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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cp</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Ciencias Psicológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cienc. Psicol.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1688-4221</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1688-4094</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica del Uruguay.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22235/cp.v17i2.3270</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00024</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos Originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Modulación de la memoria emocional a través de la música en pacientes con demencia tipo alzhéimer</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Emotional memory modulation through music in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="pt">
					<trans-title>Modulação da memória emocional por meio da música em pacientes com demência do tipo Alzheimer</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0759-0563</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moltrasio</surname>
						<given-names>Julieta</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2673-6353</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rubinstein</surname>
						<given-names>Wanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, julietamoltrasio@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>julietamoltrasio@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, CONICET, Universidad de Palermo, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>15</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Los estímulos emocionales son mejor recordados que los neutros. La música genera activación emocional y se utiliza para modular los recuerdos en adultos jóvenes y mayores. Los estudios muestran que en pacientes con demencia tipo alzhéimer (DTA) la música mejora la codificación de palabras y recuperación de recuerdos autobiográficos. Pocos estudios utilizaron la música como tratamiento postaprendizaje y mostraron disminución de falsos positivos en el reconocimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la modulación de la memoria a través de la música en pacientes con DTA. Se evaluaron 75 pacientes con DTA. Observaron imágenes emocionales y neutras, y luego se les aplicó un tratamiento: música activante, relajante o ruido blanco. Luego, evocaron las imágenes que recordaban, seguido de una tarea de reconocimiento. Esto último se repitió una semana después (recuerdo diferido). Los resultados indicaron una disminución de falsos positivos en el reconocimiento diferido en el grupo expuesto a la música activante. En conclusión, la música es capaz de modular los recuerdos en pacientes con DTA. Esta modulación difiere de lo que sucede en otras poblaciones, lo cual podría deberse a las diferencias anatómicas. Los resultados apoyan la utilización de la música como posible tratamiento para la consolidación de la memoria.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral ones. Music generates emotional arousal and can modulate memories in young and older adults. Studies show that in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) music improves word encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories. Few studies used music as a post-learning treatment, showing a decrease in false positives in recognition. The aim of this work is to study the modulation of memory through music in patients with AD. 75 patients with AD were assessed. They observed emotional and neutral pictures, and then received a musical or neutral treatment: arousing music, relaxing music or white noise. Then, they recalled the pictures they remembered followed by a recognition task. We repeated this task a week later (delayed recall). The results indicated a decrease in false positives in delayed recognition in the group exposed to arousing music. In conclusion, music is capable of modulating memories in patients with AD. This modulation differs from what happens in other populations, which could be due to anatomical differences. The results support the use of music as a possible treatment for memory consolidation.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Os estímulos emocionais são mais bem lembrados do que os neutros. A música gera ativação emocional e é usada para modular memórias em adultos, jovens e idosos. Estudos mostram que a música melhora a codificação de palavras e a recuperação de memórias autobiográficas em pacientes com Demência do Tipo Alzheimer (DTA). Poucos estudos usaram a música como tratamento pós-aprendizagem, mostrando uma diminuição de falsos positivos no reconhecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a modulação da memória por meio da música em pacientes com DTA. Foram avaliados 75 pacientes com DTA. Eles observaram imagens emocionais e neutras, e então lhes foi aplicado um tratamento: música ativadora, relaxante ou ruído branco. Em seguida, eles recordaram as imagens de que se lembravam, seguido de uma tarefa de reconhecimento. Este último foi repetido uma semana depois (recordação diferida). Os resultados indicaram uma diminuição de falsos positivos no reconhecimento diferido no grupo exposto à música ativadora. Em conclusão, a música é capaz de modular memórias em pacientes com DTA. Essa modulação difere do que ocorre em outras populações, o que pode ser devido a diferenças anatômicas. Os resultados apoiam o uso da música como um possível tratamento para a consolidação da memória.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Demencia tipo alzhéimer</kwd>
				<kwd>emoción</kwd>
				<kwd>memoria</kwd>
				<kwd>música</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd>
				<kwd>emotion</kwd>
				<kwd>memory</kwd>
				<kwd>music</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Demência do tipo Alzheimer</kwd>
				<kwd>emoção</kwd>
				<kwd>memória</kwd>
				<kwd>música</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="53"/>
				<page-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>La hipótesis de modulación de la memoria indica que los eventos emocionalmente activantes son mejor recordados que los neutros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">McGaugh, 2018</xref>). Estos estímulos poseen altos niveles de <italic>arousal</italic> (activación), y diferentes niveles de valencia (agradable/ desagradable) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Russell, 1980</xref>). Los adultos mayores presentan un mejor recuerdo inmediato y diferido del material visual emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denburg et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gomez-Gallego &amp; Gomez-Garcia, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hamann et al., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Justel &amp; Ruetti, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Leal et al., 2017</xref>). Esta modulación de los recuerdos, a nivel neuroanatómico, está relacionada con la actividad del núcleo basolateral de la amígdala (McGaugh, 2018).</p>
		<p>La música es capaz de despertar fuertes emociones en el oyente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kreutz et al., 2008</xref>) y es capaz de modificar el estado de ánimo de manera positiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Liu et al., 2021</xref>). Los extractos musicales pueden calificarse emocionalmente en términos del nivel de activación, o <italic>arousal</italic>. Las piezas activantes poseen frecuencias altas, cambios inesperados y súbitos en el volumen, altura de los sonidos o ritmo, <italic>accelerandos</italic> y <italic>crescendos.</italic> Mientras que las piezas relajantes poseen tempo estable y lento, cambios graduales en el volumen, ritmo, armonía y altura de las notas, timbres suaves, melodía y ritmo predecibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>).</p>
