Body condition score (BCS) has been recognized as a significant tool for dairy cattle management. Moreover BCS is the foremost method for interpretation of body energy reserves in dairy cows (1,2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9). It is quite simple and a repeatable system for evaluation of body fat stores (1, 10,11,12,13,14) and a considerable attention has been paid to BCS, in terms of estimating tissue mobilization (15). Also, this system is used to preparation of suitable feed plans and determination of nutritional status of cows in dairy farm (16).

There are some difficulties within the interpretation of BCS systems, through range and variation (2). Furthermore different scoring scales varying from 0 to 4.0 to 5.1 to 4.1 to 5 and 1 to 9 (1). Similarly to US system, the most commonly and probably the foremost scare range applies a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being emaciated, 2 thin, 3 average, 4 fat and finally 5 obese in Turkey (17). The latter system was then adopted to a method previously described elsewhere (18), was based entirely upon visual assessment, where as another body condition scoring system involved palpation of the specific body parts, employed in some countries such as UK, Ireland and New Zealand (4).

There is a general consensus regarding benefits of BCS, whereas only a few percentage of farms (solely 5%), adopted and explored the feasibility of estimating BCS in US. It should also be stressed that the BCS should be updated on each cattle, reinforcing the cost at the farm (5).

The feasibility of BCS interpretation from digital images has been the subject of some prior studies (1,4). Regarding the disperancies among aforementioned studies, the present author decided to perform this study. The present author interest to this subject was aroused following awareness of Bayer Healthcare Animal Health’s Innovative BCS Cowdition Smartphone Application, designed for simplification and standardization of the BCS for dairy cows. Therefore the objective of the present work was to better understand and compare the methods of assessing dairy cow BCS, namely visual assessment and digital reports. Hence, the results of this study might have helped researchers and consultants in an attempt to estimate and compare BCS presented from other relevant studies.

Animals. Data for the present study were collected from 50 head Holstein-Friesian cows at 1st-4rd parity (mid-lactation), have made one or more birth, without any problems related to reproduction, raised at a private dairy farm located in Aydin, Turkey.

Experimental design. The United States BCS (USBCS) system (1,18) is based completely upon visual estimation by use of a 1-5 scale with 0.25 intervals, as was also used by some researchers (4). After morning milking in farm, BCS data were collected from 16 January 2015 to 16 February 2015 (4 weeks).This BCS were assessed by two experienced researcher (involving the present author, having MS and PhD degrees in Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty) while assessing BCS on visual observing, flowcharts developed by some authors was used (18). Comparatively and as a second method BCS Cowdition Smartphone Application was enhanced. BCS Cowdition is an innovative enhancement from Bayer Healthcare Animal Health’s. Assessor with detailed descriptive images of cows having different health conditions, and may be downloaded from the internet at available sources. The program is currently available also in English and Turkish. BCS Cowdition may be used to assess health condition, thus BCS for dairy cows. This innovative smart phone technology programme has a five-step BCS system, lasting after downloading of the cow’s photograph, and then was installed on to the smartphone. Afterwards the automated system assesses the BCS.

Briefly, the application is based on Bayer Healthcare Animal Health Division’s established 5-step BCS system, allowing the investigator to measure BCS simply by taking photos of each cow individually (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Figure 1 The steps of BCS Cowdition system (19).

Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed performed by ANOVA using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SPSS 18.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis of data (20). The significance of the differences between groups was compared by Duncan’s multiple range tests (21). The relationship between two methods was determined by using Pearson’s correlation analyses and the regression models were estimated by using linear regression analysis (20).

In figure 2 the assessment of a cow was shown with BCS Cowdition system by assessor. Finally at step (5th step), the BCS value of cow was found as 3.25 by BCS Cowdition system.

Figure 2 Figure 2 The assessment of a cow with BCS Cowdition.

The descriptive statistics of BCS that was estimated according to BCS Cowdition and USBCS system were given in table 1. The overall means of BCS were found as 3.37±0.068 and 3.45±0.060 for BCS Cowdition and USBCS, respectively. The means of BCS for BCS Cowdition ranged from 3.16 to 3.54, while the means of BCS were ranged from 3.33 to 3.55 in USBCS system (Table 1). The effects of parity on BCS were found non-significant in two systems (p>0.05).

Table 1 Table 1 Least square means and standard errors of BCS for two systems

The mean differences among BCS were determined 0.08 unit lower in BCS Cowdition than USBCS systems and this differences were found statistically non-significant (p>0.05).

