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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="redalyc">693</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Revista MVZ Córdoba</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Rev. MVZ Córdoba</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0122-0268</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1909-0544</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Córdoba</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistamvz@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">69360322013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1501</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Parásitos nematodos de la rana de piscina  (<italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic>) en la cuenca del Río Volga</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Parasitic nematodes 
of Pool Frog (<italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic>) 

in the Volga Basin</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9949-233X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>V. Chikhlyaev</surname>
<given-names>Igor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>diplodiscus@mail.ru</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2653-3879</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>B. Ruchin</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>ruchin.alexander@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-7453</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>I. Fayzulin</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
<email>alexandr-faizulin@yandex.ru</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Institute of Ecology of the
Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Togliatti, Russia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Ecology of the
Volga River Basin</institution>
<country country="RU">Rusia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Mordovia
State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny  », Saransk, Russia.</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Mordovia
State Nature Reserve and National Park </institution>
<country country="RU">Rusia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Institute of Ecology of the
Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Togliatti, Russia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Ecology of the
Volga River Basin</institution>
<country country="RU">Rusia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Septiembre-Diciembre</season>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>7314</fpage>
<lpage>7321</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>04</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="pub" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>29</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Revista MVZ Córdoba</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>
<bold>   Objetivo.</bold> Presentar una revisión moderna de la fauna de nematodos de la rana esculenta <italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic> (Camerano, 1882) de las poblaciones de la cuenca del Río Volga <bold>Materiales y métodos.</bold> Este trabajo consolida los datos de diferentes trabajos helmintológicos de los últimos 80 años, respaldados por los resultados de nuestras propias investigaciones. Durante el período de 1936 a 2016 diferentes autores examinaron 1460 especímenes de rana esculenta, utilizando el método de autopsia helmintológica completa de 13 regiones de la cuenca del Río Volga. <bold>Resultados.</bold> En total se registraron 9 especies de nematodos. Nematodo <italic>Icosiella neglecta</italic> encontrado por primera vez en el huésped estudiado en el territorio de Rusia y la cuenca del Río Volga. Tres especies parecían estar más extendidas: <italic>Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata</italic> e<italic> Icosiella neglecta</italic>. Para cada especie de helmintos se incluyó la siguiente información: posición sistemática, áreas de detección, localización, biología, lista de hospederos definitivos, nivel de especificidad del hospedero. <bold>Conclusiones</bold>. Los nematodos de la rana esculenta, excepto I. neglecta, pertenecen al grupo de helmintos transmitidos por el suelo (geohelmintos) y parasitan en estadios adultos. Algunas especies (<italic>O. filiformis, C. ornata, I. neglecta</italic>) están muy extendidas en el área de distribución del hospedador. Estos dos últimos son capaces de alcanzar altos índices de invasión y también de ser los parásitos subyacentes de la rana esculenta. Esto sucede debido a la especificidad del ciclo de vida de estas especies de nematodos y a la conexión a largo plazo del anfibio con el agua.  </p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>
