1. Introduction

There are 35% women are the victims of violence by their partner and non partners, out of it 30% violence by their partners (WHO report, 2013) and 38% women murdered by male in all over the world, normally women who have low level of education, attitude towards accepting violence in childhood and living in subordinate status etc, are the victim of violence. As physically violence on bases of gender differences (Sundaram, Helweg-Larsen, Laursen & Bjerregaard, 2004) in Denmark, there is physical and mental health violence against the refugee women in Canada (Guruge, Roche, & Catallo, 2012; Devries, Mak, Garcia-Moreno, Petzold, Child, Falder, & Pallitto, 2013). Violence bear by the house maids women at their work places is the debateable issue. Women are the victims of sexual violence (Shively, 2011) in Afghanistan by removing their burqas for the concept of feminism. Women have more risk of violence with the continuity of relationships with partner (Harding & Helweg-larsen, 2009) and less risk with end of such abusive relation.

Aggressive behaviour at home is also known as the intimation of violence, ( Swan, Gambone, Caldwell, Sullivan, & Snow, 2008) aggressive behaviour at home (Hacioğlu, & Dincer, 2014) there are numerous types of aggression, including psychological, sexual and physical violence and dangers of violent behaviour. Normally men are once in a while violated by partner, yet abusive behaviour at home is regularly meted out towards women. Domestic violence can occur in hetero or same-sex relation in our society. An abuser utters scary, humiliating and tries to control his or her spouse, such as call names, to put partner down, stop partner to go on work and meet with family and friends, always try to keepcontrol on how partner use up money, where partner go and with whom, what dress in, intimate partner(Nelson, Bougatsos, & Blazina, 2012) behaviour is possessive and continually blames partner for being unfaithful, gets irritated when using any type of drugs, threatens partner with harmful weapon, hits, kicks, slaps, harms, hurts, force for sex and forced partner to do that sexual acts which partner not like to do, blame for his or her worse behaviour, realize partner that you are deserve it, shouts and sulks on his or her, make sense that you are useless, build negative image in child’s mind, (Hazen et al., 2007) never care about the children, always give stress not share anything with you.

In psychological or emotional abuse partner is playing with your feelings, self esteem and freedom. Women just think that they have no chance to come out from this relation because if they come out their life will be end. It is observe that 47% men and women are victim of psychological violence (Black, Basile, Breiding, Smith, Walters, Merrick, & Stevens, 2011) whereas in economic abuse partner has control on money, prevent to spend money with your will, account for a single penny, and discourage to spend on your family and friends. There are 45% percent women bear the physical injury from their partners. The effects of physical violence (Caldwell et al., 2009) is broken bones, stab wounds, cuts on any part of body, loss of teeth and hairs and blood pressure problems etc. in case of sexual violence women bear the genital pains, adopt diseases with sex, regular pregnancies, miscarriage issues, infertility problems and painful intercourse etc. and house maids are bear all these type of violence’s but they have no courage to raise voice due to our social customs prevailing in the society. (Hester, 2012; Postmus, Mcmahon, Silva-martinez, & Warrener, 2014; Buss & Duntley, 2011; Sanders & Schnabel, 2006; Harding & Helweg-larsen, 2009) According to The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, (2017) one third women are victim of physical violence and one fourth women are victims of sexual violence. Due to this they are patient of depression and anxiety and blood pressure problem usually. But there is not a single way to define partner violence it includes all above type in one time. (Peterson, 2008; Mchugh & Ferieze, 2006; Dumonthier & Dusenbery, 2016; Goetz, Shackelford, & Starratt, 1859; Kamradt-scott & Harman, 2014; Walker, Gavin, 2011; Flinck, Paavilainen, & Åstedt‐Kurki, 2005 ) Role of police and advocates (Messing, Campbell, Sullivan, Brown, & Shall, 2014) are helpful to reduces the intimate partner violence.

