concurso Anual de Proyectos de Investigación (CAP).</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
			<label>Cómo citar:</label>
			<p>Navarro, R., Morote, F., García, A., Bernal, V., &amp; Teran, V. (2023). Validez del cuestionario Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire en universitarios peruanos. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-3207. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.3207</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
			<label>Contribución de los autores:</label>
			<p> a) Concepción y diseño del trabajo; b) Adquisición de datos; c) Análisis e interpretación de datos; d) Redacción del manuscrito; e) revisión crítica del manuscrito. R. N. ha contribuido con a, b, c, d, e; F. M. con a, b, c, d, e; A. G. con a, b, c, d, e; V. B. con a, b, c, d, e; V. T. con a, d, e.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
			<label>Editora científica responsable:</label>
			<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco.</p>
		</fn>
	</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Validity of the Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire in Peruvian college students</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7069-9780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Navarro</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2937-0219</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morote</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6783-4710</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García</surname>
						<given-names>Arlis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9246-8780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernal</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5716-3308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teran</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru, ricardo.navarro@pucp.pe</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
				<email>ricardo.navarro@pucp.pe</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</institution>
				<country country="PE">Peru</country>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<p>Students’ interest and involvement of students in their e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a little-studied reality. The manifestation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral involvement has been particularly different in recent years, so having instruments that allow it to be done is necessary for educational research. Therefore, it was sought to adapt and validate an engagement instrument that allows measuring the involvement of students during the pandemic. For this, an engagement questionnaire was applied to 297 university students. The results indicate that the original factorial structure of the model is maintained when adapting to education in a virtual context. Likewise, it was possible to identify that there were no differences in the model according to the gender of the participant, which corroborates a factorial invariance of the model. That is, it has been possible to adapt and validate a psychometric instrument that measures the engagement of students online.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>academic engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>confirmatory factor analysis</kwd>
				<kwd>college students</kwd>
				<kwd>education</kwd>
				<kwd>learning.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the educational experience underwent several changes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Navarro et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Vilela et al., 2021</xref>). This caused the students to experience virtual and hybrid education, modalities with which they were not familiar. Therefore, it is relevant to analyze the impact of virtual education on students’ learning and motivation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Navarro et al., 2021</xref>). One of the variables that could be important is engagement and its measurement in the academic context.</p>
			<p>Engagement is a construct that has been studied in work-related contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Oriol-Granado et al., 2017</xref>). In the field of education, engagement has generated growing interest from educators and researchers, becoming an important conceptual framework to consider (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>). Academic engagement is understood as the degree of involvement that students have in achieving their academic goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gutiérrez et al., 2017</xref>). Thus, such involvement comprises how students interact with their academic activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">da Rocha et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hew et al., 2016</xref>), as well as the physical and psychological resources dedicated to the educational experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Peña et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Academic engagement has been measured through various psychometric instruments; however, one disadvantage to consider is that most of them have been adaptations of scales from the work-related engagement construct. In this regard, one of the most widely used and recognized tests is The Engagement Questionnaire UWES (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Schaufeli et al., 2006</xref>), which has been adapted in the region as UWES-S9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Carmona-Halty et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Guerra &amp; Jorquera, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Laureano et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Matta, 2021</xref>). Among the criticisms of this questionnaire is that it measures academic engagement in a one-dimensional manner and, therefore, lacks depth in its definition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dominguez-Lara et al., 2020</xref>), unlike other psychometric approaches to engagement. Therefore, researchers need to have a clear understanding of how they define engagement and at what level it will be measured (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al. (2016</xref>) pointed out that academic engagement can