INTRODUCTION

At a global level, while most countries are trying to move forward showing improvements in their political, social and economic conditions, fighting against poverty and a stable democracy; in spite of this, they have a major problem, citizen insecurity, which is reflected in high indicators of violence, criminality and crimes against property. Citizen security is currently a relevant issue, generating an impact on the social part and generating obstacles for the development of communities. In recent years Latin America has grown economically, reduced poverty, consolidated its democracy, as well as countries that have increased their responsibility in the protection of society. However, there has been an increase in insecurity: violence and homicides, as well as an increase in citizens' fear of becoming victims of violence. In the mid-1990s, with the return to democracy in most Latin American countries, there was an increase in violence and crime. Thus, Latin America became the 2nd place with homicide indicators that were twice as high as those of other countries in the world.

When we speak of public policies on citizen security, we refer to the decision-making process and actions aimed at solving a problem of citizen insecurity in society. It is about "changing the way of life, transforming behavior, disseminating values or attitudes that adhere to the law, morals and culture of a community". Peru, as a globalized country, also has a high rate of insecurity and being more in urban areas most of the population have been victims of a criminal act either street theft, aggravated robbery, rape, kidnapping and crimes against life. Likewise, there has been an increase in the number of juvenile offenders who belong to organized gangs. The situation is worrying because it makes us see the social defects in future generations, the sanctions received by juvenile offenders are taken with dissatisfaction by the community because they are derisory. For example, juvenile offenders who commit homicide are only sent to a rehabilitation center for 6 years, which means that if you commit homicide at 17 years of age, you will be sent to a rehabilitation center until you are 23 years old, along with young offenders 12 years of age and older. On the other hand, the great majority of juvenile inmates are not rehabilitated, in many cases these young people leave the center for having served their sentence and the next day they are returning for having committed another crime.

As well as increasing the rate of underage offenses: from petty theft to causes of death, starting with drug trafficking and kidnappings in passing. However, in some countries there are middle options, such as those who reach the age and do not distinguish between what is licit or illicit, and in cases where there are doubts about the psychological maturity of the young offender, he should undergo tests to see if his mental level allows him to decide between good or bad, if the tests show that he was in his right mind, he should be tried as an adult, otherwise he would be tried as a minor.

Citizen security is a modality of human security, therefore, it is related to the security of the person and the community, especially with threats such as crime and violence; seeking the health and welfare of the population.

Previous international works were examined as: the methodology used for their research work was of mixed descriptive, non-experimental approach, the techniques used were that of documentary analysis through a qualitative and quantitative design. In the research, the inhabitants of the district were taken as a sample, in the La Mariscal Circuit 2009-2013 (Rodríguez & Macías, 2018).

The research concluded that in the first year there was an increase in the citizen security indicator of aggravated theft, specifying that in 2012 and 2013 there was a slight decrease in this indicator (Jordana, 2009). It also employed the case study methodology, interpretative, the case analysis technique was of qualitative approach, the sample was interviews and process tracing. It was concluded that the proposed activities were effective, resulting in the reduction of victimization in the district.

In this research the method was comparative, the sample was the population of the local territory of Bogota-Madrid, 25 experts on the subject were interviewed, focus groups were conducted with a police department and a public safety directorate. It was concluded that policies were generated that had to do with citizenship feeling committed to prevention policies just as they were coordinated with private and public institutions, policies that were implemented and came to notice that the objective that was directed from Spain to Colombia was fulfilled (Ramos, 2014).

In his study he used the same method, but with a sociological basis, the technique used was qualitative for the case study. Interviews were conducted with the chief of police, ombudsman of Badalona, president of the association of merchants of the city, members of political parties. Angarita, (2010) concludes that the uncoordinated interventions carried out by the sample of this research, i.e. private and public institutions, caused an imbalance in public safety policies and programs offered by the public administration.

In relation to previous national works we can mention in his research on Public Policies on Citizen Security in the district of Chancay 2017 - 2018, which aimed to show results on his research. This research was of qualitative approach, basic type, descriptive design; it considered as population the district of Chancay and as sample 05 experts on the subject of citizen security of the district Municipality of Chancay, having as data collection technique the interview, observation and documentary analysis. The study concluded that Chancay's public policy plan is strategically of good quality; however, it states that it lacks the definition of some essential points.