Family structure, cultural and religion beliefs, child birth are not the obstacles in the change of economic position of women as well as demographic change and fertility level not relate with economic role of females. The availability of financial resources are the solution of end the partners violence on women (Sanders, & Schnabe, 2006) and women become the part of economic development. Women face economic exploitation at school (Khan, Noreen, & Ahmad, 2012) with lower wages than the Government decided. Similarly domestic women workers receive low remuneration as compare to their work. But the domestic workers play significant role to run the engine of society (domestic worker united & datacenter, 2006) they provide enough and sufficient time to do their demanding work, they are the hidden force which are recognised. While in young generation trend is changed they show less dependability on maids, women are confidently depending on their male partner. This economic exploitation of women must be end with predetermined wage rates of house maids. Because there are no legislations about their remuneration but on the other side there is legislations on the intimate partner violence but no implementation or no proper reporting system is available to complain about domestic violence. There is need to empower the women at work places as well as at homes to protect their social and economic rights, in this direction not only their domestic violence but also their economic exploitation is going to reduces.

Research objectives

Reasons at the back of intimate partner violence on house maids

Aspects of economic exploitation of house maids at work places and at their homes

Research questions:

What are the reasons at the back of intimate partner violence on house maids

What are the aspects of economic exploitation of house maids at work places and at their homes

2. Literature review

Violence against women is debatable issue as Care foundation found that one in each three females has been beaten, pressured into sex or abusing in some other way. In particularly violence on women include incorporates any act that causes long term physical or mental harm, disturbed the female liberty and contain her in subordination. , (Heise, Ellsberg, & Gottmoeller, 2002) Men and women of different background discourage the violence and try to finish this unavoidable issue.

Introducing new legislations and improvement in pollicises are the source to end violence against women (Amaral, 2017) implementation of Govt laws and policies is the way to eliminate this unacceptable matter but the situation in low and middle income countries is so worse as on the bases of gender inequalities 24.6% violence on women by their partner where as non partner violence rate is 27.9% (Pan American Health Organization, 2003) and 13 percent to 68 percent females facing violence at least once in her life. And this creates the saviour health problems for women. As mentioned in the WHO report that (World Health Organization, 2013) 35% physical and sexual violence on women from their partner and non partner and 30% only from partner side (it is 38% in some regions). Due to this 16% women have low birth baby weight and also acquire HIV, depression and anxiety problems. Gender violence is the generally severe appearance of unequal gender relations in the world. It is as a matter of first importance an infringement of human rights, and a worldwide health problem (SIDA, 2015) elimination of gender violence based on gender inequalities and guaranteeing female security is a need for the Swedish government through improvement collaboration. SIDA give concept of gender violence as any injure or distress that is executed against women or young girl, man or kid that has harmful effect on the physical, sexual or mental health, improvement or identity of the individual. Similarly violence on the bases of gender included destructive attitude focussed at women and young girl, which contain abuse on wife, sexual violence, dowry dispute end with women murdered, (Heise et al., 2002) sexual relation without spouse permission etc

It is argue (Fu & Shaffer, 2001) that according to survey there is overall highest level of violence in U.S.A and another report indicate that integration strategy of violence against women and children is the way to get more useful results for society. With high correlation among women violence by partner and children violence, suggest that combine strategies create more favourable results. In Indian (Verma, Qureshi, & Kim, 2017) violence against women- the rape cases even in the posh areas. The police report shows that women are physically threaten, kidnapping, early age marriage and attempt to rape with increasing rate. Domestic violence against women in Pakistan (Tahir, 2017) is due to difference in ethnicity, education, areas and tribal customs based on gender inequality which is prohibited in Islam. It is reported that in the last twenty year only criminal sexual violence including physical violence addressed but the next ten years is need to explore the domestic violence by partner. It is hidden reality which not addressed due to secrecy, so it is challenging for community, policy makers and researchers to take all the family violence in to account. Multi country study (Black, Basile, Breiding, Smith, Walters, Merrick, & Stevens, 2011) by WHO up to 71% of women facing physical and sexual violence which is greater in developed countries. And also it is found that (Lapierre et al., 2017) domestic violence affect the mother child relationship. Children consider their moms more important in their lives but violence create gap in their relation with mother. Global health research showed (Devries et al., 2010) that 30% women bear the intimate partner violence from the age of 15 or more in 81 countries. Another worse picture of violence is seen (Guruge et al., 2012) in Toronto and Canada that women in Iranian and Sri Lankan communities experience physical, psychological and sexual violence from partner in form of slapping, hitting, insulting, criticizing and forcefully sexual intercourse. This is serious issue in all societies because due to violence women have ill health (Devries, Mak, Garcia-Moreno, Petzold, Child, Falder, & Pallitto, 2013) because they are habitual to accept violence from the childhood on the bases of gender differences. Gender difference is the strong reason of violence in any country (Sundaram et al., 2004) gender differences has direct relation with physical violence, health issues and look like morbid. Men face violence in the age of 16 to 24 in Denmark but women facing physical violence, ill health and morbidity are greater than men.