<bold>   Objetive. </bold>Present a modern review of the nematodes fauna of the pool frog <italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic> (Camerano, 1882) from Volga basin populations on the basis of our own research and literature sources analysis. <bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Present work consolidates data from different helminthological works over the past 80 years, supported by our own research results. During the period from 1936 to 2016 different authors examined 1460 specimens of pool frog, using the method of full helminthological autopsy, from 13 regions of the Volga basin. <bold>Results.</bold> In total 9 nematodes species were recorded. Nematode Icosiella neglecta found for the first time in the studied host from the territory of Russia and Volga basin. Three species appeared to be more widespread: <italic>Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata</italic> and <italic>Icosiella neglecta</italic>. For each helminth species the following information included: systematic position, areas of detection, localization, biology, list of definitive hosts, the level of host-specificity. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Nematodes of pool frog, excluding I. neglecta, belong to the group of soil-transmitted helminthes (geohelminth) and parasitize in adult stages. Some species (<italic>O. filiformis, C. ornata, I. neglecta</italic>) are widespread in the host range. The latter two are able to reach high invasion indices and also to be the background parasites of the pool frog. It happens due to these nematode species life cycle specificity and the long-term connection of the amphibian with water.  </p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>Aplectana</kwd>
<kwd> Cosmocerca</kwd>
<kwd> Icosiella neglecta</kwd>
<kwd> Oswaldocruzia bialata</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Aplectana</kwd>
<kwd> Cosmocerca</kwd>
<kwd> Icosiella neglecta</kwd>
<kwd> Oswaldocruzia filiformis </kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="1"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="43"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Como citar (Vancouver)</meta-name>
<meta-value>Chikhlyaev VI, Ruchin AB, Fayzulin AI. Parásitos nematodos de la rana de piscina (Pelophylax lessonae)
en la cuenca del Río Volga. Rev MVZ Cordoba. 2019; 24(3):7314-7321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1501</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>
<bold>INTRODUCCIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p> La rana esculenta <italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic> (Camerano, 1882) (Amphibia: Anura) es común en Europa desde el sur de Francia, hasta Tatarstán y Bashkortostán (Rusia), en el este (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref4">4</xref>). Se limita a la zona forestal, en la que habita la llanura de bosques frondosos y mixtos hasta la taiga sur. En el bosque, la rana prefiere los cuerpos de agua estancada poco profundos con vegetación densa: lagos, estanques, antiguos cauces de ríos, pantanos; ocasionalmente se encuentra en las orillas de ríos y arroyos, en praderas de inundación e islas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref6">6</xref>). A través de matorrales fluviales y llanuras de inundación boscosas, esta rana penetra en las zonas boscosas-esteparias y esteparias; los adultos pueden migrar a cuerpos de agua vecinos. Es común en los paisajes antropogénicos donde habita embalses temporales y secos como: carreteras, cunetas de carretera, zanjas y canteras con agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref11">11</xref>). La fauna de helmintos de la rana esculenta en el territorio de su   hábitat ha sido estudiada de manera desigual e insuficiente. Las revisiones sobre parásitos de ranas y sapos para los países europeos lo confirman claramente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref16">16</xref>).  </p>
<p> Este trabajo continúa una serie de publicaciones dedicadas a la caracterización moderna de la fauna de helmintos de ciertas especies de anfibios en la cuenca del Río Volga (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref21">21</xref>). Los datos sobre la fauna de trematodos (Trematoda) de esta especie de anfibios de la región del   Río Volga Medio se presentan en los trabajos de Chikhlyaev et al (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref23">23</xref>). El objetivo del estudio es presentar una revisión moderna de la fauna de nematodos (Nematoda) de las poblaciones de rana esculenta de la la cuenca del   Río Volga sobre la base de nuestra propia investigación y análisis de fuentes bibliográficas.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>
<bold>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</bold>
</title>
<p>
<bold>Sitio de estudio.</bold> La cuenca del Río Volga tiene una superficie
de 1.360.000 km<sup>2</sup>, lo que representa casi el 13% de la superficie de
Europa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>). En Rusia, 41 regiones pertenecen total o parcialmente a esta
cuenca. El canal del Río Volga y sus afluentes se encuentran en tierras bajas,
y sólo en algunos lugares el río fluye por elevaciones (por ejemplo, el Samarskaya Luka cerca de las montañas Zhiguli).
La vasta cuenca se caracteriza por una gran variedad de paisajes. Los
ecosistemas forestales predominan en la parte norte de la cuenca. Al mismo
tiempo, hay bosques mixtos y de coníferas en la parte noroeste, mientras que
los bosques tipo taiga con alerce y pícea prevalecen en la parte noreste. En la
parte media de la cuenca del Volga, los ecosistemas forestales pasan
gradualmente a la zona de los paisajes boscosos-esteparios, luego hacia el sur
se expresan más los ecosistemas esteparios y semidesérticos. Más allá del
margen sur de la estepa seca, comienza el semidesierto
del Caspio, llano y anhidro, con su cubierta de suelo salino, ríos de drenaje y
vegetación baja y escasa.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>
<bold>Figura 1</bold>: Ubicación
de la cuenca del   Río Volga. 