He presented his thesis entitled: Public policies of citizen security in San Miguel: Case study of the "Vecindario Seguro" Plan, which aims to investigate the experience in the implementation of the public policy of citizen security at the local level Vecindario Seguro, which was applied in three districts of Metropolitan Lima since October 2015, as a result it was only successful in the district of San Miguel in which crime was minimized by 67.9% by the end of 2016 compared to 2015. The implementation of Vecindario Seguro in the latter district constitutes the focus of this research, in order to learn about its implementation, analyze it and identify the factors that contributed to such success. As a research strategy, case studies are used and information is collected through documentary review and in-depth interviews with the actors who had an active participation in the implementation. Finally, we describe the implementation of the Vecindario Seguro plan, identify success factors and explain how the articulated work between the police, the local government and the neighborhood councils not only reduced the incidence of crime, but also improved the perception of citizen security at the local level and confidence in the district's police (Fuentes, 2003, p. 10).

The Public Policies of Citizen Security, are the pact between two actors: the State and the Society, with the objective of benefiting one of those actors and this one comes to be the society. However, in many cases this objective is forgotten, which is the consequence of the failure of several public policies, which is the direction of the plans to be carried out in order to eradicate the problems of the sector where they will be applied, with the proper coordination with society, as it refers. From the exposed lines coming from we say then said definitions keep relation with what these policies refer are limited to the governance of the crime reducing the beat of the organized crime, the crime. Latin America has moved from reactive and repressive approaches to the design and implementation of models that focus on comprehensiveness, human rights and multisectoral coordination.

As a result of this problem, our country has enacted laws on Citizen Security considering in its articles the role, actions of the State and the collaboration and intervention of the different institutions in the face of this problem. Likewise, the State approves Supreme Decrees among other regulations with the purpose of guaranteeing and giving due intervention to all levels of government with the objective of eradicating delinquency and organized crime, with respect to the intervention of local governments.

Public Policies should be oriented at each level of government since each reality and problem is different, as are its resources and public and/private institutions (Espinoza et al., 2016, p. 11).

In relation to the theories of public policy on citizen security, the Peruvian Ministry of the Interior points out that the main characteristics of a public policy on citizen security are that it should be comprehensive, participatory, intersectoral, intergovernmental and universal. Taking into account that the essential services to be provided are: prevention of violence and crime, control and prosecution of crime, attention to victims and rehabilitation and social reintegration.

The following are the categories and sub-categories that will be developed in this research: Prevention of violence and crime. Identification of crimes, Action of the PNP, Organized population. Crime control and prosecution. Integrated patrolling by sector, joint operations, mixed patrolling, recovery and maintenance of public order, training in citizen security issues, formation of neighborhood councils. Attention to victims. Legal advice, social and psychological assistance. Rehabilitation and social reintegration, rehabilitation and training of prisoners, support for social reintegration. In this regard, they also ask and answer "What is posing the research problem? In reality, posing the problem is nothing more than refining and structuring the research idea more formally.

Next, we pose the general problem: In what way are public policies effective in citizen security in the district of Lurigancho Chosica 2019? The theoretical justification is to make known the different concepts and theories that reinforce the organizations that lack a citizen security plan. Its purpose is to provide a contribution in theoretical and scientific knowledge, as mentioned, the present research we realize that all theories are very important sources that will contribute to reduce citizen insecurity through the implementation of public policies. It is justified in a practical way because this research will allow the members of the citizen security and the population to have knowledge of the different strategies that are used to reduce delinquency. It was justified methodologically, because of the contribution to scientific knowledge, the instrument will be measured, which will provide us with the different perceptions of the population.

Given the above reasons, the general objective is to To evaluate public policies regarding citizen security in the district of Lurigancho Chosica.

The district of Lurigancho Chosica is no stranger to these shortcomings of public safety due to the lack of surveillance throughout the district, it is every day to see thefts of vehicles and homes, but the main problem is the clandestine brothels in the areas of Carapongo and Puente Huachipa, this generates drug trafficking, alcoholism, child prostitution, crime, crimes against property and homicides. These areas are already no man's land after 10:00 p.m. The authorities ignore the complaints. The authorities ignore the complaints of the community residents, so much so that they close these establishments and a few days later they are back in operation. As long as there is no coordinated work between the municipality and the Peruvian National Police, citizen insecurity will continue in this district.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The following types and designs of research will be used in this research:

The research is of a basic type, the basic characteristics of qualitative studies can be summarized in that they are basic research centered on the subjects, which adopt the perspective inside the phenomenon to be studied in an integral or complete manner. The inquiry process is inductive and the researcher interacts with the participants and with the data, seeks answers to questions that focus on the social experience, how it is created and how it gives meaning to human life Conde, (2016).

