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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">uisi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista UIS ingenierías</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. UIS ing.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1657-4583</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2145-8456</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad Industrial de Santander</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18273/revuin.v23n1-2024005</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Síntesis de nanocatalizadores basados en nanopartículas de óxido de hierro: una revisión bibliométrica</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Synthesis of nanocatalysts based on iron oxide nanoparticles: a bibliometric review</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Chagüendo-Figueroa</surname>
						<given-names>Leidy C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7078-2368</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Coral</surname>
						<given-names>Diego F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1561-6994</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mosquera-Vargas</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Grupo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales Cerámicos- CYTEMAC, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia. Orcid: 0000-0001-7078-2368 b. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Cauca</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Física</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Cauca</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Popayán</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<email>lcchaguendo@unicauca.edu.co</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Grupo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales Cerámicos- CYTEMAC, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia. Orcid: 0000-0001-7078-2368 b. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Cauca</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Física</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Cauca</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Popayán</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<email>dfcoral@unicauca.edu.co</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Grupo de Transiciones de Fase y Materiales Funcionales, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Orcid: 0000-0003-1561-6994. Correo electrónico: edgar.mosquera@correounivalle.edu.co </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<email>edgar.mosquera@correounivalle.edu.co</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro de Excelencia en Nuevos Materiales (CENM), Universidad del Valle, Cali Colombia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>a</sup></label> Correo electrónico: <email>lcchaguendo@unicauca.edu.co</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><sup>b</sup></label>
					<email>dfcoral@unicauca.edu.co</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p>Todos los autores han leído y aceptado la versión publicada del manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn7">
					<label>Conflicto de interés</label>
					<p> Los autores declaran que no tienen ningún conflicto de interés.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Mar</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>23</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>47</fpage>
			<lpage>64</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>En este artículo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las rutas de síntesis de nanopartículas de óxido de hierro con aplicaciones como nanocatalizadores en la síntesis de nanoestructuras de carbono por el método de pirólisis de plásticos. Por medio de la pirólisis, es posible sintetizar estructuras tales como nanotubos de carbono de pared simple (SWCNTs), de pared doble (DWCNTs), de pared múltiple (MWCNTs) y nano fibras de carbono (CNFs), las propiedades morfológicas y químicas de los nanocatalizadores garantizan la producción mayoritaria y poco defectuosa de estas nanoestructuras. En cuanto al nanocatalizador de óxido de hierro, esta revisión expone la importancia de parámetros como su forma y tamaño, propiedades que son controladas desde el proceso de síntesis, y la importancia de la interacción entre las nanopartículas y el soporte utilizado. Estos factores influyen directamente en el rendimiento del nanocatalizador, en términos de la actividad catalítica, la selectividad y la durabilidad.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article presents a literature review of the iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis routes with applications as nanocatalysts in the synthesis of carbon nanostructures using the plastic pyrolysis method. Through pyrolysis, it is possible to synthesize structures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The morphological and chemical properties of the nanocatalysts ensure the majority production with minimal defects of these nanostructures. Regarding the iron oxide nanocatalyst, this review emphasizes the importance of parameters such as its shape and size, properties that are controlled during the synthesis process, and the significance of the interaction between nanoparticles and the support material used. These factors directly influence the nanocatalyst's performance in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Catalizador</kwd>
				<kwd>óxidos de hierro</kwd>
				<kwd>pirólisis</kwd>
				<kwd>nanotubos de carbono</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Catalyst</kwd>
				<kwd>iron oxide</kwd>
				<kwd>pyrolysis</kwd>
				<kwd>carbon nanotubes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="5"/>
