INTRODUCTION

The Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home passed on 14 April 2015 and published on 20 April 2015 in the Official Gazette, Third Supplement, No. 483, incorporated persons performing unpaid household work into the social security system.

The objective of this law was to protect people who perform unpaid work in the household against the contingencies of old age, disability, and death through economic benefits granted by the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security –IESS– and financed both by the family economic unit, according to its contributive capacity, and by the State.

This protection scheme is particularly important in the current situation since the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a large number of deaths in the Ecuadorian population, as a result of which many families have lost their income to support their families and have even been unable to pay the funeral expenses. In this context, it is therefore relevant to analyze the social security protection scheme for people who perform unpaid work at home and to identify whether the benefits provided by law are indeed accessible and can fulfill their purpose. It means to protect unpaid domestic workers and their families against the social risks provided by law, in this case exclusively the contingency of death.

Although old age and permanent incapacity are also part of the social risks foreseen by the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home, they will not be analyzed for two reasons: firstly, because the specific conditions for accessing the old-age benefit, such as being 65 years of age or older and accrediting a minimum of 240 monthly contributions, prevent the existence of unpaid domestic workers as pensioners by 2020, since the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home was approved in April 2015 and the affiliation process started in October 2015; and secondly, because permanent disability benefits cover the most severe disabilities, for example, the total permanent disability^[1] and absolute permanent disability^[2], which was not observed in any COVID-19 survivors.

For this reason, we will analyze exclusively the protection of unpaid domestic workers in the event of the contingency of death. This protection consists of the widow’s and orphan’s pensions and the funeral allowance whose access conditions established by the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home allow them to be applied for as of this date by the beneficiaries of the right derived from the deceased unpaid domestic worker.

Thus, our analysis will be developed in two parts: a first part devoted to the spirit of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home, it includes the intention of the legislator, the reasons behind its action, as well as its target population; and a second part devoted to the functioning of death benefits and their relevance in the current situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

1. CHARACTERIZING UNPAID DOMESTIC WORKERS

Positive law is framed in a specific context that takes into consideration the lifestyle of its population, its freedom, its religion, its activities, its uses, and customs, as well as their relationship with each other, their origin, and the objective that the legislator seeks to achieve through them (De Secondat de Montesquieu, 1995, p. 24). This set of elements is what Montesquieu calls the spirit of the law.

In this sense, in analyzing the spirit of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home, we will study both the social characterization of people who carry out unpaid work at home and the intention of the legislator in the drafting and approval of the aforementioned law.

1.1 The social characterization of persons engaged in unpaid work in the household

Based on the studies presented for the elaboration of the aforementioned draft law, the people who carry out unpaid work in the household are those who call themselves, housewives^[3].

According to the Financial and Actuarial Sustainability Study of the Coordinating Ministry of Social Development (2015), with data from 2013, 99.8% of the people who selfidentify as housewives in the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment –ENEMDU– are women and less than 0.2% are men (p. 38). 66% of this population is between fifteen and forty-nine years old, while 34% is fifty years old or older. If this percentage is calculated only over the total number of people between fifteen and sixtyfive years of age, it rises to 87% (p. 39).

For the year 2019^[4], this reality is maintained, although with a slight variation, thus about the total population of housewives, 61% are between age fifteen and thirty-nine and 39% are fifty years old or older; and concerning the total number of people between fifteen and sixty-five years old, this percentage rises to 85%.

Regarding the marital status of this population, the aforementioned study shows that 78% of housewives are married or live in a common-law partnership, while 9% are single. This situation remains the same as for year 2019, which shows that the gender division of labor persists as well as the inequalities derived from it.

On the other hand, and concerning the geographical concentration of this population, the same study shows that people who perform unpaid work in the household are mainly concentrated in the provinces of Guayas, Pichincha, and Manabí, followed by the provinces of Los Ríos, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Azuay, Santa Elena, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas (Ministerio Coordinador de Desarrollo Social, 2015, p. 41), a situation that has not changed in 2019 according to the National Survey on Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment –ENEMDU– as of December 2019.

As can be seen, this is a population largely made up of women, of different ages but mostly young, mostly married or in a common-law partnership, who carry out activities in and for the benefit of their households such as housekeeping and maintenance, and caring for people (children, the elderly and the sick), who do not receive any remuneration or economic compensation and whose territorial concentration follows the national concentration of the population.

