Abstract: Signed since 1990, school inclusion has brought challenges to the teaching practice not only due to the demands of teaching-learning, but also of the relation with the included student. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize teachers about emotional competence and coping styles, as well as evaluate the quality of the included student-teacher relationship and the association between these variables. An analytical, quantitative and cross-sectional, observational study was carried out, involving 63 teachers from schools that attend students with deficits in the performance of mental/intellectual functions in São Leopoldo-RS. They responded to the Sociodemographic and Labor Questionnaire, the Inventory of Emotional Competencies, the Brief Scale COPE and the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes (Pearson's correlation and Multiple Linear Regression) revealed that although teachers have emotional skills and adaptive coping strategies, the conflict factor was highlighted in the evaluation of the teacher-student relationship, with self-blame, positive reinterpretation and humor being the strategies that best explain it. Thus, the importance of investing in training actions in the area of inclusion is confirmed, since the demands involved in this work tend to overwhelm teachers, reflecting on the quality of their relationship with the included student.
Keywords: School inclusionSchool inclusion,emotional competenceemotional competence,coping stylescoping styles,copingcoping,teacher-student relationshipteacher-student relationship.
Resumo: Firmada desde 1990, a inclusão escolar trouxe desafios para a prática docente não apenas devido às demandas de ensino-aprendizagem, mas também da relação com aluno incluído. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os professores quanto a competência emocional e estilos de coping, bem como avaliar a qualidade da relação professor-aluno incluído e a associação entre essas variáveis. Realizou-se um estudo com delineamento observacional analítico, de abordagem quantitativa e corte transversal, do qual participaram 63 professores de escolas que atendem alunos com déficits no desempenho de funções mentais/intelectuais no município de São Leopoldo-RS. Eles responderam ao Questionário Sociodemográfico e Laboral, Inventário de Competências Emocionais, Escala BriefCOPE e Escala de Relacionamento Professor-Aluno. Análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais (correlação de Pearson e Regressão Linear Múltipla) revelaram que embora os professores apresentem competências emocionas e estratégias de coping adaptativas, o fator conflito se destacou na avaliação da relação professor-aluno, sendo a autoculpabilização, reinterpretação positiva e humor as estratégias que melhor o explicam. Confirma-se, assim, a importância de investir em ações de formação na área da inclusão, pois as demandas envolvidas neste trabalho costumam sobrecarregar os professores, refletindo sobre a qualidade de sua relação com o aluno incluído.
Palavras-chave: Inclusão escolar, competência emocional, estilos de enfrentamento, relação professor-aluno.
Resumen: Desde 1990, la inclusión escolar ha traído desafíos para la práctica docente debido a las demandas de enseñanza-aprendizaje y relación con el alumno incluido. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar a los profesores en términos de competencia emocional y estilos de enfrentamiento, así como evaluar la calidad de la relación profesor-alumno incluida y la asociación entre esas variables. Con el diseño analítico-observacional, abordaje cuantitativo y transversal, participaron del estudio 63 profesores de escuelas que atienden a alumnos con déficit en el desempeño de funciones mentales / intelectuales en el municipio de São Leopoldo-RS. En el caso de las mujeres, se observó un aumento de la mortalidad infantil. El análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial (correlación de Pearson y Regresión Lineal Múltiple) reveló que, aunque los profesores tenían habilidades y estrategias de enfrentamiento adaptativo emocionantes, factor de conflicto destacado en la evaluación de la relación profesor-alumno, siendo la auto-culpa, reinterpretación positivo y humor las estrategias que mejor explican. Esto confirma la importancia de invertir en acciones de formación en el área de la inclusión, ya que las demandas involucradas en este trabajo tienden a sobrecargar a los profesores, reflejando en la calidad de su relación con el alumno incluido.
Palabras clave: Inclusión escolar, competencia emocional, estilos de enfrentamiento, relación profesor-alumno.
