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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Ciencias Psicológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cienc. Psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1688-4221</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1688-4094</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica del Uruguay.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22235/cp.v17i2.2891</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00023</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O núcleo da tríade sombria prediz o ambientalismo por meio da orientação à dominância social</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>The core of the dark triad predict environmentalism through social dominance orientation</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>El núcleo de la tríada oscura predice el ambientalismo a través de la orientación de dominancia social</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5745-3751</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Renan P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7938-0170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Queiroz da Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0889-6097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes Loureto</surname>
						<given-names>Gleidson Diego</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1406-0058</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Henrique Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Iara Caroline</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3894-5790</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil, renanpmonteiro@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>renanpmonteiro@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Roraima, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Roraima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Roraima</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Universitário de Patos, Brasil </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário de Patos</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>13</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O presente estudo objetivou verificar o papel mediador da orientação à dominância social na relação entre o núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade e o ambientalismo. Participaram 305 pessoas com idades entre 18 e 77 anos (Midade = 26,4; DPidade = 11,25; 59,7 % mulheres). Os resultados indicaram que entre os 8 traços de personalidade analisados, considerando os modelos dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e da Tríade Sombria, apenas a psicopatia se correlacionou com ambientalismo, sendo que este se correlacionou moderadamente com a orientação à dominância social. Considerando que os três traços sombrios são talhados por déficits empáticos, baixa amabilidade e honestidade/humildade, testou-se o efeito do núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade para a predição do ambientalismo, observando-se efeitos diretos. Contudo, tais efeitos diretos não se mantiveram estatisticamente significativos com a inclusão da orientação à dominância social, configurando uma mediação completa, posto que o núcleo da tríade sombria predisse indiretamente o ambientalismo. Logo, observa-se que a orientação à dominância social funciona como um mecanismo que possibilita pessoas com traços sombrios não se preocuparem com o meio ambiente, explorando-o em benefício próprio.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The present study aimed to verify the mediating role of social dominance orientation in the relationship between the core of the dark triad and environmentalism. Participants were 305 people aged between 18 and 77 years old (Mage = 26.4; SDage = 11.25; 59.7 % women). The results indicated that among the 8 personality traits analyzed, considering the Big Five and Dark Triad models, only psychopathy was correlated with environmentalism, which was moderately correlated with social dominance orientation. Considering that the three dark traits shared empathic deficits, low agreeableness and honesty/humility, the effect of the dark triad core was tested for the prediction of environmentalism, observing direct effects. However, such direct effects did not remain statistically significant with the inclusion of social dominance orientation, configuring a complete mediation, since the dark core indirectly predicted environmentalism. Therefore, it is observed that social dominance orientation works as a mechanism that allows people with dark traits not to worry about the environment, exploiting it for their own benefit.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar el papel mediador de la orientación a la dominancia social en la relación entre el núcleo de la tríada oscura y el ambientalismo. Participaron 305 personas con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 77 años (Medad = 26,4; DEedad = 11,25; 59,7 % mujeres). Los resultados indicaron que, entre los 8 rasgos de personalidad analizados considerando los modelos Big Five y Dark Triad, solo la psicopatía se correlacionó con el ambientalismo, que se correlacionó moderadamente con la orientación a la dominancia social. Considerando que los tres rasgos oscuros comparten déficits empáticos, baja amabilidad y honestidad/humildad, se probó el efecto del núcleo de la tríada oscura para la predicción del ambientalismo y se observaron efectos directos. Sin embargo, tales efectos directos no fueron estadísticamente significativos con la inclusión de la orientación a la dominancia social, configurando una mediación completa, ya que el núcleo oscuro predice indirectamente el ambientalismo. Por lo tanto, se observa que la dominancia social funciona como un mecanismo que permite a las personas con rasgos oscuros no preocuparse por el medio ambiente y explotarlo en beneficio propio.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Ambientalismo</kwd>
				<kwd>personalidade</kwd>
				<kwd>tríade sombria</kwd>
				<kwd>orientação à dominância social</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Environmentalism</kwd>
				<kwd>personality</kwd>
				<kwd>dark triad</kwd>
				<kwd>social dominance orientation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Ambientalismo</kwd>
				<kwd>personalidad</kwd>
				<kwd>tríada oscura</kwd>
				<kwd>orientación a la dominancia social</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="13"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Incêndios florestais, aumento da temperatura global, derretimento das calotas polares, poluição de rios e oceanos e o risco de extinção de diversas espécies animais são apenas alguns exemplos dos efeitos catastróficos que os seres humanos podem causar ao meio ambiente. No Brasil, a biodiversidade é severamente ameaçada em razão da ação humana. Por exemplo, na Amazônia, entre 77,3 % e 85,2 % das espécies em risco de extinção tem o seu habitat afetado pelos incêndios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Feng et al., 2021</xref>). Já no Pantanal, em 2020 foram registradas as maiores queimadas da sua história, com 26 % do bioma destruído e 17 milhões de vertebrados mortos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tomas et al., 2021</xref>). Ademais, recentes desastres ambientais, como os de Brumadinho e Mariana, acentuam os sérios problemas ambientais do Brasil, que tem se configurado como um contexto marcado pela impunidade contra os crimes ambientais.</p>