From these data, it can be inferred that this population is particularly vulnerable, given their economic dependence on the person or persons who carry out paid work and on whom the economic survival of this population and, in general, of the household depends.[5] This vulnerability is accentuated by the loss of the “breadwinner” and with age6, as women’s life expectancy is longer, and it means that “women live longer, with less income than men, and this income also decreases significantly over the years” (Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2013).

1.2. The spirit of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home

The Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home defines an unpaid domestic worker as a person who “carries out exclusively domestic care tasks without receiving any remuneration or economic compensation and does not engage in any of the activities contemplated in the previous paragraphs”.

Consequently, for a person to be considered as an unpaid household worker for social security affiliation, three conditions must be met:

a. To devote themselves solely and exclusively to the performance of household tasks. Such housework shall be care refers both to the activities formerly known as household chores and to the tasks of caring for family members such as the elderly, people with disabilities, or minors;

b. That these activities are carried out without receiving any remuneration or economic compensation, which is different from paid work in the home or better known as domestic work, which is carried out for others and, therefore, the type of affiliation that corresponds is that intended for dependent workers; and,

c. Not being a dependent worker, which excludes both workers in the private sector, including those engaged in paid domestic work, and in the public sector; not being self-employed or independent, which excludes professionals in free practice, owners of companies, businesses, associations, artisans, agricultural and fishing workers, the “head” of a family7 in the peasant social security system and, in general, any person who carries out a paid activity.

As can be seen, the legal qualification of unpaid work in the household does not differ from the social characterization of this activity. On the contrary. The law takes this reality into account in its specificity and creates a specific form of affiliation that is consistent with the other forms of affiliation. Thus, by using a descriptive definition (what it is) combined with a negative or exclusive definition (what it is not), the Law prevents fraudulent affiliations, and it implies that this type of affiliation is used to evade social security affiliation under another type; and, on the other hand, that there be simultaneous affiliations to take advantage of the system and improve the basis for calculating pensions.

If we refer to the draft law submitted on 15 November 2014 by the President of the Republic to the National Assembly in the exercise of the provisions of Article 134, paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the Republic, we can appreciate the will of the co-legislator to recognize the value of unpaid work at home and to protect those who are engaged in it in the most vulnerable situations. Thus, the explanatory memorandum states that, even though unpaid work at home fulfills an important economic and social function for society, the majority of people who carry out such work are outside any protection, which increases the risk of social exclusion, especially for the elderly (p. 2). This is in line with the Report for the first debate of the Permanent Specialized Commission on Workers’ Rights and Social Security of the National Assembly, which points out the need to protect people doing unpaid work in the household through pensions to break the cycle of poverty in old age (p. 42).

This motivation is made more explicit in the interventions made by representatives of the executive, in which it was specified that unpaid work at home is a socially useful work that contributes to the economic and productive development of the country. However, despite this contribution, housewives have historically been excluded from the right to social security (Vaca, 2014; Vaca, 2015).

Likewise, the classification of unpaid work at home within the economically inactive population –PEI– was questioned, since within the population that groups together “people aged 15 and over who are not employed, are not looking for work and were not available for work” (National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, 2018), since such categorization considers only market or paid work as productive work and makes invisible the work of housewives who perform labor from Monday to Sunday, without working hours and who will surely die working without receiving a pension (Correa, 2015). This affirmation is consistent with the economic doctrine that promotes the recognition of the value of unpaid work at home and criticizes the economic thinking that invisibility and normalizes the sexual division of labor and the situation of women in the home. Already in the 19th century, as Carrasco (2006) points out, the statistical categorization of women in censuses was questioned and the fact that work in the home was not considered as real work was criticized (p. 36).

In the same vein, reference was made to the opportunity cost^[7] that unpaid household work represents for the people who carry it out (Vaca 2014; Correa, 2015) and the fact that unpaid household workers do not have access to a pension as right-holders was questioned, in contrast to their spouse who, thanks to the work of the unpaid household worker, can exercise a remunerated activity that opens up access to obtaining a pension (Correa, 2015).