				<table-count count="1"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="142"/>
				<page-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>1. Introducción</title>
			<p>La catálisis es un proceso por el cual se modifica la velocidad de una reacción química, mediante la adición de una sustancia no consumida definida como un catalizador [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] que actúa para disminuir la energía de activación de la reacción y por consiguiente el costo en dichos procesos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Es importante mencionar, que el campo de la catálisis, ha permitido la incursión del avance de la nanociencia y la nanotecnología [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>], puesto que, se han presentado importantes avances en la investigación y desarrollos en la síntesis, control y manipulación de estructuras, dispositivos y sistemas con nuevas propiedades que se revelan únicamente a la nanoescala [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Una de las propiedades que se ven beneficiadas al nivel nanométrico es la reactividad química, puesto que en una nanoestructura los sitios activos son más abundantes, en comparación al material en bloque, puesto que hay mucho más material expuesto al exterior, es decir tiene una relación superficie-volumen mayor y por consiguiente son muy buenos candidatos para aplicaciones en los procesos catalíticos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>].</p>
			<p>Sin embargo, quedan desafíos para maximizar su eficiencia y mantener su estabilidad y actividad durante un período prolongado, así como el desarrollo de nuevos métodos para la fabricación de los mismos, con el fin de optimizar sus propiedades, enfocados en el estudio del control y el proceso de separación del catalizador del producto obtenido [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Específicamente en catálisis se requiere mejorar el rendimiento en procesos de degradación catalítica, controlando desde la síntesis parámetros como la eficiencia del catalizador, el rendimiento de la reacción y la morfología de los productos obtenidos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>].</p>
			<p>En el área de la nanocatálisis, las nanopartículas de óxidos de hierro han ganado un creciente interés debido a las propiedades ya mencionadas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las nanoestructuras de óxidos de hierro varían de acuerdo al tamaño de la partícula, su morfología (que puede ser esférica, cilíndrica, elipsoidal, entre otras), y a la forma ingenieril adoptada, ya sea como película, nanocristal auto ensamblado, o ferrofluido [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. Razón por la cual, se ha investigado una gran variedad de rutas, para la síntesis de estas nanopartículas con el fin de obtener las propiedades y estructuras deseadas y por lo tanto optimizar su aplicación.</p>
			<p>Es así como, la síntesis química de nanopartículas de óxido de hierro, ofrece enfoques innovadores para el control de los procesos de nucleación y crecimiento de las nanopartículas a nivel atómico, logrando predecir el tamaño y la morfología a través de una metodología específica, ajustando los parámetros de reacción, como el precursor metálico, el disolvente, la temperatura, el tiempo y atmosfera de reacción, entre otros [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. Esto mediante un enfoque <italic>&quot;bottom up&quot;</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>], que consisten en el crecimiento de las nanopartículas a partir de precursores moleculares, tal como se ha reportado en métodos de síntesis tales como la condensación de gas inerte, microemulsión, sol-gel, síntesis hidrotermal, coprecipitación y síntesis por poliol [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>].</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, una de las aplicaciones de interés en los procesos catalíticos de las nanopartículas de óxidos de hierro, se enmarca en la producción de nanotubos de carbono sintetizados por medio de procesos de pirólisis de plásticos, u otros materiales como precursores carbonosos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. Este tipo de nanoestructuras carbonosas poseen propiedades interesantes como alta resistencia mecánica y conductividad eléctrica, cuya producción se ha limitado al método de síntesis utilizado [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>].</p>
			<p>Dichas propiedades dependen principalmente del diámetro y la quiralidad del tubo, el parámetro más importante que define las propiedades y características de los nanotubos de carbono, conocida como la expresión matemática que regula el ángulo con el que se dobla la capa del nanotubo de carbono [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p>
			<p>De esta manera, en la producción de los nanotubos de carbono, el diámetro del nanotubo está estrechamente relacionado con el tamaño de la nanopartícula del catalizador, dado que, la capacidad de generar nanopartículas de tamaño uniforme ha permitido la producción de nanotubos de carbono de diámetro uniforme [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>], así mismo al variar la composición de las nanopartículas del catalizador también es posible producir diferentes tipos de nanotubos de pared simple o de pared múltiple [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>].</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, esta revisión aborda el diseño del nanocatalizador, el mecanismo de crecimiento, la importancia de estos y su aplicación. Finalmente, concluimos con una breve mención del uso de óxidos de hierro como nanocatalizadores para la síntesis de nanoestructuras carbonos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>2. Metodología</title>