Article
Emotional Competence, Coping Styles and the Included Student-Teacher Relationship
Competência Emocional, Estilos de Coping e Relação Professor-Aluno Incluído
Competência Emocional, Estilos de Coping y Relación Profesor-Alumno Incluido
Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia
Received: 03 April 2018
Revised document received: 06 September 2018
Accepted: 07 September 2018
DOI: 10.9788/TP2019.2-19
School inclusion is a much discussed topic due to the high incidence of enrollment of students with some kind of disability, especially in public schools of regular education. This demand stems from guidelines such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which came into force through Decree No. 99710 (1990), the World Declaration on Education for All and the Salamanca Statement (United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 1994), which established that children, adolescents and adults with special educational needs had the same rights as everyone else regarding access to education. Since then, new regulations have been developed aiming to fulfill this demand. For example, the National Policy on Special Education from the Perspective of Inclusive Education (Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva; Portaria nº 948, 2008) instituted specialized educational services for students with disabilities, developmental disorders and high skills/giftedness, in all the levels of education, as well as highlighting the importance of providing training for teachers and developing specific didactic material. Goal 4 of the National Plan of Education (Plano Nacional de Educação - PNE), also stipulated that these students, aged between 4 and 17 years, have access to Fundamental Education and specialized educational service (SES), mainly in the regular education network (Law No. 13005, 2014).
According to data from the last School Census (2017), approximately 87% of students with disabilities, developmental disorders and high skills were enrolled in regular classes in elementary education and 98.9% in high school education (Ministério da Educação, 2018). However, only 40% of the students included had access to the SES (Ministério da Educação, 2018), as it was not provided by many schools.
The students included in the present study were those with deficits in the performance of structural (mental and intellectual) functions, not considering students with physical disabilities or with high skills. Students with intellectual disabilities have few skills to adapt to everyday situations, whether related to routine, self-care or interpersonal conditions (Araújo & Silva, 2017). Therefore, this type of disability has been highlighted as one of the most challenging in the context of inclusion, since it counterposes one of the primary functions of schools, which is the construction of knowledge.
In order to promote the inclusion of students with deficits in structural functions, it is important to consider the specific learning needs of each one. This would imply considering the characteristics and interests of these students in the development of tools and resources to promote their development (Brandão & Ferreira, 2013; Magalhães & Soares, 2016; Santos & Batista, 2015), making the curriculum more flexible (Cruz & Glat, 2014). However, it can be observed that schools often fail to adapt their educational actions due to limitations related to the curriculum and the physical structure (Rosin-Pinola & Del Prette, 2014; Santos & Martins, 2015). Poker, Valetim, and Garla (2017) highlighted that, even though students with disabilities have access to regular education, there are still many gaps to be filled regarding the quality of the learning, which may be related to how the relationship between teacher and student is established.
Teachers involved in the inclusion process, faced with the difficulties presented, tend to experience stressful situations (Platsidou, 2010), which affect their motivation and optimism (Carlotto, Librelotto, Pizzinato, & Barcinski, 2012). These feelings may interfere with the teacher's performance in the classroom, as observed in the study by Sekkel, Zanelatto, and Brandão (2010), who verified few actions of socialization and learning in the practice of early childhood education teachers with included students. Similarly, Fantacini and Dias (2015) indicated that the SES teachers demonstrated difficulties and resistance to modify teaching strategies directed toward students with intellectual disabilities.
Accordingly, an interrelationship can be observed between the psychological aspects of teachers and their professional performance, as one of the main limitations found is the establishment of the relationship with the included students, not only accepting them, but promoting the interaction with them. The collaborative attitude of teachers seems to guarantee more effective inclusion (Brandão & Ferreira, 2013), because it is through their observations that students with deficits in the performance of structural functions can learn new ways of interacting (Costa, 2008).
The collaborative attitude of the teacher is associated with emotional competence, which can be understood as the ability to identify emotions in oneself and in others, to understand their functioning and how they affect one's behavior and that of others, to think when emotionally activated and to regulate one's emotional states (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). These characteristics allow the teacher to better solve the stressful situations experienced in the school (Vargas, 2015). In addition, it is believed that emotional competence is related to coping styles (Carver, Weintraub, & Scheier, 1989), understood as cognitive and behavioral strategies (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980) that lead to stress responses, affecting the ways of acting in future situations (Carver & Scheier, 1994).
It is known that practicing the teaching profession requires skills to deal with the difficulties inherent to the inclusion context, which is usually permeated by problems of student behavior, such as low motivation to learn and perform tasks, indiscipline (Cruz, Gomes, & Melo, 1997) and relational distancing from their family members (Fernandes, Maciel, & Carlotto, 2016), who are sometimes in a situation of social vulnerability. Therefore, the assertive and affective attitudes of the teacher (Santos, 2016), as well as the use of adaptive coping strategies become important, as they tend to result in a favorable classroom climate, enabling a higher quality relationship with the students, in addition to enabling new ways of teaching (McDonald et al., 2016).