These clarifications once again show the intention of the legislator and the Executive, as co-legislator, to recognize the contribution and importance of unpaid domestic work for the country’s economy, as well as to make the mandate of the 2008 Constitution viable to make effective the enjoyment of the right to social security for unpaid domestic workers.

It is therefore understandable that the Law is called “Law for [...] the Recognition of Work at Home”, that the contribution to finance this affiliation scheme falls on the family economic unit and the State as the direct beneficiaries of unpaid work in the home, that this contribution depends on the contributory capacity of the family economic unit and that the risks covered are those that have the greatest impact on people’s lives^[8].

Consequently, based on the characterization of the target population and the intention of the legislator, in a broad sense, it can be concluded that the spirit of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home was first recognized as socially useful and economically productive the unpaid household work performed mostly by women, who do not receive any income and are therefore outside any social security protection; and secondly, to recognize people who perform unpaid work at home as entitled to social security and to make this right effective through the creation of a specific form of affiliation that takes into account their contributory capacity and the social risks that perpetuate and accentuate their vulnerability and that of their families, namely old age, permanent incapacity, and death.

1.3. The affiliation process for unpaid domestic workers

The fourth transitory provision of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home granted the IESS sixty days from the issuance of the Law to issue all the necessary regulations for the implementation of this new affiliation modality. Accordingly, Resolution C.D. 492 dated 18 June 2015 and Resolution C.D. 496 dated 18 September 2015 were issued.

Resolution C.D. 492 regulates the affiliation process for unpaid household workers and establishes the contribution tables and the distribution of the corresponding contributions. Resolution C.D. 496 amends Resolution C.D. 492 to facilitate the affiliation of unpaid household workers beneficiaries of the Human Development Voucher who will be automatically registered pursuant to the inter-institutional interoperability between the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security, the Ministry of Economics and Social Inclusion and the Coordinating Ministry of Social Development.

Affiliation under this modality has been open to the public since the beginning of October 2015. According to public data available to date, two hundred and twelve thousand and thirtythree people nationwide were affiliated under the modality of unpaid work at home in 2017 (Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, 2017, p. 18). Most of those affiliated were concentrated in the provinces of Manabí (49,790), Guayas (44,923), Los Ríos (24,071), Esmeraldas (16,414) and Loja (10,361). The provinces of Santo Domingo, Azuay, Imbabura, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Orellana and Sucumbíos had an average of 4,500 members (Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, 2017, p. 21).

In addition, and following Resolution C.D. 496, it is important to consider that a large part of these affiliations corresponds to beneficiaries of the Human Development Voucher, whose territorial concentration is similar to the concentration of affiliates presented in the previous paragraph. Thus, according to the Interconnected Registry of Social Programs, beneficiaries of the Human Development Voucher in 2017 are concentrated in the provinces of Guayas (77,962), Manabí (73,766), Los Ríos (40,875), Esmeraldas (28,166), Loja (21,354). This distribution remained unchanged in 2020[9].

Finally, regarding the contribution basis recorded, the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (2017) does not present data according to the socio-economic level of the family economic unit but only an average contribution basis, which for 2017 was USD 94.28 (p. 24).

2. PROTECTION ON THE DEATH OF THE UNPAID WORKER IN THE HOUSEHOLD

The death contingency protects the situation of need caused by the death of the member or pensioner that results in the loss or reduction of family income (González and Barcelón, 2015, p. 332). It is a classic contingency of social security systems whose origin, of welfare and mutualist nature, seems to date back to the time of classical Greece where craftsmen in the same branch of activity contributed to help each other and protect their orphans (Borgetto and Lafore, 2019, p. 13).

Under the Bismarckian model, the death contingency was included in the occupational risk insurance. However, it was not until the Reichsversicherungsordnung (Social Insurance Code) of 1911 that death insurance became institutionalized in the 20th century, providing for widows’ and orphans’ benefits for both occupational and common causes, and would henceforth be included in most social security systems.

In Ecuador, the creation of this contingency followed the Bismarckian model. The Law on monetary compensation to the worker or day laborer for accidents at work, issued on 30 September 1921 and published in the Official Register No. 316 dated 1 October 1921, provided for the employer’s obligation to cover funeral expenses and the right of the widow, legitimate or natural descendants under the age of sixteen or ascendants unable to work to receive compensation in the event of the death of the worker, the amount of which depended on the number of dependents.