 </title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Figura 1: Ubicación
de la cuenca del   Río Volga. 

 </alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="69360322013_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p> En el período entre 1936 a 2016 diferentes autores han examinado 1460 ejemplares de rana esculenta de 13 regiones de la cuenca del   Río Volga, entre las cuales se encuentran: Kaluga, Moscú, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov, Ulyanovsk y Samara, República de Mordovia, República de Chuvashia, República de Mari El, República de Tatarstán y República de Bashkortostán (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>). Se realizan investigaciones propias en 8 regiones de Rusia. En total, se han estudiado más de 568 especímenes de <italic>P. lessonae</italic>. Los estudios se realizaron mediante el método de autopsia helmintológica completa. La recolección, fijación y procesamiento del material se llevó a cabo según métodos estándares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref24">24</xref>). </p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>
<bold>Tabla 1.</bold> Nematodos de la
rana esculenta (<italic>Pelophylax lessonae</italic>) en las regiones de la cuenca del Río
Volga</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 Tabla 1. Nematodos de la
rana esculenta (Pelophylax lessonae) en las regiones de la cuenca del Río
Volga</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="69360322013_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="margin-left:.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;" id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  Especies de nematodos
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  KL
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  EM
</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  SUERO
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  KS
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  NN
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  TM</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  UL</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  SM
</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  RM
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  CH</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  YO</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:   0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  TT
  </bold>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt;text-align:center;">
<bold>
  BS</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:30.4pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:30.4pt" colspan="14">
  Filo Nematoda
  Cobb, 1932 Clase Chromadorea
  Inglis, 1983 Orden Panagrolaimida
  Hodda, 2007 Familia Rhabdiasidae Railliet,
  1916
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Rhabdias bufonis
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
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  +
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<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt" colspan="14">
  Orden Rhabditida Chitwood,
  1933
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt" colspan="14">
  Familia Trichostrongylidae Leiper,
  1908
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Oswaldocruzia filiformis
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Oswaldocruzia bialata
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:18.7pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:18.7pt" colspan="14">
  Orden Spirurida Railliet,
  1914 Familia Cosmocercidae Travassos,
  1925
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Aplectana acuminata
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Cosmocerca commutata</italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  Cosmocerca ornata
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Neoraillietnema praeputiale
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Oxysomatium brevicaudatum
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt" colspan="14">
  Familia Onchocercidae (Leiper,
  1911)
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
<italic>
  Icosiella neglecta
  
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt"/>
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  +
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  +
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  +
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  +
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<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
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<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
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<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  +
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<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  Especies en total 
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  7
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  7
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  1
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  4
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  2
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  3
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  8
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  1
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:175.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  Examinados, los especímenes
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  22
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  121
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  132
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  134
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  418
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  40
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  17
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  203
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  53
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  38
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  8
  </td>
<td style="width:22.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;   border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.15pt">
  257
  </td>
<td style="width:22.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;         padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;   height:14.15pt">
  17
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:32.0pt">
<td style="width:470.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:   solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:32.0pt" colspan="14">
  Notas: KL - región de Kaluga
  (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref32">32</xref>, datos propios); MS - región de Moscú (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref33">33</xref>); IV - región de Ivanovo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref34">34</xref>); KS - región de Kostroma
  (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref26">26</xref>); NN - región de Nizhny Novgorod
  (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref36">36</xref>, datos propios); TM - región de Tambov (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref37">37</xref>, datos propios); UL -
  región de Ulyanovsk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref38">38</xref>); SM - Región de Samara
  (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref40">40</xref>, datos propios); RM - República de Mordovia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref41">41</xref>, datos propios); CH
  - República de Chuvashia (datos propios); ME -
  República de Mari El (datos propios); TT -República de Tatarstán
  (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref42">42</xref>, datos propios); BS - República de Bashkortostán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref43">43</xref>).