It is believed, therefore, that cooperation and the construction of bonds with the included students, will facilitate their adaptation to the school and the accomplishment of the proposed activities, as well as making them more autonomous and active (Malaquias & Sekkel, 2014; Santos, 2016). However, it is necessary for the teacher to have the knowledge and theoretical basis to construct and evaluate adequate strategies to explore their development (Portilho, Batista, Banas, & Oliveira, 2017), which should be a focus of training in the area (Poker et al., 2017).
In view of the above, the present study aimed to characterize teachers of students with deficits in the performance of structural functions regarding their emotional competence and coping styles, as well as to evaluate the quality of the teacher-student relationship and to examine the extent to which emotional and coping styles explain the quality of this relationship. As the hypothesis, it was proposed to investigate whether the presentation of emotional competences and adaptive coping styles favors the quality of the relationship between teacher and included student. Given the scarcity of localized studies that relate these concepts, especially in the context of inclusion, it is necessary to carry out research that theoretically and methodologically supports the construction of an adequate environment for the development of skills, especially emotional competence, due to its importance in the learning processes, and adaptive coping styles, which can promote consistent educational practices. The need for this to be individualized and planned with a view to the specificities of each student, as indicated by the legislation (Decree No. 7611, 2011) should also be considered.
This was an observational-analytical study (Grimes & Shulz, 2002), with a cross-sectional quantitative approach, in which 63 teachers from public schools in São Leopoldo-RS, selected by convenience, participated. The majority were women (98.4%), with a mean age of 43.1 years (SD = 8.30), married or in a stable union (54.0%) and with a mean of 1.6 children (SD = 0.91).
All taught students evaluated by the Center of Support and Research for the Inclusion Process (Núcleo de Apoio e Pesquisa ao Processo de Inclusão - NAPPI) as having deficits in the performance of structural (mental/intellectual) functions. They had 19.59 years of teaching experience (SD = 8.96), 8.46 years with inclusion students (SD = 6.71), attending about 8 students each (SD = 6.71). A total of 14.3% worked in the SES and the others in the classroom. Their mean weekly workload was 38.6 hours (SD = 14.09). Table 1 shows more data on the training of the teachers, as well as their evaluation of the quality of the physical structure and the materials provided for inclusion students.
Training of the Teachers and Evaluation of the Physical Structure and Materials Provided for School Inclusion
The instruments were chosen considering the objectives of the study and the fact that they were developed or already adapted for the Brazilian population. A Sociodemographic and Work Data Questionnaire (adapted from Moreira & Sigolo, 2009) was designed to obtain data regarding schooling, marital status, age, training, teaching work, work in inclusive education and health. In addition, the Emotional Competence Inventory (Inventário de Competências Emocionais - ICE-R), developed and validated by Bueno, Correia, Abacar, Gomes, and Pereira-Júnior (2015) was used to evaluate skills related to emotional intelligence such as recognition of emotions, emotion as a facilitator of thinking, comprehension and management of emotions. It consists of 34 items, answered on a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = does not apply in my case, 5 = applies perfectly in my case). Among these, eight items refer to factor 1, perception of emotions (ability to recognize emotions); seven items to factor 2, regulation of low-power emotions (ability to regulate a negative emotional state, such as sadness, guilt, discouragement); four items to factor 3, emotional expressiveness (ability to communicate and express emotions); seven items to factor 4, regulation of emotions in other people (ability to confront emotionally altered people, helping them to seek emotional regulation); and eight items to factor 5, regulation of high-power emotions (ability to regulate emotions such as anxiety, excitement, anger). It should be emphasized that the data can also generate a general factor of emotional competence, obtained through the addition of factors 1, 2 and 4, however, this was not used because it was indicated by the authors as a second-order factor. In the present study, the Cronbach's alpha obtained for the general factor was 0.88. The indices were: factor 1 α = 0.80, factor 2 α = 0.65, factor 3 α = 0.28 and factor 4 α = 0.89. For factor 3, reliability was calculated using the Split-Half method, obtaining a correlation value of 0.53 between the two halves, which indicates an acceptable level of reliability. This method is used to evaluate the internal consistency of samples that are not representative of the number of items to be submitted to the reliability analysis (Osbourn, 2000).