From the Law of Retirement, Civil pensions of death, Savings, and Cooperative approved on 8 March 1928, the contingency for death would be institutionalized and with the Supreme Decree No. 12 that creates the General Compulsory Insurance and establishes the National Welfare Institute of 2 October 1935, for “public and private employees and salaried workers, regardless of the order of activities in which they are engaged and regardless of their nationality” and the approval of the Statutes of the Private Employees and Workers Insurance Fund by Supreme Decree No. 63 of 31 March 1937, its coverage would be extended.

Under the same model, the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home provided for this contingency and the consequent economic benefits in the event of the death of the pensioner or member of the modality of unpaid work in the home, namely: the widow’s pension, the orphan’s pension, and the funeral allowance.

2.1. Widow’s and orphan’s pensions

2.1.1. Conditions of access to widow’s and orphan’s pensions

According to the provisions of this law, to be entitled to widow’s and orphan’s pensions, as the case may be, the unpaid work in the household at the time of death must meet both the general conditions and the specific conditions of access to these benefits, except in the case of a person who is a pensioner for retirement or for total or absolute permanent disability under this type of affiliation, in which case these conditions do not apply.

Regarding the general conditions, the unpaid work of the household at the time of death must be affiliated, registered as active in the system, and up to date with his or her obligations to the IESS.

As far as the specific conditions are concerned^[11], the unpaid household worker at the time of death must prove a certain number of contributions according to his or her age. Thus, the unpaid household worker who at the time of death is between fifteen and twenty-five years old must count on six-monthly contributions (six months); those between twenty-six and forty-five years old will have thirty-six monthly contributions (three years), and those who are sixty years old or older must have sixty contributions (five years).

2.1.2. Beneficiaries of widow’s, widower’s and orphan’s pensions

The Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home identifies three beneficiaries of death pensions:

The surviving spouse or legally recognized common-law partner provided that he/she has not remarried or entered into a new common-law partnership; or the common-law partner who, without having lived with the deceased for at least two years, proves the existence of common children.

The parents of the deceased unpaid household worker provided that three accrued requirements are met: a) they have lived under the care of the deceased, b) they do not receive any other pension from the Social Security System, and c) there is no surviving spouse or legally recognized common-law partner as beneficiaries.

2.1.3. The amount and distribution of widows’ and orphans’ pensions

The number of widows, widower, and orphan pensions varies according to the contributory effort of the family unit. However, they may not be less than a minimum amount established by law, which is seventy dollars at the first level of the contribution basis, one hundred and six dollars at the second level, one hundred and forty-six dollars at the third level, and one hundred and ninety-four dollars at the fourth level of the contribution basis.

Once the death pension has been calculated, it will be allocated to the beneficiaries described above. Thus, 60% of the pension will be awarded to the surviving spouse or the legally recognized common-law partner or to the commonlaw partner who, without having lived with the deceased for at least two years, proves the existence of children in common; and in their absence, to the dependent parents of the deceased. The difference, such as the remaining 40%, will be divided proportionally between minor children and children with severe disabilities.

2.2. The funeral allowance

The funeral allowance is a benefit intended to cover the funeral expenses of IESS beneficiaries, since both affiliated persons and pensioners.

The Social Security Act generally describes the funeral allowance as a cash benefit, a description that has been maintained since 1942[12] and reflects the intention of the legislator at the time to assist the entitled persons to ensure a dignified disposal of the insured person or pensioner.

2.2.1. Conditions of access to the funeral allowance

To be eligible for the funeral allowance, the insured person must have made six monthly contributions during the twelve months preceding the death of the insured person.

2.2.2. Beneficiaries of the funeral grant

This allowance is granted to the person who can prove that he or she has paid the funeral expenses of the deceased member or pensioner of the unpaid family work scheme. This means that not only the deceased’s dependents but also any person who is not a member of the deceased’s family and can prove that he or she has paid the funeral expenses can be a beneficiary.