			<p>La metodología empleada para la revisión bibliométrica se basó en la revisión de artículos científicos, obtenidos usando motores de búsqueda como Google Scholar, Scopus, Scielo, Lens Org, y Library Genesis. La revisión inicia con el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar y Scopus, empleando la palabra clave <italic>&quot;Iron nanocatalysts&quot;.</italic> La búsqueda se restringió en un intervalo de tiempo a partir del año 2012 hasta el año 2021, obteniendo como resultado 58 publicaciones relevantes para nuestro estudio. Se correlacionó los resultados con las palabras claves <italic>&quot;carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanocatalysts, valent iron nanoparticles, sustainable nanocatalysts, double wall carbon nanotubes, iron nanocatalysts, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, iron oxide nanocatalysts&quot;.</italic> Además, se empleó los motores de búsqueda secundarios Scielo y Library Genesis con la palabra clave <italic>&quot;Iron nanocatalysts&quot;.</italic> Se aplicó los filtros de búsqueda tales como año de publicación y el tipo de literatura a partir del año 2011 con pocos resultados obtenidos (11 artículos científicos, 2 libros).</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, empleando el motor de búsqueda Lens Org, se usó la frase <italic>&quot;Iron oxide catalysts to produce carbon nanomaterials&quot;,</italic> eligiendo las obras académicas y un filtro temporal a partir del año 2016. Se obtuvo como resultado 804 obras académicas. La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> resumen los resultados bibliográficos utilizando la metodología propuesta.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Principales campos de estudio. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2145-8456-uisi-23-01-47-gf1.png"/>
					<attrib>Fuente propia.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Número de artículos científicos revisados para la revisión bibliométrica. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2145-8456-uisi-23-01-47-gf2.png"/>
					<attrib>Fuente propia.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Además, en la búsqueda bibliométrica se incluyó todo tipo de revisión referente a catalizadores de óxidos de hierro empleados en la producción de nanomateriales de carbono. El principal criterio de exclusión empleado fueron los artículos científicos que no incluyeran información sobre este tipo de catalizadores. Al depurar la revisión bibliométrica, 71 artículos científicos fueron seleccionados.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. La catálisis</title>
			<p>El proceso de catálisis se define como el proceso a través del cual se incrementa la velocidad de una reacción química.</p>
			<p>El proceso de catálisis implica la presencia de una sustancia conocida como un catalizador; sustancia encargada de acelerar una reacción química, formando lazos con las moléculas en reacción, permitiendo que reaccionen en un producto que se separa del catalizador, dejándolo inalterado para que esté disponible para la siguiente reacción [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p>
			<p>De esta manera, se puede definir una reacción catalítica como un evento cíclico, con la participación de un catalizador que se recupera al final del ciclo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. Sin embargo, es importante mencionar, que una reacción sin la presencia de un catalizador, presenta una mayor energía de activación, es decir, la reacción no catalítica debe superar una barrera energética considerable, comparada con la reacción que cuenta con la presencia del catalizador, cuyas barreras energéticas en la ruta catalítica son menores [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p>
			<sec>
				<title>3.1. El nanocatalizador</title>
				<p>El avance en la nanociencia y la nanotecnología ha permitido la producción de nanopartículas con diversidad de morfología, tamaños y composiciones, y han ampliado los límites de la tecnología, dado que cuentan con numerosas aplicaciones en muchos campos de interés. En el campo de la catálisis, uno de los retos se enmarca en la síntesis de nanomateriales con el fin de mejorar el potencial catalítico a largo plazo, es decir, nanomateriales con excelente actividad y alta estabilidad en catálisis. De esta manera, se hace necesario la fabricación de un nanocatalizador que conserve la alta actividad, selectividad, fácil separación y recuperación, es decir, un catalizador capaz de hacer un puente entre la catálisis homogénea y heterogénea [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>].</p>
				<p>Químicamente, los catalizadores pueden ser metales, óxidos, sulfuros, carburos, nitruros, ácidos o sales, en diferentes formas y pueden estar soportados en un sustrato o soporte. Además, las propiedades del catalizador se relacionan directamente con las propiedades de las nanopartículas, el soporte y la porosidad de este. Es importante mencionar, que, durante la deposición de las nanopartículas en el soporte, pueden ocurrir cambios en la morfología, tamaño estado de agregación y cambios en fases de las nanopartículas debido a procesos de sinterización y lixiviación, principalmente [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>].</p>
				<p>Cabe destacar que, el rendimiento del catalizador depende del ajuste de los sitios activos en la estructura porosa y en la superficie del soporte [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. De esta manera, ajustar las características de porosidad del soporte es esencial para el diseño de catalizadores funcionales, dado que el análisis de porosidad no solo proporciona datos sobre el área superficial, el tamaño y el volumen de los poros, sino también de la morfología, la topología y la interconexión entre los poros [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>].</p>