The Brief COPE Scale, a reduced version of the COPE (Carver et al., 1989) was also applied, which was adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and had its psychometric properties evaluated by Brasileiro (2012). The instrument examines coping styles, through 28 items evaluated using a four-point Likert-type scale (1 = I never do this and 4 = I always do this), and consists of 14 dimensions, grouped into two scales: 1) adaptive strategies (α = 0.72), which includes active coping (acting to minimize or extinguish the stressor event), planning (reasoning about how to deal with the problem), use of emotional support (seeking emotional support from another person), use of instrumental support (obtaining information or help), positive reinterpretation (seeing or extracting something positive from the situation), acceptance (accepting the reality of the facts), religiosity (seeking religion to deal with the problem) and humor (making jokes about the problem); and (2) maladaptive strategies (α = 0.60), which include expression of feelings (high self-awareness about stress experienced, tendency to externalize or repress emotions), denial (efforts to deny the reality of the stressor), substance use (use drugs or alcohol to deal with the problem), body disinvestment (decrease in the effort to reach the goal to which the stressor event is connected), self-distraction (mental disinvestment or avoidance behaviors) and self-blame (criticizing or blame oneself for the problem). For the present sample, the majority of the dimensions obtained acceptable levels of reliability [active coping α = 0.54; planning α = 0.62; instrumental support α = 0.77; emotional support α = 0.85; religiosity α = 0.88; self-blame α = 0.61; acceptance α = 0.77; self-distraction α = 0.68; body disinvestment α = 0.65; use of substances α = 0.70; and humor α = 0.56], however, for the factors with Cronbach's alphas estimated as low, the Split-Half method was considered and the correlations showed internal consistencies of 0.50 for positive reinterpretation; of 0.60 for the expression of feelings factor and 0.57 in the negation factor.
Finally, the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale (Escala de Relacionamento Professor-Aluno - ERPA; Petrucci, Borsa, Barbosa, & Koller, 2014) was used, in its abbreviated version and adapted from the STRS-SF (Pianta, 1992), which evaluates, from the perspective of the teachers, aspects regarding the quality of the relationship with the student. The questionnaire consists of 15 items, the answers to which are evaluated using a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = certainly does not apply and 5 = definitely applies). Seven of the items correspond to the affinity dimension (positive perception of the interaction, characterized by stability, affection and accessibility) and the other eight to the conflict dimension (teacher's perception of negative aspects, such as disagreements and instability in the interaction with the student). For the sample of this study the reliability indices for the affinity (α = 0.81) and conflict (α = 0.77) dimensions were classified as high.
After approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (CAEE: 65197817.6.0000.5344) and from the Department of Education and the NAPPI of the municipality of São Leopoldo-RS, the data were collected. All pertinent documents, such as the Letter of Consent of the school board and the Consent Form addressed to the teachers, were duly signed. The instruments were applied on the premises of the schools on a pre-arranged day and time and were administered individually and at random, with duration of 20 to 30 minutes. The researchers were available to answer any questions from the participants.
The responses of the Sociodemographic and Work Data Questionnaire were analyzed through descriptive statistics to characterize the sample. The absolute (n) and relative (%) distributions were used, as were the measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean and standard deviation), with the study of the normality of the distribution of the data made through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Lillifors correction), which indicated a normal distribution sample (p >.06). The data regarding emotional competence, coping styles and the teacher-student relationship were tabulated according to their authors' indication and analyzed descriptively.
In order to verify the existence of linearity relationships between the variables investigated, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed and to identify which factors of the emotional competence and coping scales explained the dimensions of the teacher-student relationship the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (backward stepwise method) technique was used. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of errors and their independence were verified (Durbin-Watson statistic; Field, 2009; Marôco, 2011). The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values were used for the multicollinearity diagnosis. The variables that would compose the initial model were determined according to the results presented by the correlation analysis, considering those that obtained significance level of 20% or less (Hair, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2009). The percentage of variance explained by the model was estimated using the adjusted coefficient of determination (adjustedR2). The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 program for Windows, adopting a 5% level of significance for statistical decision criteria.