2.2.3. The amount and expenses covered by the funeral grant

The amount of the funeral allowance is a maximum of four minimum wages. Although the Board of Directors of the IESS has not reformed Resolution C.D. 100 to include the pension scheme for unpaid work in the home, and considering that this form of affiliation is part of the compulsory general insurance, we would understand that this benefit would follow the same logic, it means, funeral expenses would be considered to be the expenses for the purchase of a coffin, wake services, carriage, religious service, burial or cremation costs, and costs for the rental or purchase of a niche, columbarium or ash heap, and would be covered either in the form of reimbursement or the form of a refund; and would be covered either in the form of reimbursement or throught external funeral service providers accredited by the IESS.

Finally, it is important to mention that the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home introduced the figure of portability of contributions. This figure applies to all subjects of IESS protection and implies that all contributions made under any affiliation modality will be counted to calculate the contribution periods necessary to access the economic benefits of social security. Undoubtedly, the portability of contributions facilitates access to benefits in general, and specifically, in our case study, it facilitates even more access to death benefits; however, the IESS Board of Directors, to date, has not issued the necessary secondary regulations for its application.

CONCLUSIONS

Before the passing of the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home, people who perform unpaid work at home could only access social security through voluntary affiliation with a contribution basis equal to or greater than the unified basic wage. Such a contribution basis undoubtedly constitutes a limitation to the affiliation of this group, not only because it is an activity that is carried out without income, but also because the amount of the contribution is still perceived as being high, even for those who receive their income.

The design of a contribution basis according to the contributory capacity of the family economic unit made it possible for unpaid household workers in poverty or extreme poverty to access social security protection. This is mainly the case for unpaid household workers who receive the Human Development Voucher, but also for those whose family economy is not sufficient to cover the common social security contribution amount.

In the case of deaths caused by COVID-19, the protection for the cause of death provided by the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home is undoubtedly relevant. According to the statistics of deaths caused by COVID-19 of the Ministry of Public Health (2020), most deaths have occurred in the provinces of Guayas, Manabí, Santa Elena, Pichincha, Los Ríos, and El Oro. These provinces, which happen to be the most affected by the pandemic, coincide with the provinces with the highest concentration of people affiliated under the modality of unpaid work in the home. Although we cannot affirm that the deceased persons were affiliated or were pensioners of the unpaid domestic work affiliation modality, some of the families affected by the pandemic may be beneficiaries of the benefits for widowhood, orphanhood, and the funeral subsidy created by the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home.

In the same sense, we can affirm that it is very likely that these benefits will reach the most vulnerable households, since according to Resolution C.D. 496, the affiliation of beneficiaries of the Human Development Voucher is automatic, and if we analyze their territorial concentration, we can see that this coincides both with the provinces most affected by the pandemic and with those with the highest concentration of affiliates in this modality.

Furthermore, the specific conditions of access to widow’s and orphan’s pensions for unpaid work in the household show that persons insured under this scheme enjoy better protection than those insured under other forms of compulsory general insurance or the special peasant social insurance scheme, since entitlement to these benefits depends not only on the number of contributions but also on the age of the insured, unlike the other forms of insurance, which do not take into account the age of the insured but only the number of contributions^[13]. Widow’s and orphan’s benefits for unpaid work in the household are therefore more accessible and allow wider coverage of beneficiaries.

Consequently, the death protection for unpaid domestic workers established by the Organic Law for Labor Justice and the Recognition of Work at Home, focus on widow’s and orphan’s pensions, as well as the funeral allowance, is a relevant protection for their families in the current situation.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

Borgetto M. and Lafore R. (2019). Droit de la sécurité sociale. Paris: Dalloz.

Candelas S. (Coord.). (1993). La Seguridad Social el Ecuador. Serie Monografías 3. México D . F . : Conferencia Interamericana de Seguridad Social.

Carrasco C. (2006). La Economía Feminista: una apuesta por otra economía. In M. J. Vara (ed.), Estudios sobre género y economía, pp. 29-62. Akal, Madrid. http:// www.derechoshumanos.unlp.edu.ar/ assets/files/ documentos/la-economia-feminista-unaapuesta-porotra-economia.pdf

Codificación de la Ley del Seguro Social Obligatorio. (15 March 1988). R. O. 21 dated 8 September 1988.