  </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Para la determinación de las especies de
helmintos, se utilizaron los informes de Ryzhikov et
al (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref24">24</xref>). Para describir las especies de nematodos a taxones sistemáticos, se
utilizaron los sistemas desarrollados por Hodda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref25">25</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>
<bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
</title>
<p> A continuación se presenta una lista de las especies de nematodos de la rana esculenta con una indicación de su posición sistemática, áreas de detección, localización, biología y distribución geográfica. También se proporciona información sobre el grado de especificidad de los parásitos en los huéspedes. Para cada especie de nematodos, se indica una lista de sus huéspedes definitivos dentro de Rusia, corregida según el análisis de las fuentes literarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref24">24</xref>).  </p>
<p> Filo: Nematoda Cobb, 1932 </p>
<p> Clase: Chromadorea Inglis, 1983 </p>
<p> Orden: Panagrolaimida Hodda, 2007 </p>
<p> Familia: Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916 </p>
<p>
<italic> Rhabdias bufonis</italic> (Schrank, 1788) </p>
<p> Localización: Pulmones. </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod y Samara, las Repúblicas de Mordovia y   Tatarstán. </p>
<p> Descripción (n=2): La forma de la cápsula bucal es casi cilíndrica. El tamaño de la cápsula bucal es de 10-11 μm de largo y 9 μm de ancho. La cola es delgada, la longitud del cuerpo es de 9-10 mm.  </p>
<p> Biología: Es un parásito transmitido por el suelo (geohelmíntico). La infección de los anfibios resulta de la penetración percutánea de larvas invasoras que migran por el flujo sanguíneo a los pulmones del huésped en tierra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref24">26</xref>). Es probable la participación de hospedadores paraténicos, moluscos terrestres, oligoquetos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref24">24</xref>). Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los anuros.  </p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: diferentes especies de anfibios anuros de los   géneros   <italic>Pelophylax</italic>, <italic>Rana, Bufo, Pelobates</italic> e <italic>Hyla, Bombina bombina </italic>(Linnaeus, 1761), <italic>Bufotes viridis </italic>(Laurenti, 1768).  </p>
<p> Distribución: Holártico.</p>
<p> Orden: Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933 </p>
<p> Familia: Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1908  </p>
<p>
<italic> Oswaldocruzia filiformis</italic> (Goeze, 1782) </p>
<p> Syn..: <italic>Oswaldocruzia goezei</italic> Skrjabin et Schulz, 1952 </p>
<p> Localización: intestino delgado.  </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Kaluga, Moscú  , Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov, Ulyanovsk y Samara, las Repúblicas de Mordovia, Chuvashia, Mari El, Tatarstán   y Bashkortostán  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. La infección de los anfibios ocurre por penetración oral de larvas invasoras en tierra. Los experimentos con infecciones percutáneas no revelaron una penetración real de las larvas a través de la piel, ni una migración posterior a través de los tejidos del huésped. La vía percutánea de infección no es plausible para <italic>O. filiformis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref27">27</xref>). Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los anfibios.  </p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: diferentes especies de anfibios de los   géneros   <italic>Pelophylax, Rana, Bufo, Pelobates, Bombina e Hyla, Pelodytes caucasicus</italic> Boulenger, 1896, B. viridis, Lissotriton vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758). </p>
<p> Distribución: Paleártica. </p>
<p>
<italic> Oswaldocruzia bialata</italic> (Molin, 1860)  </p>
<p> Localización: intestino delgado.  </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Región   de Kostroma, República de Tatarstán  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref28">28</xref>). El ciclo de desarrollo es probablemente similar al de <italic>O. filiformis. </italic>
</p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: anfibios anuros de la familia Ranidae, <italic>Bufo bufo</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758). </p>
<p> Distribución: Paleártica. </p>