Education and awareness about the gender difference is the way to control the violence. Furthermore physical abuses in childhood which show affect in adult age and political violence against women in North Korea( Emery, Yoo, Lieblich, & Hansen, 2018) is mediating through risk of trauma It is also concluded that(Ellsberg et al., 2015) in high income countries show response to violence to prevent it. In less income countries need to prevent violence against women through training programmes on gender differences. It is evidence that in United States overall 20 persons bear physical violence in every mint. And one out of four women and one out of nine men bear sever physical violence from partner, one out of seven women face injury from partner violence, one out of 10 women have raped by partner, 9.4% women face sexual assault in their whole life and 66.2% facing stalking by their partner. One out of three women murder by their partner, 21-60% people loss their job due to their partner violence.

There is a cyclic process of women violence (Grovert, 2008) first their partner getting control over them and then bear abusive relation with them. And in foreign countries language hurdle is the cause of psychological acceptance of partner violence and raise no voice. Domestic violence is not only prevailing in developing but also in developed countries (Alhabib, Nur, & Jones, 2010) like 41% on America, 20% on Europe, 56% are on the bases of population, 17% are on health care of community. And all conclude that domestic violence is at high level of creating psychological and epidemic problems. No doubt violence against women is too much important issue to search it (Black, Basile, Breiding, Smith, Walters, Merrick, & Stevens, 2011) but the violence against children is also having equal importance to study it. The violence preventing programmes which deal these two issues collectively get better results than individual polices. Women reported against the violence but it is also important to take men view point about violence (Babu & Kar, 2009) shocked results showed high percentage of violence on women than men. Many institutions are working in India to give first aids to these women but the key is the implementation of law in country to prevent the domestic violence. There is more evidence that partner violence against women is more when men are free from work (Sanz-Barbero et al., 2018) Women not at young age but also underage house maids are the child abuse and economic violence with no justice in wages. it is true that in most of the situations or places women do more work (Nader, 2015) and having less power, as women try to build their status with better financial position. It is also observed that most of migrated domestic worker in Asia are women and they are dependent on their employer for everything. With low wages and volatile behaviour of employers with household workers affect their work of cleaning and caring of home. in agriculture sector (Dancer, & Hossain, 2018) also women receive less wages, low standard of living, below the poverty line. The trible women enjoy more freedom than Hindu women in Kashmir (Kumar & Sharma, 2015) in work, marriage and decision making along with men but the tribal laws against them. House maids are treated as slaves especially (Halabi, 2008) in U.A.E and Saudi Arabia and they are exploited economically and physically. The contribution in labour force of women is greater in Burma than its neighbour countries but the problem is that most of the women involve in labour work.

3. Methodology

This study is based on interpretivism paradigm to explore the reasons behind the physical, psychological and sexual violence by their partners on married house maids women as well as their economic exploitation at work place and at their home. The purposive sampling technique is used to select the significant samples. The strategy of inquiry to dig in the reality is interviews, which helpful to get rich thick information related to this sensitive issue. The in depth interviews from 11 house maids, 9 partners of house maids and 9 work places of house maids with age limit of 18 to 40 are taken in the Sheikupura district of Pakistan.

4. Findings

4.1. Violence on house maids

There are different ways of violence on house maids.