address various aspects of the student’s experience, being a flexible construct that responds to contextual characteristics and is subject to environmental change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). Academic engagement allows for predicting the learning outcomes achieved by the student and -indirectly- evaluating the practices carried out by the teacher in the classroom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shernoff et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Boekaerts (2016</xref>) asserts that academic engagement tends to increase when teachers assign challenging tasks, that present opportunities for choice. Therefore, high levels of engagement can lead to better academic outcomes in the educational context. This is supported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>), who indicate that a high degree of academic engagement would lead to successful academic outcomes within the educational system. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bae and Han (2019</xref>) note that in educational systems, there is a need to improve the quality and educational standards in schools and universities, emphasizing the necessity to know and understand how students spend their time and energy during their studies.</p>
			<p>Engagement is considered a rather broad construct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fredricks et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Reschly &amp; Christenson, 2012</xref>), in which two main theoretical perspectives or approaches can be distinguished. The first implies that engagement consists of three dimensions: cognitive engagement, behavioral engagement, and emotional-affective engagement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). The second perspective argues that engagement consists of vigor, dedication, and absorption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alrashidi et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Schaufeli et al., 2002</xref>). This conceptual ambivalence leads to practical difficulties in establishing parameters for the measurement of the construct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Jimerson et al., 2003</xref>). Consequently, various instruments have been developed to measure engagement, and to some extent, they have coincided in similar dimensions. </p>
			<p>An example of this is the proposal by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aspeé et al. (2019</xref>), whose theoretical structure is comprised of three dimensions: academic development-oriented engagement, personal-integral development-oriented engagement, and citizen development-oriented engagement. These dimensions address the theoretical principles mentioned earlier that make up the engagement and involvement of students in academic activities.</p>
			<p>On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>) proposed a different three-dimensional structure for measuring academic engagement, which includes a cognitive, behavioral, and affective dimension. This theoretical proposal includes specific aspects of the engagement experience, as well as the measurement of a person’s involvement at the behavioral, cognitive, and affective levels. Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Zapata et al. (2018</xref>) designed and validated an instrument that linked the concept of engagement to indicators such as the quality of interactions, learning strategies, institutional support, and collaborative learning, among others. Furthermore, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Parra and Pérez (2010</xref>) developed an instrument for psychology students, whose theoretical structure characterized engagement in three dimensions: dedication, vigor, and absorption. However, their findings were not empirically consistent with the proposed model, as they obtained a bifactorial structure.</p>
			<p>Based on this, there has been a preference for studying this construct from a more specific perspective: tasks and activities carried out in the classroom. Engagement in this context is defined as a set of favorable behaviors exhibited by students, such as effort, enthusiasm, and initiative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Jang et al., 2016</xref>). In this way, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) designed the Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) with three dimensions: cognitive, behavioral, and emotional. Firstly, the cognitive dimension is understood as the student’s investment and effort in their studies. Secondly, the behavioral dimension refers to the consistency of effort, attendance, tasks, and desired academic behaviors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shernoff et al., 2016</xref>). Finally, the emotional dimension corresponds to the affective connection, and understanding of how students approach academic activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al., 2004</xref>). Shernoff et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">2016</xref>) add that this dimension relates to the student’s emotions in response to their classroom tasks. Moreover, while the questionnaire Yévenes-Márquez et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">2022</xref>) developed was for a school context, it is also applicable in higher education and possesses good psychometric properties.</p>