		<p>La música fue utilizada como tratamiento postaprendizaje para modular la memoria de estímulos de otras modalidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Judde &amp; Rickard, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>). En algunos estudios, se mostró a los participantes imágenes o palabras, luego se los expuso a un tratamiento breve de música o ruido blanco, y finalmente debían evocar y reconocer los estímulos presentados. Estas tareas fueron repetidas una semana después (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>), ya que estudios previos demostraron la importancia de las medidas de recuerdo diferido en la modulación de la memoria emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Quevedo et al, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Schümann et al., 2018</xref>). La música activante mejoró el recuerdo inmediato y diferido de palabras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>), el reconocimiento diferido de palabras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Judde &amp; Rickard, 2010</xref>), el recuerdo de imágenes negativas y neutras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>), y tanto la música activante como relajante mejoraron el recuerdo inmediato y diferido de imágenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>).</p>
		<p>La música también modula la memoria en adultos mayores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Justel et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>). La música relajante empeoró el recuerdo inmediato y diferido de imágenes emocionales y neutras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Justel et al., 2015</xref>). También empeoró el reconocimiento diferido de imágenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
		<p>La demencia es una de las principales causas de discapacidad y dependencia de las personas mayores a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 2021</xref>). La demencia tipo alzhéimer (DTA) es responsable de un 70 % de los casos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">OMS, 2017</xref>). Una de sus principales características es la alteración en la memoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dubois et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>), como consecuencia de la pérdida de neuronas de áreas neuroanatómicas tales como el hipocampo, neocorteza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnes et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Demey &amp; Rojas, 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>Los pacientes con DTA presentan falsos positivos en tareas de reconocimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Budson et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gallo et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hildebrandt et al., 2009</xref>). Reconocen erróneamente a un estímulo nuevo como si lo hubiesen visto u oído previamente. Esto podría deberse a una alteración en el proceso de recolección (<italic>recollection</italic>): la capacidad de evocar información específica de un estímulo. Los pacientes se basan en la noción de que algo fue experimentado previamente en tareas de reconocimiento de memoria, lo que se conoce como familiaridad (<italic>familiarity</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gallo et al., 2004</xref>); es decir, la mera noción de una experiencia previa. De esta manera, cometen más cantidad de errores o falsos positivos.</p>
		<p>Los pacientes con DTA procesan y disfrutan estímulos musicales de un modo similar a pacientes sin patología (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo-Anlló et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Jacobsen et al., 2015</xref>). Además, incluso en el contexto de una severa alteración de la memoria, pacientes con DTA y otras demencias son capaces de recordar melodías conocidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Groussard et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tirigay et al., 2022</xref>). En cuanto a la modulación de la memoria a través de la música en DTA, existen diversos tipos estudios. Los pacientes con DTA recuerdan mejor el material verbal acompañado de una melodía comparado con el material verbal solo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fraile et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Simmons-Stern et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>). Sin embargo, en un estudio no se hallaron diferencias entre material verbal solo y material verbal cantado, tanto en el aprendizaje como en recuerdo (inmediato y al día siguiente) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>). La música también mejora la memoria autobiográfica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Irish et al., 2006</xref>), o la evocación de recuerdos autobiográficos más positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Baird et al., 2020</xref>), y sería mejor que otros estímulos para facilitar la evocación de recuerdos consolidados en esta población (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Kaiser &amp; Berntsen, 2023</xref>). </p>
		<p>Los estudios que muestran el beneficio de la música como tratamiento postaprendizaje encontraron resultados diversos: un estudio, donde participaron pacientes en estadio moderado, no encontró diferencias entre el grupo expuesto a música activante y el grupo expuesto a un tratamiento control de ruido blanco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>). Mientras que otro estudio halló una disminución de falsos positivos en la etapa de reconocimiento diferido de imágenes con un tratamiento de música activante comparado con música relajante y ruido blanco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
		<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la modulación de la consolidación de la memoria emocional a través de la música en pacientes con DTA. Los objetivos específicos son estudiar la modulación a través de música activante y relajante de diferentes medidas de la memoria inmediata y diferida: recuerdo, reconocimiento y falsos positivos. Se parte de la hipótesis de que la música activante aumentará los recuerdos emocionales y el efecto se observará principalmente en las medidas de falsos positivos; mientras que la música relajante generará una disminución del recuerdo y reconocimiento. </p>
		<sec>
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>Se evaluaron pacientes con DTA leve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>), quienes acudían al Laboratorio de Deterioro Cognitivo dependiente del Servicio de Neurología del Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón de San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Fueron evaluados con una evaluación neurocognitiva y un examen neurológico. Se descartaron otras posibles causas de deterioro cognitivo a través de estudios de laboratorio y tomografía axial computada. </p>
				<p>Se seleccionaron 75 pacientes, 51 mujeres y 24 hombres, con una media de edad de 77. Todos los participantes firmaron de manera voluntaria un consentimiento informado previo a su participación. El estudio se llevó a cabo de acuerdo al código ético de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (Declaración de Helsinki) sobre experimentos con humanos.</p>
				<p>Los criterios de inclusión fueron: cumplir los criterios diagnósticos para DTA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>); tener 60 o más años de edad; obtener un puntaje de severidad leve en la escala de deterioro del Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hughes et al., 1982</xref>); completar las dos instancias del protocolo (ver Procedimiento). Los criterios de exclusión fueron: presentar lesiones significativas en TAC; poseer antecedentes de ACV; tener adicción a sustancias o trastornos psiquiátricos; presentar dificultades auditivas y visuales; tener más de cinco años de experiencia en entrenamiento musical.</p>
				<p>Los participantes fueron subdivididos de acuerdo al tratamiento recibido. Se seleccionó como grupo de control a pacientes que no recibieron el tratamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">García-Casal et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">López et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Lyu et al., 2018</xref>), sino ruido blanco (ver Procedimiento).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Materiales</title>