4.1.1. Physical violence

Partners of house maid attempt to physical violence (Sundaram, Helweg-Larsen, Laursen & Bjerregaard, 2004) due to negative image of their wives which created by mother in laws and some inferiority complexes of partners.

“I am scared of his permanent alcohol and drunk condition, if one thing is not matter, then he losses his senses and beat me” (Yamema)

“I bear too much violence, he broke my arm, eyes will blue, he hit and put cuts on my hands with knife and when my condition get so miserable then my in-laws took me to hospital…once he started to beat me near garbage” (Kusar)

4.1.2. Psychological violence

Women even bear violence but they are bound to live with their partners because they have psychological pressure on mind (Guruge et al., 2012) after that where go.

“It’s a lot anger, I hurt and feel and think to eat something to die” (Khalda)

“If women ask something and does not bring for the husband, the problem is more, mother not bear that my children are hungry, once I took acid too” (Shakila)

4.1.3. Sexual violence:

Husbands of house maids never considered that they work whole day, they may need rest, they may not feel well, they prefer forcefully to fulfil their sexual desire. (Black, Basile, Breiding, Smith, Walters, Merrick, & Stevens, 2011) If the maids deny to do this then they forced them and beat them, impute them that you are interested in someone other male.

“My husband is forced me because he is in a state of drug condition so he says do what I want to do” (Tayyaba)

“My husband abuses me sexually and do sex as he want forcefully” (Rashida)

4.1.4. Violence at work place:

House maids are over burdened they do a lot of work and spend almost half a day in the other apartments. They received less wage rate as they work for only 2 to 4 thousand with also bear the physical violence.

“The work is high and salary is low, I receive only 1500 rupees for the cleanliness of twenty Marla house” (Razia)

“when out from house for work then husband scold us and at work place also scold us, they never know our home environment, we do work obediently and go to home” (Musrrat)

At work place only one woman accepts that she do physical violence on house maid because she annoys her so much.

“When she annoys her, do not work in a good way, then slap her as well as scold her” (Zarqa)

4.1.5. Violence by in-laws:

House maids not only bear the violence of partners but also from in laws due to their greed of money. (Choudhary, Kaithwas, Rana, 2019) If daughter in law not give them money they also abuse her, say wrong things about her character to their son and at last according to social customs partner believe on parents opinion and she bear violence from partner as well.

“In laws do not consider me good, accuse for stealing and threw me out of the house…in-laws said give us money which you earn” (Nida)

“When we lived together, my husband used to be harsh as my mother in law and brother in law said” (Muqbolan)

4.2. Reasons to bear violence:

4.2.1. Gender inequality:

In our society male take advantage of having dominating position in the house. They consider that they have abilities to think better (Arifin, 2012) than women. The social lives of house maids are totally destroyed due to the immoral attitude of their husbands and in laws.

“My brother in law hit me and says that she has taken the money, actually he is a thief, but everybody believe that mine is guilty…then I feel helpless and weep in front of my Lord that He give me justice” (Razia)

4.2.2. No safe place:

The main reason to bear the violence of intimate partner, is the house maids have no safe place in case of fight with their husband, they decide to leave home but society traditions are the obstacles in their decision.

“When there is violence, then I want to go somewhere else, then think where I go, my parents are disable, then I bear violence and live here (with partner)” (Tayyaba)

4.2.3. Drug addiction & Suspect attitude:

Most of the partners and their children especially boys, of house maids are drug users(Klostermann, & FalsStewart, 2006) so when they are in drug condition then they abuse their wives, beat them, hit them with some stick and even injure them and leave with bleeding

“Sons are drug users, they do not obey my order, they do not work, they do work occasionally” (Nida)

“My husband is drug user and in this condition he hit me, and threw me out from house…I m helpless, now before five years he died due to over dose of drugs” (Muqbolan)

4.2.4. Bear oppression because I am a mother:

Many house maids bear emotional violence due to their children.Because husbands oppress them, beat them and get them out from homes but they say nothing. They are emotional not in a position to leave their children.