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe –CEPAL– (2016). Autonomía de las mujeres e igualdad en la agenda de desarrollo sostenible. LC/G.2686/Rev.1. https:// www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/40633autonomiamujeres-igualdad-la-agenda-desarrollosostenible

Comisión Permanente de los Derechos de los Trabajadores y Seguridad Social de la Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador. Informe para Primer Debate del Proyecto de Ley para la Justicia Laboral y Reconocimiento del Trabajo en el Hogar. (23 December 2014) http://ppless.asambleanacional.gob.ec/alfresco/ d/d/ workspace/SpacesStore/0a84b947-a05d433e-9c4642f4c894eda5/Informe%20Primer%20 Debate%20 Tr.%20199713.pdf

Constituent Assembly of Ecuador. Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (2008).

De Secondat de Montesquieu Ch. (1995). L’esprit des lois. http:// archives.ecole-alsacienne.org/CDI/pdf/1400/14055_ MONT.pdf

Decreto Supremo No. 12. (2 October 1935). R. O. 10 dated 8 October 1935.

Decreto Supremo No. 58. (31 March 1937). R. O. 454 dated 2 April 1937.

Decreto Supremo No. 63. (31 March 1937). R. O. 455 dated 3 April 1937.

Diario La República. (10 de diciembre de 2014). En Asamblea analizan beneficios laborales para mujeres trabajadoras del hogar. Diario La República. https:// www.larepublica. ec/blog/politica/2014/12/10/enasamblea-analizanbeneficios-laborales-para-mujerestrabajadoras-delhogar/

Dimand R., Dimand M. and Forget E. (2000). A biographical dictionary of women economists.

Enlace Ciudadano No. 444. (3 October 2015). [YouTube]. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=6pM-mIZ8xPg.

Estatutos de la Caja de Pensiones. Decreto Ejecutivo No. 2051. (28 December 1943). R. O. 1013 dated 14 January 1944.

González S. and Barcelón S. (2015). Introducción al Derecho de la Seguridad Social. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.

Huenchuan S. (ed.) (2018). Envejecimiento, personas mayores y Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible: perspectiva regional y de derechos humanos. https://repositorio. cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44369/1/ S1800629_es.pdf.

Huenchuan S., Fassio A., Carlos S.A., Osorio P., Miño Worobiej A., Batthyany K., Berriel F. and others. (2010). Envejecimiento, género y políticas públicas. Coloquio regional de expertos. Montevideo. https://uruguay. unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pubpdf/Coloquio%20 regional%20de%20expertos.pdf

Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social. (2019). Boletín estadístico número 23, año 2017. https:// www. iess.gob.ec/documents/10162/8421754/ BOLETIN+ESTADISTICO+23+2017.pdf.

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, (2019). Publicación de resultados de las Cuentas Satélite del Trabajo No Remunerado de los Hogares 2007-2015. https:// www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/ webinec/Estadisticas_Economicas/Cuentas_Satelite/ Cuentas_Satelite_Trab_no_Remun_2007_2015/9_ Publicacion_analitica_CSTNRH.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. (2018). Definiciones. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo, 2018. https://www.ecuadorencifras. gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/EMPLEO/2018/ Marzo-2018/032018_Presentacion_M_Laboral.pdf.

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. (2019). Definiciones. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo, Base de datos 2019. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob. ec/empleo-diciembre-2019/

Kauffmann, O. (2015), La protection sociale en Allemagne. https:// www.europaong.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ EUROPA-CEPSEALLEMAGNE.pdf.

Ley de Jubilación, Montepío Civil, Ahorro y Cooperativa. (8 March 1928). R. O. 590 dated 13 March 1928.

Ley de Seguridad Social. (13 November 2001). R. O. 465 ated 30 November 2001.

Ley del Seguro Social Obligatorio. (14 July 1942). R. O. 574 dated 25 July 1942.

Ley Orgánica para la Justicia Laboral y el Reconocimiento del Trabajo en el Hogar. (14 April 2015). R. O. 483 dated 20 April 2015.

Ley sobre la indemnización pecuniaria al obrero o jornalero por los accidentes de trabajo. (30 September 1921). R. O. 316 dated 1 October 1921.

Manual de acreditación y funcionamiento de servicios funerarios otorgados por prestadoras acreditadas por el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social. (15 March 2012). [Resolución No. C.D. 412].