			<p>Thus, the Comp-TA was developed based on three instruments: School Engagement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al., 2018</xref>), the Academic Involvement instrument (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rigo &amp; Donolo, 2018</xref>), and the School Task Engagement Scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Peña et al., 2017</xref>). The first instrument was validated in adolescent students and consisted of three factors with adequate reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .83 to .87). Additionally, the model showed suitable fit indices (RMSEA = .05, CFI = .94, TLI = .93). The second instrument for Academic Involvement was validated in university students and comprised six factors: attachment to the university, classroom attention, active participation, dedication, task focus, and social integration. The internal consistency of the instrument was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha (.896) and theta (.91) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Peña et al., 2017</xref>). Lastly, the School Task Engagement Scale was adapted and validated in elementary school students; it was subdivided into three dimensions with adequate reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha ranging between .70 and .76) and suitable fit indices for the model with GFI = .92, CFI = .93, and RMSEA = .04 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rigo &amp; Donolo, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>On the other hand, gender has been shown to relate to academic engagement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ayub et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dominguez-Lara et al., 2021</xref>). The literature suggests that women exhibit higher levels of engagement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Carvajal &amp; Carranza, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hsieh &amp; Yu, 2023</xref>). This difference may have a cultural origin that is reflected in academic tasks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Maluenda et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Maunula et al., 2023</xref>). However, it is essential to emphasize that most of these studies have not considered the gender invariance implications when conducting validity analyses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barghaus et al., 2023</xref>). Consequently, it is critical to carry out an invariance analysis as a procedure that could promote more objective and bias-free measurement.</p>
			<p>Measuring academic engagement in college students is relevant in identifying to what extent the educational experience impacts the development of future professionals. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an adaptation and extension of the Comp-TA questionnaire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al., 2022</xref>) with a sample of college students in Metropolitan Lima. As a specific objective, an invariance analysis based on the participants’ gender, will be carried out.</p>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Method</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>The sample consisted of 297 university students from Lima, Peru. Female students made up 58.2 % of the sample, while male students accounted for 41.8 % of it. The participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 32 years (<italic>M</italic> = 20.87, <italic>SD</italic> = 2.29). Additionally, the participants were enrolled in university programs ranging from the second to the twelfth academic term (<italic>M</italic> = 6, <italic>SD</italic> = 2.65). Inclusion criteria required that all participants were of legal age, had taken virtual courses during the 2022-1 academic term, and were enrolled in the university.</p>
					<p>To participate in the research, the respondents read an informed consent, which outlined the importance and purpose of the study, as well as its requirements. To safeguard their integrity, it was specified that participation was voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. Furthermore, they were assured that they could withdraw from the research at any time without experiencing any negative consequences.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Measures</title>
					<p>The Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) was developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>). It consists of 15 items and three underlying factors related to academic engagement: behavioral (7 items), cognitive (4 items), and emotional (4 items). The questionnaire uses a Likert response format ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 was <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic>, 2: <italic>Somewhat Disagree</italic>, 3: <italic>Disagree</italic>, 4: <italic>Neither Agree nor Disagree</italic>, 5: <italic>Agree</italic>, 6: <italic>Somewhat Agree</italic>, and 7: <italic>Strongly Agree</italic>.</p>
					<p>Regarding the instrument’s validity, in the exploratory factor analysis, the Unweighted Least Squares extraction method and the Promin oblique rotation method were used. The Bartlett’s sphericity test was significant, with a KMO of 0.86, indicating that the correlation matrix was suitable for factor analysis. A three-factor solution was extracted, explaining a total of 57 % of the variance, which is considered an adequate percentage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pérez &amp; Medrano, 2010</xref>). Concerning the psychometric properties of the scale, the fit indices obtained in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFI = .92, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .07) indicate a satisfactory internal structure validity, comprising three dimensions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kline, 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Additionally, a protocol was designed, in which experts in the field were asked to evaluate the instrument’s items based on three criteria: Relevance, Sufficiency, and Coherence. Relevance pertains to whether the proposed item corresponds to the assigned dimension. Sufficiency relates to whether the item is suitable for measuring the evaluated concept. Lastly, Coherence assesses whether the item is appropriate in terms of wording.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedure</title>
					<p>The present research employs a quantitative research design aimed at validating an instrument through expert judgment and psychometric assessments. To adapt the Comp-TA for a population of university students in Lima, permission was obtained from the authors of the original instrument for its use and application. After obtaining this permission, the authors of the current research translated the items into Spanish. Subsequently, the questionnaire underwent a content validation process involving four expert judges. Afterward, the questionnaire was adapted into a digital format using Google Forms and incorporated the informed consent and sociodemographic data sheet. This allowed for an online pilot test of the questionnaire with four participants, during which comments and observations regarding the instrument were collected. Following this, the instrument was administered, and the data collection was conducted virtually.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis</title>