				<p>Por consiguiente, el diseño de nanocatalizadores enmarca los siguientes aspectos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>] : la construcción de bloques funcionalizados en una nanoestructura, el control de la asignación de sitios activos, la matriz de soporte, el control de la dispersión y la distancia entre sitios activos, y el ajuste de la accesibilidad al sitio activo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Para el crecimiento de los nanotubos de carbono (CNTs), la formación de CNTs de pared simple (SWCNTs - siglas en inglés), doble (DWCNTs - siglas en inglés), o pared múltiple (MWCNTs - siglas en inglés) se rige por el tamaño de la partícula del catalizador. En términos generales, cuando el tamaño de partícula son unos pocos nanómetros, hay formación de nanotubos de pared simple o doble, mientras que las partículas con unas decenas de nanómetros de diámetro favorecen la formación de nanotubos de pared múltiple.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1.1. Nanopartículas de óxidos de hierro como nanocatalizadores</title>
					<p>La revisión bibliométrica destaca para la síntesis de nanopartículas magnéticas, los siguientes métodos físicos y químicos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]:</p>
					<p>(i) Métodos físicos:</p>
					<p>El uso de los métodos físicos implica triturar, romper o fraccionar materiales en partes más pequeñas para producir nanopartículas a través de la acción mecánica. Entre los métodos físicos se destacan la molienda mecánica y la condensación de gas inerte, principalmente [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Aunque estos métodos se utilizan para la síntesis de nanopartículas, se catalogan como métodos poco efectivos para el control del tamaño y morfología de las nanopartículas y por lo tanto limitan su aplicación como nanocatalizadores [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>].</p>
					<p>En la molienda mecánica, el proceso se lleva a cabo colocando una mezcla de polvos elementales (o pre aleados) junto con una o varias bolas (el material puede ser acero de alta dureza, acero inoxidable o cerámica) en un recipiente (fabricado con ágata para prevenir la contaminación proveniente de la molienda). El recipiente es sometido a agitación, consiguiendo que el polvo de las partículas quede atrapado entre las bolas que chocan entre sí, logrando la trituración de estos materiales [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p>
					<p>La energía del proceso para triturar el material depende de factores tales como la amplitud de la vibración, la velocidad de rotación y la relación bola-polvo, entre otros [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. En todos los casos el principal evento que se produce es el choque bola-polvo-bola.</p>
					<p>La naturaleza de estos procesos depende del comportamiento mecánico de los componentes en polvo, de sus fases de equilibrio y de las tensiones inducidas por la molienda. El proceso puede realizarse en seco o en húmedo, dependiendo del resultado que se pretende obtener. La molienda en seco permite tanto la aleación mecánica como el refinamiento de la partícula. La molienda en húmedo permite solo refinar el tamaño de la partícula [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>].</p>
					<p>Por otro lado, en el método de condensación de gas inerte, el metal es evaporado a temperaturas muy altas (alrededor de 1500 °C) en presencia de un gas no reaccionante de alta pureza. Al colisionar con el gas inerte los átomos metálicos pierden su energía cinética y se condensan sobre una punta fría en forma de un polvo ultrafino. La condensación y evaporación del material respectivo se llevan a cabo en una cámara de vacío [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>].</p>
					<p>Las nanopartículas sintetizadas de esta forma son amorfas y este método permite controlar el tamaño final de los agregados, manipulando los parámetros del proceso tales como la temperatura, el tipo de gas y la velocidad de evaporación, produciendo nanopartículas con un bajo contenido de impurezas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>].</p>
					<p>(ii) Métodos químicos:</p>
					<p>Los métodos químicos son los más usados para la síntesis de nanopartículas. En general, estos métodos se basan en la precipitación de un núcleo constituido por unos pocos átomos metálicos y su posterior crecimiento. El procedimiento general se realiza a partir de una solución de sales que contienen el metal específico.</p>
					<p>En presencia de un líquido con un pH adecuado, las sales se descomponen liberando los iones metálicos. Estos iones tienden a unirse formando partículas, y si el crecimiento de dichas partículas se bloquea en la escala nano se obtienen las nanopartículas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. Con el fin de bloquear el crecimiento de la partícula estos métodos pueden incluir agentes de recubrimiento (surfactantes) que se adhieren a los átomos metálicos o a la superficie del núcleo, evitando que se unan más átomos, controlando así el crecimiento de las nanopartículas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. En otros casos, estos agentes interactúan fuertemente con los átomos de la superficie de las nanopartículas, modificando la estructura química superficial y por lo tanto sus propiedades.</p>
					<p>El producto final suele ser del orden de miligramos, sin embargo, hay algunos métodos que permiten preparar grandes cantidades de nanopartículas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>].</p>
					<p>Dentro de lo métodos químicos de nanopartículas existen una amplia gama de métodos para la síntesis tales como coprecipitación, sol-gel, descomposición térmica, emulsión y micro emulsión, métodos hidrotermales y asistidos por microondas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>].</p>