		<p>As ações humanas causam um desequilíbrio ao meio-ambiente e isso consequentemente acaba trazendo implicações para os próprios seres humanos. Por exemplo, os incêndios florestais no Brasil estão relacionados ao aumento de hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rocha, 2016</xref>). Na Colômbia, a exposição ao mercúrio, descartado em rios, está relacionado a um decréscimo em habilidades neurocognitivas em crianças e adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">De la Ossa, 2021</xref>). Eventos relacionados a mudanças climáticas têm afetado a saúde mental das pessoas, especialmente aquelas que vivem em países em desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Palinkas &amp; Wong, 2020</xref>), como o Brasil. Portanto, é necessário identificar predisposições individuais que podem explicar em alguma medida comportamentos pró e antiambientais. </p>
		<p>Dentro deste contexto, a psicologia possui um papel central, de modo que a diminuição da crise ambiental depende de mudanças a nível individual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schultz, 2000</xref>). Para propor intervenções que promovam ações pró-ambientais é necessário conhecer os preditores sociopsicológicos de tais comportamentos e das atitudes em relação ao meio-ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Baldwin &amp; Lammers, 2016</xref>). Nesta direção, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milfont (2021</xref>) indica que os traços de personalidade e as atitudes socioideológicas formariam as bases sociopsicológicas do ambientalismo.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Ambientalismo, traços de personalidade e atitudes socioideológicas</title>
			<p>De forma geral, o ambientalismo pode ser conceituado como processos associados com ações que objetivem diminuir os impactos do homem na natureza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schultz, 2000</xref>). Considerando o modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de personalidade (CGF), amabilidade, conscienciosidade e abertura tem predito consistentemente o ambientalismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman; 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>). Outro modelo de personalidade utilizado para o entendimento do ambientalismo é o HEXACO, tendo o fator honestidade/humildade como o preditor mais consistente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milfont, 2021</xref>). Ademais, traços de personalidade explicam diferenças de sexo no ambientalismo, pois as mulheres são mais empáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>), amáveis, conscienciosas, honestas e humildes em comparação aos homens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Desrochers et al., 2019</xref>), tendo, consequentemente, mais atitudes e comportamentos pró-ambientais. </p>
			<p>Apesar do papel importante dos CGF e do HEXACO para a compreensão do ambientalismo, cabe destacar os efeitos destrutivos que os seres humanos causam a natureza. Neste contexto, é fundamental explorar o papel que o lado sombrio da personalidade pode ter para explicar baixos níveis de ambientalismo. Na literatura, um modelo que cobre esse lado aversivo da personalidade humana é a Tríade Sombria, formada por maquiavelismo e pelas variações subclínicas de psicopatia e narcisismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paulhus &amp; Williams, 2002</xref>). De acordo com esses autores, esses traços são marcados por tendências para a autopromoção, frieza emocional e agressividade, descrevendo pessoas que tem comportamento explorador e usam os demais em benefício próprio. Ademais, o núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade é marcado por baixos níveis de amabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gouveia et al., 2016</xref>) e honestidade/humildade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Book et al., 2015</xref>), além de déficits na empatia afetiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wai &amp; Tiliopoulos, 2012</xref>). </p>
			<p>Recentemente, autores verificaram que a psicopatia e o maquiavelismo se associam negativamente ao apego ao lugar e a atitudes pró-ambientais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Huang et al., 2018</xref>). Observou-se, ainda, que a psicopatia medeia a relação entre sexo e ambientalismo, sendo que homens tem menor nível de ambientalismo por apresentarem escores mais elevados em psicopatia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Mertens et al., 2021</xref>). Ademais, tais traços sombrios estão negativamente relacionados a uma orientação empreendedora sustentável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu et al., 2019</xref>), a pouca priorização de valores biosféricos (e.g., priorizar o respeito à terra e a harmonia entre as espécies) e, consequentemente, não agindo em prol do meio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ucar et al., 2023</xref>). Logo, observa-se que a falta de empatia, frieza emocional e tendência para explorar os demais em benefício próprio, que caracterizam o núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade, podem ter um papel importante para o entendimento de comportamentos e atitudes em relação ao meio ambiente. Cabe ressaltar que a personalidade é uma variável distal em relação ao comportamento, havendo variáveis mais proximais ao ambientalismo que podem atuar como mediadores, a exemplo das atitudes socioideológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milfont, 2021</xref>). </p>
			<p>Especificamente, a Orientação à Dominância Social (ODS) é uma atitude socioideológica que descreve a extensão na qual um indivíduo aprova a ideia de uma sociedade hierarquizada e apoia as desigualdades sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ho et al., 2015</xref>). A ODS se estende para além das relações sociais, sendo também uma barreira ideológica para o engajamento ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Stanley et al., 2021</xref>). Pessoas com elevados níveis de ODS se veem hierarquicamente superiores ao meio ambiente, legitimando mitos sobre a dominação do homem sobre a natureza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Milfont et al., 2017</xref>), o que asseguraria a manutenção das hierarquias sociais, garantindo que grupos de maior status explorem e utilizem os recursos naturais, relegando aos grupos com status mais baixo as consequências dos desastres ambientais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2014</xref>). Portanto, pessoas com elevada ODS usam o ambiente como um meio para manter a hierarquia e perpetuar as desigualdades sociais (Stanley et al., 2021), indicando que esta é uma variável central para entender ações e atitudes em relação ao meio ambiente, sendo uma ligação entre a personalidade sombria e o ambientalismo.</p>
			<p>A ODS é uma atitude voltada para a competição, expressando valores como dominação, poder e superioridade, envolvendo uma percepção do mundo como uma selva competitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Duckitt, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duckitt &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>). Essa atitude socioideológica é relativamente estável e predita por certos traços básicos da personalidade, a exemplo dos traços que formam a Tríade Sombria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lee et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Perry &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>). Os traços sombrios se desenvolvem em resposta a um contexto com elevada competitividade e recursos escassos, sendo que características como manipulação, egoísmo e comportamento explorador, podem ser vantajosos, facilitando a obtenção de recursos em contextos restritos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jonason et al., 2019</xref>). Portanto, a ODS seria um mecanismo que levaria pessoas com traços sombrios da personalidade a ter pouca preocupação com o meio ambiente, explorando-o em benefício próprio. </p>
			<p>Considerando o previamente indicado, o presente estudo objetiva verificar o papel mediador da ODS na relação entre o núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade e o ambientalismo. Hipotetiza-se que o núcleo da tríade sombria predirá indiretamente o ambientalismo, fazendo-o por meio da orientação à dominância, que cumprirá o papel de preditor direto. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>Participaram 305 pessoas com idades variando entre 18 e 77 anos (<italic>M</italic>