				<p><italic>Cuestionarios.</italic> Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: 1. Cuestionario de datos personales: edad, años de escolaridad, consumo de sustancias previas a la evaluación, consumo de medicación, enfermedades relevantes, antecedentes familiares neurológicos, años de educación musical. 2. Cuestionario de preferencias musicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Mercadal-Brotons &amp; Augé, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Evaluación neurocognitiva de pacientes.</italic> Se administraron las pruebas de screening Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Butman et al., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Folstein et al., 1975</xref>) y Clock Drawing Test (CDT; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Freedman et al., 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>International Affective Picture System (IAPS).</italic> Se utilizaron 36 imágenes del IAPS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lang et al., 1997</xref>) para evaluar la memoria episódica emocional. 12 imágenes eran agradables (positivas), 12 desagradables (negativas) y 12 neutras. Se utilizaron además tres imágenes de ejemplo (una neutra, una positiva y una negativa). Las mismas fueron seleccionadas de acuerdo a trabajos previos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Moltrasio, Detlefsen, et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Estímulos musicales.</italic> Como estímulo musical activante se seleccionó la Sinfonía de Joseph Haydn n.<sup>o</sup> 70 en re mayor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kreutz et al., 2008</xref>). Este extracto musical presenta cambios inesperados en el volumen, ritmo y altura de los sonidos, <italic>crescendos</italic>, lo que provoca altos niveles de <italic>arousal</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>). Como extracto musical relajante se seleccionó el Canon en re mayor de Pachelbel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Knight &amp; Rickard, 2001</xref>), que posee un tempo estable, <italic>crescendos</italic> graduales, una base armónica que se repite, pocos cambios dinámicos y rítmicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Se utilizó ruido blanco como condición control, utilizado en estudios previos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedimiento</title>
				<p>Cada participante fue evaluado por separado en dos sesiones separadas por una semana. Durante la primera, leyeron y firmaron el consentimiento informado. Luego contestaron oralmente la encuesta de datos personales y conocimientos musicales.</p>
				<p>En la primera sesión se les informó que verían una serie de imágenes que debían calificar de acuerdo a cuán emocionantes o activantes les resultaban (puntaje de <italic>arousal</italic>). Luego, se realizó un ensayo con tres imágenes. A continuación, vieron las 36 imágenes de IAPS restantes, ordenadas de manera aleatoria mediante una presentación de Power Point en una pantalla de computadora. Los puntajes de <italic>arousal</italic> de cada imagen fueron recolectados en una grilla por cada evaluador. </p>
				<p>Inmediatamente después, escucharon tres minutos de música activante o relajante; o una condición control (ruido blanco). Se asignó aleatoriamente a cada participante a una de estas tres condiciones: un grupo recibió un tratamiento musical activante; otro un tratamiento musical relajante; y el tercero fue el grupo control, expuesto a ruido blanco. A continuación, describieron brevemente las imágenes que recordaban. Seguidamente, realizaron una tarea de reconocimiento: se presentaron las 36 imágenes iniciales, mezcladas con 36 imágenes nuevas (12 positivas, 12 negativas y 12 neutras, con una media de activación y valencia similar a las 36 iniciales). Se tuvieron en cuenta los puntajes de los verdaderos positivos (imágenes que formaban parte de las 36 iniciales y fueron reconocidas) y falsos positivos (imágenes que no forman parte de las 36 iniciales pero que fueron calificadas como tales). </p>
				<p>En la segunda fase, una semana después, se repitieron las tareas de recuerdo libre y reconocimiento, con otras 36 imágenes nuevas, diferentes a las de la tarea de reconocimiento inmediato. La presencia de esta segunda fase de la evaluación dificultó el alcanzar a un número mayor de participantes, ya que fue requisito excluyente contar con una evaluación a la semana para ser incluido en el estudio, debido a que la consolidación de los recuerdos se observa en mayor medida en recuerdos diferidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Quevedo et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Schümann et al, 2018</xref>). Las características de la población blanco (mayor riesgo de enfermedades, comorbilidades y mortalidad) dificultaron la finalización del protocolo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se utilizó ANOVA y ANOVA Medidas Repetidas (MR) para realizar las comparaciones. Se realizaron pruebas <italic>post-hoc</italic> en los casos en que algunas de las variables o las interacciones fueron significativas. Se fijó el nivel de significación en .05. Para estimar el tamaño del efecto se utilizó Eta cuadrado parcial (η²p).</p>
				<p>Se compararon las variables demográficas edad y escolaridad, y los puntajes en las tareas MMSE y CDT. Se tomó a la variable tratamiento (ruido blanco, música relajante o música activante) como factor inter-sujeto. </p>
				<p>Además, se utilizó ANOVA MR para analizar las siguientes variables: <italic>arousal</italic>, recuerdo inmediato, reconocimiento inmediato (verdaderos positivos), falsos positivos inmediatos, recuerdo diferido, reconocimiento diferido (verdaderos positivos), falsos positivos diferidos. Se estableció el tratamiento (ruido blanco, música relajante o música activante) como factor inter-sujeto y el tipo de imagen (positiva, negativa o neutra) como factor intra-sujeto.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Datos sociodemográficos</title>
				<p>No se hallaron diferencias entre los grupos en las variables: edad, F(2.74) = .642 <italic>p</italic> = .529; escolaridad, F(2.74) = .479, <italic>p</italic> = .521; MMSE, F(2.74) = 1.190, <italic>p</italic> = .310; CDT, F(2.74) = .889 <italic>p</italic> = .416. Los resultados se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Variables sociodemográficas y puntajes de las pruebas</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt1.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<label>Nota:</label>
								<p> Medias de edad, escolaridad, MMSE y CDT de los tres grupos evaluados. RB: sujetos expuestos a ruido blanco; ACT: sujetos expuestos a música activante; REL: sujetos expuestos a música relajante; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; CDT: Clock Drawing Test.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Calificación de <italic>arousal</italic> de las imágenes</bold></title>
				<p>En relación a los puntajes de <italic>arousal</italic>, el ANOVA MR arrojó un efecto del tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 206.963, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001 η²<italic>p</italic> = .854. Los análisis <italic>post-hoc</italic> indicaron un puntaje más alto de las imágenes positivas (<italic>M</italic> = 3.55) y negativas (<italic>M</italic> = 3.97) comparadas con las neutras (<italic>M</italic> = 2.54), y de las imágenes negativas comparadas con las positivas. No se hallaron diferencias de acuerdo al tratamiento recibido, F(2.72) = 1.551, <italic>p</italic>= .219 η²<italic>p</italic>= .041.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recuerdo inmediato</title>
				<p>En el recuerdo inmediato de imágenes, los análisis arrojaron únicamente un efecto significativo del tipo de imagen recordada, F(2.71) = 16.054, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001 η²<italic>p</italic> = .311. Hubo un mejor recuerdo de imágenes emocionales (positivas y negativas) comparadas con las neutras. Los resultados se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Recuerdo inmediato</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt2.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<label>Nota:</label>
								<p> Medias de recuerdo inmediato de imágenes neutras, positivas y negativas en los tres grupos evaluados. RB: sujetos expuestos a ruido blanco; ACT: sujetos expuestos a música activante; REL: sujetos expuestos a música relajante.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reconocimiento inmediato</title>
				<p>En el reconocimiento inmediato no se hallaron efectos de acuerdo al tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 1.123, <italic>p</italic> = .331 η²<italic>p</italic> = .031, ni al tratamiento recibido F(2.72) = .317 <italic>p</italic>= .729, η²<italic>p</italic>= .009.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Falsos positivos inmediatos</title>