<p> Orden: Spirurida Railliet, 1914 </p>
<p> Familia: Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925 </p>
<p>
<italic> Aplectana acuminata</italic> (Schrank, 1788) </p>
<p> Localización: intestino. </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Moscú  , Kostroma y Nizhny Novgorod, República de Tatarstán  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los renacuajos anfibios los cuales se adquieren muy temprano. Los hallazgos propios de nematodos en renacuajos de ranas verdes atestiguan la ruta acuática de la infección por parásito.  </p>
<p> Huéspedes definitivos: anfibios de los   géneros   <italic>Pelophylax, Rana, Pelobates e Hyla, B. bombina, B. bufo, B. viridis, Triturus cristatus</italic> (Laurenti, 1768). </p>
<p> Distribución: Europa. </p>
<p>
<italic> Cosmocerca ornata </italic>(Dujardin, 1845) </p>
<p> Localización: recto. </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Kaluga, Moscú  , Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov y Samara, las Repúblicas de Mordovia, Mari El y Tatarstán  .  </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. La infección de los anfibios ocurre en el agua en etapa de renacuajo. Sin embargo, las larvas de nematodos en los intestinos de los renacuajos no se desarrollan y en el proceso se eliminan durante la metamorfosis del huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref29">29</xref>). Posiblemente, el desarrollo de nematodos ocurre sólo en el momento de la infección de las ranas adultas. Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los anfibios anuros.  </p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: anfibios de los géneros <italic>Pelophylax, Rana, Bufo, Pelobates e Hyla, B. bombina, B. viridis, L. vulgaris</italic> (?). </p>
<p> Distribución: Europa.  </p>
<p> Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1851) </p>
<p> Syn..: <italic>Cosmocercoides skrjabini</italic> (Ivanitzky, 1940) </p>
<p> Localización: recto (adultos); musculatura de la garganta, cavidad corporal (estadios larvarios). </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Nizhny Novgorod y la República de Tatarstán  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. Las larvas de nematodos, como resultado de la penetración peroral, se localizan en cápsulas de la cavidad oral, donde se convierten en adultos y, después de la encapsulación, migran por el recto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref30">30</xref>). Un parásito específico estrecho de <italic>B. viridis.  </italic>
</p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: <italic>B. viridis</italic>. Los hallazgos de otras especies de anfibios (especialmente ranas) requieren confirmación. </p>
<p> Distribución: Paleártica.</p>
<p>
<italic> Oxysomatium brevicaudatum</italic> (Zeder, 1800) </p>
<p> Syn..: <italic>Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum</italic> (Zeder, 1800) </p>
<p> Localización: recto.  </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Moscú  , Kostroma y Nizhny Novgorod, República de Tatarstán  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. La frecuente ocurrencia de un nematodo en anfibios terrestres, según nosotros, testifica a favor de una ruta terrestre de infección. Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los anfibios anuros. </p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: anfibios de los géneros <italic>Pelophylax, Rana y Pelobates, B. bombina, B. bufo, B. viridis, L. vulgaris</italic> (?). </p>
<p> Distribución: Holártico.</p>
<p>
<italic> Neoraillietnema praeputiale</italic> (Skrjabin, 1916) </p>
<p> Syn..: <italic>Aplectana praeputialis</italic> (Skrjabin, 1916) </p>
<p> Localización: recto. </p>
<p> Área de detección  : Región   de Kostroma  . </p>
<p> Biología: Geohelminto. No se estudia el ciclo de vida del nematodo. Es un parásito ampliamente específico de los anuros. </p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: anfibios anuros de los géneros <italic>Pelophylax, Rana e Hyla, B. bombina, B. bufo (?), B. viridis</italic>. </p>
<p> Distribución: Europa. </p>
<p> Familia: Onchocercidae (Leiper, 1911) </p>
<p>
<italic> Icosiella neglecta</italic> (Diesing, 1851) </p>
<p> Localización: músculos, tejido subcutáneo. </p>
<p> Áreas de detección  : Las regiones de Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov y Samara, las Repúblicas de Mordovia, Chuvashia, Mari El y Tatarstán  . Se observó   por primera vez en la rana   esculenta de Rusia y en la cuenca del Volga.  </p>