 <sub>idade</sub> = 26,4; <italic>DP</italic>
 <sub>idade</sub> = 11,25). Ademais, os participantes foram em maioria do sexo feminino (59,7 %) que se autodeclararam solteiros (78,4 %), brancos (51,8 %), de classe social média (46,6 %) e com ensino superior incompleto (61,6 %). Detalhes sobre o perfil sociodemográfico da amostra se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>Em relação ao tamanho da amostra, utilizou-se a calculadora online de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Soper (2023</xref>) para estimar o número mínimo da amostra necessária para testar o modelo via Modelagem por Equações Estruturais. No caso, considerando que o modelo possui três variáveis latentes e 11 variáveis observadas, estimou-se o número mínimo de participantes para se obter um poder de 0,80, um tamanho de efeito grande (&gt; 0,5) e um alfa igual ou menor do que 0,05. Os resultados indicaram que o mínimo de amostra recomendada seria de 123 participantes, logo, os 305 participantes do presente estudo são suficientes para a realização das análises planejadas. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características sociodemográficas</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gt1.png"/>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instrumentos</title>
				<p><italic>New Ecological Paradigm Scale</italic> (NEP; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dunlap et al., 2000</xref>). Medida adaptada para o Brasil por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pires et al. (2016</xref>), é composto por 15 itens (ω = 0,70) que avaliam o grau de endosso em relação a uma visão de mundo ecológica. Os participantes são orientados a indicar em uma escala de cinco pontos (1: <italic>Discordo Fortemente</italic>; 5: <italic>Concordo Fortemente</italic>) o quanto os itens o descrevem, a exemplo de “Quando humanos interferem na natureza, isso frequentemente produz consequências desastrosas” e “Plantas e animais têm o mesmo direito de existir que humanos”. Ademais, foram incluídos dois itens relacionados a atitudes frente a mudança climática: “A mudança climática é real” e “A mudança climática é causada pelos seres humanos”. </p>
				<p><italic>Two Dimensional MACH-IV</italic> (TDM-IV; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Monaghan et al., 2016</xref>). Medida adaptada para o Brasil por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Monteiro et al. (2022</xref>), formada por 10 itens que avaliam tanto visões (ω = 0,59) quanto táticas (ω = 0,74) maquiavélicas. Os participantes são orientados a indicar o seu nível de concordância (1: <italic>Discordo Fortemente</italic>; 5: <italic>Concordo Fortemente</italic>) a itens como “Quem confia completamente em alguém está pedindo para ter problemas” e “É difícil ter sucesso sem pegar atalhos”. </p>
				<p><italic>Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13</italic> (NPI-13; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gentile et al., 2013</xref>). Os itens desta medida foram traduzidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Monteiro (2017</xref>), sendo que esta versão da NPI é formada por 13 itens (ω = 0,81), tendo como objetivo mensurar o nível de narcisismo dos indivíduos. Os participantes são orientados a indicar a sua concordância (1: <italic>Discordo Fortemente</italic>; 5: <italic>Concordo Fortemente</italic>) a itens como “Eu gosto de me olhar no espelho” e “Usualmente tento me exibir quando tenho a oportunidade”. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><italic>Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy</italic> (Levenson et al., 1995</xref>). Medida adaptada para o Brasil por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hauck-Filho e Teixeira (2014</xref>), sendo formada por 26 itens (ω = 0,82), os quais são respondidos em escala de quatro pontos, sendo os participantes orientados a indicar a sua concordância (1: <italic>Discordo Totalmente</italic>; 4: <italic>Concordo Totalmente</italic>) a itens como “Fazer dinheiro é minha meta mais importante” e “Eu não planejo nada com muita antecedência”. </p>
				<p><italic>Big Five Inventory-20</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Veloso Gouveia et al., 2021</xref>). Esse instrumento é formado por 20 itens, tendo como objetivo captar a autopercepção do indivíduo sobre os cinco grandes fatores de personalidade. No caso, os participantes devem indicar em que medida concordam (1: <italic>Discordo Totalmente</italic>; 5: <italic>Concordo Totalmente</italic>) com cada item descrevendo a sua personalidade, a exemplo de “Gosta de cooperar com os outros” (Amabilidade; ω = 0,70), “É temperamental, muda de humor com frequência” (Neuroticismo; ω = 0,77), “Gosta de refletir, brincar com as ideias” (Abertura; ω = 0,75), “Gera muito entusiasmo” (Extroversão; ω = 0,81) e “Faz as coisas com eficiência” (Conscienciosidade; ω = 0,74).</p>
				<p><italic>Social Dominance Orientation 7 Scale</italic> (SDO7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ho et al., 2015</xref>). Adaptada para o Brasil por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Vilanova et al. (2022</xref>), sendo formada por 16 itens (ω = 0,89), aos quais os participantes devem indicar seu nível de concordância (1: <italic>Discordo Fortemente</italic>; 7: <italic>Concordo Fortemente</italic>) a itens como “Nenhum grupo deveria dominar na sociedade” e “Alguns grupos são simplesmente inferiores aos outros”. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Procedimento</title>
			<p>Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário online utilizando-se do procedimento de amostragem bola de neve, sendo o link da pesquisa divulgado nas redes sociais. Prévio ao preenchimento dos instrumentos, os participantes deveriam ler e concordar com o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, no qual eram informados sobre os objetivos do estudo, o caráter anônimo e voluntário da participação e que poderiam declinar da pesquisa a qualquer momento, sem acarretar prejuízos. Assevera-se que o presente estudo seguiu a Resolução 510/16, que orienta as pesquisas nas ciências humanas e sociais, tendo parecer favorável do comitê de ética em pesquisa (CAAE 31360920.1.0000.5181).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise de dados</title>
				<p>Os dados foram tabulados e analisados por meio do SPSS e AMOS. Com o primeiro, foram calculadas análises descritivas (média, desvio padrão) e inferenciais, especificamente análise de correlação de Pearson para conhecer o padrão geral de associação entre as variáveis. Com o segundo software, foi realizada uma Modelagem por Equações Estruturais (estimador Maximum Likelihood), testando um modelo mediacional. Para atestar a qualidade do modelo, tiveram-se em conta os seguintes indicadores de ajuste do modelo aos dados (entre parênteses valores para um modelo aceitável <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hair et al., 2015</xref>): χ²/<italic>gl</italic>, Comparative Fit Index (acima de 0,90), Tucker-Lewis Index (acima de 0,90) e Root Mean Error of Approximation (abaixo de 0,08).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Inicialmente, foram calculadas análises de correlação de Pearson para conhecer o padrão geral de relação entre as variáveis. No caso, entre os oito traços de personalidade, apenas a psicopatia (<italic>r</italic> = -0,17; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01) se correlacionou de forma significativa com o ambientalismo (cômputo da NEP e dos itens sobre mudança climática). Verificou-se, ainda, que a ODS apresentou correlação moderada com o ambientalismo (<italic>r</italic> = -0,53; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> é possível observar em mais detalhes as relações entre todas as variáveis.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relações entre ambientalismo, orientação à dominância e personalidade</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gt2.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label>Nota: </label>
