Articles

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36950/apd-2020-006
Abstract: Little is known about the undated and presumably anonymous fight book which was once owned by Hugold Behr the Elder (sixteenth century), Rostock UB Mss. Var. 83. The small booklet shows how to fight with rapier and dagger, a combat system which was relatively new in Germany. Its author – an anonymous German fencer who had presumably journeyed to Venice – was probably inspired by Italian fight books. The semantics of the treatise show some interesting features with regards to the technical terms used, not to mention examples of code-switching phenomena from German to some specific Latin phrases. Furthermore, the treatise is, methodically speaking, highly elaborate due to the fact that its author brings a three-dimensional martial art footwork to life in a two-dimensional fight book.
Keywords: anonymous fight book, sixteenth century, rapier and dagger, code switching, diagram sketch on footwork..
I THE FIGHT BOOK OF HUGOLD BEHR
I.1 Introduction, Codicological Aspects and Provenience
Little is said about an undated and presumably anonymous fight book in the Schwerin library inventory of 1573.1 The small paper booklet of fifty-two folios in landscape format (160 mm x 200 mm) was already described, however, as an “old pictured book with all kinds of figures of the art of fighting” and “bound in an old yellow limp vellum binding”.2
The binding, folding, content, and small size indicates that the small booklet was likely a manuscript for everyday usage and very likely for mobile use: the pocketbook or notebook was used especially for describing and sketching fighting techniques as well as drawing some snapshots of everyday life. The fight book had once been owned by Hugold Behr the Elder, a sixteenth-century noble from Pomerania.3 This is evidenced by a handwritten ownership note on the inner cover which is evidently not the hand of the fight book’s writer. Thus, the small volume could possibly be much older than 1573 when it was first recorded. It presumably dates back to the mid-sixteenth century or to the second or third quarter of the sixteenth century. Even the two watermarks, a scaled fishtail and a musical instrument (a horn), are of no help in dating it more precisely.4 The text is written in a hasty cursive, single-column, with three to twelve lines on each pages and with coloured drawings to illustrate the fighting treatise.5 It was later given to the library of Rostock University in 1789 when the two university libraries of Bützow and Rostock were consolidated.6
I.2 Linguistics: Technical terms and code switching
The vernacular language used in this fight book is mainly High German, but here and there it is intermingled with Latin phrases and technical terms which have been substituted for the original German terms. The semantics of the treatise show some interesting features with regards to the technical terms and examples of code-switching phenomena. Throughout the entire treatise the writer strives for accuracy and precision in all of his linguistic expressions but technical terms that German fight books are known for are only used infrequently throughout this text. One of the main characteristics of medieval and early modern fencing and wrestling treatises is the use of technolect and vernacular secret languages which often result in malapropisms.7 There are, however, some conspicuous German linguistic features.8 The widely known and generally used fighting term “lager” (Engl.: pose, position), for example, is used frequently; there are fifteen counts altogether. Another of the most often used lexemes is the noun “stich” (Engl.: stab), which appears forty times. The related verb is used an additional seven times. The frequency of their use is surely due to the weapon system described: rapier and dagger. Thus, the writer prefers the verb “streichen” (Engl.: to strike) over the quite synonymous but somewhat old-fashioned “hawen” – the former is used twenty-one times to the latter’s three (plus one compound use for each). Speaking of the lexeme “haw”, one more technical term is interesting, namely “fligelhau”; a widely-used term within older German fight books (as seen in Czynner9, Cologne Fight Book10, Egenolff11, Paurnfeindt12) – here the progressively fitting “flugel streich”:13
Wan dein adversarius harte streich
dort von oben raeb can man mit rappier undt
dolch dar iegegen creuitzen also das der
dolch unten sey undt bringen einen flugel
streich nach dem lincken schenckel.
Engl.: When your opponent heavily strikes down from above, one can ward it off with rapier and dagger in a way that the dagger moves downwards and do a “wing strike” to the left thigh.
So aber die rappier clinge unten is
sal[t] gedencken einen streich nach den rechten
schenkel zu doen.
Engl.: But if the blade of the rapier is (already) lowered you shall know to do a strike towards the right thigh.
It will not be of any surprise that technical terms from the field of anatomy, such as the cited “schenkel” (the upper part of the leg; thigh), are often used. Other examples include – but are not limited to – “fuß” (foot), “brust” (chest), “gesicht” (face), “leib” (torso), “faust” (fist), “ohr” (ear), “cnie” (knee), and “arm” (arm). Only when it comes to male genitalia does the writer exclusively prefer the Latin term “virilia”, presumably in order to use linguistics to distance himself from vulgarity, but it also immediately gives evidence as to his level of education.
