1. Introduction

Pitaya is a plant originating in Central and South America, more precisely in Mexico [1]. It is among the various species of epiphytic cacti [2], belonging to the botanical family Cactaceae and being divided into four main genera: Stenocereus, Cereus, Selenicereus and Hylocereus [3]. According to [3], the most well-known species of the genera are: Selenicereus megalanthus (yellow bark and white pulp); Hylocereus polyrhizus (red bark and red/purple pulp); Hylocereus sp. (red bark with white or red/purple pulp).

Brazilian pitaya production is currently about 1,493.19 tons per year, with the Southeast region being responsible for the largest share, around 812.64 tons in 2017 [4]. Data from the 2017 Agricultural Census [4] reveal that pitaya production in the state of Pará is equivalent to 156.39 tons, with production concentrated northeastern, mainly in the city of Tomé-Açu, where it reaches 92.70 tons per year.

Among agricultural practices pitaya cultivation, pruning is used to stimulate plant production and prevent some pests and diseases. For [5], pruning is the selective removal of plant parts providing advantages such as production stimulation, correcting physical damage caused.

A proper fruit handling is essential to ensure quality and market acceptance. Therefore, care must be taken with harvesting, storage, and transport conditions. [6] summarized pitaya post-harvest processes as follows: transport to the processing line, pre-cooling, washing and disinfection, selection, and classification, drying, waxing, packaging, box labeling and storage.

[7] examined postharvest changes in pitayas picked commercially immature pitaya and observed increased respiratory after harvest and, six days after harvest, fruit characteristics were similar to those of on-plant ripened fruits. They also noted that fully ripe harvested fruits have soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, as well as betacyanin and ascorbic acid content, similar to those of fruits harvested commercially immature. This information can guide farmers on the most suitable fruit destination.

For pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) cultivation, there are few studies on pruning and its influence on agronomic and post-harvest traits. This species has been commercially grown for a short time in Brazil. As a result, producers often rely only on empirical information from management of other species, also known as pitaya [8]. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pruning on apical dominance in pitaya cladodes and its influence on fruit agronomic and postharvest traits.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Experimental area

The present experiment was carried out in a red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) cultivation from July to October 2020, at the Sítio das Pitaya do Pará located in the city of Tomé-Açu, Pará State, Brazil.

The pitaya orchard was 4 years old, grown under full sun, non-irrigated, and visually healthy. Cladodes from the upper region, without physical or biological damages, were chosen to conduct the experiment.

2.2. Experimental design

A randomized block design (RDB) in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme was used, with four replications for each treatment. Treatments consisted of three stand positions within the field (beginning, middle, and end of plant row) and two pruning regimes (1-cm pruning from the tip and no pruning). The experiment was carried out in triplicate, with each block consisting of an average of three replications. Each block comprised 9 fence posts with pruning at the cladode tip and 9 platforms without it, in each platform 5 cladodes were chosen for the evaluations.

2.3. Agronomic characteristics

Fruit diameter and length were measured with the aid of a 0.01-mm precision digital caliper and a measuring tape. The number of flowers, number of abortions, and number of sprouts were also counted. These parameters were evaluated weekly for 3 months.

Pitaya fruits were characterized in the UFRA postharvest laboratory, before and after harvest, in terms of: length and diameter, mass, water content, peel thickness, pulp/peel ratio, titratable acidity, soluble solids (Brix), hydrogen potential (pH), and production per cladode.

2.4. Statistical analysis

The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the F-test at 5% probability and, when relevant, the means were compared using the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The statistical analysis was performed using the SISVAR 5.0 software [9].

3. Results and discussion

Table 1 displays the results of the analysis of variance of the factors: stand position (SP), pruning (P), and their interaction (SP x P).

Table 1

Summary of the analysis of variance for the effect of the factors: stand position (SP), pruning (P), and their interaction (SP*P) on the number of flowers (NFL), number of abortions (NA), number of sprouts (NS), number of fruits (NFR), fruit diameter before harvest (FDBH, in mm), fruit length before harvest (FLBH, in mm).

^{* *}significant at 1% probability level (p<0.01); ^*significant at 5% probability level (0.01≤ p<0.05); ^ns non-significant (p≥0.05); Coefficient of Variation (CV); Degree of Freedom (DF). Source: own authors.

Table 2 shows that the characteristic number of sprouts was significantly influenced by the factors Position (P) and Pruning (PD), as well as by their interaction Position * Pruning (P*PD).

Table 2

Summary of the analysis of variance for the post-harvest effects of the factors: stand position (SP), pruning (P), and their interaction (SP*P) on the parameters: fruit diameter after harvest (FDAH, in cm), fruit length after harvest (FLAH, in cm), fruit mass (FM, in g), fruit production per cladode (PC, in kg/cladode), peel thickness (PT, in mm), pulp/peel ratio (PPR), titratable acidity (AT, in %), soluble solids (Brix), and hydrogen potential (pH).

^{* *}significant at 1% probability level (p<0.01); ^*significant at 5% probability level (0.01≤ p<0.05); ^ns non-significant (p≥0.05); Coefficient of Variation (CV); Degree of Freedom (DF). Source: own authors.

According to the second criterion of [10], coefficients of variation above 30% are considered high for agricultural experiments. In this study, this can be explained by the fact that pitaya has not yet undergone significant plant breeding, leaving plant stands unequal in terms of many parameters related to production.

Table 2 highlights that fruit mass and pulp/peel ratio at postharvest were significantly influenced by the pruning factor. This effect was proven by [11], who stated that pruning, in addition to stimulating new flower and bud branches, also increases fruit quality and size.

