Introduction

Civil defense was created during World War II and in efforts to counter the air strike, provides shelter and alert civilians. According to various US Department of Defense sources, passive defense is a set of measures taken to reduce vulnerability and minimize the potential damage caused by the attack of enemy forces (2). Some of the measures that can be taken include early and timely warnings, dispersal, protection of important individuals and the general public, medical assistance, in particular to counteract and reduce the deadly effects of nuclear, biological and chemical attacks, weapons of mass destruction, staff training And tactics and processes that effectively reduce the damage caused by enemy attacks. In today’s wars, it is imperative to take non-operational measures to counter enemy attacks and to reduce the damage caused by air, land and sea attacks (4), which is the key to all key infrastructures, vital, critical and important military and civilian centers, such as refineries, Power stations, ports, airports, large industrial complexes, military and political headquarters (6), communication centers, strategic bridges, military industries, air bases, missile sites, crowded centers and tactical headquarters, support and defense headquarters, and so on.The passive defense approach is based on all civilian principles and practices that prevent or minimize financial losses to vital and critical military and civilian facilities and financial and humanitarian casualties (8). Therefore, the attention of the leaders and officials of each community to non-combatant schemes provides the necessary grounds for advancing this new approach to promoting the concept of urban safety and security. The passive defense structure does not reduce the likelihood of a crisis and incident, but reduces the amount of damage to the exposed elements (10).

One of the most important dimensions of social welfare, safety and comfort is the potential danger. Providing safety in urban spaces is subject to decision making in urban construction and design patterns, tailored to different human groups and ecosystem characteristics of each area (Alexander, 2002). Given the importance of using inactive passive principles that protect people’s lives in times of crisis, the value of some urban parameters affecting the crisis, such as the opening or closure of space, the density or dispersion of urban settlements and functions, the distance from sensitive uses, proximity to spaces (Eckert, 2008), and Safe applications, prediction of shelters in different parts of the city, multi-core urban centers against dependency on a center and other indicators of construction and urban design (Karbasian, 2011).The purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze the natural and human factors influencing the city’s vulnerability from the perspective of passive defense. Natural features affecting the city’s safety include geographical location, slope, existing faults, surface waters, annual rainfall, and so on (Nikoomanesh, 2014). In terms of man-made properties, housing, urban facilities and facilities, transportation and traffic, critical sites, urban centers of gravity, security-security locations, safe spaces and warning signs at the time of the incident can be mentioned (Shakibamanesh, 2015).The following research questions are: 1) What are the important spatial and spatial metrics in urban areas in accordance with the principles of inertial defense? 2) According to the research indicators, what is the status of urban vulnerability in contrast to possible attacks?

One of the most important theories related to passive defense is the theory of five loops and the Carver matrix theory. The theory of inspiration derives largely from Karl Clausewitz’s thoughts, called the Strategy of Gravity Centers. Clausewitz believed that the first task in planning the war was to identify the enemy’s centers of gravity, and if these goals were not carefully and accurately selected, they would waste huge human costs, equipment and the loss of vital irreversible opportunities. Centers of gravity are centers that are the source of all the movements, activities and powers of the country invaded. Iman believes that the most important task in planning a war is to identify the centers of gravity of the country and if these centers are carefully identified and targeted, the invading country, in the first days of the war, would taste the defeat of the military and in the shortest possible time to the demands The invading country will surrender and surrender. The model of the five strategic engagement rings is precisely the invasion country as the human body’s organs, so that if the brain and nerves (nerve centers, foodstuffs required for systemic and circulatory), limbs and legs (the motor system) The spirit and mind, the will and the defense system of the human body (defense cell) from human beings, will not be able to perform any activity and movement, if the five clashes in the country were destroyed by the invasion, he paralyzed him, defeated and surrendered his early will be.Another method of passive defense is the seventh criterion for choosing the best target from the enemy (Carver’s Matrix Method). The criteria for the study, which are registered as an accepted and enforceable theory with various applications in the relevant sources, can be identified as Carver Matrix. The word “carver” is the first letter of the sixth criterion of prioritizing goals or choosing the best goal. These criteria include: target significance and sensitivity, target accessibility capability, ability to restore and restore target, target vulnerability, target impact, target detection capability, economic value of tanks and currency yields.