Ministerio Coordinador de Desarrollo Social. (2015). Afiliación a la Seguridad Social del Trabajo no Remunerado del Hogar. Estudio de Sostenibilidad Financiera y Actuarial. Quito: Editorial El Conejo.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de GUAYAS. https:// www.salud.gob.ec/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/ Guayas-Guayaquil-1-2.pdf.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de MANABÍ. https:// www.salud.gob.ec/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/ Manab%C3%AD-Manta. pdf.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de SANTA ELENA. https://www.salud.gob.ec/wpcontent/ uploads/2020/05/Santa-Elena-2-1.pdf.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de PICHINCHA. https://www.salud.gob.ec/ wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/Pichincha-Quito-2-1. pdf.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de LOS RÍOS. https:// www.salud.gob.ec/ wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ Los-R%C3%ADosBabahoyo-2-1.pdf

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Boletín provincial extracción 18/05/2020 08:00 a.m. Provincia de EL ORO. https:// www.salud.gob.ec/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/ElOro-Machala-1-2.pdf

Ministerio de Salud Pública (2020). Situación nacional por COVID-19 (CORONAVIRUS). Inicio 29/02/2020- Corte 18/05/2020 08:00 –Infografía No. 081. https:// www.salud.gob.ec/ wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ INFOGRAFIANACIONALCOVID19-COE-NACIONAL- 18052020-08h00.pdf

National Assembly of Ecuador. (November 15, 2014). Proyecto de Ley para la Justicia Laboral y el Reconocimiento del Trabajo en el Hogar. https://www.asambleanacional. gob.ec/es/ multimedios-legislativos/39030-leyorganica-para-lajusticia-laboral-y.

Observatorio de Igualdad de Género de América Latina y el Caribe CEPAL (2013). Mujeres adultas mayores sin ingresos propios: consecuencia de una vida expuesta a la desigualdad. Notas para la igualdad, (9). https:// oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/nota_ para_la_ igualdad_9_-_adultas_mayores_sin_ingresos_ propios. pdf.

Observatorio de Igualdad de Género de América Latina y el Caribe CEPAL (2017). Población sin ingresos propios por sexo. https://oig.cepal.org/es/indicadores/poblacionsin-ingresos-propios-sexo

Oficina de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo para los Países Andinos. (2020). Resultados de grupos focales a representantes de empleadores y asegurados sobre la gobernanza, cobertura, calidad y sostenibilidad del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social. https://www. ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--americas/---rolima/documents/publication/ wcms_744556.pdf

Radio Quito. (November 11, 2015). Entrevista a la Ministra Coordinadora de Desarrollo Social. Radio Quito. https:// fr.ivoox.com/fr/ceciclia-vacaradio-quito-seguridadsocial-11-05-2015-audios-mp3_ rf_4477509_1.html.

Reforma al Reglamento para la Afiliación de las personas que realizan trabajo no remunerado del hogar. [Resolución C.D. No. 496]. (September 18, 2015). R. O. 622 of November 6, 2015.

Registro Interconectado de Programas Sociales (n. d.). Cobertura del Bono de Desarrollo Humano. http:// rips.registrosocial.gob.ec/Rips-web/pages/ consulta_ territorial/bdh/coberturaBdh.jsf.

Reglamento de Aseguramiento, Recaudación y Gestión de Cartera. [Resolución No. C.D. 516]. (March 30, 2016). R. O. 687 of August 15, 2016.

Reglamento Interno del Régimen de Transición del Seguro de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte. [Resolución No. C.D. 100]. (February 21, 2006). R. O. 225 of March 9, 2016.

Reglamento para la Afiliación de las personas que realizan trabajo no remunerado del hogar. [Resolución C.D. No. 492]. (June 18, 2015). R. O. 560 of August 6, 2015.

Rodríguez Enríquez C. (2010). Análisis Económico para la Equidad: Los Aportes de la Economía Feminista. Saberes Revista de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística, (2). https://www.saberes.fcecon.unr. edu.ar/index. php/revista/article/view/31/62

Rodríguez Enríquez C. (2015). Economía feminista y economía del cuidado. Aportes conceptuales para el estudio de la desigualdad. Revista Nueva Sociedad, (256). https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/ Nuevasociedad/2015/no256/3.pdf

Notes

Notas de autor

Enlace alternativo

http://www.revistarfjpuce.edu.ec/index.php/rfj/article/view/292/218 (pdf)