				<p>En cuanto a los falsos positivos inmediatos, se halló un efecto de acuerdo al tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 53.316, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .618. Los pacientes tuvieron mayor cantidad de falsos positivos positivos comparados con los negativos y los neutros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>). No se hallaron efectos del tratamiento, F(2.72) = .909, <italic>p</italic> = .408, η²<italic>p</italic> = .025.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Falsos positivos inmediatos</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt3.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<label>Nota: </label>
								<p>Medias de falsos positivos inmediatos de imágenes neutras, positivas y negativas en los tres grupos evaluados. RB: sujetos expuestos a ruido blanco; ACT: sujetos expuestos a música activante; REL: sujetos expuestos a música relajante.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recuerdo diferido</title>
				<p>En el recuerdo diferido de imágenes resultó significativo el efecto del tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 10.960, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .236. Recordaron en mayor medida imágenes positivas (<italic>M</italic> = 0.63) y negativas (<italic>M</italic> = 0.72) comparadas con las neutras (<italic>M</italic> = 0.16). No se halló un efecto significativo del tratamiento, F(2,72) = .328, <italic>p</italic> = .722, η²<italic>p</italic> = .009.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reconocimiento diferido</title>
				<p>En el reconocimiento diferido no hubo diferencias entre los grupos de acuerdo al tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 2.370, <italic>p</italic> = .101, η²<italic>p</italic> = .063. Se halló un efecto significativo en la interacción entre el tipo de imagen y el tratamiento, F(4.144) = 2.782, <italic>p</italic> = .029, η²<italic>p</italic>= .111. Los análisis <italic>post-hoc</italic> indicaron que los pacientes expuestos a música relajante reconocieron menos imágenes negativas comparadas con las neutras y las positivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Media de imágenes neutras, positivas y negativas reconocidas en el reconocimiento diferido</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gf1.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Falsos positivos diferidos</title>
				<p>En relación con los falsos positivos del reconocimiento diferido, se halló un efecto significativo del tipo de imagen, F(2.71) = 14.241, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .286. Los pacientes tuvieron más cantidad de falsos positivos de imágenes emocionales comparadas con imágenes neutras; y más falsos positivos que negativos. También se halló un efecto del tratamiento, F(2.72) = 6.710, <italic>p</italic> = .002, η²<italic>p</italic> = .157. Los <italic>post-hoc</italic> indicaron una menor cantidad de falsos positivos en el grupo que recibió tratamiento de música activante comparado con los grupos que recibieron tratamiento de ruido blanco y música relajante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias de falsos positivos de imágenes neutras, positivas y negativas</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la modulación de la consolidación de la memoria emocional a través de la música en pacientes con DTA. Los objetivos específicos fueron estudiar la modulación a través de música activante y relajante de diferentes medidas de la memoria inmediata y diferida: recuerdo, reconocimiento y falsos positivos. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes expuestos a música activante tuvieron menor cantidad de falsos positivos en el reconocimiento diferido, lo cual apoya parcialmente la hipótesis planteada. Sin embargo, no se hallaron diferencias entre los grupos en el resto de las medidas de memoria ni con el tratamiento de música relajante, contrario a la hipótesis planteada.</p>
			<p>Los adultos jóvenes expuestos a música activante presentan un mejor recuerdo y reconocimiento de estímulos emocionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>). Esto no fue hallado en el presente estudio, ya que los pacientes expuestos al tratamiento musical no tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en las medidas de recuerdo o reconocimiento de imágenes. Esto puede deberse a las limitaciones propias de la patología, ya que afecta a la consolidación de la memoria y estructuras anatómicas asociadas a este proceso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dubois et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Estudios previos que probaron el papel de la música en DTA utilizaron procedimientos que apuntaron a mejorar la codificación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fraile et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Simmons-Stern et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>) o la recuperación de recuerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Irish et al., 2006</xref>). A diferencia del presente estudio, en aquellos se utilizó material verbal y el procedimiento apuntaba a otros procesos de la memoria (codificación o recuperación). Solo dos estudios previos habían utilizado una metodología similar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados dan cuenta de una modulación de los recuerdos en la disminución de falsos positivos. Si bien los pacientes con DTA se basan más en la familiaridad (<italic>familiarity</italic>), cometiendo así más cantidad de falsos positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>), la música podría haber generado una mejor consolidación y un posterior reconocimiento basado en la recolección (<italic>recollection</italic>); es decir, un recuerdo más preciso de la información almacenada. Dos estudios previos habían hallado disminución de falsos positivos en la recuperación, uno de material verbal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>) y otro visual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>). La disminución de los falsos positivos con un tratamiento musical postaprendizaje solo había sido reportado en uno de ellos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>). Estos hallazgos podrían tener implicancias muy útiles en el tratamiento de los olvidos que presentan estos pacientes.</p>
			<p>Estudios previos muestran que los adultos mayores presentan un peor recuerdo y reconocimiento con un tratamiento de música relajante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Justel et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>). En el presente estudio, la música relajante produjo una modulación diferente: empeoró el reconocimiento de imágenes emocionales negativas comparadas con las neutras (dentro del mismo grupo); pero no empeoró su reconocimiento en comparación con los otros grupos. Es decir, generó una disminución del recuerdo emocionalmente negativo comparado con el recuerdo del material neutro. El daño en áreas cerebrales relacionadas con la memoria emocional (como la amígdala), que se produce en la DTA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnes et al., 2006</xref>), podría explicar estas discrepancias con lo que sucedió en investigaciones previas con adultos mayores: la música relajante pudo haber modulado de un modo diferente la actividad de estas áreas, con lo cual no produjo el mismo efecto en los recuerdos.</p>
			<p>Los resultados de este estudio se suman a la evidencia existente con respecto al papel de la música en patologías que afectan la memoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>). Apoya la utilización de la música para modular una función cognitiva afectada: la memoria episódica. Aunque en el presente estudio se aplicó un tratamiento agudo en vez de una estimulación de mayor duración, los resultados permiten elegir los estímulos más adecuados (ej.: música activante) para utilizar en posibles tratamientos a largo plazo. En este sentido, el estímulo musical utilizado produjo un efecto similar al que generó en personas sin patología: mejorar la memoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora, et al., 2020</xref>). Esto respalda la idea de que los pacientes procesan la música, al menos en términos emocionales, de manera similar a como lo hacían previo a la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo-Anlló et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Jacobsen et al., 2015</xref>). Además, el hecho de que los hallazgos apuntan a la disminución de falsos reconocimientos podría tener utilidades en el tratamiento de olvidos cotidianos que afectan la autonomía de los pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>), que en muchas ocasiones se deben a fallas en el reconocimiento de haber sido expuestos a un estímulo o no (ej.: repetir una comida o la toma de una medicación por olvidos).</p>