					<p>For the present study, RStudio version 2022.12.0 was used. First, descriptive analyses and the Aiken criterion were performed. Additionally, the internal reliability of the three dimensions and the overall instrument was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. Regarding the aim of the study, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be conducted to determine if the structure of the original model is maintained through this analysis. In this regard, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Tuker-Lewis Index (TLI) will be reviewed. Acceptable values for these factors are as follows: RMSEA &lt; .06, SRMR &lt; .08, CFI &gt; .95, TLI &gt; .95. For Invariance analyses (metric and scalar), the cutoff points proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski and Svetina (2014</xref>) will be considered, these suggest that the values for scalar and metric invariance fit indices should be as follows: ΔCFI &gt; -.010, ΔRMSEA &lt; .015.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>First, descriptive analyses of the instrument (items, dimensions, and total score) are reported (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). Regarding content validity, the results obtained for each item are reported (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to verify that the original three-dimensional structure of the scale is replicated in the current sample. The Mardia’s test was performed to check the assumption for structural equations, that the observed variables together follow a multivariate normal distribution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kline, 2016</xref>). The Mardia’s test revealed skewness (ˆγ1 = 1747.64, <italic>p</italic>&lt; .05) and multivariate kurtosis (ˆγ2 = 28.32, <italic>p</italic>&lt; .05) indices of the set of questionnaire variables, indicating that the data did not follow a multivariate normal distribution.</p>
				<p> CFA was carried out using the maximum likelihood estimation method with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Satorra-Bentler correction (2001</xref>) due to the data not meeting the assumption of multivariate normality. This analysis confirmed the three-dimensional factorial structure of the adapted scale, yielding good fit indices (χ2(<italic>df</italic>) = 202.435(87), <italic>p</italic>&lt; .001; S-Bχ2 = 1.383, CFI = .924, TLI = .908, RMSEA = .067 (CI = .057-.077), SRMR = .056). The cognitive engagement dimension consisted of items 1, 2, 3, and 4; the behavioral engagement dimension included items 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11; and the emotional engagement dimension comprised items 12, 13, 14, and 15. The factor loadings were significant (<italic>p</italic>&lt; .001) and ranged from .510 to .855 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptives of the Comp-TA Questionnaire</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt4.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results from the validation by expert judgment</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt5.jpg"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>CFA Model of the Comp-TA Questionnaire</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Subsequently, the reliability of internal consistency was examined using the alpha and omega coefficients for the factors of the Comp-TA. It was identified that the scale demonstrates overall good reliability with a total omega (ω) of .93. On one hand, the cognitive engagement factor showed high reliability with α = .82 and ω = .84. Similarly, the behavioral engagement factor also exhibited high reliability with α = .84 and ω = .89. Finally, the emotional engagement factor also achieved a high coefficient of α = .87 and ω = .89.</p>
				<p>The next step was to review the instrument’s invariance properties based on the reported gender of the participants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Invariance can be analyzed at three levels: metric (focusing on item and factor loading of observed variables), scalar (examining latent variables or factors), and configural (verifying if the factorial structure is similar across groups; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fischer, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Invariance across gender</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3207-gt6.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>*All the χ2 have a p-value &lt; .001</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>According to the criteria proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski and Svetina (2014</xref>), the results showed that the Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire (Comp-TA) scale exhibited strong invariance across participant gender in both metric and scalar variance. These results indicate that there is no variability by participant gender, and the model’s structure remains consistent across these groups. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The objective of the present study is to adapt the Comp-TA scale to the Peruvian context, gathering evidence of the scale’s validity and reliability with university students. The results indicate that the adapted questionnaire has psychometric properties to be considered valid and reliable.</p>