					<p>Para el caso de las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro como la magnetita, el método de coprecipitación es el que se utiliza en mayor porcentaje [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. Este proceso implica dos vías posibles: la primera es la oxidación parcial de sales de hierro (II) y la segunda es el envejecimiento de una mezcla estequiométrica de hidróxido férrico y ferroso en un medio acuoso. Seguidamente, mediante la adición de una solución alcalina se conduce a la nucleación, crecimiento y finalmente a la generación de nanopartículas de Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>].</p>
					<p>Es importante mencionar que, la revisión bibliográfica basada en artículos científicos destaca, principalmente, el uso de las siguientes fases de óxidos de hierro como catalizadores en el proceso de síntesis de nanoestrucutras de carbono por el método de pirólisis: la magnetita (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), la hematita (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), y la maghemita (y-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).</p>
					<p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>, muestra la revisión bibliométrica para cada óxido férrico.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Número de artículos que reportan el uso de óxidos de hierro como catalizadores. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2145-8456-uisi-23-01-47-gf3.png"/>
							<attrib>Fuente propia.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1.2. Influencia del tamaño de nanopartícula</title>
					<p>La importancia del tamaño de partícula en las propiedades catalíticas de los óxidos de hierro se reconoce desde 1925 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>], cuando es introducido el concepto de sitios activos, definidos como átomos particulares o grupos de átomos en la superficie de los sólidos responsables de su actividad catalítica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]. De esta manera, el tamaño de partícula influye tanto en el número de coordinación superficial como en la extensión de la interacción partícula-soporte, es decir, las partículas más pequeñas, especialmente en el rango de nanómetros, exponen más bordes, esquinas y torceduras, por unidad de peso, que las partículas más grandes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>], lo que evidencia, que la actividad del catalizador, está determinada principalmente por el tamaño de nanopartícula, depositada sobre el soporte, dado que solo los átomos de hierro superficiales pueden participar en la reacción química [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>].</p>
					<p>Es importante mencionar que el tamaño del catalizador, también tiene una influencia directa en el crecimiento de las nanoestructuras carbonosas, específicamente en los nanotubos de carbono (CNT), dado que solo las partículas de tamaño adecuado pueden nuclear estas nanoestructuras [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. Previos resultados experimentales reportados por Morel et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>] empleando magnetita mineral como catalizador, mostró que pequeñas partículas pueden ser generadas por la reducción del hierro durante el proceso de nucleación y crecimiento de los CNTs. Además, el estudio estructural evidencia la formación de FeC y FeO durante el crecimiento de los nanotubos. Por lo tanto, se deben considerar las condiciones de síntesis durante el crecimiento de estas nanoestructuras carbonosas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1.3. Soporte del nanocatalizador</title>
					<p>En la fabricación del nanocatalizador el material de soporte, juega un papel importante, esto debido principalmente al potencial de selectividad mejorada, al potencial de la catálisis y a la inhibición de la agregación de nanopartículas, proporcionando la inmovilización y la separación sobre el soporte heterogéneo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>].</p>
					<p>En la nanocatálisis, entre los materiales más utilizados como soportes, se destacan los materiales porosos, mesoporosos, materiales carbonosos, biopolímeros y óxidos metálicos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>].</p>
					<p>Los materiales porosos se definen como un sólido que comprende una red interconectada o poros cuyas propiedades texturales y físicas dependen de sus constituyentes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Su uso como soporte para las nanopartículas permite generar sitios de adsorción específicos, creando una partición entre el exterior y la estructura porosa interior [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. También, tienen la capacidad de inhibir el crecimiento de las nanopartículas y reduce la agregación de estas cuando la síntesis del nanocatalizador se realiza sobre el sustrato [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>].</p>
					<p>Es importante mencionar que seleccionando y manipulando las propiedades texturales del soporte poroso, es posible controlar el tamaño y la forma de las nanoestructuras de carbono obtenidas a partir del proceso de pirólisis.</p>
					<p>Entre los principales materiales para fabricar los soportes se encuentran los materiales carbonosos, lo óxidos metálicos, los polímeros, los materiales mesoporosos y los materiales microporosos.</p>
					<p>Por su parte, los materiales carbonosos ofrecen ventajas como soportes, dada su porosidad definida, área superficial alta y alta conductividad eléctrica. Estos materiales conforman una familia de materiales carbonosos mesoporosos conocidos como STARBON [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>], los cuales son obtenidos a partir de la carbonización controlada con almidón expandido mesoporoso, como precursor sin necesidad de un agente moldeador [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>].</p>