In order to fulfill the objective of characterizing the teachers of included students, descriptive analyses were performed regarding their emotional competence and coping styles, as well as their evaluation of the quality of the relationship between the teachers and students with performance deficits in the structural functions. Regarding emotional competence, the perception of emotions (M = 4.09; SD = 0.63), emotional expressiveness (M = 3.77; SD = 0.59), the regulation of low-power emotions (M = 3.64; SD = 0.55), the regulation of emotions in other people (M = 3.62; SD = 0.74) and the regulation of high-power emotions (M = 3.61; SD = 0.62) were highlighted. Regarding coping styles, the highest means were observed in the active coping (M = 3.38; SD = 0.73), planning (M = 3.40; SD = 0.65), positive reinterpretation (M = 3.08; SD = 0.72), acceptance (M = 3.04; SD = 0.85) and adaptive strategies (M = 3.24; SD = 0.58) dimensions. The lowest means were identified in the negation (M = 1.63; SD = 0.69), body disinvestment (M = 1.43; SD = 0.68), substance use (M = 1.34; SD = 0.71) and humor (M = 1.71; SD = 0.83) dimensions. In relation to the teacher-student relationship, the highest mean was in the conflict factor (M = 4.09; SD = 0.69), followed by the general conflict and affinity factor (M = 3.24; SD = 0.48) and the affinity factor (M = 2.36; SD = 0.44).
Next, to verify the association between these variables, adding the sociodemographic and work data, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed. Weak significant relationships were found between the sociodemographic and work data and the emotional competence factors, coping scales and dimensions of the teacher-student relationship. Similarly, the majority of the correlations between the emotional competence factors and coping scales were also classified as weak, with some being moderate. For the quality of the teacher-student relationship, the majority of the associations found were also weak. The data are presented in Table 2.
Correlations between Sociodemographic and Work Data, Emotional Competence, Coping Styles and Teacher-Student Relationships
In order to examine to what extent emotional competence and coping styles explained the quality of the relationship between the teacher and included student, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (backward stepwise method) was used. The initial response model for the variations of the affinity dimension was composed by the coping scales: self-blame (r = -0.29; p <.02); body disinvestment (r = -0.26; p = .05) and total maladaptive strategies (r = -0.23; p <.08). Regarding emotional competence, the following factors were considered: perception of emotions in other people (r = 0.19; p <.14); regulation of low-power emotions (r = 0.19; p <.14); emotional expressiveness (r = 0.29; p <.03); regulation of emotion in other people (r = 0.45; p <.01); and regulation of high-power emotions (r = 0.49; p <.01). According to the results obtained, the final response model for the affinity dimension was listed in seven steps (F2;54 = 8.808; p < .01; R2model = 0.25) and showed significance for self-blame (bp = 0.25; p = .04; R2p = 0.08) and regulation of high-power emotions (bp = 0.38; p <.002; R2p = 0.16). Regarding these variables, the model was able to explain 24.6% (R2model = 0.25) of the variations observed in the affinity dimension.
In the determination of the regression response model for the variation in the conflict dimension, the coping scales related to religiosity (r = 0.20; p <.12), reinterpretation (r = 0.20; p <.11), acceptance (r = 0.22; p <.09), self-blame (r = 0.17; p <.19), expression of feelings (r = 0.20; p <.11), humor (r = 0.35; p <.01) and total maladaptive strategies (r = 0.31; p <.02) were listed for the initial model. In relation to emotional competence, the perception of emotions in other people (r = -0.24; p <.06) and regulation of low-power emotions (p = -.27; p <.03) factors participated in the model. Considering the estimation obtained for the final model, selected in five steps (F3;57 = 5.71; p <.002; R2model = 0.23), the results indicated that 23.1% of the variance observed in the conflict dimension could be explained by humor (bp = 0.33; p = .006; R2p = 0.12), followed by reinterpretation (bp = 0.20; p = .09; R2p = 0.05), and regulation of low-power emotions (bp = -0.27; p = .02;R2p = 0.09). It should be mentioned that the variables listed in the final models that were not significant remained in the model because they exert an influence on the other independent variables. This influence is characterized by potentiating the explanatory power of one or more independent variables.