The author’s use of “virilia” is one of many examples of loanwords, code-mixing, and code-switching present in the manuscript. Apart from the Latin “virilia” or “adversaries” (Engl.: opponent), the latter of which appears seventeen times for the German “widderpart” (four appearances) or “widdersagger” (two appearances), the writer uses Latin loanwords like “observiren” (Engl.: to observe) and “Obseruation”. A real code-switching from German to Latin always happens when the writer wants to describe geometrical circumstances. Two examples are presented below.14
Zum anderen magstu in geleichem streich nach dem rechten ohr die clinge sincken lassen et admoto pede dextro mit einem vollen stich nach der brust außfahrn.
Engl.: Secondly, lower the blade with the same strike towards the right ear and after the right foot has moved forward, do a full strike towards the chest.
In disem langen lager ist anfenclich zu mercken das man mit dem rechten fuß mus vorn steyn undt wan als der adversarius einen stich oder streich nach der rechte seitten dhut demselbigen mit langen cruitzen ausszunemmen et admoto pede sinistro in signum 5 einen stich mit dem dolch zu dhun.
Engl.: In this wide pose you must keep in mind that one will have to stand with the right foot ahead. And when the opponent does a stab or strike towards the right side ward it off with a wide crossing and stab with the dagger after the left foot has moved forward to position no 5.
I.3 Content, structure and pragmatic use
Hugold Behr’s fight book outlines techniques for handling rapier and dagger (there are no techniques for single rapier, single dagger, rapier and cloak, etc.). A group of such techniques usually begins with a full page drawing of a pair of fencers followed by several paragraphs of text describing alternative attacks and counterattacks that can arise from the situation depicted in the image.15
The treatise follows a clearly structured didactic course and is methodically highly elaborate: the writer is the first within the German speaking sources to bring a three- dimensional martial art footwork to life in a two-dimensional fight book. He achieved this by developing a very useful and creative display system that incorporates text, pictures, and a diagram.16 This diagram, on fol. 2v, shows the ground on which the fencers are standing from above and numbers each possible foot position from one to ten. Every fighting technique is explained through text and illustrations while every foot is labelled numerically so that the reader can reproduce the technique by knowing exactly where to step.17 Moreover, dashed lines in the illustrations show the (occasionally altering) movements of the weapons and where to aim or hit.18Similar systems are known to exist in the fight books of the Italian fencing masters Giacomo di Grassi (1570)19 and Francesco Alfieri (1640).20 Within the German speaking area, however, this diagram- inspired approach seems to be quite the novelty.
The anonymous fight book is a singular and one of a kind work. The combination of rapier and dagger was probably not absolutely new, however, as is evidenced by the mid- 1550s fight books of Paulus Hector Mair, a high-ranking council officer and part of the Augsburg municipal government. Mair collected various fight books and compiled their content for his own oeuvre.21 In 1579 he was hanged for embezzlement.22 According to Jeffrey Forgeng the use of the rapier in the Mair fight books appears to be the earliest non-Italian source on its use.23
Another German fight book describing the use of the rapier was printed in 1570 by the fencing master Joachim Meyer. In his Gründtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens the author broaches the issue of the rapier being a new but popular weapon:24
Souil das Rappier fechten welches jetziger zeit ein sehr notwendige vnd nuetzliche uebung ist / anlanget / ist kein zweyffel das es bey den Teutschen / ein newe erfundene vnnd von andern Voelckern zu vns gebrachte uebung ist [ ]
Engl.: Concerning the fighting with the rapier which today is a very necessary and useful practice, there is no doubt that it (really) is a new invented practice brought to us from abroad.
Interestingly, it is not only the fencing parts of the fight book that can be somehow linked to Italian fight books. The second part of Hugold Behr’s fight book shows sketches and drawings from everyday life – be it civic or courtly – in Venice.