“When he beat me, I go to mother home, and then come back, there are four children, the husband is a drunker, who care and handle the children” (Khalda)

4.2.5. Husband’s unemployment:

Normally the partners of house maids are drunker, drug users and due to over use of drug they are ill and unemployed. (DeBoer & Seeborg, 1984)

“My husband do work of electrician and then he got ill due to the drug, he did not work because of hepatitis C, sometime he gives money or sometime not” (Khadija)

4.2.6. Old age tension:

House maids have no place and support in old age, they are in tension what happened with in old age that’s why most of house maids work at people home in old age as well.

“I think today I am earning, tomorrow I will be old, who will take care of me” (Yamema)

4.3. Reasons to work:

House maids are out of their home for better future of their children and to meet basic needs of life. They think that their kids must be literate. Due to poverty they are strong victims of inflation and debts ( Lopes, Ferreira, & Sequeira, 2014) taken from banks and work places.

“The government has increased inflation, due to which we have to get women out of the houses and face many problems” (Rashida)

“I am liable for almost one or one and half million debt of children marriage, I m not in a position to pay it back…but my sons never support me financially” (Nusrat)

“Now I wish that my daughter get education so that she becomes something” (Kusar)

*All above mentioned names of married house maids, having experience minimum 2 years, are pseudo for the maintained of privacy of participants

In the above table 81% participants are belongs to age group 18 to 30 having religion Islam remaining 19% are 31 to 40 having religion Christianity. And 54% maids are working from 4 to 10 years and reaming are 2 to 3 years.

The summary of findings shows that physical violence is beared by house maids at high level and violence by in laws are at lower level where as 81%, 72% and 54% are bear psychological, sexual and violence at work places.

4.4. Economic exploitations of house maids

4.4.1. Exploitation at work places:

House maids not only bear the violence from husband they also bear the economic exploitation from work places and from their husband side. At work place they do work more but their remuneration is low and house owner consider that they give them their hard work reward. But they are not paid as they work done, because there is no system of their wages rate. No policy is available to decide their minimum wage amount.

“I give 2000 and some wheat for washes dishes, cleanliness and pressing of cloths, she comes at 8 o clock and go back almost at 12 o clock daily” (Asia)

“I give 3000 for brushing the house, dusting, to pot obscure, dress wash and their pressing, and she spend almost 3 hours daily in my house” (Faiqa)

“I give 12000 rupee to three house maids, they washes the dishes, to sweep in full house, and they spend almost 3 to 4 hours daily” (Gulsan)

4.4.2. Exploitation from husbands:

And on the other side house maid’s partners snatch her salary to fulfil his drug needs, sometime partner go to the work places, abusing her, beating her and also take advances from work place due to unemployment, this is another reason to bear violence at workplace because they are creditor of that peoples.

“Her husband comes and asks for advances and abuse her” (Sobia)

“Take the advance to meet her home expenses such as for the medicine of her children” (Arifa)

“My wife earn 6 to 7 thousand, she not give me her salary, but I am in condition of unconsciousness due to drug, I beat her and grab the money” (Razzaq)

“Sometime she give me and some I take forcefully…I beat her when I take drug (afyeem)” (Manzoor)

The partners who are employed they also take the salary of their wives to fulfil house expenses and they said it is a mutual understanding. Partners of house maids not only physically violet them but also they are not responsible to meet their home expense, kids education expense, food expense.

“She give her salary to me, and her wishes is to meet kids expense first, she has not need” (Abid)

“I do not work due to my backbone problem…I use charas cigarette” (Babar)

“We are five persons in a home and my in laws give wheat or rice for food…and also give my children school expenditure…they are also make dresses of my wife and children” (Shafiq)

House maids never think to leave their partner because they think about their children and many other things due to social customs but men not think for a second and divorce her wife if he is in a doubt about her character

“I divorce my first wife because I am doubt about her character” (Akram)

“I divorce my wife because she insult my mother and stay in her mother home long time” (Rashid)

* All above mentioned names of owner of work places of house maids are artificial to keep privacy of participants

*All the names of partners of house maids are imitate for the privacy of participants

In table 2, 78% house maids receiving salary from 2 to 3 thousand ranges and remaining are up to 4000. In the above table 3, 67% partners of house maids are unemployed and 78% are drug adductor and only 33% are employed. But also work in on and off ways.