The research is of Descriptive Design, since the purpose of this research is to specify characteristics and properties of concepts, variables, phenomena or facts in a certain context. According to the data analyzed, this research is of Qualitative approach since the objective of qualitative research is to provide a research methodology that allows us to understand the complex world of the lived experience from the perception of the people who live it.

This research will use the non-experimental phenomenological method, because the variables have not been manipulated. Non-experimental designs are defined as: "studies that are carried out without deliberate manipulation of variables and in which only phenomena are observed in their natural environment and then analyzed". It is cross-sectional because the data were collected at a single point in time. Inductive research was carried out with respect to this type of research.

They refer that overlap in principles discovered to particular cases, from a link of judgments. The investigation was carried out in the district of Lurigancho Chosica, Department of Lima The development of the investigation was carried out in the Municipality of the district. At this point, the members of the Citizen Security Committee, which executes the Local Citizen Security Plan based on the Public Policies established in the National Citizen Security Plan 2019 - 2023 and the strategies to reduce citizen insecurity in the District of Lurigancho Chosica, gathered together. Members of the Citizen Security Committee of the Municipality of Lurigancho Chosica participated in this research. (Via Zoom) a) The Mayor of the District, knowledgeable about the district's problems and expert in Public Management. b) The Commissioner of the district's police station, knowledgeable about the district's problems and expert in Citizen Security. c) (02) members of the Citizen Security Committee (CODISEC), it is specified that these participants were interviewed because they are knowledgeable about the Public Policies on Citizen Security that are applied in the District of Lurigancho Chosica and, above all, the commitment to comply with these policies in order to obtain good results for the benefit of society (Espinoza et al., 2016, p. 26).

RESULTS

In this research, the techniques of interview, observation and documentary analysis and data collection instruments have been used to respond to the general objective, which is to evaluate public policies regarding citizen security in the district of Lurigancho Chosica (2019).

The interview was applied to 2 members that integrate the Citizen Security Committee together with 02 Technical Secretaries of Citizen Security, the interview was of structured type the topic of the interview was the public policies of citizen security applied in the District of Lurigancho Chosica 2019 whose purpose was the knowledge and effectiveness of such application, if it was achieved to reduce citizen insecurity in the district. It is good to know that each interviewee pronounced their knowledge regarding the categories under investigation.

Figure 1
Triangulation of the interview with informants. Adapted from Lora, K. Resultados de la aplicación de las políticas públicas de seguridad ciudadana en el distrito de Chancay.

The observation of each participant we can highlight that they feel identified with the district, in order to comply with policies, programs, plans and activities that are linked to citizen security in the district of Lurigancho Chosica, which are the prevention of violence and crime, control and prosecution of crime and attention to victims of citizen insecurity, knowing that in each category sub categories are developed.

Figure 2
Triangulation of the interview with informants. Adapted from Lora, K. Resultados de la aplicación de las políticas públicas de seguridad ciudadana en el distrito de Chancay.

Documentary analysis was carried out, through the review and analysis of reports for the preparation of the Local Plan for Citizen Security of the District of Lurigancho Chosica for 2019, also analyzed and reviewed the development and coordination through the Technical Secretaries the approval of all policies, programs, projects and activities in relation to Citizen security in the district and the impact it left in 2019.

Figure 3
Triangulation of the interview with informants. Adapted from Lora, K. Resultados de la aplicación de las políticas públicas de seguridad ciudadana en el distrito de Chancay.

DISCUSSION

During the investigation, it was possible to fulfill the general objective of "Evaluating public policies regarding citizen security in the district of Lurigancho Chosica 2019, according to the interviewees, public policies were applied to prevent violence and crime, control and prosecution of crime and attention to victims, arguing that these public policies were implemented based on plans, programs and activities approved in the Local Plan for Citizen Security of the District of Lurigancho Chosica.

1st. Category, "Prevention of violence and crime", according to information provided by informants in the district of Lurigancho Chosica, public policies for the prevention of violence and crime were applied, starting with the identification of criminal acts by drawing up a risk map, a map that was used for the development of programs and activities established in the Local Plan for Citizen Security; Likewise, the actions of the National Police of Peru carried out programs and activities with the community, and in this category, programs were applied to organize the population, programs approved in the District's Local Citizen Security Plan. The fulfillment of Specific Objective 01, "Evaluate public policies regarding the prevention of violence and crime in the district of Lurigancho Chosica 2019" was achieved since according to the information provided by the informants they were able to describe the public policies of citizen security applied for the prevention of violence and crime, These policies are applied according to the risk map with due action of the PNP through the preventive programs of Youth Patrols, cooperating network program, school self-protection brigade program, also described the program of organization of neighborhood councils achieving for it the organization of citizens in order to achieve the prevention of violence and crime in the district.