			<p>En cuanto a las limitaciones del estudio, cabe destacar el tamaño de la muestra, ya que la cantidad de participantes por grupo podría ser mayor. Por otro lado, el hecho de que no se hayan encontrado diferencias entre grupos en las otras medidas del recuerdo podría deberse tanto a la patología en sí como a los estímulos utilizados. Algunos estudios previos realizados con pacientes con DTA utilizaron música de preferencia de los participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>), lo que generaría una mayor activación emocional. Un estudio que compare la música activante desconocida con la música activante conocida para el paciente sería sumamente útil.</p>
			<p>En conclusión, los resultados apoyan la idea de que la música modula los recuerdos, incluso en patologías neurológicas que afectan la memoria, como la DTA. Esto ha sido escasamente estudiado en este tipo de demencia. El hecho de que se pueda comprobar el papel que juega la música como moduladora de la memoria sienta las bases para poder desarrollar tratamientos específicos que apunten a mejorar la consolidación de los recuerdos en quienes más lo necesitan.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<name>
							<surname>Ally</surname>
							<given-names>B. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Budson</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimer's disease: Promise and limitations</article-title>
					<source>Neuropsychologia</source>
					<volume>50</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>3295</fpage>
					<lpage>3303</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.019</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B53">
				<mixed-citation>Tirigay, R., Moltrasio, J., &amp; Rubinstein, W (2022). Dissociations between musical semantic memory and verbal memory in a patient with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. <italic>Applied Neuropsychology: Adult</italic>, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2022.2148105</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tirigay</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moltrasio</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rubinstein</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Dissociations between musical semantic memory and verbal memory in a patient with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia</article-title>
					<source>Applied Neuropsychology: Adult</source>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2022.2148105</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
<fn-group>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			<label>Disponibilidad de datos:</label>
			<p> El conjunto de datos que apoya los resultados de este estudio no se encuentra disponible</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
			<label>Financiamiento:</label>
			<p> El presente trabajo se realizó en el marco de la beca doctoral UBACyT 20220170100038BA, enmarcada en el subsidio UBA 20020170100282BA</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
			<label>Cómo citar:</label>
			<p>Moltrasio, J., &amp; Rubinstein, W. (2023). Modulación de la memoria emocional a través de la música en pacientes con demencia tipo alzhéimer. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-3270. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.3270</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
			<label>Contribución de los autores: </label>
			<p>a) Concepción y diseño del trabajo; b) Adquisición de datos; c) Análisis e interpretación de datos; d) Redacción del manuscrito; e) revisión crítica del manuscrito. J. M. ha contribuido con a, b, c, d, e; W. R. con a, d, e.</p>
		</fn>
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
			<label>Editora científica responsable:</label>
			<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
		</fn>
</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Emotional memory modulation through music in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0759-0563</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moltrasio</surname>
						<given-names>Julieta</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2673-6353</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rubinstein</surname>
						<given-names>Wanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, julietamoltrasio@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
				<email>julietamoltrasio@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, CONICET, Universidad de Palermo, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract: </title>
				<p>Emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral ones. Music generates emotional arousal and can modulate memories in young and older adults. Studies show that in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) music improves word encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories. Few studies used music as a post-learning treatment, showing a decrease in false positives in recognition. The aim of this work is to study the modulation of memory through music in patients with AD. 75 patients with AD were assessed. They observed emotional and neutral pictures, and then received a musical or neutral treatment: arousing music, relaxing music or white noise. Then, they recalled the pictures they remembered followed by a recognition task. We repeated this task a week later (delayed recall). The results indicated a decrease in false positives in delayed recognition in the group exposed to arousing music. In conclusion, music is capable of modulating memories in patients with AD. This modulation differs from what happens in other populations, which could be due to anatomical differences. The results support the use of music as a possible treatment for memory consolidation.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd>
				<kwd>emotion</kwd>
				<kwd>memory</kwd>
				<kwd>music</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The memory modulation hypothesis indicates that we better remember emotionally arousing events (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">McGaugh, 2018</xref>). These events can be highly arousing and can be qualified in terms of valence as pleasant or unpleasant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Russell, 1980</xref>). Older adults are more likely to remember emotional material in both immediate and delayed trials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denburg et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gomez-Gallego &amp; Gomez-Garcia, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hamann et al., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Justel &amp; Ruetti, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Leal et al., 2017</xref>). This emotional enhancement effect of memory is related to the activity of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">McGaugh, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Music elicits emotional responses in the listener (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kreutz et al., 2008</xref>), and has the ability to positively alter mood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Liu et al., 2021</xref>). Musical excerpts can be emotionally rated as highly arousing or relaxing. Arousing or activating musical pieces feature elevated frequencies, abrupt and unforeseen shifts in volume, pitch alterations in sounds or rhythm, as well as <italic>accelerandos</italic> and <italic>crescendos</italic>. On the other hand, relaxing pieces feature stable and slow tempo, gradual changes in volume, rhythm, harmony and pitch of notes, soft timbres, predictable melody and rhythm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Music modulates memory for different events, when used as a post-learning treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Judde &amp; Rickard, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>). In previous studies, after watching or hearing pictures or words, participants listened to either a musical composition or white noise, and subsequently, recalled and recognized the visual or verbal stimuli. Both recall and recognition tasks were repeated a week later (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>), as previous studies demonstrated the importance of incorporating delayed recall measures to demonstrate emotional memory enhancement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Quevedo et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Schümann et al., 2018</xref>). Activating music enhanced both immediate and delayed word recall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>), delayed recognition of words (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Judde &amp; Rickard, 2010</xref>), negative and neutral pictures recall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>), and both activating and relaxing music enhanced both immediate and delayed picture recall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Music also modulates memory in older adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Justel et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>). Relaxing music decreased both immediate and delayed recall of emotional and neutral pictures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2015</xref>). It also reduced delayed picture recognition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>Dementia is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence in older adults globally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">World Health Organization, 2021</xref>). Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is responsible for 70% of cases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">World Health Organization, 2017</xref>). The most common symptom is memory impairment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dubois et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>), resulting from the loss of neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnes et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Demey &amp; Rojas, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) produce false-positive errors on recognition tests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Budson et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gallo et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hildebrandt et al., 2009</xref>). They mistakenly recognize new stimuli as previously seen or heard. This could be due to a recollection impairment, i.e., the ability to evoke specific information from a stimulus. During recognition trials, patients rely on the notion that something was previously experienced, which is known as familiarity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gallo et al., 2004</xref>), i.e., the mere notion that something was previously experienced. This lends to false positive errors.</p>
			<p>Patients with AD spare some aspects of music processing and are able to enjoy music (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo-Anlló et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Jacobsen et al., 2015</xref>). Moreover, even severely impaired dementia patients remember familiar music pieces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Groussard et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tirigay et al., 2022</xref>). Regarding memory modulation through music in AD, there are different kinds of studies. Patients with AD better recall verbal material when it is alongside music (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fraile et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Simmons-Stern et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>). However, one study found no learning and recall differences between sung and spoken verbal stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>). Music also enhances autobiographical memory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Irish et al., 2006</xref>), improves recall of positive autobiographical memories (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Baird et al., 2020</xref>), and is more effective in enhancing memory than other stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Kaiser &amp; Berntsen, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>There are inconsistent findings concerning music as a post-learning treatment in AD: on the one hand, one study with moderate AD patients found no differences between activating music and white noise (control group) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>). On the other hand, another study found that activating music decreased false positives of pictures in a delayed recognition test, compared to relaxing music and white noise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the modulation of emotional memory consolidation through music in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The specific aims are to study modulation through activating and relaxing music in different measures of immediate and delayed memory: recall, recognition, and false positives. We hypothesize that activating music will enhance emotional memories, particularly influencing false positives, whereas relaxing music will lead to a decreased recall and recognition.</p>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>We assessed patients with mild AD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>), who attended the Cognitive Impairment Laboratory affiliated with the Neurology Department at the Eva Perón General Acute Care Hospital in San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina). They underwent neurocognitive assessments and neurological examinations. Other potential causes of cognitive impairment were ruled out through laboratory studies and Computed Tomography (CT).</p>
					<p>Seventy-five patients were selected, comprising 51 women and 24 men, with an average age of 77. All participants voluntarily signed a written informed consent priorly. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the World Health Organization (Declaration of Helsinki) regarding experiments involving humans.</p>
					<p>Inclusion criteria were: meeting the diagnostic criteria for AD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>); being 60 years-old or over; obtaining a score on a deterioration scale indicating mild severity, measured through the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hughes et al., 1982</xref>); and completing both instances of the protocol (see Procedure). Exclusion criteria were: significant lesions in CT scan images; history of stroke; substance addiction or psychiatric disorders; auditory and visual impairments; and having more than 5 years of experience in musical training.</p>
					<p>Participants were subdivided based on the treatment received. The control group consisted of patients who did not receive treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">García-Casal et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">López et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Lyu et al., 2018</xref>), but were exposed to white noise (see Procedure).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials</title>
					<p><italic>Questionnaires</italic>. Two questionnaires were used: 1- Personal Data Questionnaire: age, years of schooling, substance use prior to assessment, medication, relevant illnesses, neurological family history, years of musical education. 2- Musical Preferences Questionnaire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Mercadal-Brotons &amp; Augé, 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p><italic>Neurocognitive assessment</italic>. We used Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Butman et al., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Folstein et al., 1975</xref>) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Freedman et al., 1994</xref>).</p>
					<p><italic>International Affective Picture System (IAPS).</italic> Thirty-six pictures from the IAPS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lang et al., 1997</xref>) were used to assess emotional episodic memory. We used twelve pleasant (positive) pictures, 12 unpleasant (negative), and 12 neutral. Additionally, three sample pictures were employed (one neutral, one positive, and one negative). These were selected based on previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>; Moltrasio et al., 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p><italic>Musical stimuli</italic>. The Symphony No. 70 in D Major by Joseph Haydn (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kreutz et al., 2008</xref>) was selected as the activating musical stimulus. This musical excerpt features unexpected changes in volume, rhythm, and pitch, crescendos, inducing high levels of arousal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>). We chose Pachelbel's Canon in D Major (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Knight &amp; Rickard, 2001</xref>) as a relaxing musical excerpt, which features a stable tempo, gradual crescendos, a repetitive harmonic base, and few dynamic and rhythmic changes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Grocke &amp; Wigram, 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>White noise was used as a control condition, which was employed in previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Justel &amp; Rubinstein, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedure</title>