To determine each of the criteria in enemy attack scenarios, the seven criteria are scored on a scale from 1 to 10 based on its status for the enemy. Then, each of the scores derived from each benchmark is set in the final table, the goal with the highest score is the best target for the attack. In the course of further studies and further studies, another criterion, which is actually the seventh criterion, is added to the six criteria according to the economic value of the buildings and the return of its currency and its rivals, which is in fact the effect of the destruction of the target in the world’s public opinion. Accordingly, terrorist and subversive operations are more important than critical, critical and critical infrastructure sites. These centers and facilities, which are largely dependent on centralized information technology systems, include demographic centers, telecommunication centers, energy supply facilities, electricity, water, food factories, transportation systems, and more. That’s why the focus of terrorist acts on these types of networks has increased. In enemy’s view, it is a vulnerable target with a diameter of 400 meters, such as an air base, a missile base, a large industrial complex, and so on. Based on the size of their location and degree of importance, the various vulnerable areas of the city are in table 1.

Table 1. Vulnerable infrastructure and related elements

Methodology

In this study, applications were categorized into 11 main categories to measure vulnerability. Given the super matrix’s attitude, most notably known as the Analytical Network Process (ANP), it is an attractive tool for better understanding of decision making and overcomes the constraints of hierarchical structures. Therefore, the ANP model was used to evaluate the applications. Such a system can be represented by a directed grid, in which a surface or cluster may, directly or indirectly, also be affected by other features of the decision (or elements) and surfaces (or clusters), and also influence. The emphasis in this research is on some of the principles of inactive defense, which has been tried to evaluate and analyze various layers in the statistical and graphical software environment according to these scales.The reason for choosing an ANP method for measuring the criteria and sub-criteria is that in addition to verifying the goals, criteria, sub-criteria, and finally the options, to measure horizontally all items together and each option with the same according to the research model. Based on this, we first compared and evaluated the eleven users, and then the intra-group criteria of each indicator were compared. The way of valuation and importance of applications and information layers has been done in two steps. In the first step, the main applications with each other and the subcomponents of each group are also combined with the ANP model in the Super Decisions software environment. In the second step, the 20 layers of information that have played the most role in the discussion of vulnerability and passive defense have been extracted. Their vector maps are converted into lattice layers in the ArcGis software environment, and then the scores of each layer are evaluated with the help of the AHP model in the Expert Choice software environment and, accordingly, the importance of each layer is taken into account in the final selection of vulnerable and non-vulnerable locations. To evaluate and grade the criteria and sub-criteria and their role in safety, 10 of the non-urban civil defense experts who worked in various organizations, including law enforcement and housing and urban planning, have been used. Information layers are GIS maps that are extracted from urban detailed plans and evaluated and compared by experts.

Table 2. Vulnerable infrastructure and its related elements

Table 3. Dimensions and criteria of passive defense in urbanization

Table 4. Comparative Measurement Scale

Table 5. Valuation of the safety level of urban use during incidents

Figure 1. Comparison of criteria and sub-criteria (primary and secondary uses) by using the ANP model in the Super Decisions software environment