Considering that the teacher is a mediator of the interactions in the school environment, being important to enable the inclusion of students with deficits in structural functions in the classroom, it was verified that the participants of this study contradicted data documented in the literature that indicate the individual and isolated practice. This would lead to greater difficulty in solving problems and developing inclusive actions (Vilaronga & Mendes, 2014). The perception of support by the pedagogical team of the school and external professionals, such as those that make up the NAPPI, was identified. They also positively evaluated the school structure and the pedagogical materials that were available for the included students, an aspect that is indicated in several studies as precarious, making it difficult to carry out activities adequately (Carneiro & Uehara, 2016; Pinto, Lima, & Silva, 2005). The positive evaluation of the support received and the structure and materials may have influenced the teachers to adopt more adaptive strategies such as active coping, emotional control, planning, reinterpretation and acceptance, suggesting that they perceive themselves as having a greater sense of control to cope with difficult situations, seeking to solve them in an active way, in order to minimize the stress experienced.
Another fact that highlights the mental health of the teachers investigated was the negative association between the factors of perception of emotions, regulation of low-power emotions and regulation of high-power emotions with the substance use style of coping, as well as the regulation of emotions factor which correlated positively with the self-distraction coping style, indicating that the participants sought to adjust and choose to continue or not to invest in difficult situations that could provoke anger or euphoria, for example.
Despite the positive evidence, it was also found that when coping with practical issues such as dealing with the included student, especially when there are several, the coping strategies most used were active coping, planning, instrumental support, emotional support and humor. These suggest less effort and reflection in seeking to solve the problem, as well as greater solicitation of social and emotional support, since they refer to not valuing the preparation of activities and management of the class. This usually indicates a reduction of the motivational level of the teacher for the practice regarding inclusion (Tsai, Fung, & Chow, 2006).
It was also observed that the older teachers used coping strategies such as body disinvestment and acceptance, indicating a tendency towards styles more focused on emotions rather than problem solving, showing a more negative attitude and, consequently, a higher level of conflict in the relationship with the student. These data converge with those found by Vaz et al. (2015), who reported that older teachers demonstrated negative attitudes toward their included students, possibly due to more traditional and dated concepts regarding the learning model.
According to these results, longer time since undergoing training was associated with the use of self-empowerment and total maladaptive strategies and more teaching experience with lower affinity in the teacher-student relationship. Although Fakolade, Adeniyi, and Tella (2009) found no relationship between time since training and attitudes of the teachers, Hwang and Evans (2011) indicated that teachers with longer times since training showed more negative attitudes towards inclusion. Barbosa Campos, and Valentim (2011) highlighted that teachers with more experience in the teaching profession presented greater conflict and less affinity in relation to the included students because they were more concerned with correcting them than considering them in their specificities.
It was observed that maladaptive strategies, as well as the style of coping, were associated with the perception of emotions, regulation of low-power emotions and regulation of high-power emotions, which indicates that teachers tend to use more styles of confrontation aimed at not accepting the facts and have less positive attitudes, avoiding expressing or repressing feelings. It is possible that this attitude is contributing to feelings of frustration with the problems experienced, as highlighted by Eisenhower, Baker, and Blacher (2007), reflecting how teachers still do not feel able to deal with the included student. Thus, the perception of low self-efficacy in the relationship with the included student, already indicated in other studies (Vaz et al., 2015), can be corroborated, which may affect the choice of strategies used to solve problems.
The negative association of the denial coping style with the perception of emotions and the regulation of the emotions of other people factors suggests that the teachers have an avoidant attitude, presenting difficulty in identifying and regulating emotions, especially in situations in which they need to deal with behaviors of agitation and instability of its students in order to adjust the relationship, which seems to be consistent in situations of inclusion (Mendonça, 2017). Accordingly, Skaalvik and Skaalvik (2015) verified that teachers recognized themselves as flawed and incapable of adapting tasks for dealing with students with special educational needs. One of the reasons was the short time they had available, with them choosing to work longer hours trying to cope even if they did not have emotional conditions, avoiding days off so they did not feel guilty. However, for Forlin (2001) the teachers' belief in their low ability to teach included students indicates a work overload.
In contrast to the data, it is possible to understand the presence of higher levels of conflict in the teacher-student relationship (Capelo & Pocinho, 2016; Pinto et al., 2005). This dimension was positively associated with maladaptive coping styles, such as body disinvestment and humor, indicating that the participants invested less effort and used humor more to deal with stressful situations related to inclusion. Similarly, conflict was negatively correlated with the regulation of low-power emotions, which indicates an attempt to suppress unpleasant emotions. This may be associated with escape behaviors and less interest and commitment to cooperate and interact with the included student (Bueno et al., 2015).