							<p>Identificação das variáveis: Amb: Ambientalismo; ODS: Orientação à Dominância Social; M: Maquiavelismo; N: Narcisismo; P: Psicopatia; EX: Extroversão; CO: Conscienciosidade; AM: Amabilidade; AB: Abertura; NE: Neuroticismo. *<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05; **<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001 (teste unicaudal)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>O passo seguinte foi testar os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos traços sombrios de personalidade e das atitudes socioideológicas para a predição do ambientalismo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Considerando que os três traços sombrios têm em comum uma tendência para a manipulação, insensibilidade e comportamento explorador, modelou-se uma variável latente tendo os três traços como variáveis observáveis, formando assim o núcleo da personalidade sombria, predizendo a orientação à dominância, modelada por meio de duas variáveis observadas (Dominância e Anti-igualitarismo), explicando diretamente o Ambientalismo, modelada pelas cinco facetas da escala NEP, mais dois itens avaliando atitudes em relação à mudança climática. Cabe ressaltar que o modelo CGF foi considerado na presente pesquisa para efeitos de controle, contudo, nenhum dos traços deste modelo se correlacionou com o ambientalismo, optamos por não o incluir na testagem do modelo.</p>
			<p>Por meio de bootstrap com 5.000 reamostragens, verificaram-se inicialmente efeitos diretos da personalidade sombria no ambientalismo (λ = -0,22; IC90% = -0,33/-0,10, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05). Após a inserção da ODS como mediadora, verificaram-se efeitos indiretos dos traços sombrios no ambientalismo (λ = -0,25; IC90% = -0,36/-0,17, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001), sendo essa mediação completa, posto que os efeitos diretos da personalidade sombria no ambientalismo deixaram de ser estatisticamente significativos (λ = 0,03, IC 90% = -0,08/0,16, <italic>p</italic> = 0,65) com a inclusão da ODS, que predisse diretamente o desfecho (λ = 0,36, IC 90% = 0,25/0,48, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). Finalmente, o modelo testado apresentou indicadores de ajuste aceitáveis (χ²/<italic>gl</italic> = 1,87, CFI = 0,95, TLI = 0,93, RMSEA = 0,054).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Modelo de mediação testado</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>O problema das mudanças climáticas e das ações antiambientais no Brasil é uma questão ainda em aberto. O país ainda possui pouco tratamento de esgoto, além de ter parte de sua rica biodiversidade seriamente ameaçada por conta da ação humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Feng et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tomas et al., 2021</xref>). Compreender as bases sociopsicológicas dos comportamentos e atitudes em relação ao meio ambiente é crucial, de modo que a diminuição dos problemas ambientais perpassa por mudanças a nível individual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schultz, 2000</xref>). No presente estudo, aportamos com evidências acerca da influência direta de atitudes socioideológicas e indiretas do núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade sobre o ambientalismo.</p>
			<p>Apesar do enfoque que a literatura dá ao modelo CGF (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman; 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>), observou-se que nenhum dos cinco fatores se relacionou com o ambientalismo. Por outro lado, no modelo de regressão, verificou-se o efeito direto do núcleo da tríade sombria de personalidade na predição do ambientalismo, o que sugere que traços aversivos da personalidade são prejudiciais não apenas nas relações interpessoais, mas também para as relações pessoa-ambiente. A propósito, tais evidências somam-se a dados prévios da literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Huang et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ucar et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu et al., 2019</xref>), denotando que pessoas com traços sombrios não se preocupam com o meio-ambiente, explorando-o em benefício próprio sem se preocupar com sua reposição/preservação. Os traços que formam o lado sombrio da personalidade humana apresentam em comum baixos níveis de amabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gouveia et al., 2016</xref>) e honestidade/humildade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Book et al., 2015</xref>), além de déficits empáticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wai &amp; Tiliopoulos, 2012</xref>), sendo que esses aspectos compartilhados são preditores do ambientalismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman; 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>Portanto, em razão dos aspectos que caracterizam o núcleo da tríade sombria da personalidade, percebe-se que pessoas com elevados níveis nesse agrupamento de traços não conseguem se preocupar com o ambiente natural e com os outros animais. Questões relativas à preservação do meio ambiente são vistas como sem importância por pessoas com escores elevados no núcleo da tríade sombria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ucar et al., 2023</xref>). Não obstante, cabe ressaltar que a magnitude das relações entre personalidade e ambientalismo é menor em comparação as atitudes socioideológicas em razão da natureza distal da personalidade. A propósito, quando a ODS é incluída no modelo, a personalidade sombria deixa de predizer diretamente o ambientalismo, tendo efeitos indiretos, atestando a mediação completa da ODS, confirmando o papel que esta variável tem como preditor direto do ambientalismo, em linha com estudos prévios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Milfont et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Stanley et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesse ponto, cabe destacar que a ODS funciona como um mecanismo que possibilita pessoas com personalidade sombria a adotar atitudes e comportamentos antiambientais. No caso, os traços sombrios são úteis em contextos de escassez e alta competitividade, tornando o indivíduo mais apto a extrair recursos em contextos restritos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jonason et al., 2019</xref>). Isso leva pessoas com esse perfil de personalidade a terem uma maior orientação à dominância social, caracterizada como uma atitude socioideológica que envolve a percepção do mundo como uma selva competitiva, expressando valores como dominação, poder e superioridade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Duckitt, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duckitt &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>), resultando em menores níveis de ambientalismo, vendo-se superior a natureza e no direito de dominá-la e utilizá-la em benefício próprio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Milfont et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>Percebe-se que a ODS funcionaria como um mecanismo que possibilitaria pessoas com traços sombrios dominarem a natureza e a explorarem para a obtenção de recursos. Cabe ressaltar, ainda, que por se enxergarem como superiores a natureza, aliado a serem extremamente individualistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paulhus &amp; Williams, 2002</xref>), pessoas com traços sombrios optam por não modificarem sua rotina diária (e.g., economizar água e energia, reduzir o uso dos veículos) em prol do meio ambiente. </p>