<p> Biología: Se desarrolla con el cambio de huéspedes (biohelmíntico). Los hospederos intermedios son Ceratopogonidae dipterans - <italic>Forcipomyia velox y Sycorax silacea.</italic> La infección con el parásito ocurre por penetración percutánea de las larvas invasoras por picadura de los mosquitos durante la alimentación por la sangre de las ranas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_69360322013_ref31">31</xref>). Es un parásito específico de los anfibios anuros de la familia Ranidae.</p>
<p> Hospederos definitivos: anfibios anuros de la familia Ranidae. </p>
<p> Distribución: Paleártica.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>
<bold>DISCUSIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p> La rana esculenta del territorio de la cuenca del Río Volga presenta 9 especies de nematodos de 7 géneros, 4 familias, 3 órdenes y 1 clase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>). De estas, 6 especies son ampliamente específicas, parásitos poli específicos de anuros, uno (<italic>I. neglecta</italic>) - es específico, oligoespecífico para la familia Ranidae Rafinesque, 1814, y uno (<italic>C. commutata</italic>) es un parásito mono específico y estrecho de sapos del género Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815. Nematodo I. neglecta se indican por primera vez para la rana esculenta de Rusia y la cuenca del   Río Volga. Entre todos los nematodos, 8 especies parasitan en la etapa adulta y utilizan ranas como huéspedes definitivos obligatorios y   sólo los nematodos   <italic>C. commutata</italic> combinan diferentes etapas de desarrollo en un individuo o individuos de diferentes edades, y utilizan anfibios como huéspedes anfibios anfixénicos.  </p>
<p> La mayor diversidad de especies de nematodos se registró en las ranas esculentas de la República de Tatarstán (8 especies), Nizhny Novgorod (7 especies) y Kostroma (7 especies); se registró un menor número de especies en las regiones de Samara (4 especies), Kaluga, Moscú, Tambov (3 especies) e Ivanovo (2 especies), la República de Mordovia (4 especies), la República de Mari El (3 especies) y la República de Chuvashia (2 especies); el mínimo - en la región de Ulyanovsk (1 especie) y la República de Bashkortostán (1 especie) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>). Estas diferencias dependen de la naturaleza de las condiciones de alojamiento de los anfibios en biotopos separados, su ubicación geográfica, el grado de transformación antropogénica y los diferentes volúmenes de selección.  </p>
<p> La composición de los nematodos de la rana esculenta varía en la cuenca del Volga. De las 9 especies registradas, sólo una fue observada en todas las regiones (100% de la ocurrencia): es el nematodo <italic>O. filiformis</italic>. Muy cerca de este índice se encontraron <italic>C. ornata</italic> e <italic>I. neglecta</italic>, en 10 y 8 muestreos, respectivamente, de 13 examinados. Otras tres especies de helmintos (<italic>Rh. bufonis, O. brevicaudatum</italic> y <italic>A. acuminata</italic>) fueron menos comunes en el rango de hábitat de este hospedante, y sus hallazgos fueron de naturaleza esporádica. El resto de las especies, en particular, los nematodos <italic>O. bialata, C. commutata</italic> y <italic>N. praeputiale</italic> se encontraron localmente y se observaron en 1-2 muestreos.  </p>
<p> En conclusión, la fauna de helmintos de los anfibios depende de su forma de vida, la naturaleza del biotopo, la duración de la estancia en el agua / en tierra y el espectro alimentario. Los nematodos de la rana esculenta, excepto <italic>I. neglecta</italic>, pertenecen al grupo de los helmintos transmitidos por el suelo (geohelmínticos) y parasitan en estadios adultos. Algunas especies (<italic>O. filiformis, C. ornata, I. neglecta</italic>) están muy extendidas en el área de distribución del huésped. Estos dos últimos son capaces de alcanzar altos índices de invasión y también de ser los parásitos subyacentes de la rana esculenta. Esto ocurre debido a la especificidad del ciclo de vida de estas especies de nematodos (la disponibilidad de estadios larvarios invasivos de flotación libre) y la conexión a largo plazo de los anfibios con el agua.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Conflicto de intereses</bold>
</title>
<p>Los autores del presente estudio declaramos
que no existe conflicto de intereses con la publicación de este manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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