The positive correlation among BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems was found as 0.81 in evaluating body condition (p<0.01).

The relationship among BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems was shown in figure 3. The positive linear relationship (p<0.001) was found between two systems (Figure 3). The regression equation for estimating COWDITION from USBCS was COWDITION=0.168+0.928* USBCS (R2=0.66). The equation for estimating USBCS from COWDITION was USBCS=1.042+0714*COWDITION (R2=0.66).

Figure 3 Figure 3 The relationship among methods

The overall means of BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems for BCS were found as 3.37±0.068 and 3.45±0.060, respectively. This result was found lower than from findings of Roche et al (22), the same as results of Berry et al (23) and higher from findings of some researchers (9,18,24, 25, 26, 27).

BCS become important at different lactation stage (Fresh cows, early lactation, mid-lactation, late lactation and dry period). BCS is generally approximately 3 (5-point scale) or 5 (9-point scale) in mid-lactation stage. If cows occur over-form throughout mid-lactation, BCS is become 3.5 to 4.0 (5-point scale) or 6.0 to 7.0 (9-point scale)(6). The results of this study are accordance with literature.

Some researchers reported that BCS<2.5 and 4.0<BCS of cows is largely shown impairment of animal welfare (28). The alterations of BCS may originate from different causes. This may be briefly explained within a proper level of nutrition and a well-designed ration, as was also described previously other authors (29). Moreover, these changes are regard to alteration of body weight of cows and conversion of organism tissues in high productivity (12).

In this study, the effect of parity on BCS was found statistically non-significant (p>0.05). Similarly, Edmonson et al (18) and Berry et al (25) recorded that parity did not affect BCS.

The vast majority of the cows (58%) were evaluated for BCS at 2.5-3.25 points in this study, similarly to what have been described elsewhere (9). One author reported that most of the cows (42%) were situated for BCS at 3-4 points. In other study, Estonian Holstein cows were categorized as thin (28%, BCS≤3.0), moderate (46%, BCS 3.25–3.5) and fat (26%, BCS≥3.75) (30). Some researchers found that 5% of cows were evaluated BCS ≥ 6.0 points at calving and 23% of cows were assessed BCS ≤ 4.0 points.

The Pearson correlation coefficient was found as 0.81 in the present study (p<0.01). In a prior study comparing two methods for assessing BCS of dairy cows Scotland, weekly BCS were collected for 3 months. Paired scores (n=2088) between the primary systems utilized in United Kingdom and USA, were moderately correlated (r=0.75, p<0.0001)(4).

The positive linear relationship among two systems declared (R2 =0.66) in the present study is similar to Australian and New Zealand BCS systems (R2= 0.61) reported by Roche et al (2). This relationship between USBCS and UKBCS systems were found as 0.56 in another study (4). Also, Isensee et al (14) reported that the dBCS (dependent BCS) was able to explain the BFT (back fat thickness) better than iBCS (independent BCS) (R2 =0.67).

In case of lacking detail, the interpretation of BCS system is not easy. Some researchers were based on photographs with insufficient assessment, and other relevant ones written in lengthy details. All aforementioned factors prevent repetition of the systems (18). New BCS systems should be improved for this reason. Hereby, BCS will be given of beneficial as importance clues in terms of animal health and management practices beneficial. Due to this reasons, widespread distribution of researches in relation to BCS may be used to help interpret results from scores obtained in terms of producer and dairy cattle industry.

The positive linear relationship (p<0.001) was found between BCS Cowdition and USBCS systems (R2=0.66). The linear relationship between the latter assessment methods demonstrated that both usual and digital systems tended to scare cows similarly. This comparison represented progress within the understanding of the relationship between these two systems. Moreover, it may be suggested that BCS Cowdition Smartphone App. may be a good alternative for interpretation of BCS.

In conclusion subjective BCS from the USBCS and Body Cowdition Smarthphone App. Systems, collected on the same cows in successive 4 weeks, were relatively congruent. Both BCS systems appear to measure body energy reserves in a similar manner, as was also the subject of a prior study assessing UKBCS and USBCS systems (4). Further studies involving more cow population and a larger scale possessing a larger investigation, probably applying this new tool to cows in 1st phase of lactation, and in relation to the corporal condition two weeks before the cow gives birth may be warranted.