					<p>En cambio, los óxidos metálicos ofrecen altas estabilidades térmicas y químicas combinadas con una estructura porosa bien definida y áreas superficiales altas. Entre los óxidos más utilizados se encuentran el óxido de silicio o sílice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>], alúmina [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>], óxido de titanio [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>], óxido de cerio [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>], la circonia, y óxidos de hierro como la magnetita [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>].</p>
					<p>Por otro lado, los polímeros son catalogados como soportes para nanopartículas metálicas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>], debido principalmente a sus propiedades de estabilización de nanopartículas metálicas y resistencia a la sinterización y a la aglomeración de estas. Entre los polímeros como soportes se destacan los poliorganofosfacenos con un esqueleto inorgánico, polivinilpiridina, fibras y dendrímeros. Cabe mencionar que, frente a estos soportes tradicionales, los biopolímeros ofrecen ventajas que incluyen baja toxicidad, bajo costo y alta biocompatibilidad, disponibilidad, y abundancia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>].</p>
					<p>Así mismo, los materiales mesoporosos son utilizados como soportes, debido a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas como su gran área superficial específica, la uniformidad de los poros, su interacción con iones, su facilidad de síntesis, y múltiples aplicaciones en adsorción, catálisis, fotocatálisis, intercambio iónico, petroquímica, absorción de gases, entre otras [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>].</p>
					<p>Existe una amplia variedad de mesoporosos que se encuentran disponibles y son sencillos de sintetizar; ejemplos de ellos son las arcillas y los silicatos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. Las arcillas son minerales mesoporosos muy abundantes en la naturaleza.</p>
					<p>Finalmente, dentro de los materiales microporosos, se encuentran las zeolitas que son aluminosilicatos cristalinos de origen natural o sintético. Considerados como polímeros inorgánicos cristalinos basados en una red tridimensional de tetraedros de SiO4 y AlO4 enlazados entre sí a través de oxígenos. Poseen propiedades como la alta estabilidad térmica, la capacidad de adsorción y homogeneidad en la distribución de centros, con diversas aplicaciones en procesos de catálisis y adsorción [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>].</p>
					<p>El principal inconveniente de los materiales zeolíticos es su limitado tamaño de poro, esto debido a que su estructura microporosa causa frecuentemente limitaciones en la difusión de las moléculas a lo largo de la estructura cristalina, debido a la dificultad en el transporte de los reactantes a los sitios activos o a la salida de los productos generados [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>].</p>
					<p>En este contexto, la revisión bibliométrica, destaca el uso del soporte de alúmina (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), debido a su fuerte interacción metal-soporte, alta dispersión de metal y alta densidad del sitio catalítico, aumentando el rendimiento de los nanotubos de carbono [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]. También se reportó el uso de soportes porosos como el óxido de magnesio y la zeolita, con el fin de que las nanopartículas del óxido de hierro utilizadas tengan una dispersión más uniforme sobre el soporte y haya poca o nula aglomeración [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>]. La desventaja de estos soportes es la cantidad de carbono amorfo que tiende a acumularse en los poros de los materiales porosos después del proceso de pirólisis, lo que hace necesario un paso adicional de purificación para obtener la nanoestructura de carbón [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]. </p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Revisión bibliométrica de soportes utilizados para catalizadores en el crecimiento de materiales carbonosos. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2145-8456-uisi-23-01-47-gf4.png"/>
							<attrib>Fuente propia.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.2. Rutas para la síntesis: soporte-nanopartículas metálicas</title>
				<p>Es de destacar la importancia que tienen en las aplicaciones catalíticas, la dispersión de las nanopartículas sobre la superficie del soporte, dado que generaran la mayor cantidad de sitios activos. Entre los métodos más utilizados para la dispersión de las nanopartículas sobre el soporte del nanocatalizador se encuentran los métodos físicos, con técnicas como la sonicación, microondas, ablación con láser pulsado, y los métodos químicos con técnicas como electroquímicas y la impregnación [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>].</p>
				<p>(i) Métodos físicos</p>
				<p>Dentro de los métodos físicos, la ultrasonicación emplea la capacidad de la energía transportada por las ondas sonoras para provocar cavitación. Esta técnica tiene la capacidad de controlar la distribución del tamaño de agregados de nanopartículas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>].</p>
				<p>Para la dispersión de nanopartículas sobre un soporte, la irradiación de microondas presenta ventajas sobre los métodos de calentamiento convencionales. Los tiempos de preparación y reacción son menores, y se obtienen nanopartículas con distribución de tamaño del orden de 1-5 nm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>].</p>