			<p>Apesar dos resultados promissores, é importante analisá-los com cautela. Algumas limitações do estudo são a amostra não probabilística, formada majoritariamente por universitários, além da desejabilidade social. Em estudos futuros é importante contar com amostras maiores e mais heterogêneas (e.g., distribuição mais equitativa em relação ao nível de escolaridade, etnia e classe socioeconômica), além de testar o papel de outros traços aversivos da personalidade (e.g., sadismo, ganância, despeito) e utilizar medidas comportamentais para aferir o comportamento pró/antiambiental. Portanto, percebe-se que as possibilidades de estudo não se esgotam aqui, havendo uma ampla possibilidade de pesquisas para predizer comportamentos e atitudes em relação ao meio ambiente e, a partir do mapeamento dos preditores, propor estratégias de intervenção visando a promoção do ambientalismo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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<fn-group>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			<label>Disponibilidade de dados: </label>
			<p>O conjunto de dados que embasa os resultados deste estudo não está disponível</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
			<label>Como citar:</label>
			<p> Monteiro, R. P., da Cunha, L. Q., Loureto, G. D. L., Araújo, I. C. H., &amp; Pimentel, C. E. (2023). O núcleo da tríade sombria prediz o ambientalismo por meio da orientação à dominância social<italic>. Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-2891. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2891</p>
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		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
			<label>Participação dos autores:</label>
			<p> a) Planejamento e concepção do trabalho; b) Coleta de dados; c) Análise e interpretação de dados; d) Redação do manuscrito; e) Revisão crítica do manuscrito. R. P. M. contribuiu em a, b, c, d, e; L. C. Q. em a, b, d, e; G. D. L. L. em a, b, d, e; I. C. H. A. em a, b, d, e; C. E. P. em c, d, e.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
			<label>Editora científica responsável:</label>
			<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
		</fn>
</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The core of the dark triad predict environmentalism through social dominance orientation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5745-3751</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Renan P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7938-0170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Queiroz da Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0889-6097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes Loureto</surname>
						<given-names>Gleidson Diego</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1406-0058</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Henrique Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Iara Caroline</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3894-5790</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil, renanpmonteiro@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>renanpmonteiro@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Roraima, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Roraima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Roraima</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Universitário de Patos, Brasil </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário de Patos</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract: </title>
				<p>The present study aimed to verify the mediating role of social dominance orientation in the relationship between the core of the dark triad and environmentalism. Participants were 305 people aged between 18 and 77 years old (Mage = 26.4; SDage = 11.25; 59.7 % women). The results indicated that among the 8 personality traits analyzed, considering the Big Five and Dark Triad models, only psychopathy was correlated with environmentalism, which was moderately correlated with social dominance orientation. Considering that the three dark traits shared empathic deficits, low agreeableness and honesty/humility, the effect of the dark triad core was tested for the prediction of environmentalism, observing direct effects. However, such direct effects did not remain statistically significant with the inclusion of social dominance orientation, configuring a complete mediation, since the dark core indirectly predicted environmentalism. Therefore, it is observed that social dominance orientation works as a mechanism that allows people with dark traits not to worry about the environment, exploiting it for their own benefit.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>environmentalism</kwd>
				<kwd>personality</kwd>
				<kwd>dark triad</kwd>
				<kwd>social dominance orientation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A few examples of the devastating consequences that people can have on the environment include forest fires, rising global temperatures, melting polar ice caps, pollution of rivers and oceans, and the possibility of the extinction of many animal species. Brazilian biodiversity is seriously at danger due to human activity. In the Brazilian Amazonia, for example, the data shows that between 77.3 % and 85.2 % of species at risk of extinction have their habitat affected by fires (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Feng et al., 2021</xref>). Yet in Brazil, for the Pantanal biome, in 2020, the largest fires in its history were recorded, with 26 % of the biome destroyed and 17 million vertebrates killed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tomas et al., 2021</xref>). In addition, recent environmental disasters in Brazil, such as those in Brumadinho and Mariana, increase the alarming environmental issue in Brazil, which has been configured as a scenario marked by impunity against environmental crimes.</p>
			<p>Human actions provoke environmental imbalances that, in turn, are followed by numerous problems for humans themselves. For instance, hospitalizations for respiratory illnesses are associated with forest fires in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rocha, 2016</xref>). Data from Colombia showed that exposure to mercury discharged into rivers is related to a decrease in neurocognitive abilities in children and adolescents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">De la Ossa, 2021</xref>). Events related to climate change have affected people’s mental health, especially those living in developing countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Palinkas &amp; Wong, 2020</xref>), such as Brazil. Therefore, it is necessary to identify individual predispositions that can explain, to some extent, pro- and anti-environmental actions and behaviors.</p>
			<p>Within this context, psychology plays a central role, so reducing the environmental crisis depends on changes at the individual level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schultz, 2000</xref>). In order to promote pro-environmental actions, it is necessary to map the sociopsychological predictors of such behaviors and attitudes related to the environment. Thus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milfont (2021</xref>) showed that personality traits and socio-ideological attitudes would be the sociopsychological bases of environmentalism. </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Environmentalism, personality traits and socio-ideological attitudes</title>