					<p>Each participant was individually assessed in two sessions, one week apart. During the initial session, they read and signed the informed consent. Subsequently, they orally answered the Personal Data and Musical Preferences Questionnaires.</p>
					<p>During the first session, we told the participants they would look at a series of pictures and instructed them to rate the pictures based on the arousal or excitement they felt (arousal score). A practice trial with three pictures was conducted. Then, they viewed the remaining 36 pictures in a random order through a PowerPoint presentation on a computer screen. Each assessor recorded arousal scores for each picture on a grid.</p>
					<p>Immediately afterward, participants listened to three minutes of either activating or relaxing music, or a control condition (white noise). Each participant was randomly assigned to one of these three conditions: one group received activating musical treatment, another received relaxing musical treatment, and the third was the control group exposed to white noise. Participants then briefly described the pictures they remembered. Subsequently, they performed a recognition task: we showed them the initial 36 pictures mixed with 36 new ones (12 positive, 12 negative, and 12 neutral, with an average arousal and valence similar to the initial 36). We considered true positive scores (pictures that were part of the initial 36 and were correctly recognized) and false positive scores (pictures that were not part of the initial 36 but were identified as such).</p>
					<p>During the second phase, one week later, we repeated free recall and recognition trials, with a set of 36 new pictures, different from those in the immediate recognition task. The inclusion of this second phase made it challenging to reach a larger number of participants, as we considered this phase as an exclusion criteria to participate in the study. This was due to the observation that memory consolidation is more prominently observed in delayed recall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Quevedo et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Schümann et al., 2018</xref>). Due to the patients’ characteristics (higher risk of diseases, comorbidities, and mortality), many were unable to complete the protocol.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data Analysis </title>
					<p>Data comparison was analyzed via ANOVA and Repeated Measures (RM) ANOVA. We conducted post-hoc tests when any variable or interaction was significant. The significance level was set at .05. Partial Eta squared (η²p) was used to estimate the effect size.</p>
					<p>We compared the demographic data age and education, and the scores on the MMSE and CDT tasks. The Treatment variable (White Noise, Relaxing Music or Activating Music) was considered as the between factor.</p>
					<p>Additionally, arousal, immediate recall, immediate recognition (true positives), immediate false positives, delayed recall, delayed recognition (true positives), delayed false positives were analyzed via a RM ANOVA. Treatment (White Noise, Relaxing Music or Activating Music) was established as the between factor and Type of picture (positive, negative, neutral) as the repeated measure.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Demographic data</title>
					<p>We found no age, F(2.74) = .642, <italic>p</italic> = .529; education, F(2.74) = .479, <italic>p</italic> = .521; MMSE, F(2.74) = 1.190, <italic>p</italic> = .310; and CDT, F(2.74) = .889, <italic>p</italic> = .416 differences between groups. Results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Demographic variables and test scoring</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt4.jpg"/>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<label>Note:</label>
									<p> Means of age, Educational level (years), MMSE and CDT in the three groups. RB: subjects who listened to white noise; ACT: subjects who listened to activating music; REL: subjects who listened to relaxing music; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; CDT: Clock Drawing Test.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Picture arousal</title>
					<p>Regarding arousal scores, the RM ANOVA indicated a significant effect of type of picture, F(2.71) = 206.963, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²p = .854. <italic>Post-hoc</italic> analyses indicated that positive (<italic>M</italic> = 3.55) and negative (<italic>M</italic> = 3.97) pictures were more arousing than neutral pictures (<italic>M</italic> = 2.54), and negative pictures were rated as more arousing than positive pictures. Treatment factor was not significant, F(2.72) = 1.551, <italic>p</italic> = .219, η²p = .041.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Immediate Recall</title>
					<p>Only Type of picture was significant, F(2.71) = 16.054, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .311. Participants better recalled emotional pictures (positive and negative), compared to neutral pictures. Results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Immediate recall</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt5.jpg"/>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<label>Note:</label>
									<p> Means of immediate neutral, positive and negative picture recall. RB: subjects who listened to white noise; ACT: subjects who listened to activating music; REL: subjects who listened to relaxing music.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Immediate Recognition</title>
					<p>For Immediate picture recognition nor type of picture, F(2.71) = 1.123, <italic>p</italic> = .331, η²<italic>p</italic> = .031, nor treatment, F(2.72) = .317, <italic>p</italic> = .729, η²<italic>p</italic> = .009, showed a significant effect.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Immediate false positives</title>
					<p>The ANOVA showed a significant effect of type of picture for immediate false positives, F(2.71) = 53.316, <italic>p</italic> &lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .618. Participants showed more false positives for positive pictures, compared to negative and neutral pictures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Treatment factor was not significant, F(2.72) = .909, <italic>p</italic> = .408, η²<italic>p</italic> = .025.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Immediate false positives</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gt6.jpg"/>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<label>Notes: </label>
									<p>Means of immediate false positives of neutral, positive and negative pictures. B: subjects who listened to white noise; ACT: subjects who listened to activating music; REL: subjects who listened to relaxing music.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Delayed recall</title>
					<p>Type of picture showed a significant effect for delayed recall, F(2.71) = 10.960, <italic>p</italic>&lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic> = .236. Participants better recalled positive (<italic>M</italic> = 0.63) and negative (<italic>M</italic>= 0.72) pictures, compared to neutral ones (<italic>M</italic> = 0.16). Treatment factor was not significant, F(2,72) = .328, <italic>p</italic> = .722, η²<italic>p</italic> = .009.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Delayed recognition</title>
					<p>There were no significant differences of Type of picture F(2.71) = 2.370, <italic>p</italic> = .101, η²<italic>p</italic> = .063. The RM ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between type of picture and treatment, F(4.144) = 2.782, <italic>p</italic> = .029, η²<italic>p</italic> = .111. <italic>Post-hoc</italic> analyses showed that patients who received Relaxing music treatment recognized less negative pictures, compared to neutral and positive ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure 1:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Mean of delayed recognition of neutral, positive and negative pictures</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gf3.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Delayed false positives</title>