				<p>Por otro lado, la ablación con láser pulsado (PLA - siglas en inglés) utiliza un láser con ciertas características específicas para vaporizar un metal o una mezcla de metales. Por lo general, se emplea una deposición controlada por láser pulsado.</p>
				<p>(ii) Métodos químicos</p>
				<p>Dentro de los métodos químicos, la impregnación, la coprecipitación, y la deposición-precipitación son ampliamente usados. Algunas otras rutas novedosas tales como la fotoquímica, impregnación de vapor químico y reducción electroquímica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>] son también empleadas.</p>
				<p>La impregnación implica la humectación de la superficie sólida con una solución que contiene el precursor de metal, es decir, el precursor de nanopartículas metálicas, típicamente una sal, se disuelve en la cantidad mínima de solvente para lograr su disolución completa, la solución resultante se agrega luego al soporte, hasta formar una pasta espesa, seguidamente, el disolvente se elimina en un evaporador rotatorio y el sólido final se seca al horno [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>]. Es importante mencionar, que las nanopartículas dispersas sobre el soporte por este método se dispersan de manera diferente y con diferentes tamaños de partícula dependiendo del metal, el soporte y la carga de metal en el sólido final [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>].</p>
				<p>La coprecipitación involucra la precipitación simultánea del metal y el soporte [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>]. Este método presenta inconvenientes asociados a la presencia de los precursores metálicos en solución y pueden interferir con la química de polimerización del material, lo que puede dar como resultado muestras con propiedades indeseables, con tamaño y forma de poro menos definidos, limitando la aplicabilidad a soportes poliméricos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>].</p>
				<p>El método de deposición-precipitación implica la disolución del precursor, es decir, el metal en un solvente apropiado, seguido de un ajuste del pH en un rango de 510 para lograr la precipitación completa del hidróxido metálico, el cual es posteriormente depositado en la superficie del soporte [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>]. Los sólidos finales luego se calcinan para reducir las nanopartículas a metales elementales [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>].</p>
				<p>Finalmente, el método de microemulsión se puede definir como una combinación homogénea de agua, aceites y tensioactivos, en presencia de un alcohol o un derivado de amina, seguidamente un soporte sólido se impregna con una microemulsión que contiene un precursor de sal metálica disuelta [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>]. Cabe destacar que, la interacción microemulsión-soporte mejora al aumentar la hidrofobicidad del soporte, lo que lo hace más compatible químicamente con la microemulsión durante el paso de deposición [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>].</p>
				<p>De esta manera la bibliometría reporta que la dispersión de las nanopartículas dependerá de los novedosos métodos de síntesis empleados en comparación con los métodos tradicionales [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>].</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.3. Aplicaciones del nanocatalizador</title>
				<p>Una de las tantas aplicaciones de las nanopartículas de óxidos de hierro es su uso como catalizadores en la producción de nanoestructuras de carbono por el método de pirólisis, que abarca la formación de nanotubos de carbono de pared simple (SWCNTs - siglas en inglés), nanotubos de pared doble (DWCNTs - siglas en inglés), nanotubos de pared múltiple (MWCNTs - siglas en inglés), nanofibras de carbono (CNFs - siglas en inglés), etc [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>]. Estas nanoestructuras son obtenidas a partir de procesos de pirólisis en presencia de un catalizador nanoparticulado (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Revisión bibliométrica para el crecimiento de materiales carbonosos. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2145-8456-uisi-23-01-47-gf5.png"/>
						<attrib>Fuente propia.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Producto de la revisión bibliométrica se identifican los siguientes parámetros que optimizan el rendimiento y morfología de las nanoestructuras carbonosas, entre los que se destacan:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ El catalizador: tamaño, fase y morfología.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ El soporte o sustrato del catalizador.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ La fuente de carbono.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ La temperatura del reactor.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ La presión del sistema.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ La velocidad de flujo del gas portador.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ El tiempo de deposición.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>✓ El tipo de reactor.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>Finalmente, la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref> destaca las distintas fases del óxido de hierro que han sido utilizadas como catalizadores en procesos de degradación catalítica y el tipo de nanoestructura carbonosa obtenida.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Catalizadores en el crecimiento de nanoestructuras carbonosas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Fase del catalizador</th>
									<th align="center">Soporte</th>
									<th align="center">Nano estructura</th>