				<p>Environmentalism can generally be understood as a set of procedures linked to actions aimed at reducing human impact on the natural world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schultz, 2000</xref>). Taking into account the Five Factor Model (FFM), agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness have consistently predicted environmentalism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman; 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>). Another personality model used to understand environmentalism is HEXACO, with the honesty/humility factor as the most consistent predictor (Milfont, 2021). Furthermore, personality traits explain sex differences in environmentalism, as women are more empathetic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>), kind, conscientious, honest, and humble compared to men (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Desrochers et al., 2019</xref>), consequently having more pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.</p>
				<p>Despite the critical role of FFM and HEXACO in understanding environmentalism, it is worth highlighting the destructive effects that human beings have on nature. In this context, it is essential to explore the role of the dark side of personality in explaining low levels of environmentalism. The Dark Triad, which is composed of subclinical forms of narcissism and psychopathy as well as Machiavellianism, is a model that addresses this unpleasant aspect of the human psyche in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paulhus &amp; Williams, 2002</xref>). According to these authors, these traits are marked by characteristics such as aggressiveness, emotional detachedness, and self-promotional inclinations that characterize people who take advantage of others and behave exploitatively. Furthermore, the core of the dark triad of personality is marked by low levels of agreeableness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gouveia et al., 2016</xref>) and honesty/humility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Book et al., 2015</xref>), in addition to deficits in affective empathy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wai &amp; Tiliopoulos, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Recently, some studies found that psychopathy and Machiavellianism are negatively associated with place attachment and pro-environmental attitudes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Huang et al., 2018</xref>). Psychopathy was also found to play a role in the association between gender and environmentalism. Men have a lower environmentalism score due to higher psychopathy scores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Mertens et al., 2021</xref>). In addition, these dark attributes are associated with a “sustainable business model” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu et al., 2019</xref>), a low focus on biospheric values (“respect for the earth” and “harmony between species”) and, as a result, not acting in for the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ucar et al., 2023</xref>). Therefore, it is observed that the empathy deficit, the emotional coldness, and the need to take advantage of others for personal gain, which are at the core of a dark triad personality type, can play a significant role in understanding behavior and attitudes toward the environment. It is worth noting that personality is a distal variable in relation to behavior, with variables more proximal to environmentalism that can act as mediators, such as socio-ideological attitudes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milfont, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Specifically, Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) is a socio-ideological attitude that describes how an individual approves of a hierarchical society and supports social inequalities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ho et al., 2015</xref>). Social Dominance Orientation extends beyond social relationships and is also an ideological barrier to environmental engagement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Stanley et al., 2021</xref>). People with high levels of SDO see themselves as hierarchically superior to the environment, legitimizing myths about man’s domination over nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Milfont et al., 2017</xref>), which would ensure the maintenance of social hierarchies, ensuring that higher status groups explore and use natural resources, transferring the consequences of environmental disasters to groups with lower status (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2014</xref>). Therefore, people scoring higher on SDO use the environment to maintain hierarchy and perpetuate social inequalities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Stanley et al., 2021</xref>), indicating that this is a central variable for understanding actions and attitudes towards the environment, linking dark personality and environmentalism.</p>
				<p>The SDO is conceived as attitudes related to competition encompassing values such as domination, power, and superiority, which involve a perception of the world as a competitive jungle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Duckitt, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duckitt &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>). This socio-ideological attitude is relatively stable and predicted by certain basic personality traits, such as the traits that form the Dark Triad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lee et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Perry &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>). In sum, dark traits are developed in response to a context with high competitiveness and scarce resources, and characteristics such as manipulation, selfishness, and exploitative behavior can be advantageous, facilitating the obtaining of resources in restricted contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jonason et al., 2019</xref>). Therefore, the SDO would be a mechanism that would lead people with dark personality traits to have little concern for the environment, exploiting it for their own benefit.</p>
				<p>Considering the previously mentioned, the current study aims to verify the mediating role of SDO in the relationship between the core of the dark triad of personality and environmentalism. It is hypothesized that the core of the dark triad will indirectly predict environmentalism, doing so through SDO; the latter variable will directly predict environmentalism.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Method </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>Participants were 305 from the general population, ranging in age from 18 to 77 years old (<italic>M</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>age</italic>
</sub> = 26.4; <italic>SD</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>age</italic>
</sub> = 11.25). Most of them were female (59.7 %), single (78.4 %), white (51.8 %), from a middle-class background (46.6 %), and undergraduate students (61.6 %). Details about the sociodemographic profile of the sample are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>Regarding sample size, we used the online calculator of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Soper (2023</xref>) to estimate the minimum necessary number to test the mediation model through the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Taking into account that the current model encompasses three latent variables and eleven observed variables, the minimum number of participants in order to reach a level of power of .80 to detect such effects by applying the following parameters: α &lt; .05, and strong effect size (&gt; .5). The results indicated that the minimum recommended number would be 123 participants; therefore, the 305 participants in the current study are sufficient to carry out the planned analyses.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label><bold>Table 1<italic>:</italic>
</bold></label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sociodemographic characteristics</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gt3.jpg"/>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Measures </title>