Category 2, "Control and Prosecution of Crime", with respect to the information gathered from informants in the district of Lurigancho Chosica, public policies for the Control and Prosecution of Crime established in the Local Citizen Security Plan were applied in accordance with the crime map, activities and operational plans were implemented with the participation of public institutions working on the basis of a results-based approach.

Specific Objective 02 was achieved: "Evaluate public policies regarding the control and prosecution of crime in the district of Lurigancho Chosica", since according to the information collected by the informants, they managed to describe the public policies of citizen security applied for the control and prosecution of crime, These policies are applied according to the risk map with the proper collaboration of public and/or private entities of the district and citizen participation carried out through activities and operational plans such as integrated patrolling by sector, execution of joint operations, recovery and maintenance of public order, citizen security training, formation of neighborhood councils and mixed patrolling.

Category 3, "Attention to victims", with respect to the information gathered from informants in the District of Chancay in the Local Citizen Security Plan, logistical resources were allocated and public social policies were approved, as well as legal assistance in the district Municipality and in the Women's Emergency Center Offices established in the Police Station of the Lurigancho Chosica district. Specific Objective 03: "Evaluate public policies regarding attention to victims in the district of Lurigancho Chosica" was achieved, since it was possible to describe the public policies of citizen security applied for the Attention to Victims who receive legal assistance through the Women's Emergency Center and Municipal Demuna; likewise, social assistance was described which is applied through social programs such as the glass of milk, soup kitchens, attention to people with disabilities, productive workshops and sports activities.

CONCLUSIONS

This research concludes that the public policies on citizen security that were applied in the district of Lurigancho Chosica through its programs, plans, activities and strategies have managed to prevent and reduce in part the rate of citizen insecurity, but they have not been eradicated. Likewise, it is concluded that the implementation of these public safety policies through the coordinated operations of the serenazgo agents with the police has allowed to curb the wave of citizen insecurity in the district. Estrada, (2014) states that at the conclusion of the public policies of citizen security that were applied with respect to the attention to victims of citizen insecurity have shown effectiveness since the rate of complaints through legal advice and psychological support has allowed the victims to have more security when reporting their aggressors.

Despite all the efforts to eradicate citizen insecurity in the district, we can still see that acts of delinquency and clandestine prostitution continue to a lesser extent, mainly in the areas of Huachipa and Carapongo.

REFERENCES

Angarita, T. (2010). La política pública de seguridad ciudadana en Quito. Revista Latinoamerica de Estudios de Seguridad, 9(2), 70–88. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=552656555005%0ACómo

Conde, R. L. (2016). Calidad de servicio de trámite administrativo municipal y su influencia en la satisfacción del ciudadano. Universidad César Vallejo, 4(2). https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12692/4254

Espinoza, E., Rivera, A. R., & Tinoco, N. P. (2016). Formación de competencias investigativas en los estudiantes universitarios. Atenas Revista, 1(33), 18–31. http://atenas.umcc.cu/index.php/atenas/article/view/183%0Ahttp://www.redalyc.org/ articulo.oa?id=478049736004

Estrada, M. O. (2014). Sistematización teórica sobre la competencia investigativa. Revista Electrónica Educare, 18(2), 177–194. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=194130549009

Fuentes, D. F. (2003). Políticas públicas y seguridad ciudadana: la violencia como problema público. Estudios Fronterizos, 4(8), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2003.08.a01

Jordana, J. (2009). Examinando las redes de actores en el análisis de las políticas públicas: debate teórico y técnicas cuantitativas. Gestión y Análisis de Políticas Públicas, 1(2), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.24965/gapp.v0i1.410

Ramos, J. M. (2014). Gestión de una política de seguridad ciudadana en la frontera México con los Estados Unidos bajo la iniciativa Mérida. URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, 11. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.11.2012.1159

Rodríguez, R., & Macias, C. (2018). Ciencia de la administración, Revista Colombiana de Sociología, 41(1), 137–163. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=551558028007%0ACómo

Notas de autor