Table 3 shows the means of number of sprouts for SP*P interaction, in which pruning inhibited sprouting at the beginning, middle, and end of plant rows, while no-pruning showed significant differences among stand positions, and the middle of the line showed a significant difference for this characteristic.

Table 3

Mean values of number of shoots for position x pruning interaction.

Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase letter in the row do not differ statistically from each other, by the Tukey's test at 5% probability. Source: own authors.

The results presented in Table 3 are contrary to those found by [12] in a study with white-pulp pitayas. Such divergence may suggest variations derived from different genetic materials, as well as other conditions such as physiological factors, as well as climatic and nutritional conditions [13].

The position in the middle of the line showed increased sprouting (Table 4), which may have been caused by a greater exposure to light. [14] reported that pitaya is a long-day plant, requiring more than 12 hours of light, which may stimulate the growth of secondary cladodes.

Table 4

Means of number of sprouts for each position factor.

Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase letter in the row do not differ statistically from each other, by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Source: own authors.

Table 5 demonstrates that the number of sprouts was smaller in pruned plants. This result corroborates [6], who reported that apical meristem removal in lateral phyto-cladodes inhibits sprout emergence and stimulates cladode thickening and fruiting.

Table 5

Means of number of sprouts, fruit mass, and pulp/house ratio for pruning factor.

Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase letter in the row do not differ statistically from each other by Tukey's test at 5% probability. Source: own authors.

Still in Table 5, pruned plants had heavier fruits than non-pruned ones, corroborating the results found for other fruit trees such as bark nut [15] and Physalis peruviana L. [16].

Finally, pitaya fruit pulp increased with pruning, which corroborates the results found by [8], who observed that fruit tree pruning increases and improves the quality of fruits.

4. Conclusions

1. 1. Cladode pruning reduces sprouting in pitaya plants.
2. 2. Plant positioning within the field influences the number of sprouts.
3. 3. Cladode pruning increases fruit mass and pulp/peel ratio.
4. 4. In brief, cladode pruning is recommended to reduce sprouting, increase production, and improve the post-harvest quality of pitaya fruits.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank the company Sítio das Pitayas do Pará and the Federal Rural University of Amazônia (UFRA) for contributing to this study.

References

Perween, T., Mandal, K. and Hasan, M., Dragon fruit: an exotic super future fruit of India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7(2), pp. 1022-1026, 2018.

Pitaya Do Brasil. Sobre a Pitaya. [online]. [Acesso em: 19. mar. 2018]. Disponível em: https://www.pitayadobrasil.com.br/sobre-a-piatya/..

Moreira, R.A., Ramos, J.D., Silva, F.O.R. and Moreira, R.A., Produção de mudas de Pitaya. Boletim Técnico. (103), pp. 1-11, Lavras/MG, 2017.

IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Resultados do Censo Agropecuário [online]. 2017. [Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://censos.ibge.gov.br/agro/2017/

Baitelle, D.C., Poda programada de ciclo no cafeeiro arábica. Dissertação (Dissertação em Produção Vegetal). Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2018.

Queiroga, V.P., Girão, Ê.G., Gomes, J.P., Queiroz, A.J.M., Figueirêdo, R.M.F. e Albuquerque, E.M.B., Pitahaya (hylocereus spp.) sistema produtivo de cactos trepadeiras. Revista eletrônica a barriguda, 1° ed., 2021.

Martineli, M., Castricini, A., Maial, V.M. and Maranhão. C.M.deA., Post-harvest physiology of pitaya at different ripening stages. Semina: Ciênc. Agrár. Londrina, 42, pp. 1033-1048, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1033

Brito, L.P.S., Poda, tamanho e inserção de cladódios na produção de pitaia (Hylocereus sp.). Orientador: Leonardo Pereira da Silva Brito. (Doutorado em Produção Vegetal). Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2019.

Ferreira, D.F., Sisvar: a guide for its bootstrap procedures in multiplecomparisons. Ciências e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, 38(2), pp. 109-112, 2014.

Scapim, C.A., DE Carvalho, C.G.P. and Cruz, C.D., Uma proposta de classificação dos coeficientes de variação para a cultura do milho. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 30, pp. 683-686, 1995.

İkinci, A., Kuden, A. and Bekir, E.A., Effects of summer and dormant pruning time on the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate contents of two peach cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology, Kenya, 13, pp.84-90, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.1614

Laredo, R.R., Ramos, J.D., Dos Santos, V.A., De Oliveira, E.R., Moraes, K.S. and Tostes, N.V., Desponte de Cladódios de Pitaia Vermelha de Polpa Branca. Uniciências, 22(1), pp. 8-11, 2018.

Sato, S.T.A., Ribeiro, S.C.A, Sato, M.K. and Souza, J.N.S., Caracterização física e físico-química de pitayas vermelhas (Hylocereus costaricensis). Journal of Bioenergy and Food Science. Macapá, 1(2), pp. 46-56, 2014. DOI: https://doi.or/10.18067/jbfs.v1i2.15

Trindade, A., Reis, A., Sabbo, L., Trindade, D., Paiva, P. and Duarte, A., Pitaia: pespectivas e dificuldades. Agrotec. pp. 32-34, 2019.

Hellwig, C.G., Poda e desbaste no cultivo de nogueira-pecã em plantios adensados. Embrapa Clima Temperado-Tese/ Dissertação (Mestre em Ciências) - Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil, 2020, 95 P.

Pellizzaro, V., De Paula, J.C.B., Furlan, F.F., Omura, M.S. and Takahashi, L.S.A., Qualidade dos frutos de Physalis peruviana L. em função de diferentes tipos de tutoramento e poda. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 23(1), pp. 1-10, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.07319

Notes