					<p><italic>New Ecological Paradigm Scale</italic> (NEP; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dunlap et al., 2000</xref>). This measure was adapted for Brazil by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pires et al. (2016</xref>), consisting of 15 items (ω = .70) that assess the degree of endorsement concerning an ecological worldview. Participants are instructed to indicate on a five-point scale (1: <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic> to 5: <italic>Strongly Agree</italic>) how much they agree with the items (e.g., “When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences”; “Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist”). Furthermore, two items related to attitudes towards climate change were included: “Climate change is real” and “Climate change is caused by human beings”.</p>
					<p><italic>Two-Dimensional MACH-IV</italic> (TDM-IV; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Monaghan et al., 2016</xref>). Measure adapted for Brazil by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Monteiro et al. (2022</xref>), consists of 10 items that assess both Machiavellian views (ω = .59) and tactics (ω = .74). Participants are instructed to indicate their level of agreement (1: <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic>; 5: <italic>Strongly Agree</italic>) to items such as “Anyone who completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble” and “It is hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there”. </p>
					<p><italic>Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13</italic> (NPI-13; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gentile et al., 2013</xref>). The items of this measure were translated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Monteiro (2017</xref>), and this version of the NPI consists of 13 items (ω = .81), aiming to measure individuals' narcissism level. Participants are instructed to indicate their agreement (1: <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic>; 5: <italic>Strongly Agree</italic>) to items such as “I like to look at myself in the mirror” and “I will usually show off if I get the chance”.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><italic>Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy</italic> (Levenson et al., 1995</xref>). Measure adapted for Brazil by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hauck-Filho and Teixeira (2014</xref>), consisting of 26 items (ω = .82), which are answered on a four-point scale, with participants instructed to indicate their agreement (1: <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic>; 4: <italic>Strongly Agree</italic>) to items such as “Making a lot of money is my most important goal” and “I don’t plan anything very far in advance”.</p>
					<p><italic>Big Five Inventory-20</italic> (BFI-20; Gouveia et al., 2021). This instrument consists of 20 items, aiming to capture the individual’s self-perception of the five major personality factors. In this case, participants indicated to what extent they agree (1: <italic>Totally Disagree</italic>; 5: <italic>Totally Agree</italic>) with each item describing their personality, such as “Likes to cooperate with others” (Agreeableness; ω =.70), “Can be moody” (Neuroticism; ω =.77), “Has an active imagination” (Openness; ω = .75), “Generates a lot of enthusiasm” (Extraversion; ω = .81) and “Does things efficiently” (Conscientiousness; ω = .74).</p>
					<p><italic>Social Dominance Orientation 7 Scale</italic> (SDO7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ho et al., 2015</xref>). Adapted to Brazil by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Vilanova et al. (2022</xref>), consisting of 16 items (ω = .89). The participants indicated their level of agreement (1: <italic>Strongly Disagree</italic>; 7: Strongly Agree) to items such as “No group should dominate in society” and “Some groups are simply inferior to others groups”.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedure</title>
					<p>Data were collected through an online questionnaire using the snowball sampling procedure, and all the participants were recruited through social networks. Before completing the instruments, participants were required to read and agree to the Free and Informed Consent, in which they were informed about the study's objectives, the anonymous and voluntary nature of participation, and that they could decline the research at any time without incurring losses. Finally, the prerogatives provided for in Resolution No. 510/16 of the Brazilian National Health Council regarding regulating research with human beings were respected. The Ethics Committee of a higher education institution in the Northeast Region of Brazil approved this study (CAAE 31360920.1.0000.5181).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis</title>
					<p>The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. The first was used to generate descriptive (e.g., mean, standard deviation) and inferential analyses, specifically Pearson correlation analysis, to understand the general pattern of association among the variables. The second software was used to run Structural Equation Modeling (Maximum Likelihood estimator) in order to test a mediational model. To attest to the quality of the model, the following indicators of model fit to the data were followed (values for an acceptable model in parentheses, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hair et al., 2015</xref>): χ²/<italic>df</italic>, Comparative Fit Index (above .90), Tucker-Lewis Index (above .90), and Root Mean Error of Approximation (below .08).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Firstly, correlations were calculated in order to investigate the general patterns of relations among the variables. Concerning the eight personality traits, only psychopathy (<italic>r</italic> = -.17; <italic>p</italic> &lt;.01) was significantly correlated with environmentalism (i.e., the composite score of the NEP items and climate change items). Furthermore, the SDO was significantly correlated with environmentalism (moderate correlation: <italic>r</italic> = -.53; <italic>p</italic> &lt;.001). All the results of the correlation analysis can be found in detail in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label><bold>Table 2<italic>:</italic>
</bold></label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relationships between environmentalism, dominance orientation, and personality</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gt4.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<label>Notes:</label>
								<p> Env.: Environmentalism; SDO: Social Dominance Orientation; M: Machiavellianism; N: Narcissism; P: Psychopathy; EX: Extraversion; CO: Conscientiousness; AG: Agreeableness; OP: Openness; NE: Neuroticism. *<italic>p</italic> &lt; .05; **<italic>p</italic> &lt; .001 (one-tailed).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Further, we tested the direct and indirect effects of dark personality traits and socio-ideological attitudes in predicting environmentalism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Considering that the three dark traits have in common a tendency towards manipulation, insensitivity and exploitative behavior, a latent variable was modeled with the three traits as observable variables, thus forming the core of the dark personality (independent variable). Thus, the dark core of personality was modeled to predict the SDO (formed by two observed variables: dominance and anti-egalitarianism facets), which in turn directly explain environmentalism (modeled by the five facets of the NEP scale and two items assessing attitudes towards climate change). It is worth noting that the FFM was considered in the current study for control purposes. As none of the personality traits of this model correlated with environmentalism, we chose not to include it in the model testing.</p>