									<th align="center">Referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe2O3</td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Nps Titanio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Zeolita</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de magnesio MgO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Cuarzo</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de magnesio MgO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de magnesio MgO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al2O3</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe2O3</td>
									<td align="center">Zeolita</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT MWCNC</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe2O3</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">GNF CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hematita Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustratos planos de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sílice mesoporosa esférica</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Grafeno</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Grafeno</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Zeolita</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe3O4</td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Surfactante</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio con una capa de óxido térmico</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de cobalto CoO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Hueca</td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">TWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Microcristales de silicata-1</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">VA-CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Plantilla AAO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">VA-CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnetita Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Nps de carbono</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Maghemita x-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nanocristales de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Óxido de silicio SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Óxido de magnesio MgO</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">VA-CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Matriz de Nps de zirconia</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Oxido de magnesio MgO</td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT DWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nps de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nanocluster de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Sustrato de silicio</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nanocluster de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Oblea de silicio cubierta con Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">MWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Nanocluster de óxido de hierro</td>
									<td align="center">Película delgada micelar de copolímero en bloque</td>
									<td align="center">CNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Óxidos de hierro FeOx</td>
									<td align="center">Alúmina Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">SWCNT</td>
									<td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref>]</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>4. Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Los recientes avances en la nanotecnología han abierto nuevas vías para potenciar la tecnología catalítica. La compilación de la información expuesta en esta revisión bibliométrica, ilustran que se han dado grandes pasos para el control de los sistemas catalíticos a nivel molecular y atómico, aunque claramente, existen retos en el planteamiento de una metodología, especialmente para el control de los sitios activos. Se enfatiza en el potencial que tiene el uso de las nanopartículas de óxido de hierro como nanocatalizadores, cuyo potencial incluyen determinaciones de tamaño, forma, estructura, cristalinidad y comportamiento magnético, que, en conjunto con factores como el soporte, la ruta de deposición, permiten la conformación de un nanocatalizador capaz de mejorar procesos de degradación catalítica como la pirolisis, para la síntesis de nanoestructuras carbonosas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>Como citar:</label>
				<p> L. C. Chagüendo-Figueroa, D. F. Coral, E. Mosquera-Vargas, &quot;Síntesis de nanocatalizadores basados en nanopartículas de óxido de hierro: una revisión bibliométrica,&quot; <italic>Rev. UIS Ing.,</italic> vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 47-64, 2024, doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v23n1-2024005">https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v23n1-2024005</ext-link>
				</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Financiación</label>
				<p> Este trabajo es financiado por el gobierno de Colombia desde el CTeI - SGR y Minciencias bajo el proyecto BPIN 2020000100377.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>L. C. Chagüendo-Figueroa:</label>
				<p> Conceptualización, Escritura-revisión y edición. </p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>D. F. Coral:</label>
				<p> Conceptualización, Escritura-revisión y edición. </p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<label>E. Mosquera-Vargas:</label>
				<p> Conceptualización, Supervisión, Escritura-revisión y edición.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>Declaración de la Junta de Revisión Institucional</label>
				<p> No aplica.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>Declaración de consentimiento informado</label>
				<p> No aplica.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
</article>