Specifically considering students with intellectual disabilities, Fernandes, Andrade and Ferreira (2017) found behavior of accommodation by the teacher, due to indicators of low attention and emotional concentration of the students, as well as hyperactivity, which may reflect the fragility of the teaching management (Picado & Rose, 2009). In addition, in the study of Eisenhower et al., (2007) the inability for self-regulation and the behavior of greater dependence of the student with intellectual disabilities were considered factors for less proximity of the teacher. Therefore, teachers may perceive themselves as less able and more unprepared to deal with situations involving students with intellectual disabilities (Greguol, Malagodi, & Carrato, 2018), which also tends to affect the behavioral reactions of the students, since this can be perceived as not accepting them (Macedo & Medina, 2017).
However, when there is affinity, which in this study had less expression in the evaluation of the included student-teacher quality, the construction of assertive attitudes is favored (Fachinetti, Nascimento, & Giroto, 2016) and feelings of frustration related to lack of or slow learning tend to decrease. Studies emphasize the importance of investing in the bond so that included students learn social skills and appropriate behaviors, which contribute to the quality of this relationship (Fantacini & Dias, 2015; Katz & Mirenda, 2002; Mello & Rubio, 2013).
Finally, in relation to the factors or dimensions evaluated that revealed the quality of the teacher-student relationship, it was verified that the lower use of the self-blame coping style and the greater regulation of high-power emotions managed to explain the higher levels of affinity, since both are contingencies for the expression of behavior, allowing self-motivation to be maintained (Veiga-Branco, 2004). The conflict was better explained by humor coping styles and positive reinterpretation, as well as by less use of the regulation of low-power emotions. It is plausible to assume that, in general, teachers who do not perceive learning potential in their students with deficits in the performance of structural functions possibly discouraging them from cooperating in the classroom (Silva, 2015), which favors conflict.
In general, the data indicate that even when presenting good emotional competence and the use of more adaptive coping styles, the relationship between the teacher and the included student stands out as conflicting, which leads to the belief that difficulties remain in the handling of situations experienced in the classroom with these students. Therefore, even if teachers have the resources to deal with the demands of these students, they do not seem to put them into practice in the relationship, often limiting themselves to routine and repetitive activities that become exhausting for both.
It is known that the requirements implied for the inclusion of students, especially those with deficits in the performance of structural functions, is seen as a constant challenge that can provoke resistance and restlessness in the teachers (Ferreira, Prado, & Cadaveico, 2015). Therefore, attention to teacher training for action in the area becomes imperative. However, as Veiga-Branco (2004) states, this needs a response to the paradigm shift that understands the students as interactional subjects, considering their social and emotional development as important for achieving their academic goals.
Thus, the teachers, as important actors in the inclusion process, will need a certain level of emotional competence to manage conflicts, to acknowledge their feelings and those of others and to help them regulate them. This would make it possible to consolidate the bond, which is fundamental for the relationship with the included student (Campos & Martins, 2012). In this sense, the data of the present study confirmed that emotional competence factors, such as the ability to regulate impulses and feelings, as well as some coping styles, such as not criticizing oneself for what happens in stressful situations, are fundamental for affinity in the included student-teacher relationship. However, the inability to deal with emotions related to frustration, discouragement, the failure to see the situation more favorably or make the best of it and making jokes about the stressor lead to conflict.
The results present some limitations such as the fact that they refer to a specific sample from a municipality of a metropolitan region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the fact that other emotional aspects were not considered such as the presence of symptoms that refer to psychopathologies. However, the results were shown to be coherent and interesting in that they can help in the elaboration and implementation of proposals aimed at improving the quality of the teacher-student relationships in the context of inclusion. Furthermore, it became clear how fragile the school system is in relation to the inclusion process. This, therefore, corroborates the indications of Poker et al. (2017) regarding the presence of many gaps in relation to the quality of learning of included students. Even though these students now have more access to regular education, many investments are still necessary to make the inclusion effective.
It is hoped that the discussion will help health and education professionals to develop skills directed toward the qualification of their practices. It is also of great importance to invest in research that addresses variables related to the emotional and behavioral issues of teachers, since these seem to affect their relationship with the student, being reflected in the quality of the education that is advocated for all.
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Training of the Teachers and Evaluation of the Physical Structure and Materials Provided for School Inclusion
Correlations between Sociodemographic and Work Data, Emotional Competence, Coping Styles and Teacher-Student Relationships