				<p>Using bootstraps with 5.000 resamples, direct effects of dark personality on environmentalism were initially observed (<italic>λ</italic> = -.22; 90%CI = -.33/-.10, <italic>p</italic> &lt;.05). After inserting the SDO as a mediator, we observed indirect effects of dark traits on environmentalism (<italic>λ</italic> = -.25; 90%CI = -.36/-.17, <italic>p</italic> &lt;.001). The mediation was full rather than partial, given that the direct effect of dark personality on environmentalism was no longer statistically significant (<italic>λ</italic> = .03, 90%CI = -.08/.16, <italic>p</italic> = .65) with the inclusion of SDO, which directly predicted the outcome (<italic>λ</italic> = .36, 90%CI =.25/.48, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001). Finally, the tested model showed acceptable fit indicators (χ²/<italic>df</italic> = 1.87, CFI = .95, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .054).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mediation model for environmentalism</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e2891-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The climate change and anti-environmental actions in Brazil are still an open question. Brazil still has little sewage treatment, and some of its rich biodiversity is seriously threatened due to human action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Feng et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tomas et al., 2021</xref>). It is essential to understand the social and psychological underpinnings of behavior and attitudes toward the environment to reduce environmental issues on an individual level (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zelezny &amp; Schulz, 2000</xref>). In the current study, we showed evidence of the direct influence of socio-ideological attitudes and the indirect effects of the dark core of personality on environmentalism. </p>
				<p>Even though the BPF model has been extensively discussed in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont et al., 2012</xref>), none of these five factors were found to be relevant to environmentalism. On the other hand, in the regression model, the direct effect of the dark triad personality's core on environmentalism prediction was verified, suggesting that aversive personality traits are harmful in interpersonal relationships and person-environment relationships. Such evidence adds to previous data in the literature (Huang et al., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ucar et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu et al., 2019</xref>), indicating that people with dark traits do not care about the environment, exploiting it for their own benefit without worrying about its preservation. The traits that form the dark side of the human personality have in common low levels of agreeableness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gouveia et al., 2016</xref>) and honesty/humility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Book et al., 2015</xref>), as well as empathetic deficits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wai &amp; Tiliopoulos, 2012</xref>); these shared aspects are predictors of environmentalism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hirsh &amp; Dolderman; 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Therefore, due to the aspects that describe the core of the dark triad of personality, it is clear that people with high levels of this set of traits cannot care about the natural environment and other animals. However, it is worth highlighting that the magnitude of the relationships between personality and environmentalism is smaller than socio-ideological attitudes due to the distal nature of personality. Thus, when SDO is included in the model, dark personality no longer directly predicts environmentalism, having indirect effects, attesting to the complete mediation of SDO, confirming the role that this variable has as a direct predictor of environmentalism, in line with previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Milfont et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Stanley et al., 2021</xref>). </p>
				<p>As observed, it is worth noting that the SDO consisted of an underlying mechanism that enables people with a dark personality to adopt anti-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Here, dark traits are useful in contexts of scarcity and high competitiveness, enabling the individual to extract resources in restricted contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jonason et al., 2019</xref>). This mechanism leads people with this personality profile to have a greater orientation towards social dominance, characterized as a socio-ideological attitude that involves perceiving the world as a competitive jungle and expressing values such as domination, power, and superiority (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Duckitt, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duckitt &amp; Sibley, 2016</xref>). This pattern of elements, in turn, results in lower levels of environmentalism, seeing nature as superior and having the right to dominate it and use it for one's own benefit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Milfont et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Milfont &amp; Sibley, 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>Thus, it is clear that the SDO would play a role as a mechanism that would enable people with dark traits to dominate nature and exploit it to obtain resources. It is also worth noting that because they see themselves as superior to nature, combined with being extremely individualistic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paulhus &amp; Williams, 2002</xref>), people with dark traits choose not to change their daily routine (e.g., saving water and energy, reducing the use of vehicles) in favor of the environment. </p>
				<p>It is important to highlight some potential limitations in this study. Firstly, we relied on Brazilian convenience samples (mostly of university students), which restricted the generalizability of the current findings. Second, we did not control the effects of social desirability. For future studies, it is important to include larger and more heterogeneous samples (e.g., a more equitable distribution about education level, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class), in addition to testing the role of other aversive personality traits (e.g., sadism, greed, spitefulness) and using behavioral measures to assess pro/anti-environmental behavior. Therefore, it is clear that the possibilities for study were not exhausted here, with a broad possibility of research to predict behaviors and attitudes towards the environment and, based on the mapping of predictors, propose intervention strategies to promote environmentalism.</p>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<label>Data availability:</label>
				<p> The dataset supporting the results of this study is not available</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>How to cite:</label>
				<p> Monteiro, R. P., da Cunha, L. Q., Loureto, G. D. L., Araújo, I. C. H., &amp; Pimentel, C. E. (2023). The core of the dark triad predict environmentalism through social dominance orientation. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-2891. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.2891</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>Authors’ participation:</label>
				<p> a) Conception and design of the work; b) Data acquisition; c) Analysis and interpretation of data; d) Writing of the manuscript; e) Critical review of the manuscript. R. P. M. has contributed in a, b, c, d, e; L. C. Q. in a, b, d, e; G. D. L. L. in a, b, d, e; I. C. H. A. in a, b, d, e; C. E. P. in c, d, e.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>Scientific editor in-charge: </label>
				<p>Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
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