Results

Comparison of applications in terms of safety Due to the nature of each user and its compatibility with the principles of passive defense, applications have a special value. This valuation is based on the Thomas Saaty 1 to 9.In the next step, in addition to comparing the main uses with each other, the nature of the ANP method is compared to the sub criteria of each major criterion.The value and importance of safety of some urban applications such as agricultural land, topographical effects, and urban green spaces is more than other uses, and some uses such as industrial units, gas networks and other facilities have the lowest score.In addition to evaluating the applications, according to the experts’ opinion, the significance of the nineteen-dimensional coefficients was evaluated using the AHP model and the coefficient of significance of each layer in the ArcGis environment was multiplied in the layer. According to the comparison, the layers with the highest coefficient of significance include the following: urban land use (0.19), population density (0.14), military buildings dispersion (0.115), construction density (0/088) and the distribution of urban facilities (0.068). The Euclidean method has been used to estimate the distance from the layers.Validation based on distance from the six main layers provided by these layers includes roughness’s, industries, sports fields, Red Crescent Center, health centers and green spaces. The distance obtained from the Euclidean method is obtained (the shortest distance between two points). Based on the Euclidean distance, 10 distances range from minimum to maximum.In addition to discussing the appropriateness of use and the distances from incompatible uses, the principle of lack of congestion, lack of focus and dispersion is very important. Accordingly, important administrative buildings should be distributed in such a way that the enemy with the least operational and military movements cannot cause serious damage to all buildings or the population is more exposed. So, by creating various branches, an important user can follow his or her normal life.

Considering the analysis of the values of inactive layers affecting the passive defense using the ANP and AHP statistical models, as well as the spatial analysis performed in the ArcGis software environment, the vulnerability of various urban neighborhoods has been determined and its results in six spectra with the titles of the vulnerability are very high, high, low, relatively low, low and very low. By studying the strengths and opportunities of urban safety, it will be determined that most of the parameters affecting safety improvement are related to natural features and urban macro foot, but in terms of building management and urban construction, dispersion and congestion, population spatial distribution, habitats and equipment Urban, transportation and communications have weaknesses and threats that can put the future of the city at risk. In other words, many urban decision-making and decision-making processes have not been appropriate in the process of distributing activities, services, and applying criteria. The city lacks any public shelter at the city level or the county seat defined in the residential units. The pattern of distribution of office buildings and decision-making centers is concentrated in three parts of the city, with an emphasis on the central part of the city. Although some units and military centers have been placed outside the city, some important centers and police decisions are at the provincial and city police headquarters in residential areas.

Table 6. Major and secondary user privileges based on safety appropriateness using the ANP model in the Super Decisions software environment

References

Alexander, D. (2002). From Civil Defense to Civil Protection and back again. Disaster Prevention and Management, 11. No. 3, 209-213.

Brandon, P. (2011). Extreme Management in Disaster Recovery. Journal of Procedia Engineering. No. 14,Pp. 14-21

Eckert, N and E. Parent and T. Faug and M. Naaim. (2008). Optimal design under uncertainty of a passive defense structure against snow avalanches: from a general Bayesian framework to a simple analytical model, Natural Hazards and Earth SystemSciences,8,Pp.1067-1081.

Karbasian, M, Abedi, S. (2011). A Multiple Objective Nonlinear Programming Model for Site Selection of the Facilities Based on the Passive Defense Principles. International Journal of Industrial engineering & Production Research. Volume 22, Number 4: 243-250.

Mohsen, k. Zarei, S. Kalantari, M. and Soleimannejad, E. (2014). Criteria of Passive Defense in Subway Stations. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Volume 4, Issue 3: 298-304

Nikoomanesh, M. R. Nazarkhah, A. and Panahyian, J. (2014). Study of the Methods of Passive Defense Implementation in the Energy Field and the Relevant Industries. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, Vol. 3.

Saaty L. T. (2004). The Analytic network process dependence and feedback indecision making part2 theory and validation examples.

Shakibamanesh, A.(2015). Public shelters: Towards secure urban planning and designing in terms of passive defense. Malaysian journal of society and space 11 issue 3: 1-9

Yeganegi, K. and Bayat, E. (2012, July 3 - 6). Applicationof Passive Defense in Location of Industrial Estates.Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference onIndustrial Engineering and Operations ManagementIstanbul, Turkey.

Información adicional

cite: Rezaie Narimisa, M., Ahmad Basri, N. E., Elahi, M., Hasannezhad, M., & Alipanahi, E. (2019). Passive defense: Measuring and evaluating urban vulnerability with resilience approach. Religación. Revista De Ciencias Sociales Y Humanidades, 4(13), 153-162. https://revista.religacion.com/index.php/religacion/article/view/202