In the above table house maids are economically exploited from both sides at work places, who are 89%and at home from their partners, who are 78%.

5. Discussion:

House maids are oppressed and bear the physical, psychological, sexual, financial violence from their partners. The women have also basic rights (Arifin, 2012) but they are ignorant from their rights. They are real victims of partner’s violence; they are in weaker position in our society. Male dominate society is prevailing in Pakistan, male partner consider himself as owner of female like they are animal. Most of the house maid’s husbands are drug addictors, lose their senses, they are unemployed and spend whole day at home, not think about their wives and children. They are only abusing their wives and to annoy them to build a sexual relation. Maids are tied after doing a lot of work at work place, at their own homes; they look after the children, make food for family members, and clean the house etc but the partners not consider it they use drugs and are habitual to do sex. Male partner consider that if I beat her then she will be in my control and she give me respect, and afraid of me, this fear of house maids give male partner right to take unfair advantage and stanched the salary of their wives. Females are psychological depressed they have no place where they go because almost the entire house maids are belongs to poor families, their parents are also in miserable condition. Not only this but also the psychological burden of suspect attitude origin the violence and women are victims of diseases. Because they have no safe place to go to left over the violence of their partner.

On the other side at work places all the house owners give two thousand to four thousand rupees for different work, one give same amount for two work and one give for more than two work, but there is no system no policy, no principles how the wage rate is decided. They have no solution except to bear it, also they try to attract the male owners in bungalows to build sexual relation as a source of income. At work places the house owner not admits any physical violence do on them, they only said we scold them not slap or any other violence this but their maids said they bear physical violence here. House maids are also economically exploited from husbands because they snatch their money to fulfil their drug needs of drug adductor and other said it is mutual understanding but in both cases house maids economically exploited. There is strong need to literate the women in the society and also Government need some steps to prevent the violence against them and rules about wage rate of house maids.

6. Conclusion:

Women are 48.76% of total population of Pakistan according to Population and housing census, 2017, and only 9% women are the part of work force in Pakistan, and out of which 70% women are connected with agricultural. There are women very small in numbers who are doing job in reasonable place and scale, because most of them are not able to get good job due to illiteracy. Specially women who are living in poor families with illiteracy having no opportunity to do good job, and their house expenses are not sufficient with their husband salary, or most of cases husbands are not like to do work due to drug addiction. Then they are going to do work in bungalows as house maids to meet up the needs and want their children as their standard.

Set aside their efforts house maids are physically powerful victims of violence by their partners. Their husbands are illiterate, no knowledge of morality, ignorant of rules of Islam about wife and children, regular from generation to generation follower of traditions, lazy nature, mostly unemployed, involve in immoral activities like go to prostitute, use drugs, consider women are subordinates, prefer their blood relation (mother, sisters, brothers) in case of any dispute with wife, women are their under control so they commit physical, sexual, psychological violence on their wives. . (Hester, 2012; Postmus, Mcmahon, Silva-martinez, & Warrener, 2014; Buss & Duntley, 2011) And house maids bear violence first of all they are women and women are socially weak in position due to unfavourable customs of society. Second they are mothers, they never think to leave their children in hands of their fathers who are unemployed, drug user etc. third one is that they have no shelter to go there and get freedom of partner’s violence.

House maids are not only bearing the violence but also economically exploited from partner and work place. There are no specific and decided rules and policies for the wages of house maids everybody pays them according to their own set of rules. Even though house maids spend half of their day at work place and also tolerate violence at work place. Housemaids husbands are also economically exploited (Nader, 2015; Khan et al., 2012; Sanders, & Schnabe, 2006) them because they are not like to do work so they are unemployed and drug adductor; they grasp salary of their wives to meet their needs. There is require to change in law to end the partner’s violence against women especially in case of house maids and also policy is required to decide their wage rate as per other developed countries so their economic exploitation comes to end (Ambreen & Mohyuddin, 2013; Soharwardi,Khan, & Khalid, 2014) with empowerment of these women.

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