				<p>Firstly, it is observed that adequate fit indices were found. Although there is literature that differs in cutoff points, the evidence collected falls within the parameters used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hu and Bentler (1999</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Schreiber et al. (2006</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rutkowski and Svetina (2014</xref>). These results are also similar to the validity and reliability processes conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lara et al. (2018</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aspeé et al. (2019</xref>). An important aspect to consider is that the fit indices for metric and scalar invariance analysis meet the parameters proposed by Rutkowski and Svetina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">2014</xref>). This analysis is crucial because it provides evidence that there are no significant relevant differences in the factor loadings across the sample. In this sense, the results indicate that the items do not respond differently between groups (gender), implying that the strength of the relationships between the items on the scale and the underlying model is the same in all groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fischer, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>An important point to highlight is that there are not many studies that have performed invariance analysis when validating psychometric instruments measuring engagement, making this study provide relevant evidence regarding the original factorial structure. Furthermore, maintaining model invariance based on participant gender is relevant for measuring engagement, as there could be differences between groups due to cultural background. Not finding these differences suggests that the model is not affected by participant gender.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the results support the original factorial structure, identifying a three-dimensional model similar to that proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fredricks et al. (2004</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Tannoubi et al. (2023</xref>). These results reaffirm the importance of studying engagement, considering the interaction of these dimensions, as it allows the study of the degree of intensity and duration of a behavior in the academic context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Freiberg-Hoffmann et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this regard, Yevénes-Márquez et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">2022</xref>) point out that engagement in the classroom must include emotional, cognitive, and behavioral experiences that interact when facing an academic activity. This implies that the three dimensions can maintain a coherent relationship among them, as evidenced in the presented model.</p>
				<p>Regarding gender invariance, when testing for configural, metric, and scalar invariance, it was found that there is no variability based on participant gender. This analysis tests whether different groups respond to the items in the same way, meaning that the strength of the relationships between the items on the scale and the underlying construction is the same in all groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hirschfeld &amp; von Brachel, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Milfont &amp; Fisher, 2010</xref>). In this case, it is possible to compare the ratings of male and female students, and observed differences in Comp-TA elements may indicate group differences in academic engagement.</p>
				<p>Regarding reliability, the reliability coefficients, alpha, and omega, obtained for the three dimensions of Comp-TA were higher than .70, indicating adequate levels of internal consistency in the studied sample (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Ventura-León, &amp; Caycho-Rodríguez, 2017</xref>). In this sense, the observed results are similar to the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yévenes-Márquez et al. (2022</xref>) and are sufficient for conducting future research studies with the validated scale.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, among the strengths of Comp-TA, it is noteworthy that it can be applied easily and quickly, identifying three dimensions that have practical functionality within the classroom: emotional, behavioral, and cognitive. In this sense, it is possible to determine which dimension should be addressed by the teacher. Additionally, using Comp-TA allows the identification of whether students’ engagement is being positively affected by innovative educational interventions.</p>
				<p>As for the limitations of this study, it is important to note that other constructs related to academic engagement were not measured in this research. Future research could evaluate other psychological variables in the nomological network of academic engagement to obtain evidence of convergent, discriminant, and/or criterion validity. Moreover, regarding the study sample, it is essential to highlight that the participants were students from a university in Lima, and due to their particular characteristics, they do not sufficiently represent the reality of university students in the rest of the country. It is suggested that in the future, the study of the psychometric properties of Comp-TA can be extended to university students from other regions of Peru.</p>
				<p>Despite the limitations, the Spanish version of Comp-TA applied to university students in Lima is considered a consistent and suitable tool for measuring academic engagement in this population.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>Data availability:</label>
				<p> The dataset supporting the results of this study is not available.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>Funding:</label>
				<p> The data analyzed in this article was collected as part of a research project funded by the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú within the framework of the Annual Research Project Competition (CAP).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>How to cite:</label>
				<p> Navarro, R., Morote, F., García, A., Bernal, V., &amp; Teran, V. (2023). Validity of the Engagement to Academic Tasks Questionnaire in Peruvian college students. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-3207. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.3207</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>Authors’ participation:</label>
				<p> a) Conception and design of the work; b) Data acquisition; c) Analysis and interpretation of data; d) Writing of the manuscript; e) Critical review of the manuscript. R. N. has contributed in a, b, c, d, e; F. M. in a, b, c, d, e; A. G. in a, b, c, d, e; V. B. in a, b, c, d, e; V. T. in a, d, e.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
				<label>Scientific editor in-charge:</label>
				<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco.</p>
			</fn>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>