					<p>The ANOVA RM showed a significant effect of type of picture, F(2.71) = 14.241, <italic>p</italic>&lt; .001, η²<italic>p</italic>= .286. Participants showed more emotional pictures false positives compared to neutral pictures. Treatment factor was also significant, F(2.72) = 6.710, <italic>p</italic>= .002, η²<italic>p</italic> = .157. <italic>Post-hoc</italic> analyses indicated a lower number of false positives in the group that received activating music treatment, compared to the groups that received white noise and relaxing music treatments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 2:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Means of positive, negative and neutral pictures false positives</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1688-4221-cp-17-02-e3270-gf4.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Discussion</title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of emotional memory consolidation through music in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The specific aims were to study modulation through activating and relaxing music in different measures of immediate and delayed memory: recall, recognition, and false positives. Patients who received activating music treatment showed a lower number of false positives in delayed recognition, partially supporting the hypothesis. However, no differences were found between groups in other memory measures, even with relaxing music, contrary to the hypothesis.</p>
					<p>Young adults exposed to activating music typically exhibit enhanced recall and recognition of emotional stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>). We did not observe this in the current study, as music did not enhance picture recall and recognition. This may be due to AD characteristics: memory consolidation and anatomical structures damage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dubois et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McKhann et al., 2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>Prior studies investigating the role of music in AD employed procedures aimed at enhancing encoding or memory retrieval of verbal material (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fraile et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Simmons-Stern et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>). In contrast to the present study, those studies used verbal stimuli, and the procedures targeted other memory processes (encoding or retrieval). Only two previous studies employed a similar procedure to the current study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Rubinstein et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>The results reveal music modulated memory, evidenced by a reduction in false-positive errors. Although AD patients tend to rely more on familiarity, resulting in more false positives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe et al., 2011</xref>), music may have enhanced consolidation, promoting a subsequent recognition based on recollection, i.e., a more precise recall of stored information. Previous studies found music decreased false positives in retrieval, for both verbal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>) and visual stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>). The decrease in false positives with post-learning musical treatment had only been reported in one study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Detlefsen et al., 2020</xref>). These findings may have practical implications for the treatment of AD memory impairment.</p>
					<p>Previous studies show that relaxing music decreased picture recall and recognition in older adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Justel et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Moltrasio et al., 2022</xref>). In the present study, relaxing music showed a different effect: it decreased recognition of negative pictures compared to neutral ones (within the same group), but did not affect their recognition compared to the other groups. In other words, it decreased emotionally negative recall compared to neutral stimuli recall. Damage to brain areas related to emotional memory (such as the amygdala), occurring in AD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnes et al., 2006</xref>), could explain these discrepancies with previous research in older adults: relaxing music might have impacted the activity of these areas differently, thus not producing the same effect on memories.</p>
					<p>Our findings contribute to the existing evidence regarding the role of music in memory disorders (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baird et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>). It supports the use of music to modulate an impaired cognitive function: episodic memory. Although we employed an acute treatment, instead of longer-term stimulation, the results may help choose the most appropriate stimuli (e.g., activating music) for potential long-term treatments. The activating musical stimulus produced a similar effect to participants without memory disorders: it improved memory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Justel et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Moltrasio, Mora et al., 2020</xref>). This supports the idea that AD patients process music, at least in emotional terms, similarly to how they did prior to the disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo-Anlló et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Jacobsen et al., 2015</xref>). Additionally, the fact that the results showed a decrease in false recognitions could have practical applications in treating everyday forgetfulness affecting patients' autonomy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Simmons-Stern et al., 2012</xref>), which often results from failures in recognizing prior exposure to a stimulus (e.g., repeating a meal or taking medication due to forgetfulness).</p>
					<p>Regarding the study's limitations, it is worth noting the sample size, as the number of participants per group could be increased. On the other hand, the lack of music memory modulation in other memory measures could be attributed to both the disease and the stimuli used: previous studies with AD patients used participants' preferred music (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El Haj et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moussard et al., 2012</xref>), which would cause greater emotional activation. A study comparing non-familiar activating music with familiar activating music would be highly useful.</p>
					<p>In conclusion, the results support the idea that music modulates memories, even in neurological disorders impacting memory, such as AD. This has been scarcely studied in this type of dementia. The ability to demonstrate the role of music as a memory modulator lays the groundwork for developing specific treatments aimed at improving memory consolidation in those who need it the most.</p>
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		<back>
<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>Data availability:</label>
				<p> The dataset supporting the results of this study is not available</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>Funding:</label>
				<p> This work was carried out with the support of the UBACyT doctoral scholarship 20220170100038BA, framed in the UBA subsidy 20020170100282BA</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>How to cite:</label>
				<p> Moltrasio, J., &amp; Rubinstein, W. (2023). Emotional memory modulation through music in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. <italic>Ciencias Psicológicas</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(2), e-3270. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v17i2.3270</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>Authors’ participation: </label>
				<p> a) Conception and design of the work; b) Data acquisition; c) Analysis and interpretation of data; d) Writing of the manuscript; e) Critical review of the manuscript. J. M. has contributed in a, b, c, d, e; W. R. in a, d, e.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
				<label>Scientific editor in-charge:</label>
				<p> Dra. Cecilia Cracco</p>
			</fn>
</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>