I.4 Genre sketches and drawings
While the fight book part of the manuscript (fols 1r-39r) uses twenty-nine drawings to illustrate its text, the second part (fols 40v-51r) consists of sketches including – finished as well as unfinished – drawings of a lady on a horse, several men and women in different poses, portraits, and a Venetian gondola in which there is a couple being intimate. According to Rainer Leng, a single sketch on folio 50r may have been drawn by a second hand, as it differs in some ways to the hand that illustrated the fight book and was responsible for the other sketches and drawings.25
I.5 Summary
The fight book of Hugold Behr is interesting for several reasons. Firstly, it shows how to fight with rapier and dagger, a fencing system which was quite the novelty at that time in Germany. Secondly, the semantics of the treatise show some interesting features with regards to the technical terms and some examples of code-switching phenomena from German to specific Latin phrases. Thirdly, the treatise is, methodically speaking, highly elaborate due to the fact that the author brings a three-dimensional martial art footwork to life in a two-dimensional fight book. This author – an anonymous German fencer who had presumably journeyed to Venice – was probably inspired by Italian fight books. What one finds in Hugold Behr’s fight book is thus a kind of humanist-enhanced symbiosis of the Italian and German fight book traditions.
II.1 Primary sources
Alfieri, Francesco Ferdinando, La Scherma. 1640
Di Grassi, Giacomo, Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l’arme si da offesa, come da difesa. 1570
Dresden SLUB Mscr. Dresd. C 94 (Fight Book Compilation of Paulus Hector Mair, Volume 2)
Rostock UB Mss. Meckl. J 81 (Catalogus Bibliothecae Academicae Bützoviensis aestate anni MDCCLXXXXIX Rostochium transportatae concinnatus ab Olao Gerhardo Tychsen)
Meyer, Joachim, Gründtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, Straßburg 1570
Rostock, UB Mss. Meckl. J 203, Catalogus sive Index universalis omnium librorum… qui in domini Joannis Alberti Ducis Megalburgensis etc. bibliotheca Suerinensi habentur et exstant, secundum seriem alphabeticam digestus. Schwerin 1573
Rostock, UB Mss. Var. 83 (Fight Book of Hugold Behr)
Vienna, ÖNB Cod. 10826 (Fight Book Compilation of Paulus Hector Mair, Volume 2)
II.2 Secondary literature
Bauer, Matthias Johannes, ‘Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst’ – Das Frankfurter oder Egenolffsche Fechtbuch. Untersuchung und Edition (München; Herbert Utz Verlag, 2016)
Bauer, Matthias Johannes, ‘Teaching How to Fight with Encrypted Words: Linguistic Aspects of German Fencing and Wrestling Treatises of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times’, in Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe (14th-17th Centuries), ed. by Daniel Jaquet, Karin Verelst and Timothy Dawson. (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 47-61
Bauer, Matthias Johannes, Langes Schwert und Schweinespieß. Die anonyme Fechthandschrift aus den verschütteten Beständen des Historischen Archivs der Stadt Köln (Graz: ADEVA, 2009).
Bauer, Matthias Johannes, ‘Die unbekannte illustrierte Fechthandschrift des Hugold Behr. Vorbemerkungen zur Edition von Rostock UB Mss. Var. 83’, in Medium Aevum Quotidianum, 55 (2007), 80-85
Bergner, Ute and Johannes Giessauf, Würgegriff und Mordschlag. Die Fecht- und Ringlehre des Hans Czynner (1538). Universitätsbibliothek Graz Ms. 963 (Graz: ADEVA, 2009)
Forgeng, Jeffrey L., ‘The Martial Arts Treatise of Paulus Hector Mair’, in Die Kunst des Fechtens, ed. by Vavra, Elisabeth and Matthias Johannes Bauer (Heidelberg: Winter, 2017), pp. 267-83
Leng, Rainer, Stoffgruppe 38. Fecht- und Ringbücher, (München: C. H. Beck, 2008) (= Katalog der deutschsprachigen illustrierten Handschriften des Mittelalters, Band 4/2, Lieferung 1/2)
Verband für Moderne Schwertkunst in Bayern e.V. (ed.), Paurnfeindts Fechtbuch aus dem Jahr 1516, (Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2014)
III. APPENDIX
This appendix contains the edition, followed by the reproduction of the manuscript (without the blank pages), with kind permission of the University Library of Rostock.
Wan dein adversarius harte streich
dort von oben raeb can man mit rappier undt
dolch dar iegegen creuitzen also das der
dolch unten sey undt bringen einen flugel
streich nach dem lincken schenckel.
So aber die rappier clinge unten is
sal[t] gedencken einen streich nach den rechten
schenkel zu doen



















































Notes